Issue 笔记

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issue 单词

issue 单词

Issue 单词的探究与解析在英语中,issue 一词具有多种含义,本文将对其进行梳理和分析,以期帮助读者更好地理解和使用该单词。

下面是本店铺为大家精心编写的5篇《Issue 单词的探究与解析》,供大家借鉴与参考,希望对大家有所帮助。

《Issue 单词的探究与解析》篇1一、issue 的词义及用法1.名词:issue 的意思包括问题、争论点、主题、发行物等。

例如:- The issue of climate change is a global challenge that we all need to address.(气候变化是一个全球性的挑战,我们大家都需要应对。

)- The magazine issues a new edition every month.(这本杂志每月发行新版。

)2.动词:issue 还可以表示发行、发布、发表等。

例如:- The government issued a statement on the matter.(政府就此事发表了一份声明。

)- The company issued shares to its employees.(公司向员工发行了股票。

)3.形容词:issue 还可以作为形容词,表示“发行的”、“当前的”、“即将发生的”等。

例如:- This is an issue of great importance.(这是一件非常重要的事情。

)- The issue of poverty is a complex problem.(贫困问题是一个复杂的难题。

)二、issue 的用法注意事项1.issue 作名词时,常用于复数形式,表示“一系列问题”或“多个方面”。

例如:- There are several issues to be discussed in this meeting.(这次会议有几个问题需要讨论。

)- The election campaign focused on a range of issues including healthcare, education and the economy.(选举活动重点关注包括医疗保健、教育和经济在内的一系列问题。

GRE写作提纲Issue完整版整合word版

GRE写作提纲Issue完整版整合word版

英语学习无论对于学生还是职场人士来说都是非常重要的,很多要出国留学的学生需要准备对应的托福、雅思、SAT、GRE、GMAT等留学考试,获得较高的分数才能申请相对较好的国外大学。

国内大学生经常要备考的是四六级考试,能在四六级考试中获得较高的分数,在今后的职场工作总也会有一定的优势。

英语的学习词汇是基础,各个不同等级的考试对于词汇量的要求也不同,一般要求的词汇量在3000-20000不等。

学好英语在掌握足够词汇量的基础上还要对语法有一定的了解,生活中多练习口语,掌握一些口语交流技能。

为大家整理汇总了下述英语学习材料,方便大家学习查看。

今天我们一起来看看GRE写作提纲Issue完整版吧,下面就和大家,来欣一下吧。

GRE写作提纲Issue完整版A nation should require all of 表态+论述观点:中立偏否定1、在接受高等教育(tertiaryeducation)之前,学习统一的课程有许多优点:a、由于全国学习同样课程,有利于保证教育公平,避免不同教育水平地区差距拉大(widen thedisparity between);b、维护统一,利于开展一致的国民教育,普遍地提高国民素质;c、避免各个地区重复开发课程,极大降低财政负担2、然而,这样也有很大的弊端(seriousdrawbacks):a、从个体差异来看,不同学生有不同特长,要求全国统一课程显然谋杀了学生的个性,不利于个人发展;b、不同地区有独特文化,尤其在许多文化多样(diverseculture)的国家,不同地区学生接受同样课程可能造成地区文化的流失(gradually fade away)3、事实上,这个问题不可一概而论(We should not make sweepinggeneralizations):a、对于文化差异不大的国家,可以在要求全国统一部分compulsorycurriculums,同时根据不同学生的需求开设electivecourses,与大学课程设置制度类似,但必修部分较多,选修较少;b、对于文化差异大的国家,则不宜要求统一课程,可设置教学大纲(minimum syllabus),由各个地区按照大纲设置符合地区文化和发展需求的课程。

论文读书笔记3篇_读书笔记_

论文读书笔记3篇_读书笔记_

论文读书笔记3篇的要求:1、topic 主题是什么(重要吗?)2、theory 理论背景是什么(充分吗?)3、issue 要研究的问题是什么(有趣吗?/有意义吗?)4、hypothesis 研究假设是什么,推导的逻辑是什么(合理吗?)5、study 求证的方法是什么(科学吗?)6、result 主要的结果是什么(令人惊奇吗?surprise?)7、explanation 结果的意料/意外是什么,基于文献如何解释,有什么意义和启示,存在的问题(有价值/不足吗?)8、implication 对该领域的研究有什么启发,对你的研究有什么借鉴(有实用/收获吗?)9、如果让你来做这样一个研究,你会这么做吗?你还能怎么做?一篇文献阅读笔记都要对以上问题给予回答,从读每一篇文献开始积累idea,为今后的 study 积累素材。

上一个读书笔记的要求是把具体细节都给说清楚了,下面是关于读书笔记写法。

读书笔记的写法是:(1)什么杂志,第几期,什么地方有关于什么问题的什么论述,它对于我即将做的博论文有什么参考作用,或者我对于这个问题有什么自己的见解,可能会有什么贡献等等。

(2) 读书笔记要进行分类,如分为数学模型方面的;实证研究方面的;中文文献方面的;外文文献方面的;数据方面的;纯理论方面的;政策分析方面的;学术争论方面的;案例材料方面的等等。

