14.突破语法知识—非谓语动词之现在分词-讲义

14.突破语法知识—非谓语动词之现在分词一、动词-ing形式概述动词-ing形式包括现在分词（the present participle）和动名词，是三种非谓语动词之一。

现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。

动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。

动词-ing形式的功能动词-ing的形式：1.He hurried home,looking behind as he went.2.Having finished their work,they had a rest.3.The large building being built is a library.4.Having been shown the lab,we were taken to see the library.二、现在分词的两个基本特点1、在时间上表示动作正在进行There are many sleeping students in class.2、在语态上表示主动Feeling the lesson is boring,the students are sleepy.三、现在分词的构成1、一般动词，变化：加+ing，例子：wash——washing，read——reading2、以不发音字母e结尾的动词，变化：去掉e，再加+ing，例如：make——making write——writing use——using3、以重读闭音节结尾的动词且末尾只有一个辅音字母，变化：双写最后的辅音字母，再加+ing，例如：run——running，swim——swimming，put——putting4、以ie结尾的动词，变化：改ie为y，再加+ing，例如：lie——lying,die——dying，tie——tying5、以c结尾的动词，变化：变c为ck，再加+ing，例子：picnic→picnicking，traffic→trafficking（例外：arc 作弧形运动，arcing）6、以l结尾的动词，变化：如果动词原形以非重读音节结尾，则末尾的字母l双写与不双写均可。

其中不双写的是美式拼写。

tavel→travelling/traveling(U.S.)7、以x、w、y结尾的动词，直接加ing。

例如：原词：fix+ing→fixing（修理）原词：follow+ing→follow（跟随）原词：employ+ing→employing（雇用）8、例外（双写辅音字母和直接加ing），单音节单词中有两个元音的动词无需双写n。

原词：iron+ing→ironing（熨烫）9、以元音字母加e结尾，或以e结尾，且e发音的动词（ee,oe,ye），直接加ing。

例如：原词：be+ing→being（做）原词：see+ing→seeing（看见）原词：free+ing→freeing（释放）10、以不发音字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e，再加ing。

例如：原词：ride→去e+ing→riding（骑）以字母ie结尾的动词，先将变ie为y，再加ing。

例如：原词：lie→先将ie变为y+ing→lying（躺）原词：tie-→先将ie变为y+ing→tying（系）原词：die→先将ie变为y+ing→dying（死）11、以c结尾的动词，变c为ck，再加+ing。

例如：原词：picnic→c变为ck+ing→picnicking（野餐）原词：traffic→c变为ck+ing→trafficking（交易）原词（例外）：arc+ing→arcing（电弧放电）四、现在分词的功能作用1、作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。

例如：In the following years he worked even harder.在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。

The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。

现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed,the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.2、现在分词作表语：The film being shown in the cinema is exciting.The present situation is inspiring."be+doing"既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于"be+doing"表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。

3、作宾语补足语以下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：see,watch,hear,feel,find,get,keep,notice,observe,listen to,look at,leave,catch等。

Can you hear your sister singing the song in the next room?Tom kept the car waiting at the gate.4、现在分词作状语①作时间状语（While)Working in the factory,his father was an advanced worker.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)China's approach to protecting its environment while________(feed)its citizens“offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide，”says the bank's Juergen Voegele.②作原因状语Being a Party member,he is always helping others.③作方式/伴随状语，表示伴随He stayed at home,cleaning and washing.练习：(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)We were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars,________(listen)to musicians and meeting interesting locals.④作条件状语(If)Playing all day,you will waste your valuable time.⑤作结果状语：He dropped the glass,breaking it into pieces.⑥作让步状语Though raining heavily,it cleared up very soon⑦如果分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，可采用分词独立结构作状语。

分词独立结构则："名（代）词＋现在分词"构成，可在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随状况等。

Class being over,the children went home.Nobody being in the room,I didn't go in.Weather permitting,we'll start tomorrow.He went to the front door,his son following him.⑧注意固定结构的分词独立成分作状语：现在分词独立成分一般已形成固定结构，表示说话人对说话内容所持的态度或看问题的态度。

Generally speaking,we don't agree with you.Considering his age,the child reads quite well.Judging from what you say,he ought to succeed.但to tell the truth,to be sure,to be exact要用不定式。

总结：现在分词或分词短语做状语时，可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随状况，通常可以转换成相应的状语从句，表方式或伴随状况时可以转换成并列句或非限制性定语从句。

5、现在分词和过去分词的用法区别6、分词的两个结构（1）否定结构：not+分词例如：Not having known his address,I didn’t write to him.（2）复合结构（独立主格结构）有两种形式：A、名词（代词主格）+分词（只作状语）It being Sunday,we don’t go to school.The day’s work done,they went home.他们做完一天的工作就回家了。

He sat there with his feet pointing to others.他坐在那儿把脚指向别人。

7、现在分词的时态和语态形式①现在分词完成时态的被动结构有时等于一个过去分词（即having been done=done）。

②现在分词的完成时态不能作表语、定语和宾补，只放在状语的位置上。

③现在分词一般时态的被动结构（being+v.-ed）表示“正在被”之意，而在动名词中只表示被动。

8、seat/dress这两个动词后如有宾语用现在分词，反之用过去分词。

include/consider这两个动词如果放在名词之前用现在分词，名词之后用过去分词。

例如：We went there,including our boss.We went there,our boss included.missing/remaining作“丢失的”和“剩下的”讲，只有现在分词形式；left作“剩下的”讲只能放名词后或代词后。

There are only five students left in the room.五、动名词的功能作用1、动名词的主动和被动主动：doing被动：动名词被动的时态（1）被动一般式――句子的主语是动名词（被动式）的逻辑主语如：He came in without being asked.He dislikes being interrupted in his experiment.He came to the party without being invited．（2）被动完成式――动作在谓语动词动作之前发生如：She doesn’t remember having ever been given a chance to go abroad.她不记得曾经被给予过一次出国的机会。