新东方中级口译基础班笔记Lecture notes5-8

角度转换翻译讲义：
同级比较：as…as as good as it gets (ASAP, as well as, as far as, as long as , as early as )
Not so…as not as…as 不像。

一样，与其。

不如
Just as就像，同样
比较级：1。

more than +number=over
More than+sth=not only
2．More +形容词副词比较级+than
Even much little+形容词比较级
3．No more than: only, 没有。

怎么样，如同。

一样，跟。

差不多
No ….more than表达最高级
3．The more …the more
4．More and more
最高级：by far
一．同级比较，比较级，最高级
1．Considering the fo llowing statements, made by the same man eight years apart. “Eventually, being …poor‟ won‟t be as much a matter of living in a poor country as it will be a matter of having poor skills.”
请思考一下同一个人现在及八年前说的话。

“说到底，…贫穷‟与其说是生活在贫穷的国家里，还不如说是技艺不精。

2．He is not so much a historian as a scientist.（与其说他是位历史学家，不如说他是位科学家）
3．His wife may even help him with these things, just as he often helps her with the dishwashing and other household chores. (妻子会帮忙做这些事情，同样他也帮助她洗碗或干其他家务)。

1．Germany is Europe’s ―sick man‖, just as Japan is Asia’s.(03/3)德国是欧洲的病根，就象日本是亚洲的病根一样。

2．If there’s a threat of dangerous deflation – a general fall in price – the causes lie as much in Europe and Japan as in the United States.(03/3)
如果出现通货紧缩的危险信号，即商品价格普遍下跌现象，那么与欧洲、日本一样都难辞其咎。

3．比较级中，有一些谚语值得翻译。

There are many times when a third party is
more objective than the party concerned because he is not involved. (许多时候，第三方笔参与者更加客观，因为他们没有参与)
有什多事，是当局者迷，旁观者清。

4．The pattern of government planned so long ago for 13 states today meets the needs of 50 states and more than 50 times as many people. （很久以前为当时13个州设计的政府体制，今天仍能满足50个州和超过当时人口50倍的人民的需要）Even more shocking is the fact that the number and rate of imprisonment have more than doubled over the past twenty years, and recidivism------that is the rate for re-arrest------is more than 60 percent.
更让人吃惊的事实是监禁的数目和比例在过去的二十年中翻了一番还有余，以及累犯率——即再次拘押的比例——为百分之六十强。

5．The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.
一个地方的人口越多，其对水，交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。

（the more ….. the more 句型）
6．No social crusade aroused Elizabeth Williams' enthusiasm more than the expansion of educational facilities for immigrants to the United States.
给美国的新移民增加教育设施比任何社会运动都更多的激发了Elizabeth Williams的热情。

7．Probably no man had more effect on the daily lives of most people in the Untied States than did Henry Ford a pioneer in automobile production.
恐怕没有谁对大多数美国人的日常生活影响能超过汽车生产的先驱亨利.福特。

8．Television is more than just an electronics; it is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.
电视不仅仅是一件电器；它是表达的手段和交流的载体并因此成为联系他人的有力工具。

9．After all, the long-term threat of cancer seems far more remote these days than the prospect of explosive incineration. (毕竟，眼下看来，癌症的长远威胁比起在炸弹中葬身火海的可能性，似乎遥远得多)
10．Stress is probably better measured anecdotally than statistically. (人们的紧张程度，故事所反映的可能比数据统计更为准确)
11．Sociologist found that obese students had a worse experience at school than their thinner peers and were less likely to attend college, and that the effects of being overweight hurt girls far more than boys.(社会学家发现肥胖的学生在学校的经历远不如瘦一些的同学，而且上大学的几率很低，超重的影响对女孩子的损害远远超过男孩子)
12．Nothing makes people think more warmly of the USA than a weak dollar.(疲软的美元最能够使人们对美国充满渴情)
13．The thin atmosphere is no more effective against damaging solar radiation than a paper umbrella against hail.(稀薄的大气----抵制危害的太阳辐射ＶＳ纸伞——抵御冰雹)
14．For 8years in a row, China has attracted more foreign capital than any other developing countries. （中国在吸收外资方面，连续8年居发展中国家之首）(capital, investment, liability, assets)
15．The president of the United States of America has more power than any other president in the democratic world----except the French President. (美国总统所用有
的权力比民主世界任何一个国家的总统都要大)
16．The company, by far the most important, permits the amassing of large sums of money by combinming investment of many people, making possible large-scale enterprises. (这种企业最为重要，因为他可以把许多人的投资筹集到一起形成巨额资金，从而可以办大型企业)
17．By far, the most serious economic problem in Britain is that of inflation, now being accelerated by over heated investment in capital and property and threatened further by a possible wage explosion.(英国目前最严重的经济问题是通货膨胀。

