世界化石能源使用情况
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• Diverse sources (not Mideast)
– Venezuela, Nigeria, etc.
• Opening domestic sources
– Alaska controversy
• Polluting technologies?
– Oil shale extraction – Synthetic fuels (coal-to-oil)
• Can be polluting, dangerous when extracted • Methane bed drilling pollutes
OIL (PETROLEUM)
Buried organic matter rich in hydrocarbons
Oil Consumption by Sector (1998)
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1950
2200 1800
Billions of Barrels per Year
2600
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
Distribution of Estimates of Ultimately Recoverable World Crude Oil (1975-1993)
– Half as much CO2 as coal
• More efficient
– 10% energy lost
• 60-year supply at current rates
Disadvantages of natural gas
• Difficult to transport
– Pipelines – Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) tankers
Effects on health
• Black Lung Disease (miners)
• Respiratory illnesses (public)
Effects on land
• Coal sludge releases
• Hardpan at strip mines • Mountaintop removal • Huge water use
• Increasing source of major wars, human rights abuses
Kuwait oil well fires, 1991
Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea
Oil & natural gas pipelines
U.S. trends in oil
Nigeria had military governments in 1990s
Hale Waihona Puke Baidunvironmental problems in Niger Delta region
Homeland of Ogoni, Ijaw groups
Gas flaring hazards Oil spills in mangrove swamp
Ogoni environmental protests
Oil companies collude with military
Shell Oil pays, transports soldiers Many Ogoni killed by military Ogoni leader Dr. Ken Saro-Wiwa executed in 1995
0 1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
World Crude Oil Prices (economic crises in oil states)
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 $1992 per barrel
Global trends in oil
• Growing use in China (+10%/year)
• Japan, Europe depend on Mideast • New reserves around Caspian Sea
– Nearly size of Saudi Arabia
FOSSIL FUELS 85% of the world’s commercial energy
COAL
NATURAL GAS
OIL
20 richest countries consume:
• 50% of coal • 80% of natural gas • 65% of oil
U.S. energy consumption 9%
– Slurry pipelines
Effects on air
• Greenhouse gases
– 3/4 sulfur dioxide – 1/3 nitrogen oxides – 1/2 carbon dioxide
• Toxics
– Mercury – Uranium
Acid rain
Heat value of coal types
Anthracite Bituminous Subbituminous Lignite
51% of U.S. use in coal
Energy lost from coal
65% lost in power plants
10% lost on transmission lines (stray voltage)
Nigerian women protest, 2002
Ijaw women occupy Chevron oil docks
Protest against pollution, lack of local jobs
Websites on oil industry and global opposition
Mining/metals Other industry Transportation Other
COAL
Fossilized, condensed carbon-rich fuel
10 X reserves of oil/gas, last 200 years at present rate
Coal mines
• Tall stacks deposit farther
Coal scrubbers
The future? Hydrogen fuel cells
NATURAL GAS
Methane, other Gases in bedrock
Advantages of natural gas
• Cleaner to burn
Rainforest Action Network http://www.ran.org Project Underground http://www.moles.org
– 70% of exports
• Drilling in Amazon rainforest
Opposition to oil companies
• Construction of roads, pipelines on Indian lands • Displacement of Indians, • deforestation • Oil leaks into rivers larger than Valdez spill
Ecuador Indian occupations
Texaco withdrew 1992, Arco met demands
Lawsuit against Texaco in U.S. courts, 1999
Oil in Nigeria
Largest producer in Africa, mainly In Niger Delta
Acidity of rain
• pH of 6.0
– Kills insects, crabs
• pH < 5.0
– Kills fish, trees
Sources of Nitrogen Oxides
Transport ation Electrical plants Other
• Nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide create acid rain
Percentage of Estimates 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800
Billion Barrels
30 25 20 15 10 5
Billions of Barrels per Year
World Crude Oil Production
• 1 trillion barrels left • 22 billion consumed a year • 45 years to go! Party now!
Global Oil Production for Resources of 1800, 2200, and 2600 Billion Barrels
Surface (strip) mine, Western U.S.
Underground (shaft) mine, Eastern U.S.
Coal cheaper, but polluting
Much Eastern U.S. coal has high-sulfur content, more expensive to mine Much Western U.S. coal has low-sulfur content, cheaper to mine But mining in semi-arid West more damaging to land.
Electric Utilities 1.16
Residential Commercial
2.13
Industry
9.2
Transportation 0 5 10 15 QUADS of Oil 20
24.6
25
30
Proven oil reserves
• 465 billion barrels consumed
Exxon Valdez, Alaska 1989
Attempts to contain spill
Clean-up efforts
Prince William Sound fishing industry damaged
Oil in Ecuador
• Ecuador 2nd largest S. America producer
– Venezuela, Nigeria, etc.
