终结版跨文化交际 第六章ppt

• Women ---impertinence
• Devils can be driven out of the heart by the touch of a hand on a hand, or a mouth on a mouth. --------Tennessee Williams
What is touch? The act that putting your hands or fingers onto somebody or something. .------Oxford Advanced learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary Sixth edition
就职表情
就职表情
• What is eye contact? • the situation when two people look at each other„s eyes at the same time.
• Your eyes said more to me that night than your lips would ever say.
The culture has taught people how to communicate with touch.
• In nearly every instance, the manner in which members of a culture communicate is a reflection of that culture‟s attitudes and values.
Chapter 6
Nonverbal Communication: The Message of Action, Space, Time, and Silence
2 Defining Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication expresses meaning or feeling without words. In its broader sense, it refers to all the communication activities in which language is not used; in its narrower sense, it involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver . ---------Samovar et al. (2000)
----Bob Dylan
• Indicate degrees of attentiveness, interest, and arousal.
•Influence attitude change and status relationships.
• Communicate emotions.
• compared to men, women use more facial expressions and are more expressive. Smile more, are more apt to return smiles, and are more attracted to others who smile. ----- Pearson, West, &Turner ,1995,123
A number of elements affect the meaning we give to a smell: •The strength of the smell in relation to competing fragrances and odors (French perfume versus an inexpensive after-shave lotion). •Smell‟s distance from the other person. •The perceived relationship between the parties involved. •The context of the encounter.
子供だ
---genders Men Women
• Nothing awakens a reminiscence like an odor.
---Victor Hugo
What is smell? The quality of something that people and animals sense through their noses. -----Oxford Advanced learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary Sixth editiBiblioteka Baidun
• A facial expression is one or more motions or positions of the muscles beneath the skin of the face. These movements convey the emotional state of an individual to observers. Facial expressions are a form of nonverbal communication. They are a primary means of conveying social information between humans, but they also occur in most other mammals and some other animal species. ----- Mike Murr • Facial expressions are the facial changes in response to a person‟s internal emotional states, intentions, or social communications. ------Takeo Kanade and Jeffrey F. Cohn
----Larry A.Samovar
• As a sexual act, is common in most Western cultures. ---Larry A. Samovar
• The Japanese have no word for kissing, so they have borrowed from the English Language for their word kissu. ---Larry A. Samovar
African Americans
White Americans
• Using much more continuous eye contact when talking.
• Make more continuous eye when they are listening.
• Men
---homosexual employs
• Define power and status relationship. • Assume a central role in impression management.
• Culture modifies the amount of eye contact in which we engage and who is recipient of the eye contact. ---Larry A. Samovar
• The differences in the perceived pleasantness caused by cultural influences have been studied in some detail. Americans like the smell of wintergreen whereas the British don‟t. The Germans like the smell of marzipan whereas the Japanese judge marzipan as smelling oil-like, like sawdust, or like bees wax.
• People from Latin American and Caribbean cultures also avoid eye contact as a sign of respect. ---Dresser,1992,22
• Arabs look directly into the eyes of their communication partner, and do so for long periods. They believe such contact shows interest in the other person and helps them assess the truthfulness of the other person‟s words. --Nydell,1987,45
• Culture influences our reaction to each of these four variable.
-----Larry A.Samovar
• Cultural Differences • In the United States, personal odors are masked by fragrances and frequent bathing. • In many other cultures, such as European and Arabic, body odors are thought of as natural. In Asian cultures, frequent bathing is important, and Westerners are considered to not bathe enough.
• Cultural norms often dictate how, when, and to whom facial expressions are displayed.
• Japanese
• United States
做工作报告时
• Japanese
• Thailand --- “Land of Smiles”
• There are different degrees of touch.
• Shake hands with nearly everyone (making sure it is a firm shake)
• Hug certain people (but not everyone with the same intensity)
• In Japan, prolonged eye contact is considered rude, threatening, and disrespectful.
--H. Morsbach, “Aspects of Nonverbal Communication in Japan,” in Intercultural Communication: A Reader, 3d ed.,L. A. samovar and R. E.Porter,Eds.(Belmont,CA:Wadsworth,1 982),308.
• General Appearance and Dress • Body Movement：Kinesics • Posture • Gestures • Facial Expressions • Eye contact • Touch • Smell
• What are facial expressions ?