资本和资产投资过热已经在推波助澜，而如果工资猛涨，则会令这个问题雪上加霜) 18．The next most difficult type of text is one filled with irony and sarcasm, since in written text the paralinguistic clues to the meaning are usually much more difficult to detect than when someone is speaking. (其次最难翻译的是充斥反语和讽刺的文本，因为在书面文本里，话语的弦外之音通常比演讲人讲话时更难察觉) 19．中国政府将坚定不移的实行对外开放政策，以更加积极推进全方位多层次宽领域的对外开放，在更大的范围和更深的程度上参与国际经济合作和竞争（The Chinese Government will unswervingly implement the opening-up policy and will more vigorously promote all-directional, multi-tiered and wide-ranging opening-up and take part in international economic cooperation and competition at greater width and depth.
20．目前中国是美国的第四大贸易伙伴，美国是中国的低二大贸易伙伴，在投资方面，美国在对华投资者中名列第二。

（Currently, China is the fourth largest trade partner of the United states w hich, in turn, is China’s second largest trade partner. In respect of investment, the United States is the second largest investor in China. 21．过去，多于大多数中国人来说，拥有一辆私家车只是一个梦想，因为汽车的价格是普通工薪阶层一年工资的十几倍。

（in the past, owning a private car was but
a dream for most Chinese people because the price of a car could be 10 times more
than the annual income of the average wage-earner.）
22．也许是地缘关系，也许是历史渊源的缘故，在世界性―汉语热‖升温中，亚洲的热度最高。

（probably due to geographical proximity or historical connections, people in Asia have shown greater enthusiasm in learning Chinese than those in other parts of the world.）
23．汉语是世界上历史最悠久，发展水平最高的语言之一，有文字可考的历史不少于6000年（Chinese is among the world’s most highly developed language with the longest history, a recorded history of at least 6000 years. ）
24．今天，人类拥有空前丰富的信息，工具和资源。

（Today, mankind possesses rich information, tools and resources as never before）
我从来没听说过，有谁能弹奏得像他一样好。

Never have a heard someone could play better than him .
我总以为，在中国效率最高的会议要数学校召集的家长会。

I always believe that no meeting in China is more efficient than the parents’ meeting held by the
school. (the most efficient meeting in China is parents’ meeting called by the school.)
今年的产量比去年高。

This year’s output is greater than that of the last year.
This year’s output is greater than the last year’s.
中国的人均农业土地面积比不上世界上其它许多国家。

China’s per capita agricultural land is less than that of many other countries in the world.
Collectively, the Asian Countries will have a larger economy than the rest of the world put together. (01/9)
亚洲国家的整体经济规模将超过其它国家和地区经济规模的总和。

These people, called intellectuals in the sense that they deal with symbols and ideas, have become professionalized in exactly the same sense as the engineer. （03/9）
这些人员主要与符合和概念打交道，所以人民把们称作知识份子，他们已经与工程师几乎一样专业化了。