(3) 重点分析或者精读几篇代表性的文献;(4) 重要的是要写;(5) 重要的数据要及时记下来;(6) 前面的过程可能有反复,自己的见解也会有变化的。

以上只是简单的对网络上关于读书笔记写法的一个汇总。

有点乱,但是还比较全。

等自己写出一篇像样的读书笔记后,再结合自己的写作过程好好修改整理下该日志。

做好读书笔记是获取知识的一种基本工具,一篇好的读书笔记要让自己几乎不用阅读原文就可以掌握大致内容。

所以读书笔记的结构、内容不重要,重要的是能提供一个直观的理解。

以本人阅读经济管理类外文的经验,做这类读书笔记一般包括以下几个方面:一、作者简介要简要说明作者的学术和工作背景,主要成就、主要书籍、论文和研究方向。

Issue笔记

Issue笔记

Issue 作文审题1、单一结论型:至少从两个方面对题干中的的单一结论进行分析论述。

找:字面意思和暗含意思,并列结构,半句。

2、双观点型(题目中暗含两个选项,将其对比优劣)首先,找到题目中的比较类关键词:prefer, more, or, than, replace,instead. 其次,对双选项进行对比分析(没有比较就没有发言权)重点句式:“A的确…;但是B最终更加…”…is admittedly…; nevertheless,…is ultimately more…(要善于用副词)“认为A比B更重要是错误的”It is incorrect to place A′s significance above that of B. Issue 作文结构一、文章开头段落1、原意转述题目(改写题目+解释题目+自己观点)1)“题目说”:The speaker says/states/claims/asserts/defines/suggests.....2)“题目的意思是”:This means thatThe meaning of this statement is thatUnder this definition/concept3)“我认为”:I advocate/insist/argueIn my viewAs I see itFrom my perspectiveAs far as I am concerned.重点句式:从这个角度看待…会有严重问题Viewing… in this light reveals serious problems with it. 题目片面得看待了The claim assumes a distortedly narrow view of没有关联:has/have no bearing on有关联:be relevant to2、针对题目进行发问(哪个更好/更重要? +题目的观点是+我认为)第一步:which is ..:A or B ?第二步:the speaker prefers ..第三步:我认为二、文章主体部分1、论证方法1)完全同意2)完全不同意3)有让步的不同意(即:小部分同意,大部分不同意)4)两种情况2、细节展开1)例证法例子的写法:一个:起因+经过+结果两个:正反例子作对比多个:将例子进行归类分类别讨论三、结尾段落1、过渡连词:transitional words“总而言之”:all in allIn briefTo summarize/in summaryTo conclude/in conclusionTo put all in a nutshell2、Thesis Statements“我赞成”:I intend to stand on the side thatI am inclined to agree with the viewpoint thatI am strongly in favor of doing3、分论点for the reasons that A B and CMain reasons include A B and CThis viewpoint is primarily caused by A B and C. 重点句式:只占少部分…constitute a negligible percentage of..对..有很大的...影响…exerts a strong and beneficial/harmful/positive/negative influence on要求做某事...obligate ...to......impose on ...a duty to...。

高中英语单词天天记issue素材

高中英语单词天天记issue素材

· issue· v. ['ɪʃuː] ( issues; issued; issuing )·· 双解释义· vt. 1.出版; 发行bring out (especially sth printed and official) for the notice of the public· vt. & vi. 2.出来; 流出come〔go, flow〕 out· 基本要点•1.issue的基本意思是“如同从母体降生般出现并生存下来”。

通常译作“使书等出版、发行”,尤指“使…流出,放出,送出,排出”。

2.issue既可用作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词。

用作及物动词时,后可接名词、代词作宾语; 也可接双宾语,其间接宾语可以转换为介词to的宾语,介词不可用for;也可接介词from,表示“从…涌出”;issue还可接以as短语充当补足语的复合宾语。

•· 词汇搭配•issue banknote 发行钞票•issue decrees and ordinances 颁布法令•issue instructions 发出指示•issue new rifles 分发步枪•issue new textbooks 发新书•issue passport 发护照•issue stamps 发行邮票•issue monthly (杂志)每月出一期•issue officially 正式发行•issue particularly 特别发行•issue publicly 公开发行•issue out 涌出•issue as 以…发行•issue at 按…出售•issue from 从…流出•issue from carelessness 由于不慎而导致(错误)•issue from the chimneys (烟)从烟囱里冒出来•issue from the cut 从伤口流出•issue from the lake 从湖里流出•issue from the wound 血从伤口处流出来•issue in 造成,导致•issue in heavy losses 造成重大错误•issue in a tie 打成平局•issue to troops 发给部队•issue with textbooks 发课本•issue the hungry people with food 发给饥饿的人食物· 常用短语•issue from(v.+prep.)▲issue from sth1.从…大量涌出 come out from sth in quantitySmoke issues from the chimney.烟从烟囱中冒出来。

