中美司法制度的不同(英文版)

The differences
1 2
Judge’s selection system
Judge’s security system Judge’s disciplinary system
3
Judge’s selection system
America
•U.S. citizens •graduate from one American university law school and acquire a JD degree • worked as a lawyer for a number of years.
• Evidences are provided mandatorily with certain conditions
• The way evidences is collected is passive
• LawyersHale Waihona Puke Baidumay seize some responsibility from the judge
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China
• at least 23 years old;
•owns a legal professional bachelor’s degree or above or non-legal professional bachelor’s degree but have legal professional knowledge, have one to three years’ legal practice •pass the National Judicial Examination
The differences of Jury System
• • • • • NO1. connotation NO2. the qualification of the jurors NO3. Scope of application NO4. Jury selection NO5. the term of office of the jurors
Judge’s security system
America
•lifelong tenure •set up high salary system
China
• not regulate the term of office of judges and also didn’t list the reasons for removal definitely • judges’ material treatment generally applied to the same standard with the ordinary staff
• America：
• 经过以下程序
• 1 、法官从当地选民中随 机挑选一定数量的人，写 信询问是否可担任本案陪 审员。 • 2 、问卷方式审查是否具 备本案陪审员的资格。 • 3 、通过“二选”的人在 指定时间接受“庭选法官 对候选人提问之后要做出 决定。
The differences of Jury System
Types
Public lawyer
America
Private lawyer
Lawyer in law office
Professional lawyer
China
Part-time lawyer
America
China • Citizens can have the right of advocacy
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• the judges' behavior and address in the process to perform their judicial function are free from accusation
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Judge’s disciplinary system
如果证人拒不出庭 作证，对拒绝作证 的证人可以逮捕， 必要时可以处以藐 视法庭罪。
The qualification of witness
• America: • China:
• no clear concept • The third person except the subject of • Anyone who can provide litigation(诉讼主体以外的第三 information relevant to 人） the case in a litigation(诉 • Excluding the litigant and 讼)is called witness expert witness(鉴定人） • Including the litigant(当事人） and expert witness(专家证
人）
• 我国法律，甚至司法解释中都没有证人 宣誓制度的规定。
The Oath System(宣誓制度）
• 指在法庭审理中，在证人作证之前，应先向法 庭宣誓，保证自己如实陈述自己知道的事实。
《美国联邦证据规则》 第603 条规定：“在 作证前，应通过旨在 唤醒该证人的良知、 使他想起应该这样做 的责任的宣誓或郑重 声明的方式，要求每 个证人宣布他将真实 作证。”
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What?? What's the difference between the American judicial system and the Chinese one ??
Between the lawyers
Between the disposing of testimony
DIFFERENCE
• is a constitutional system • applies to the trial and the prosecution
The differences of Jury System
■
NO4. Jury selection
• China：
• 通过一定程序的考核并经 过权力机关的任命赋予陪 审员以权力。 • 选任的人民陪审员要经过 一定的法律专业知识培训。 • 在具体个案的审理时由法 院从适格的陪审员名单中 随机抽取确定。
NO5.
the term of office of the jurors
• China:
• The term of office is 5 years • Wage :600—1000 per month
• America:
• Usually ,they’re “temporary workers” and are only involved in one case • Have no wage
China • Unified lawyers’ qualification test
Difference between the disposing of testimony
Affirming Expositing Collecting
Lawyers
Jury
In China ,the procedure of collecting is called “Testimony Acceptance”
The differences of Jury System
■
NO2. the qualification of the jurors
• China:
• America:
• 中国公民；拥护宪法；满23周 • 从理论上讲，每个美国成年公 民都有担任陪审员的资格。 岁；品行良好、公道正派；身 体健康；一般应具有大学专科 • 但是不满21岁、不在本土居住、 以上文化程度。 不通晓英语及听力有缺陷的人、 有犯罪前科者，没有资格充当 • 人民代表大会常务委员会的组 陪审团成员。 成人员，人民法院、人民检察 院、公安机关、国家安全机关、 司法行政机关的工作人员和执 业律师等人员，以及因犯罪受 过刑事处罚的人员和被开除公 职的人员，不得担任人民陪审 员。
appeal
Professional Requirements
America • every states have its own law • no unified lawyers’ qualification test. • Different states have different requirement
The differences of Jury System
NO3.
Scope of application
• China:
• is a litigation system • only applies to the trial, not including the prosecution
• America:
Between the jury system
Between the judge system
Between the interview with witness
Difference between the lawyers
The difference between types The difference between rights The difference between professional requirements
The differences of Jury System
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NO1. connotation
• China:
• 是中国的一项基本诉讼制 度，是指国家审判机关吸 收普通公民参与刑事、民 事、行政案件审判的制度。
• America:
• 是指特定人数的有选举权 的公民参与决定是否起诉 嫌犯、并对案件作出判决 的制度。
• lawyers have an
irreplaceable effect. • No one but only lawyers with local license have the right
Rights
without charging any
agency fee.
of advocacy and
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5. The witness
证人出庭制度
• America:
• China:
• Under volitional • force the witness to control whether to testify in court. appear in court as a witness. • Non-mandatory.
America
•made a special law •it have the right to warn or stop the work of the justice, but have no right to deprive the judge qualification.
China
•if the violation constitutes a crime, the judge should undertake criminal responsibility. •The sanctions contain: warning, demerit, serious demerit, demotion, removal from office •at the same time, lower wages and grades.