25．
二．主动与被动译法
强调对象不同，句子的主语就会有所区别The killer was arrested by the local police.（越狱）the local police arrested the killer (警察故事)
1.被，由，受，给, 应，于，遭到或者表达被动的动词
2.Black people were first brought to America from Africa as slaves. (黑人当初是被
当做奴隶从非洲贩运到美国的)
3.Many colleges and universities are privately supported. (许多学院和大学是由私
人赞助的)
4.Heads of federal departments are named by the president, and judges are either
elected directly by the people or are appointed by elected officials. （联邦政府各部部长由总统任命，法官由人民直接选举或者由选举出来的官员任命）
5.Actually, a great deal of the president’s power is controlled by the congress. (实际
上，美国总统的很多权力受国会控制)
6.One is invited to dinner at the home of a middle-aged couple. (有人应邀到一对
中年夫妇家里用晚餐)
7.Artificial flowers are used for scientific as well as for decorative purposes. They are made
from a variety of materials, such as way and glass, so skillfully that they can scarcely be distinguished from natural flowers.
86.人造花卉即可用于科学目的，也可用于装饰目的，它们可以用各种各样的材料制成，臂
如蜡和玻璃；其制作如此精巧，几乎可以以假乱真。

8.The office of Mr. Arthur Tiger, the prominent industrialist, was broken into during
the weekend. A small amount of cash was taken and the office itself was left in a terrible mess.著名实业家ＸＸ的办公室周末遭劫，少量现金失窃，办公室内一片狼藉。

9.被动变主动：原动作承受人成为动作执行者，或增加泛指性主语，或采取
其他表达
10.mannual labor was highly valued. (人们对体力劳动非常看重)
11.attracted by reports of great economic opportunities and religious and political
freedom, immigrants from many other countries flocked to the United States in
increasing numbers. （许多其他国家的人听说在美国经济上有很大的发展，还有宗教自由和政治自由，于是纷纷涌入美国，移民数量逐渐增多）
12.it was the man who worked with his head to achieve success in business and
industry who was looked up to. (靠脑力劳动在工商业界获得成功的人士才成为人们仰慕的对象)
13.The brokers are paid commissions by the buyers and the sellers for executing the
orders. (这些经纪行按买家和卖家的吩咐进行交易，从中收取佣金。

14.The Master of Arts degree occasionally may be obtained after one year of
additional specialized study. (偶尔，本科毕业后再学一年专业课程就可以获得文科硕士学位)
15.Over the years 26 amendments have been added, but the basic document has not
been changed. （自从那以后共增加26项修正案，但是宪法的基本文件始终未变）16.But the forune of the Ford family was already made. (但是，福特家族早已发了
财)。

nd had to be cleared of trees in order to make farms; mines had to be developed;
houses, shops, and public buildings had to be build. (他们必须清除树木，垦荒造田，开矿，建造房屋，商店和公共建筑)
18.It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes, they can locate
and steer clear of obstacles------or locate flying insects on which they feed. This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.
99.人们已经发现，某些蝙蝠发出尖叫声并靠接受回响来锁定和避免障碍物——或者找到它
们赖以为生的昆虫。

蝙蝠这种回响定位法常拿来和原理与之很相近似的雷达相比。

19.it is estimated, (奥运会给北京带来的间接收入估计达到54亿元，而带给北京
和全国的派生收入则是无法准确计算的：it is estimated that the indirect income to be gained by Beijing will reach USD 5.4 billion, and it is impossible to work out correct figure of the derivated income to be brought to Beijing and the whole country), it is predicted, (2001年将成为中国私人汽车消费时代的开始。

It is predicted that the year of 2001 will mark the starting point of the era of private car consumption in China), it is reported (据报道，目前国外有2500万人在学习汉语和中国文化，有85个国家2100所大学开设汉语课程：it is reported that currently 25milion people in countries other than China are learning Chinese language and culture and that 2,100 universities in 85 countries offer Chnese courses.); it may be said that (可以说亚太经济合作组织为中国加入世界贸易组织提供了各种铺垫性的机会：it may be said that APEC provided variou opportunites to pave the way for China to join the WTO);
be expected to (国家统计局新闻发言人说，从2001年至2008年的7年间，由于奥运经济的拉动，国内生产总值平均每年能增加0.3 至0.4个百分点：According to the spokeman of the national Bureau of Statistics, during the 7years from 2001 to 2008, the average annua l GDP growth, driven by ―Olympic Economy‖, is expected to increase by 0.3 to 0.4 percentage point.)
20.同时也必须看到，经济全球化是一把双刃剑（at the same time, it must be noted
that economic globalization is a double-edged sword. ）
21.必须指出，玩忽职守也是犯罪。

