分句与合句法

分句法、合句法
英汉两中语言在句法结构存在很大差异。

英语重形合，连接词较为发达，句子结构层层包孕，叠床架屋，句子在空间上呈大树型结构，长句较多；汉语重意合，句子与句子之间缺乏必要的连接词，积词成句，积句成章，流水句较多，呈线型排列，一句接一句，短句较多，句子结构呈竹竿型分布。

针对英汉句子结构的不同特征，在翻译时要根据各自的语言习惯作响应的转换，以确保译文通顺流畅。

在进行英汉翻译时，有时我们可以把原文的整个句子结构保存下来或稍加些许改动即可。

但在多数情况下，需对原句子作较大的改动以符合目的语的表达习惯。

分句法和合句法就是改变句子结构的两种重要的方法。

所谓分句法是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子。

所谓合句法是指把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个简单句来表达。

一、分句法
（—）副词的分译
1）The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements.
--中国人似乎为他们经济建设上取得的巨大成就感到自豪，这是合乎情理的。

2）Jerry quickly ordered everyone to put on life jackets, and tried unsuccessfully to put out the fire. --杰里立即叫大家穿上救生衣，并且奋力灭火，但却无济于事。

They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all. (adv.）
他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。

She wished she were at Kangding. Ordinarily, she would have been here two hours ago. ( adv.)
她真愿意那时已在康定。

要是在平常的日子里，她早已到康定三个小时了。

Characteristically, Mr. Smith concealed his feelings and watched and learned.
史密斯先生没有表露自己的感情，只是察言观色，心领神会，这是他的特点。

（二）形容词的分译
3）Buckley was in a clear minority.
巴克利属于少数派，这是明摆着的事实。

4）That region was the most identifiable trouble place.
那地区是个麻烦的地方，这是大家很容易看出来的。

（三）动词的分译
Radio waves have been considered radiant energy.
人们已经认识到，无线电波是一种辐射能
The maximum demand for electricity today is expected to double within a decade. 可以预料，目前对电的最大需要量在十年内可望增加一倍。

（四）短语的分译
To be scientific, we must test the formulas and the conclusions by experiments.（不定式短语）
要使之具有科学性，我们必须用实验来
验证这些公式和结论。

Owing to the resistance, a current will heat the conductor along which it is passing.(介词短语) 由于有电阻，电流会使它通过的导体发热。

Moving with greater speed, the molecules strike the walls of the container harder and harder.(分词短语)
运动速度越大，分子对容器壁的撞击就越猛烈，越频繁。

（五）非人称主语句的分译
The good tidings filled the whole nation with joy.
捷报传来，举国欢腾。

Poor acoustics spoilt the performance.
音响效果不好，演出大为逊色。

(六) 长句的分译
There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.(拆开定语从句)
我访问过一些地方，遇到不少人，要
谈起来，奇妙的事可多着呢。

It was sufficient that there was tenderness in her eyes, weakness in her manner, good nature and hope in her thoughts. (拆开名词从句)
只要她眼睛里含情脉脉，举止里透漏着娇柔，思想里洋溢着善良和希望，这就够了。

After singing a concert in this city, he said he wanted to greet his admirers at backstage as he always does.(拆开状语从句) 他在那个城市演唱了一场音乐会。

音乐会结束了以后，他提出要像往常那样到后台去见见他的崇拜者。

讨论：拆还是不拆，这是个问题？
二合句法
既有分句，就有合句，这是英汉两种语言在词汇，语法以及修辞方面的差异造成的。

相比较而言，在英译汉时，分句法比合句法更为常见。

但有时候也会见到把英语的两个单句，复合句和并列句压缩糅合在一起翻译的情况。

这样处理比较符合汉语语言的洗练简洁的特点，从而避免译文的拖泥带水和罗
嗦的缺点。

简单句的合译
It was on the early morning of April 2, 1989. The pilots were briefed in the ready room.
1989年4月2日清晨，飞机驾驶员在待命室接受飞行任务。

What a pleasant surprise! I shall be delighted to meet you on Friday,16th February at the International Hotel.
没想到将能于2月16日（星期五）在国际大酒店见到你。

His eyes were triumphantly cold. There was no light in them, no feeling, no interest.
他的目光傲慢冷酷，呆滞无光，淡漠无情。

There are men here from all over the country. Many of them are from Sichuan.
从全国各地来的人中有许多是四川人。

He was very clean. His mind was open.
他为人单纯而坦率。

主从复合句的合译
The liquid water is heated so that it becomes steam.
液态水受热而变成蒸汽。

It is necessary that those machines should be lubricated regularly.
那些机器必须经常上润滑油。

The structure of the steel and the resulting properties will depend on how hot the steel gets and how quickly or slowly it is cooled.
钢的结构和性质，视其加热程度和冷却快慢而定。

If we do a thing, we should do it well.
我们要干就干好。

It was in mid-September, and the new students attended the military training under the blazing sun.
九月中旬，新生在骄阳下军训。