• Opening domestic sources
– Alaska controversy
• Polluting technologies?
– Oil shale extraction – Synthetic fuels (coal-to-oil)
• Can be polluting, dangerous when extracted • Methane bed drilling pollutes
OIL (PETROLEUM)
Buried organic matter rich in hydrocarbons
Oil Consumption by Sector (1998)
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1950
2200 1800
Billions of Barrels per Year
2600
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
Distribution of Estimates of Ultimately Recoverable World Crude Oil (1975-1993)
– Half as much CO2 as coal
• More efficient
– 10% energy lost
• 60-year supply at current rates
Disadvantages of natural gas
• Difficult to transport
– Pipelines – Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) tankers
Effects on health
• Black Lung Disease (miners)
• Respiratory illnesses (public)
Effects on land
• Coal sludge releases
• Hardpan at strip mines • Mountaintop removal • Huge water use
• Increasing source of major wars, human rights abuses
Kuwait oil well fires, 1991
Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea
Oil & natural gas pipelines
U.S. trends in oil
Nigeria had military governments in 1990s
Hale Waihona Puke Baidunvironmental problems in Niger Delta region
Homeland of Ogoni, Ijaw groups
Gas flaring hazards Oil spills in mangrove swamp
Ogoni environmental protests
Oil companies collude with military
Shell Oil pays, transports soldiers Many Ogoni killed by military Ogoni leader Dr. Ken Saro-Wiwa executed in 1995
0 1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
World Crude Oil Prices (economic crises in oil states)
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 $1992 per barrel
Global trends in oil
• Growing use in China (+10%/year)
• Japan, Europe depend on Mideast • New reserves around Caspian Sea
– Nearly size of Saudi Arabia
FOSSIL FUELS 85% of the world’s commercial energy
COAL
NATURAL GAS
OIL
20 richest countries consume:
• 50% of coal • 80% of natural gas • 65% of oil
U.S. energy consumption 9%
– Slurry pipelines
Effects on air
• Greenhouse gases
– 3/4 sulfur dioxide – 1/3 nitrogen oxides – 1/2 carbon dioxide
• Toxics
– Mercury – Uranium
Acid rain
Heat value of coal types
Anthracite Bituminous Subbituminous Lignite
51% of U.S. use in coal
Energy lost from coal
65% lost in power plants
10% lost on transmission lines (stray voltage)
Nigerian women protest, 2002
Ijaw women occupy Chevron oil docks
Protest against pollution, lack of local jobs
Websites on oil industry and global opposition
Mining/metals Other industry Transportation Other
COAL
Fossilized, condensed carbon-rich fuel
10 X reserves of oil/gas, last 200 years at present rate
Coal mines
• Tall stacks deposit farther
Coal scrubbers
The future? Hydrogen fuel cells
NATURAL GAS
Methane, other Gases in bedrock
Advantages of natural gas
• Cleaner to burn
Rainforest Action Network http://www.ran.org Project Underground http://www.moles.org
– 70% of exports
• Drilling in Amazon rainforest
Opposition to oil companies
• Construction of roads, pipelines on Indian lands • Displacement of Indians, • deforestation • Oil leaks into rivers larger than Valdez spill
Ecuador Indian occupations
Texaco withdrew 1992, Arco met demands
Lawsuit against Texaco in U.S. courts, 1999
Oil in Nigeria
Largest producer in Africa, mainly In Niger Delta
Acidity of rain
• pH of 6.0
– Kills insects, crabs
• pH < 5.0
– Kills fish, trees
Sources of Nitrogen Oxides
Transport ation Electrical plants Other
• Nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide create acid rain
Percentage of Estimates 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800
Billion Barrels
30 25 20 15 10 5
Billions of Barrels per Year
World Crude Oil Production
• 1 trillion barrels left • 22 billion consumed a year • 45 years to go! Party now!
Global Oil Production for Resources of 1800, 2200, and 2600 Billion Barrels
Surface (strip) mine, Western U.S.
Underground (shaft) mine, Eastern U.S.
Coal cheaper, but polluting
Much Eastern U.S. coal has high-sulfur content, more expensive to mine Much Western U.S. coal has low-sulfur content, cheaper to mine But mining in semi-arid West more damaging to land.
Electric Utilities 1.16
Residential Commercial
2.13
Industry
9.2
Transportation 0 5 10 15 QUADS of Oil 20
24.6
25
30
Proven oil reserves
• 465 billion barrels consumed
Exxon Valdez, Alaska 1989
Attempts to contain spill
Clean-up efforts
Prince William Sound fishing industry damaged
Oil in Ecuador
• Ecuador 2nd largest S. America producer