（it must be noted that neglect of duty also
constitutes a crime.）
22.到了21世纪中叶，北京完全实现现代化，成为世界一流的现代化国际大都
市。

（By the mid-21st century, Beijing will have been completely modernized and become a first-class modern international metropolis in the world.）
词性转变或说法转换
就是要更加地道的把目标语言表达出来
生活中说道：幸好在下雨前赶到家里
Fortunately we arrived home before it rained
Lucky us, we just beat the rain.
我要从基层做起
I am gonna start the job from the bottom
I am gonna get in on the ground floor.
我们跳个舞吧
Shall we dance
How about cutting the rug a bit?
别那么慫
Do not be a coward and let me down
Do not go chicken on me
过去的二十年，浦东发生的巨大的变化
Pudong has witnessed great changed during the last 2 decades.
经过二十多年的快速发展，中国西部地区已奠定了一定的物质技术基础，社会保持稳定，市场经济体制正在逐步建立和完善，为西部经济持续快速增长创造了有利的市场环境。

The rapid development in the past 20-plus years witnesses a relatively solid foundation in terms of material wealth and technology in the western region of China.
她一生遭受了许多的不幸（She has experienced so many misfortunes in her life; She has seen much unhappiness in her life）
1. 人山人海：在诗词用语（poetic expression）里，英美人也有使用：“a (the)
sea of faces”，颇有咱的“人山人海”的味道。

例如：Looking out upon the sea of faces, Mr. A delivered a touching speech.（望着一片人山人海的听众，A先生发表一篇动人的演说。

）Standing at his podium, President Clinton saw a sea of faces waving at him.（克林顿总统站在讲台上看到人山人海的人群挥手向他致意。

）。

可见，说话者通常要在台上或高处，才有“人海”的感觉。

因此，可以说：“I saw a sea of faces from the top of the building. ”
但在平地的人群中，就不说：“I saw the sea of faces.” 也不说：“There is
a sea of faces.”只说：“I saw a large crowd of people.”
2、家家有本难念的经：有人译成：“Every family cooking-pot has a
black spot.”（意思是：每个家庭的锅子都有黑色的污点。

）这样说法，英美人恐怕不能充分了解。

不过英美人最常见的说法是：“Many families have
skeletons in the closet.（许多家庭的衣柜里都有骨骸，骨骸就是指家丑。

）”；
或者说：“Every family has its own source of shame.（每个家庭都有自己的丑事）”；说白些，就是：“Every family has its own problem.”
3、天下无不散的宴席：有人直译为：“There are no feasts in the wo rld
which do not break up at last.” 英美人听后，也许很难体会其中意义。

如果
按照美语说法，也许更易理解：“All good things come to an end.（意思是：所有好的事情，总有结束的一天。

）”；假如是指好友最后也有分别的一天，那么可以说：“Eventually, all bosom friends will drift apart.（bosom friend 是指知心的好友）”
4、平时不烧香，临时抱佛脚：有人照字面意思直译为：“When times are
easy, we do not burn the incense, but when the trouble comes, we embrace the feet of the Buddha.”这种说法，英美人也会一知半解。

美语里一般说法是：“Worship God every day; not just in times of adversity.
（要每天敬拜神，不是只在困难时。

）”；对学生也可以说：“If you study hard every day, exams will not seem overwhelming.（如果你每天用功，考试就不会形成压力。

）”
5、挂羊头，卖狗肉：有人照字直译为：“He advertises mutton, but sells
dog’s flesh.”或“He hangs up a sheep’s head at the shop front and sells dog meat.”这两种译法，恐怕英美人都难理解，尤其谈到“狗肉”，他们更会反感，因为狗是他们最爱的宠物，不过英美人倒有相近的说法：“He applied
bait-and-switch tactics in business.（他经商的策略是先引诱顾客来，再改变货物的品质。