【小马过河】课堂笔记 强化班 20小时 Issue

【小马过河】课堂笔记 强化班 20小时 Issue
托福吧官方交流群: 174155755
GRE Revised General Test Analytical Writing 强化班笔记
"Analyze an Issue" task
考点: 1. Critical thinking 2. Persuasive writing
难点 1. 要有独立思考能力 2. 题目学术深度高 3. 涉及题材比较广 4. 语言要求比较高
分类 发散 收敛
PFW: Purposeful Free Writing 1. 不过于注重语言细节 2. 做宏观整体把握, 先不管细节构造 正面 负面 正负不明
DCD(GCP)R(IBN)E
D: Definition of critical terms C: Categories of critical terms and concepts D: Domains that would be affected by the claim
Lawn mowers whining on a summer’s day, vehicles of al kinds, especially large container trucks thundering through quiet village, planes and helicopters flying overhead, large radios carried round in public places and played at maximum volume. (NCE3-47)
Invading personal privacy (Effect )
Making human lives (and the society as a whole) unstable and unsafe (Effect )

issue-简介及基本写作步骤

issue-简介及基本写作步骤
4.考察能力
有效地识别并处理原论点的复杂性和各观点间的牵连关系—分析能力
有效地组织,发展并表达自己的见解—组织能力
有效地支持自己的观点(通过列举原因和例证)—组织能力
有效地支配标准书面英语的各项要素(语法,句型以及词语的运用)—语言能力
5.Tips:
1)每篇文章由两位评分人分别打分
2)如果两位评分人分数差异超过1分,将会由第三位评分人对成绩进行评定;若没超过1分,则这篇文章最终取两个分数的平均值
例:Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed.
(2)让步:承认题目中的结论/说法有一定合理性(正反论证强调自己)
(从结果来写,支持写优点,反对写缺点)
f.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with therecommendationand explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.(从结果分情况讨论,哪种情况下有好处,哪种没有好处)

issue笔记

issue笔记

变化开头Never in the past have we seen this person.Not only do we …but also…To help…remains our unshakeable responsibility.There is too much pressure…What happened went totally beyond our imagination.时间状语In the world todayIn the present-day societyIn this day and ageIn this era of commercialization引入话题There is an ongoing debate centering around the issue…``` become an ``` controversial/conflict issue…时间+话题Never in the past had we witnessed … such a …What especially concerns the public is whether …我认为To the extent of my observation,It is my personal conviction thatI tend to trust my intuition thatI am of the opinion thatIt is, in my opinion, arguable that暗示下文For reasons as followsI object this point of view based on/considering …首段示例Never in the progressively developing education reform that started from the last century have we encountered so many debates concerning the curriculum design for this generation of college students. One specific discussion is about whether they should be required to be engaged in subjects other than their majors. It is my personal conviction that this requirement can be justifiable for reasons as follows.讨论While, where as, although, in contrast, conversely, howeverProponents - opponentsSupporters - cynicsOptimists - pessimistsThe majority – the minorityAn increasing number of people – there are also people whoClaim – advocateArgue – contendInsist – maintainConceive – acknowledge暗示下文The essay shall discuss both sides of the debate before offering my personal view. The following paragraphs set out to analyze both perspectives mentioned above and then explore my own opinion.示例The ultimate function or purpose of education in university for our youths has already been actively debated for at least several generations. Whereas there is a proposition that freeing minds and spirits is what it is supposed to do, opponents argue for a rather opposite viewpoint that people’s mindsets should be further constrained by the education they receive in their high education. Before offering my personal opinion, I am ready to explore both ends of this debate.因果分析I tend to disagree with the opinion and its reason expressed.I am more inclined to believe that both of the claim and reason are partially right ay best.Topic 1 GovernmentGovernment investment:1.National defense: to guard against foreign attack2.Enforcement of law , pubic order, government operationcation, social security, health care systems4.Welfare: financial assistance to the poor, retirement and disability benefits, unemploymentbenefits5.infrastructure, public transportation, public servicesTopic 2 Environment and PollutionEnvironmental problems:1.Global warming, melting of glacier, rise of sea level, shortage of fresh water2.Increase of pollutants, radioactive waste disposal, increase of trash, automobile exhaust fumes,car emission, deteriorating environment(regional-worldwide)3.Frequent natural disasters: droughts, floods, sand storms and acid rainck of alternative energy5.Food supply problem/famine6.Deforestation/overgrazingSolutions:1.Global cooperation to work out concrete measures2.Arouse pubic awarenessernment investment4.Employment of environment-friendly technology中间段首句表态论述并列段第一段首句1.One compelling argument is that…2.The threshold matter inherent in the issue of … is that…3.Undoubtedly, it is of the greatest importance to consider…并列段第二段首句1.Equally important is that…2.Another indispensable part of my argument is that…3.Next, consider the gravity of…并列段让步段首句1.However, there is no escaping the fact that…2.And of course, I do not intend to create the impression here that… is all good3.Admittedly, we can never deny that…4.Nevertheless, to overlook the fact that… is somewhat unwise.支持XX有很多(there be 句型)1.Obviously, there are undeniably a number of justifications associated with XX.2.However, there are at least several reasons to backup the opposite point of view.3.In fact, the many reasons in … are quite obvious.4.The reasons in … can be easily listed.部分承认观点或原因的正确性1.It is impossible to fully disapprove of the claim that…2.There is, indeed, some true elements, related to the claim that…3.Though with reluctance, I would still partially agree with the reason that…4.It is not without reason to maintain that…中间段论证支撑句一、扩展句----交代背景,说明前提1.It is a truth universally acknowledged that2.It is an ugly fact that3.It is an unfortunate story for our society that4.It is a common belief that5.It is not uncommon that6.It is common sense thatmon sense informs us that8.It is generally assumed that9.It is always taken for granted that10.It is widely accepted that二、因果句----分析原因或结果1.Because/ because of/ due to/ thanks to/ owing to the fact that2.The reason … is that …3.A contribute/ lead to B4.sb. attribute B to A B result from A5.It is because … that …6.What might help explain this situation is that7.Doing … , …8.… , doing …9.The more … ,the more … , the more …三、比较句----有比较才有鉴别1.Unlike …2.Just as …pared to …4.A is as … as B5.…than …6.A is superior to B7.A is inferior to B四、例证句----铁证如山个人经历Personally,My personal experience tells me that …其他事件For example, for instance数据调查According to the statistics/ data drawn from a recent survey,其他1.A case in point is that …2.It might help illustrate the issue that …3.We do not have to look further than the case of … to find support of this idea/ argument-4.To illustrate this viewpoint, I can’t think of a better example than让步段驳斥对方的例子SP13思路However, what I need to emphasize here is that…Y et, it is important to note that…But it should be said that…(The fact that more and more people``` does not constitute a support for their point, because the fact may not be justified.)Admittedly, it can be argued that``` For example, ```However, what I need to emphasize here is that most of these problems can be solved```连接:First- second- thirdFirstly- secondly- thirdlyPerhaps one of the most obvious ``` of ``` lies in that ```On top of that, another ```is that```An equally important ```is that ```尾段SP14 paraphrase your thesisSP15 restate your supporting pointsSP26 round off your essaySP16If we pay more attention to ```In the final analysis, I am still of the firm opinion that it is necessary ```For the sake of some``` There seems to be no reason why they stay out of it.SP14总而言之On balanceOverallBy and largeIn the final analysisIn a nutshellIn conclusionTo sum up讨论尾段SP24表态(观点合并)My idea is that if A and B can be combined, it would be much better```SP25解释说明When neither method is satisfactory, it seems that this combination shall provide advantage such as```。

