第九讲 认知学派

• (4) The dichotomy corollary（两极推论） assumes that people construe events in an either/or manner, e.g., good or bad. • 建构体系包含种种两分结构的构念
• (5) Kelly‘s choice corollary （选择推论） assumes that people tend to choose the alternative in a dichotomized construct that they see as extending the range of their future choices. • 在两分结构中做出选择
Supporting Corollaries（推论） • The 11 supporting corollaries can all be inferred from this basic postulate.
• (1) Although no two events are 来自百度文库xactly alike, we
• (8) The modulation corollary（调节推论） assumes that only permeable（可渗透性） constructs lead to change; concrete constructs resist modification through experience. • 建构调整受到渗透度的制约，是否可容纳
第一节 认知心理学的兴起
• 内部原因
• 格式塔心理学或完型心理学；“整体大于部分之和”，行为主 义的失败。
• 外部原因
• 邻近学科的影响，控制论、信息论、计算机科学和语言学。把 人与计算机做类比。
• 人格心理学中的认知理论的兴起 • 勒温场理论：人们受到各自认知生活空间的影 响， • 在表征时会有不同的组织方式。凯利关于个体 差异是由于个体在对世界的感知和信息加工中 存在着差异引起的，将认知结构视为人格结构。
• (6) The range corollary （范围推论）states that
constructs are limited to a particular range of
convenience; that is, they are not relevant to all
situations. • 一个结构只能对有限范围的事件做出预测
• 9) The fragmentation corollary（分裂推论）
states that people's behavior can be inconsistent
because their construct systems can readily admit
incompatible elements.
construe similar events as if they were the same, and this
is Kelly‘s construction corollary（建构推论）.
• 一个人对事物的反复建构来预测未来
• (2) The individuality corollary（个性推论）
alternativism. • He further stressed that, because people can construe（解释） their world from different angles, observations that are valid有效的 at one time may be false at a later time.
• (7) Kelly‘s experience corollary （经验推论） suggests that people continually revise their personal constructs as the result of their experiences. • 建构与个人的学习经验有关
• People generally attempt to solve everyday problems in
much the same fashion as do scientists; that is, they
observe, ask questions, formulate hypotheses, infer
关于“人是科学家”的假设 • 人类的行为方式：像科学家一样产生和检验他 们的假设，以及得出世界是什么的新观点。 • 我们对世界的看法就像一个个透明的薄板，在 认识一种事物时就取出来其中一块，匹配就保留， 不匹配则修改，以便下一次做出更好地预测。
基本假设：人是科学家 Person as Scientist 走在路上, 路人看你一眼，你会怎么反映？ 情况→想法→情绪反应(感觉) Scientist as person 个体差异来自于个人建构的差异
冯特 意识心理学 实验心理学 法
格式塔心理学 整体>部分之和 现象学研究方法
行为主义 刺激反应 假设演绎
• 行为主义→ 情境刺激 → 黑箱(未知过程)→行为
• 人格的认知模型
• 情境特征→认知-情感系统→行为
• 第二节 • 乔治· 凯利的个人建构论
（ Personal Construct Theory ）
• Born in Perth, Kansas堪萨斯州 in 1905 • Earned a bachelor’s degree in Physics and Mathematics • Earned his PhD in Psychology in 1931 (in 1 year!) from the State University of Iowa

Constructive Alternativism（建构选择） • Kelly believed that our interpretations of the world are subject to服
从于 revision or replacement, an assumption he called constructive
conclusions, and predict future events.
Scientist as Person • Because scientists are people, their pronouncements声明 should be regarded with the same skepticism怀疑论 as any other data. • Every scientific theory can be viewed from an alternate 交 替angle, and every competent scientist should be open to changing his or her theory.
• Kelly believed that people look at their world
through templates（模板） that they create and
then attempt to fit over the realities of the world.
• He called these templates personal constructs,
• People Anticipate Events by the Meanings or Interpretations解释 They
Place on Those Events • Behavior Is Shaped by Interpretation or Construction of the World
• Biography of George Kelly乔治凯利生平 • Overview of Personal Construct Theory个人建构
理论概览
• Kelly’s Philosophical Position凯利的哲学地位 • Personal Constructs个人建构 • Applications of Personal Construct Theory个人建 构理论的应用
生活现象
• 社交聚会——信息加工方式 • 建筑设计挺好的——没注意 • 我再也不去了——我还想去 • 吵死了——挺热闹很喜欢 • 如花今天很性感——很平常 • 小强色眯眯看着我——他在看油画
第9讲 认知流派人格理论 学生讲授： 认知治疗 积极心理学
主要内容
•第一节 兴起 •第二节 凯利（George A. Kelly） •第三节威特金（H. A. Witkin） •第四节 米歇尔（Walter Mischel） •第五节 认知治疗 •第六节 相关研究
states that because people have different
experiences, they can construe the same event in
different ways.
• 人们的经历不同，同样的事情会以不同的方式
建构
• (3) The organizational corollary（组织推论） assumes that people organize their personal constructs in a hierarchical分层的 system, with some constructs in a superordinate position and other subordinate to them. • 预测时形成有顺序关系的建构体系
乔治· 凯利 （生平，课本260页） 【George Alexander Kelly
1905.04.28－1967.03.06】，美国
乔治· 凯利
心理学家，出生于美国堪萨斯州珀 思（Perth）附近农村的宗教家庭，
病逝于美国马萨诸塞州瓦尔珊
（Waltham）。 个人建构理论的创立者，接受临床 心理学训练在心理治疗领域自成一 家。
which he believed shape behavior.
Basic Postulate（假设）
• Kelly expressed his theory in one basic postulate假定 and 11 supporting corollaries推论. • The basic postulate assumes that human behavior is shaped by the way people anticipate the future. （预测指引行为）
• Soon after his PhD, he became a psychotherapist
• During WWII, he became an aviation psychologist for the
Navy（海军）
• After the war, he joined the faculty系 at Ohio俄亥俄州
• 存在彼此分离与不一致的亚层次
• (10) the commonality corollary （共同性推论）
State University (with Rotter) as Professor and Director of
the Psychological Clinic • Published The Psychology of Personal Constructs in 1955 • Died in 1967
• Every Construction Is Open to Revision修正 or Replacement
• Kelly believed that people construe events according to their personal constructs, rather than reality. Person as Scientist人像科学家：提出检验假设