）”，“Bait-and-switch”当名词用，也可不用连字号“This store uses bait and switch policy.” 或者简单的说：“Let the buyer be aware!
（让消费者提高警觉）”或“Say one thing and do another.”
6、一言既出，驷马难追：有人译成：“One word lets slip and four horses
will fail to catch it. 或A statement that once let loose cannot be
caught by four galloping horses.”这两种说法，中文味道嫌重，英美人未必理解。

不过他们倒有类似的说法：“A word once let go cannot be recalled.”
或者说：“You cannot take back what you have said.（你说出的话，就不能再收回来。

）”
7、祸从口出，言多必失：有人译为：“The mou th is the gate of
misfortune and evil.”英美人听了，恐怕不能完全理解。

最好说成：“Careless talk leads to trouble.（不小心说话，会带来麻烦）或“The less said the better.
（说的愈少愈好）”甚至也可以说：“Shut the mouth and open the eyes.
（闭嘴少说，张眼多看。

）”
1．改变表达方式（翻译时要符合汉语的表达方式，根据场景或具体句子的需要进行说法上的改变，甚至有些词要进行转变）
2．It is not strange to see, it is natural…….(因为德国的管理举世闻名，上海与德国大众的合作也非常良好，所以带有德国风情的上海国际汽车城的出现并不奇怪：Due to the world-renowned management expertise of German corperations and the good relations of cooperartion between Shanghai and V olkswagon, it is quite natural for Shanghai to build the auto base featuring the distinctive German style.)
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation.87年
She will be back in the last ten days of June.六月下旬
During the first part of his life, Watt studied weather and storm.年轻时
His father is in his sixties.年逾花甲
You are quite a stranger here.这里的人不认识你
3．转变词性（一般是名词变成动词，或者动词变成名词）
The American airline industry has enjoyed significant expansion in the last twenty years.
在过去的20 年当中，美国航空业迅猛发展。

(Extension, concentration, dilution, growth, boom, prosperity, increase, decrease, stabilization, fluctuation)
中国政府无义务承诺放弃使用武力。

The Chinese government is under no obligation to commit ourselves to rule out the use of force.
Her presence of mind had not completely deserted her; but she could not have trusted herself to speak.
她虽没有完全失去镇静，可是却又找不出话可说。

4．名词－动词In negotiations and other relationships, Americans and Chinese both ususally lack sufficient information and cutural background to emphasize （communicate）well with each other. (加动词：在进行谈判和处理其他关系时，美国人和中国人通常都不大了解对方及其文化背景，因而不能很好的相互沟通) 5．名词－动词：上海国际汽车城的总体定位是成为亚洲最大的汽车贸易中心，博览中心，物流中心，研发中心，信息中心和服务中心。