论文读书笔记怎么写

论文读书笔记怎么写

论文读书笔记怎么写读书笔记的要求:1、topic 主题是什么(重要吗?)2、theory 理论背景是什么(充分吗?)3、issue 要研究的问题是什么(有趣吗?/有意义吗?)4、hypothesis 研究假设是什么,推导的逻辑是什么(合理吗?)5、study 求证的方法是什么(科学吗?)6、result 主要的结果是什么(令人惊奇吗?surprise?)7、explanation 结果的意料/意外是什么,基于文献如何解释,有什么意义和启示,存在的问题(有价值/不足吗?)8、implication 对该领域的研究有什么启发,对你的研究有什么借鉴(有实用/收获吗?)9、如果让你来做这样一个研究,你会这么做吗?你还能怎么做?一篇文献阅读笔记都要对以上问题给予回答,从读每一篇文献开始积累idea,为今后的 study 积累素材。

上一个读书笔记的要求是把具体细节都给说清楚了,下面是关于读书笔记写法。

读书笔记的写法是:(1)什么杂志,第几期,什么地方有关于什么问题的什么论述,它对于我即将做的博论文有什么参考作用,或者我对于这个问题有什么自己的见解,可能会有什么贡献等等。

(2) 读书笔记要进行分类,如分为数学模型方面的;实证研究方面的;中文文献方面的;外文文献方面的;数据方面的;纯理论方面的;政策分析方面的;学术争论方面的;案例材料方面的等等。