Home after seven years. Home. The word had meant so much to him.
家，阔别了七年的家，这个词对他是多么亲切啊！
并列句的合译
In 1844, Engels met Marx, and they became friends.
1844年恩克思与马克思相遇并成为朋友。

The stimulation provided by a late mystery show on TV or a hard fought game of chess or an animated chat with friends may be delightful, but it will tend to keep us wide awake.
很晚的引人入胜的电视节目，激烈的棋赛或跟朋友热烈的聊天，往往会使人过于兴奋，久久不能入睡。

Class-work 1
Americans pride themselves on their independence and their right to make up their own minds.
The popularity of television and the serious problem of piracy have contributed to the decline of movie industry.
Hawaii enjoys a mild climate year-round because of the season winds, the temperature varies little from day to night and from summer to winter.
Americans take shorter and fewer vacations than people in most other industrialized countries.
Class-work 1 参考答案
Americans pride themselves on their independence and their right to make up their own minds.
－－美国人有独立的精神，有自主的权利，并为此感到自豪。

2. The popularity of television and the serious problem of piracy have contributed to the decline of movie industry.
－－电视普及，盗版问题严重，导致了电影业的衰落。

Hawaii enjoys a mild climate year-round because of the season winds, the temperature varies little from day to night and from summer to winter
－－由于受季风影响，夏威夷一年四季如春，春夏秋冬，白天黑夜，温差很小。

4. Americans take shorter and fewer vacations than people in most other industrialized countries.
－－与大部分工业化国家相比，美国人休假时间短，休假次数少。

Class-work 2
The importance of strengthening ties between the US and China will grow even greater with the beginning of a new century. Growing labor shortage in some field will give workers more rights to demand higher wages.
New York has become one of the largest and most powerful cities in the western world with a population of more than 8 million.
Despite its national wealth, poverty and serious income difference exist throughout the US.
Class-work 2 参考答案
The importance of strengthening ties
between the US and China will grow even greater with the beginning of a new century.
－－随着新世纪的开始，加强美中关系变得越来越重要。

2. Growing labor shortage in some field will give workers more rights to demand higher wages.
－－某些产业劳动力日益短缺，将使工人更有权利要求较高的工资。

New York has become one of the largest and most powerful cities in the western world with a population of more than 8 million.
－－纽约已经成为西方世界最具影响力的大城市之一，目前人口已达800万。

4. Despite its national wealth, poverty and serious income difference exist throughout the US.
－－虽然美国是个富裕的国家，但全国仍然存在着贫穷和严重的收入差别问题。

译例精选
［01] The mother might have spoken with understandable pride of her child．
母亲在谈到她的孩子时，也许有自豪感，这是可以理解的。

[02] The night was chilly—it was early November．A light drizzle added to my discomfort ．
那是十一月初，夜里冷风飕飕，天下起了毛毛细雨，令我倍加难受。

[03] They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.
他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。

04] She sat with her hands cupping her chin，staring at a corner of the little kitchen．她坐在那儿双手托着下巴，眼睛凝视着小厨房的一角。

[05] I wrote four books in the first three years，a record never touched before．
我头三年写了四本书，打破了以往的记录。

[06] She had made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success．
她已试了好几次，要帮他们另找一所出
租的房子，结果并未成功。

[07] Man's warm blood makes it difficult for him to live long in the sea without some kind of warmth．
人的血液是热的，如果得不到一定的热量，人就难以长期在海水中生活。

[08] This body of knowledge is customarily divided for convenience of study into the classifications: mechanics, heat, light, electricity and sound.
为了便于研究起见，通常将这门学科分为力学、热学、光学、电学和声学。

[09] Their power increased with their number.
他们人数增加了，力量也随之增强。

[10] It is certain that man will eventually solve the riddle of UFO.
人类最后必将解开不明飞行物之谜。

这一点是可以肯定的。

[11] He was very clean．His mind was open．
他为人单纯而坦率。

[12] There are men here from all over the country．Many of them are from the South．这里有从全国各地来的人，其中有许多是南方人。

[13] It is New Year's Day. Go and see your father.
过年了，去看看你爸爸吧。

[14] Darkness fell. An explosion shook the earth. It did not shake his will to go to the front.
夜幕降落时，一声爆炸震动了大地，可并没动摇他上前线的决心。

[15] She went back home to take care of her husband. He was seriously ill.
她回家去照料病重的丈夫。

[16] When I negotiate，I get nervous．When
I get nervous，I eat．
我在谈判时总是有些紧张。

紧张时我就吃东西。

[17] When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people，we are not merely being polite．
我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是出于礼貌。

[18] It was in mid-August，and the repair section operated under the blazing sun．
八月中旬，修理组人员在骄阳下工作。

[19] The time was 10：30，and traffic on the street was light．
十点三十分的时候街上来往的车辆稀少了。

[20] Stir and you are a dead man.
你动一下就别想活命。