（The international auto city in Shanghai is planned to emerge as the largest center for auto trade, fair, logistics, research and development, information and service in Asia.）
6．动词－名词：人类已经跨入了新世纪，世界城市化的进程将进一步加快（With the advent of the new century, urbanization will be further accelerated worldwide.）
7．动词－名词：参与亚太经合组织对中国的影响是多方面的（The APEC membership has influenced China in many respects）
8．动词－介词：借助亚太经合组织，中国可以与其他成员共同致力于亚太地区的共同发展（Throgh APEC, China is able to join hands with its fellow members in achieving common development of this region.）thanks to, with the help with, By attending…..
9．False Friends 不忠实的朋友（不是"假朋友"）
10．busboy 餐馆勤杂工（不是"公汽售票员"）
11．busybody 爱管闲事的人（不是"大忙人"）
12．dry goods （美）纺织品；（英）谷物（不是"干货"）heartman 换心人（[俚]男性接受心脏移植者）（不是"有心人"）
13．mad doctor 精神病科医生（不是"发疯的医生"）
14．eleventh hour 最后时刻（不是"十一点"）
15．dead president 美钞（上印有总统头像）（并非"死了的总统"）16．personal remark 人身攻击（不是"个人评论"）
17．sweet water 淡水（不是"糖水"或"甜水"）
18．confidence man 骗子（不是"信得过的人"）
19．service station 加油站（不是"服务站"）
20．rest room 厕所（不是"休息室"）
21．dressing room 化妆室（不是"试衣室"或"更衣室"）
22．sporting house 妓院（不是"体育室"）
23．horse sense 常识（不是"马的感觉"）
24．capital idea 好主意（不是"资本主义思想"）
25．familiar talk 庸俗的交谈（不是"熟悉的谈话"）black art 妖术（不是"黑色艺术"）
26．black stranger 完全陌生的人（不是"陌生的黑人"）white coal （作动力来源用的）水（不是"白煤"）
27．white man 忠实可靠的人（不是"皮肤白的人"）
28．yellow book 黄皮书（法国政府报告书，以黄纸为封）（不是"黄色书籍"）29．red tape 官僚习气（不是"红色带子"）
30．blue stocking 女学者、女才子（不是"蓝色长统袜"）China policy 对华政策（不是"中国政策"）
31．Chinese dragon 麒麟（不是"中国龙"）
32．American beauty 红蔷薇（不是"美国美女"）
33．English disease 软骨病（不是"英国病"）
34．Indian summer 愉快宁静的晚年（不是"印度的夏日"）Greek gift 害人的礼品（不是"希腊礼物"）
35．Spanish athlete 吹牛的人（不是"西班牙运动员"）
36．French chalk 滑石粉（不是"法国粉笔"）
37．pull one's leg 开玩笑（不是"拉后腿"）
38．Break a leg 是指祝演讲者赢得满堂彩（不是打断…的腿）
39．in one's birthday suit 赤身裸体（不是"穿着生日礼服"）
40．eat one's words 收回前言（不是"食言"）
41．an apple of love 西红柿（不是"爱情之果"）
42．handwriting on the wall 不祥之兆（不是"大字报"）
43．bring down the house 博得全场喝彩（不是"推倒房子"）
44．have a fit 勃然大怒（不是"试穿"）
45．make one's hair stand on end 令人毛骨悚然-恐惧（不是"令人发指--气愤"）46．be taken in 受骗，上当（不是"被接纳"）
47．think a great deal of oneself 高看或看重自己（不是"为自己想得很多"）48．pull up one's socks 鼓起勇气（不是"提上袜子"）
49．have the heart to do （用于否定句）忍心做……不是"有心做"或"有意做"）50．What a shame! 多可惜！真遗憾！（不是"多可耻"）
51．You don't say! 是吗！（不是"你别说"）
52．You can say that again! 说得好！（不是"你可以再说一遍"）
53．It has been 4 years since I smoked. 我戒烟４年了。

（不是"我抽烟4年了"）54．All his friends did not turn up. 他的朋友没全到。

（不是"他的朋友全没到"）55．People will be long forgetting her. 人们在很长时间内会记住她的。

（不是"人们会永远忘记她"）
56．He was only too pleased to let them go. 他很乐意让他们走。

（不是"他太高兴了，不愿让他们走"）
a fast runner跑得很快,
a smart learner学得很快
a good liar你真会说谎
a bad kisser你吻技真差
You are such a loser! 你真逊！
She has been a widow only for six months.他丈夫死了不到半年。

Our men’s wear is entitled to have 25% discount.七五折
During the 10th anniversary of our corporation’s founding, I’d like to have 35% off the original price.
词汇的增减，
英语句子中，由于语法上需要的并列结构，后置定语从句，现在分词过去分词等句子成分的出现，使得很多动词，宾语，或补足语被省略，那么在翻译成中文句子的过程中为了使表达更加明确需要词汇的增加。

或者在句子翻译过程中，句子的逻辑关系要用一些中文的联结词来连接以便达到更好的意思表达效果。

1．Detroit has some of the most beautiful residential neighborhoods in the USA and at the same time some of the most shocking slums. (底特律有一些美国最漂亮的住宅区，而同时也有一些最令人震惊的贫民窟) The fact that Romans also baked their food is evident from the ovens found in the ruins of Pompeii. (断壁残垣)。

911 debris, relics 遗风遗俗
2．Brussels fell to him on September 3 and Antwerp the next day.
他于9 月 3 日攻克了布鲁塞尔，次日又拿下了安特卫普。