(3) 重点分析或者精读几篇代表性的文献;(4) 重要的是要写心得体会;(5) 重要的数据要及时记下来;(6) 前面的过程可能有反复,自己的见解也会有变化的。

以上只是简单的对网络上关于读书笔记写法的一个汇总。

有点乱,但是还比较全。

等自己写出一篇像样的读书笔记后,再结合自己的写作过程好好修改整理下该日志。

做好读书笔记是获取知识的一种基本工具,一篇好的读书笔记要让自己几乎不用阅读原文就可以掌握大致内容。

所以读书笔记的结构、内容不重要,重要的是能提供一个直观的理解。

以本人阅读经济管理类外文的经验,做这类读书笔记一般包括以下几个方面:一、作者简介要简要说明作者的学术和工作背景,主要成就、主要书籍、论文和研究方向。

Issue 写作笔记 GRE

Issue 写作笔记 GRE

Issue写作笔记★I agree with the speaker’s broad assertion that…★peaceful coexistence of multiple culture★And yet, still have to argue in its favor, because without it, we have no hope. (让步段的尾句)紧接着的转折段的首句要承上启下:Some might argue that we would be better off without technology. They might say that…Such an idea is seductive, …But upon closer inspection, one realizes that…★is not- cannot be- enough to…★insofar as conj. : to the extent or degree that <We agree only insofar as the budget is concerned.>★By then,…/ By tomorrow,…到那时,到明天…★The claim that society’s destiny hinges on how children are socialized, while appealing in some respects, is an over-statement at best. ★AAA holds more lasting significance than BBB.★I believe that the studies at micro and macro levels are two essential components that jointly form recursive learning.★Compelling reason令人信服的原因★Upon further reflection it becomes clear that…★My point of contention with the speaker involve…, as discussed below.★Aside from the two forgoing provisos, however, I fundamentally disagree with the speaker’s claim.★I concede that the speaker is on the correct philosophical side of this issue.★core values upon which any ( democratic ) society depends to thrive. 一个社会赖以繁荣的价值核心★While our everyday experience might lend credence to this assertion, .★But upon closer inspection, one realizes that…★… has a sharp impart on…★most if not all = most★动词+介词…, and+介词…★… be due in part to…★take step to help alleviate social problems★Evolving with the development of…★一个很牛的开头:Even the most brilliant thinkers, from Socrates to Satre, live lives in time.(用事实提出题目观点的发展背景:牛人生活在时代中) A childhood, an adolescence, an adulthood; these are common to me and you as well as the greatest writers.(解释事实,进一步连接题目“common")Furthermore, many of the great thinkers we esteem in our Western culture lived somewhat unevetful lives.(再深入,将事实泛化为普遍情况,从而提供大背景)What distinguished their life from say a common laborer was their work. Therefore, what providedthe grist for their work?(间接提问引出观点:grist of work)One might say that they were brilliant and this alone was sufficient to distinguish their lives from the masses.(提出一种回答,他人观点,用以做完善的底子) Intellect alone can not devise situations or thoughts from no where; there must be a basis and that basis is most common, if not always, observation of the common, of the quotidian.(批驳他人观点进而进行完善,引向自己的观点basis)Critics of this idea may argue that these thinkers were products of fine educations and were well schooled in the classics. This, they may point to, is the real basis for their knowledge.(再提出一个他人观点,将话题进一步引向自己观点)I would agrue (主题句先行词,阐明观点)that although it may be a benefit to study classics and be well schooled in diverse disciplines, these pursuits merely refine and hone an ability each and every person has, the ability to study human nature. Where best to study human nature than in the day to day routine each one of us can witness in him or herself or those around us.★strengths and shortcomings 优点和缺点★The librarians in our town’s school system have reported that the number of trips that our students make to their school library on a voluntary basis has decreased significantly in recent years. (考虑是否每一个动宾短语都能这样改写成一个定语从句?)★Crux 结症所在nature本质★…, but otherwise…但在其他方面…★The truth is quite otherwise. 事实真相与此大相径庭。

ISSUE用词中的注意事项

ISSUE用词中的注意事项
»I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should……不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)
»He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick.更简单。因为due to the fact that = because)
»Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)
»This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)
1、尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字(big word)或过时的字眼(old-fashioned word);
»例如:Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用foundation或basis代替infrastructure就更明白)

GRE写作—ISSUE高频提纲整理

GRE写作—ISSUE高频提纲整理

ISSUE高频话题:传统文化与现代化
传统文化与现代化之间存在着复杂的互动关系。现代化进程必然 会对传统文化产生影响,但同时也需要保留和传承传统文化的精 髓。如何平衡传统文化与现代化的关系,既能促进社会发展,又 能保持文化传承,是当代社会面临的重要课题。
在探讨传统文化与现代化的关系时,需要关注文化的多样性与包 容性。现代化并非要完全摒弃传统,而是要在传承中创新,在借 鉴中发展。
ISSUE高频话题:环境保护与经济发展
可持续发展
环境保护与经济发展并非相互矛盾,两者 可以相互促进。
生态保护
保护自然环境是可持续经济发展的基石, 我们要重视生态保护的长期效益。
绿色科技
发展绿色科技,可以有效减少环境污染, 促进经济绿色转型。
ISSUE高频话题:平等机会与 社会公正
平等机会和社会公正一直是人类社会关注的重要议题。GRE写作中经常出现探 讨这两者的关系。本节将探讨平等机会与社会公正的内涵,分析两者之间的 关系,并举例说明如何运用相关论证进行写作。
稳定的重要性
社会稳定是改革成功的基础,为改革创造 良好的外部环境。
改革与稳定的平衡
在改革过程中,要注重改革的力度和节奏 ,确保社会稳定,避免剧烈动荡。
总结与展望
GRE写作备考
通过对ISSUE写作高频话题的梳理,希望能帮助考生更有效率地备考,提高写作水平。
持续学习
写作能力的提升是一个持续积累的过程,建议考生定期阅读写作材料,练习写作。
用事实、数据、例子等佐证你的观点。
解释逻辑 3
解释你的论据如何支持你的观点。
每个论点都应该清晰地表达你的观点,并用充足的论据和逻辑解释来支撑。
如何引用例子论证
选择相关例子 1

issue怎么写?四种方法写好issue

issue怎么写?四种方法写好issue

智 课 网 G R E 备 考 资 料issue怎么写?四种方法写好issue授人以鱼不如授人以渔,如果大家能掌握几种快速的分析技巧加上一些通用性很强的国际化事例,准备GRE ISSUE文章将事半功倍。

拆分法分析题目极为有效的一种手段,其基本原理就是面对一个云山雾罩的抽象的大的概念,将其一分为二或者一分为多进行分别讨论。

解析法通过对题目主体的需求进行分析,从而找到支持论证的有说服力的理由与典型的论据。

主体需求,可以是个人,教育,社会,政府与文化发展等方面的需求。

正反法对题目的主张或者结论分成两面分析。

没有绝对对错,哪边理由与例证多我们走哪边。

也可写成让步式或者对照式两面论证。

比较法适用于题干中两个对等概念的比较。

这四种解题办法可以交替结合使用。

下面我们通过几道典型题目举例说明拆分法在解题中的应用。

93."The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction.Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions,people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making."在英文中,如果将一个概念定义为FICTION 或者 MYTH,基本就等于对其的否定。

这里一个大的抽象概念就是个人责任,题目对其进行了否定。

本题涉及了“个人的行为”是由什么驱动的?是个人责任还是外在因素?如果我们只关注“个人责任”这个貌似很哲学的概念,然后上网铺天盖地一顿查询,得出一堆很高深的哲学与政治概念,我们就把题目给复杂化了。

