语言学隐喻..

Lakoff (1993):隐喻隐射就是从一个始源喻隐射到一个目标域 。
王文斌和林波进一步说明，他们认为隐喻是一种心理隐射，是人们将对此 事物的认识隐射到彼事物上，形成了始源喻向目标喻的跨越。需要指出的 是，隐喻的心理映射可能牵涉到此事物与彼事物的外在表征联系，也可能 牵涉到此事物和彼事物的内在特性的关联，也可能牵涉到两者兼而有之。
Systematicity Clarity Partialness Directional Richness Abstractness
External characteristics:
Scope validity
Visible metaphor Metaphor
Invisible metaphor
③
特性
④Biblioteka Baidu
推理模式
State: strong or weak
travelers
Mode: by bicycles or by car
destination
State Person mode Purpose
The characteristics of mappings
Internal characteristics:
Conceptual Metaphor
Preview
Metaphor has been seen as the use of one expression to refer to a different concept in a way which is still regarded as meaningful and metaphor has most prototypically been associated with poetic and literary usage. However, much work in cognitive science has demonstrated that metaphor is a basic pattern in the way the human mind works.
In the visible metaphor, both the primary term (tenor) and the secondary term (vehicle ) are present in the sentence. It takes the forms of “X is Y” . You are my sunshine. He is the apple of her eye. The house will be paradise.
It has been widely recognized that metaphor is central not only to poetry and ordinary language, but also to diverse realms such as the interpretation of dreams and the nature of models in scientific thought (Levinson, 1983: 147).
The invisible metaphor refers to either of the following two types: 1. The primary term is present, but the secondary term is not –but it is hinted by other words in many cases by the verb or verbs. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and disgusted. (In this sentence, the secondary term “food ” doesn’t appear literally, but it is suggested by the verbs “tasted”, “ swallowed”, “ chewed”, “ digested”)
Stylistics (p106)
Vehicle ① tenor ② ① The familiar element ② The new elements which is described in terms of the old familiar element Ground : the common properties between the two elements
Lakoff :映射是两个概念域之间的一个对应集（a set ofcorrespondences）。 他 们对隐喻的内在结构及映射的实现做的详尽的阐释. ① Life Source is a journey. target Reaching ② travelers Achieving Person Purpose destination 关系
火红的太阳。 他是只老狐狸。 Juliet is the sun.
Metaphor as mapping
Metaphor ----“metaphora ”(Ancient Greek ) “carrying across”由此及彼 Juliet is 概念域A 本体（Tenor) — 主题 (Topic) — 目标 (Target) — 主项(Primary Subject) — the sun. 概念域B 喻体（Vehicle） Richards(1936) 喻体(Vehicle) Cameron 始源(Source) Lakoff andJohnson(1980) 次项(Secondary Subject) Black(1993)
Brief history of metaphor
Conceptual metaphor
Lakoff Johnson
Pragmatic view
Searle
Richard Black
Interaction theory
Aristotle
Comparison theory
Metaphors We Live By Lakoff & Johnson,1980 makes the study of metaphor shift from poetic ornamental language and linguistic aspects of metaphor to cognitive nature of metaphor. This approach to metaphor has proved metaphor an important language device that reflects the cognitive source of human thinking.