3．Detroit owes its rapid growth and one-time prosperity to the automobile, and above all to Henry Ford. (底特律的迅速发展及其一度繁荣归功于汽车业，尤其归功于亨利福特。

4．In 1903, Henry Ford’s first mass-produced Model T cars cost $850. (1903年，亨利福特的第一批大量生产的T型汽车每辆售价为850美金)
5．Now many plants have been dispersed to other parts of the states, and the unemployment, particularly among blacks, has become a serious problem. (现在许多工厂已经分散到美国其它地方，在底特律，失业，尤其是黑人失业，已经成为一个严重的问题)
6．有时在被动语态中也要考虑增加词汇，Many small and medium-sized cars are still being imported, especially from Germany and Japan. （美国仍在进口一些中小型汽车，特别是从德国和日本进口）。

7．Many articles in popular magazines are devoted to instruction in gardening, carpentry, upholstering, and interior decorating. (通俗杂志上有很多文章传授园艺，木工，布艺装潢和室内装潢的技术)
8．As it is noted above, the reconstructuring of the financial system will increase pressure for trade protection for Chinese firms. (正如上面提到的，金融制度重组将增加对中国公司进行贸易保护的压力)保护动作发出者指代不清楚9．Another says he has moved a heavy object into his office so that he can smash the window if a firebomb makes the elevator or the staircase impassable. (另一个人说他把一个很大的东西搬到办公室，如果遭到火焰炸弹袭击，不能从电梯或楼梯逃生，他就可以用这个东西将玻璃砸碎。

)
在汉译英的过程中，也要有增加词汇的翻译方法。

主要是要帮助英语表达完整
的语义，或在语法上增加不可缺少的词汇。

三、词的省略
在前面的翻译中，我们翻译过这样的中文词组―紧张态势―，―封闭的状态―，翻译成英语就是tension, and isolation在译成英语的时候态势和状态都成了抽象名词，失去了实意。

与英语中的抽象名词不同，抽象名词在汉语中基本上不单独出现，一般是要有习惯搭配，组成以实带虚的词组，比如―衣食住行问题――听天由命的心态――贫穷落后的状况―等。

所以在翻译中我们要先通过上下文先确定词汇在句子中是否具有实在的意义，如果有就按照实词翻译，否则就不翻译出来。

简而言之，如果词汇在句子中充当主要的独立句子成分，按实词翻译，如果是辅助其他词汇构成新的词组，那么应当按虚词来翻译。

实词的翻译：
1．我们必须培养分析问题解决问题的能力（we must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems）
2．失业是城市的常见现象(Unemployment tends to be a city phenomenon. )
3．对他来说，工作是重要的事情（To him, work is the most important thing）
但是同样的词，在下面的句子中就可以省略不译
1．你应该对退休问题抱有积极的态度（you should have a positive attitude towards retirement）
2．多年来该国一直存在严重的空气污染现象。

（for many years, there has been serious air-pollution in that country）
3．大会的准备工作在继续进行（Preparations for the conference continued）4．他把自己的一生献给了儿童福利事业。

（She devoted her whole life to the welfare of children.）
5．请及时向管理部门汇报工作情况。

（please report your work to the management in a timely manner）
6．他在我不允许的情况下私自拿走的（he took it away without my permission）7．关于利润分配问题，我就说这些。

（That’s all I’ve got to say about profit distribution）
8．政府结束了那个时期社会动荡不安的局面（The governemnt put an end to the social unrest and chaos of that time.）
三、无主句
主语确定原则
由于英语是主语显著语（subject-prominent language），构建在主谓轴（subject-predicate pivot）上，主语决定了句法结构；汉语为语义性语言，其中主语的重要性相对较低，无主语的现象比比皆是。

因此在汉英转化中最重要的就是确定主语，主语选择成功了，句子越翻越顺；选择失败，越翻越累。

主语的确定归根结底有三种方法：使用原主语；重新确定主语；增补主语。

1其实，撇开数学，绕过那一大堆公式，一门学科的基本思想还是可以被我们理解和欣赏的。