这样准备题库里的244道题目,将把你的GRE备考带进一个没完没了的泥沼。

我们需要做的就是把“个人”这个概念拆分成一些自己熟悉的,有把握写好的,能够分析其行为动力的不同的人群。

GRE写作ISSUE提分写法要点

GRE写作ISSUE提分写法要点

GRE写作ISSUE提分写法要点对于GRE考试中的作文部分,考生虽然很难在短期内快速提高写作水平,但是假如把握肯定的GRE写作技巧,想要肯定程度上提升作文分数也并非不行能。

今日我给大家带来了GRE写作ISSUE提分写法要点解读,盼望能够关心到大家,一起来学习吧。

GRE写作ISSUE提分写法要点解读论点树立技巧介绍GRE话题作文开头先引用更有利绽开新GRE的话题做文通常只给出一段话,是通过这一段话反应了一个主题和思想,需要我们做出相应的回应。

我们要留意,回应必需面面俱到,不能仅仅只是对一部分进行回应,要每个点都要说到,应对回答时,将对方的观点整个脉路梳理一下,不要丢三落四的,说了这里忘了那里的。

需要重点提示考生的是,新GRE作文的一项重大要求是要有重点,强调重点内容,所以说你在回应时要有中心思想。

只有一个主题,全部写的内容都是围绕这个主题来写的,其他的内容都是帮助,都是陪衬,在实践中,建议大家把重心在开头的时候就直接写出来,这样的话不仅自己心中有数,自己究竟要说什么,也让老师看得时候也很清楚,觉得考生思路清晰,规律清楚。

这样的文章才有可能得高分。

GRE作文ISSUE论点选择很重要关键点是在于重心的选择。

就topic issue来说,重心一般就是这个话题的中心思想,应当是原谈论的论点部分,或者看最终结论部分也能得出。

但自己写的中心思想不肯定是原来题目的中心思想,我们还是可以有选择的,自己选择合适的,能够有话说的作为论点进行论证。

下面在GRE考试的选择论点上教大家两个方法。

第一种:找出话题本身的重心,直接拿过来作为自己的论点也行。

其次种:对话题自身的重心做到心中有数,然后自己再找出其中的突破点,来重点攻击某一个方面,就某一点来大做文章,重心打算后,接下来的事情就简单多了。

最抱负的状况往往是,我们先抓住重点,然后将原观点中其他非重点的内容全部都找出来,然后进行筛选,选出一个自己最适合的,最有思路的点进行下手,我们把全部点都列出来后,在写作时也可以做到面面俱到,每个点都兼顾,这样回应很全面,重点也突出了,这不失为一个好方法,盼望大家能够在实践中敏捷运用。

GRE写作-ISSUE高频提纲整理

GRE写作-ISSUE高频提纲整理

1======================Issue 51======================【题目】”Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student.‖【翻译】只有针对每个学生的需要和兴趣,教育才真正的有意义。

【题纲】Position: There is no doubt that education should pay more attention on the needs and interests ofstudents, but it is possible for education to satisfy every student.1、从教育的目的上讨论,兴趣对教育的重要性;对个人,爱因斯坦有句至理名言:―兴趣是最好的老师‖;对社会,教育的目的就是为社会培养各种人才,如果不注重学生兴趣,那么他们到社会不可能尽其所能。

有时候可能埋没人才。

比如一味的强调分数,那么对发明有兴趣的学生可能会失去动力,eg.哥白尼以前学医,爱因斯坦小时候学习并不好(这个例子是以前看到别人用的,我没有想到很好的例子)2、学校必须努力发现并培养学生的兴趣。

因为有些学生没有意识到自己的兴趣,因此学校要在这方面作引导。

例如学校可以通过开设对终选修课,增加各类奖学金等方法来鼓励学生培养自己的兴趣;3、但是,鼓励兴趣的培养不等于学校必须根据每个学生的兴趣来进行教育,这既无意义也不现实;一方面老师是有限的,而学生的兴趣是各种各样的。

另一方面,学生没有足够的判断力来决定自己该学什么,比如数学,有些学生不喜欢学,但是能够去掉吗?过分强调学生兴趣势必会造成教学的紊乱,而且学生的兴趣不同阶段可能发生改变;4、总结2=================Issue 144=================【题目】"It is the artist, not the critic, who gives society something of lasting value."【翻译】是艺术家而不是批评家,给了社会一些永久的价值。

issue的用法

issue的用法

issue的用法
"Issue" 一般指的是一个问题、争议点、发布物等,具体用法有多种:
1. 作为名词,表示一个问题或争议点,通常用于商业、政治、社会等领域。

例如:
• There are several key issues that need to be addressed in the new proposal.
• The issue of climate change has become a pressing concern for governments around the world.
2. 作为动词,表示发布或发行某物,通常用于出版、印刷等领域。

例如:
• The magazine will issue its latest edition next week.
• The company issued a press release announcing its new product line.
3. 在软件开发、项目管理等领域,"issue" 通常指的是一个bug 报告、需求或改进建议。

在这种情况下,通常使用一些工具如GitHub、JIRA 等来管理和跟踪这些 issue。

例如:
• I found a critical issue in the latest version of the software.
• Our team needs to prioritize the backlog of issues before the next release.
总的来说,"issue" 的用法比较广泛,具体含义需要根据语境而定。

1/ 1。

issue知识点

issue知识点

什么是 issue 知识点?在软件开发和项目管理中,issue(问题)是指在开发过程中遇到的任何类型的问题或任务。

它可以是一个错误、一个功能建议、一个需求、一个技术难题等。

在团队协作中,issue 是一个非常重要的概念,它可以用来跟踪和管理工作流和进度。

如何创建一个 issue?1.打开项目的开发平台或项目管理工具(如 GitHub、Jira 等)。

2.导航到相应的项目仓库或项目页面。

3.在页面上找到“创建一个issue”或类似的按钮或链接。

4.点击“创建一个issue”按钮,进入创建 issue 的页面。

5.在创建页面上填写相关信息,包括:–标题:简洁明了地描述问题或任务。

–描述:详细描述问题或任务的背景、原因和目标。

–分配给:选择该问题或任务的负责人。

–标签:为问题或任务分配适当的标签,以便更好地分类和检索。

–优先级:指定问题或任务的重要程度。

–里程碑:将问题或任务与项目的里程碑关联起来。

6.填写完相关信息后,点击“提交”按钮或类似按钮,创建 issue。

如何跟踪和处理 issue?1.在项目页面或仓库页面上,导航到“Issues”或类似的标签或链接。

2.在 issue 列表中,可以根据不同的属性,如状态、优先级、负责人等进行筛选和排序,以便更好地跟踪。

3.点击某个 issue 的标题或链接,可以查看详细信息和讨论。

4.在 issue 详细信息页面上,可以进行以下操作:–评论:可以发表自己的意见、观点或提供解决方案。

–状态更新:根据当前进展,将 issue 的状态更新为“打开”、“进行中”或“已解决”等。

–关闭:当问题或任务已经解决时,可以将其关闭。

–分配:可以将问题或任务重新分配给其他负责人。

–标签更新:根据需要,对问题或任务进行标签更新。

–里程碑更新:根据项目进展,更新问题或任务与里程碑的关联。

–相关问题:如果某个问题或任务与其他问题或任务相关,可以在适当的地方进行引用或关联。

5.在解决问题或任务的过程中,可以进行适当的讨论、协作和追踪,确保问题或任务得到妥善处理和解决。

英语语法词汇详解issue

英语语法词汇详解issue

英语语法词汇详解issueissue英[ˈɪʃuː]美[ˈɪʃuː]n.问题;议题;争论点;分配;分发;发行;结果;后果;流出;放出;发出;或子女;后代;后嗣v.提供;分配;分发;出来;流出;发行;发布;导致;造成;提供(或发给)某人复数:issues第三人称单数:issues现在分词:issuing过去式:issued过去分词:issued英文释义:1. [countable] an important topic that people are discussing or arguing about人们正在讨论或争论的重要话题2. [countable] a problem or worry that somebody has with something某人对某事的问题或担心3. [countable] one of a regular series of magazines or newspapers【可数的】杂志或报纸的常规系列之一4. [countable] a number or set of things that are supplied and made available at the same time【可数的】同时供应和提供的一批或一套东西5. [uncountable] the act of supplying or making available things for people to buy or use【不可数】供应或提供物品给人们购买或使用的行为6. [uncountable] (law) children of your own【不可数】(法律)你自己的孩子举个例子:1.She takes issue with the notion of crime as unique to contemporary society.对于犯罪只是现代社会所特有的说法,她持异议。

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GRE Revised General TestAnalytical Writing强化班笔记"P r e s e n t Y o u r P e r s p e c t i v e o n a nI s s u e"T a s k李延隆新浪博客:h t t p://b l o g.s i n a.c o m.c n/l i y a n l o n g76新浪微博:私人邮箱:考点:1.C r i t i c a l t h i n k i n g2.P e r s u a s i v e w r i t i n g难点1.要有思考能力2.题目学术深度高3.涉及题材比较广4.语言要求比较高1-3分结构3-4.5分论证4.5-6分语言I s s u e题目分类1.按照题材2.按照题目的抽象程度3.按照题目背后的核心思想4.按照文章论证结构I s s u e p r e p a r i n g s t e p s找主题词确定分类,找限定词确定方向P F W:P u r p o s e f u l F r e e W r i t i n g针对具体题目提炼细节提纲分类→发散→收敛P F W:P u r p o s e f u l F r e e W r i t i n g1.不过于注重语言细节2.做宏观整体把握,先不管细节构造D C D(G C P)R(I B N)ED:D e f i n i t i o n o f c r i t i c a l t e r m sC:C a t e g o r i e s o f c r i t i c a l t e r m s a n d c o n c e p t sD:D o m a i n s t h a t w o u l d b e a f f e c t e d b y t h e c l a i mG:T o w h a t g r o u p s o f p e o p l e i s t h e c l a i m v a l i d?C:U n d e r w h a t c o n d i t i o n i s t h e c l a i m v a l i d?P:A t w h a t h i s t o r i c a l p e r i o d i s t h e c l a i m v a l i d?R:R e a s o n s t h a t w o u l d p r o b a b l y l e a d p e o p l e t o c o m e t o s u c ha c l a i mI:I m p o r t a n c eB:B e n e f i t sN:N e c e s s i t yE:E f f e c t s t h a t w o u l d p o s s i b l y b e b r o u g h t a b o u t b y t h e c l a i m D C D→用于文章总体架构R E→用于段落内部深挖层次E x a m p l e:C a t e g o r y CT e c h n o l o g y→H u m a n正面影响负面影响发散(+)B e n e f i t s o f t e c h n o l o g y i m p r o v e m e n t(R e a s o n&E f f e c t) M a k i n g l i f e m o r e e f f i c i e n tE l e v a t i n g l i v i n g s t a n d a r d sF r e e i n g p e o p l e f r o m r e p e t i t i v e,b o r i n g a n dd a n ge r o u s w o r kM a k i n g l i f e m o r e e f f i c i e n t(D o m a i n)T r a n s p o r t a t i o nC o m m u n i c a t i o nA u t o m a t i o nT r a n s p o r t a t i o nM a r c o P o l o M a c a r o n iX u a n z a n g/H s u a n-t s a n gX u a n z a n g/H s u a n-t s a n g:B u d d h i s t s c h o l a r,t r a n s l a t o r a n d t r a v e l l e r o f t h e T a n g D y n a s t y i n C h i n a‘A r o u n d t h e W o r l d i n E i g h t y D a y s’b y J u l e s V e r n eC o m m u n i c a t i o np o s t-h o u s e b e a c o nw o l f-s m o k e c a r r i e r p i g e o nf a x(f a c s i m i l e)e x p r e s sE l e v a t i n g l i v i n g s t a n d a r d st h e S i l k R o a d(−)H a r m f u l e f f e c t s(p r o b l e m s)o f t e c h n o l o g y i m p r o v e m e n t T r a f f i c j a m s(P e r i o d/E f f e c t)A d v e r s e l y a f f e c t i n g q u a l i t y o f l i v i n g(D e f i n i t i o n)W h i l e t h e y e n j o y t h e c o m f o r t a n d b a n a l l u x u r y o f t h e i r d w e l l i n g,t h e y d o n o t r e a l i z e t h a t t h e y a r e d e p r i v e d o f t h e n e c e s s i t i e s o f l i f e.(N C E4-16)P o l l u t i o nT h e m o d e r n c i t y c o n s i s t s o f m o n s t r o u s e d i f i c e s a n d o f d a r k,n a r r o w s t r e e t s f u l l o f p e t r o l f u m e s a n d t o x i c g a s e s,t o r n b y t h e n o i s e o f t h et a x i c a b s,l o r r i e s a n d b u s e s,a n d t h r o n g e d c e a s e l e s s l y b y g r e a t c r o w d s. (N C E4-16)H o w e v e r,t h e r e i s a n e v e n m o r e i n s i d i o u s k i n d o f p o l l u t i o n t h a tp a r t i c u l a r l y a f f e c t s u r b a n a r e a s a n d i n v a d e s o u r d a i l y l i v e s,a n d t h a t i s n o i s e.B u r g l a r a l a r m s g o i n g o f f a t a n y t i m e o f t h e d a y o r n i g h t s e r v eo n l y t o a n n o y p a s s e r s-b y a n d a c t u a l l y a s s i s t b u r g l a r s t o b u r g l e.C a ra l a r m s c o n s t a n t l y s c r e a m a t u s i n t h e s t r e e t a n d a r e a s o u r c e o fp r o f o u n d i r r i t a t i o n.(N C E3-47)L a w n m o w e r s w h i n i n g o n a s u m m e r’s d a y,v e h i c l e s o f a l k i n d s,e s p e c i a l l y l a r g e c o n t a i n e r t r u c k s t h u n d e r i n g t h r o u g h q u i e t v i l l a g e,p l a n e s a n d h e l i c o p t e r s f l y i n g o v e r h e a d,l a r g e r a d i o s c a r r i e d r o u n d i n p u b l i c p l a c e s a n d p l a y e d a t m a x i m u m v o l u m e.(N C E3-47)e y e s i g h t//j u n k f o o dt e l e v i s i o nf o o d s a f e t yd r a i n a ge o i l,w h i c h i s r e c y c l e df r o m t h eg a r b a g e a n d n o t o r i o u s f o r i t s l o w q u a l i t yt h e2008C h i n e s e m i l k s c a n d a l:T h e i n d u s t r i a l c h e m i c a l‘m e l a m i n e’,w h i c h c a n c a u s e a c u t e k i d n e yf a i l u r e,w a s a d d e d t o i n f a n t f o r m u l a t o m a k e i t a p p e a r t o h a v e ah i g h e r p r o t e i n c o n t e n t.I n v a d i n g p e r s o n a l p r i v a c y(E f f e c t)M a k i n g h u m a n l i v e s(a n d t h e s o c i e t y a s a w h o l e) u n s t a b l e a n d u n s a f e(E f f e c t)A s i s o f t e n p o i n t e d o u t,k n o w l e d g e i s a t w o-e d g e d w e a p o n w h i c h c a n b e u s e d e q u a l l y f o r g o o d o r e v i l.I t i s n o w b e i n g u s e d i n d i f f e r e n t l y f o r b o t h.(N C E4-22)C o u l d a n y s p e c t a c l e,f o r i n s t a n c e,b e m o r e g r i m l y w h i m s i c a l t h a n t h a t o f g u n n e r s u s i n g s c i e n c e t o s h a t t e r m e n’s b o d i e s w h i l e,c l o s e a t h a n d, s u r g e o n s u s e i t t o r e s t o r e t h e m?W e h a v e t o a s k o u r s e l v e s v e r ys e r i o u s l y w h a t w i l l h a p p e n i f t h i s t w o f o l d u s e o f k n o w l e d g e,w i t h i t s e v e r-i n c r e a s i n g p o w e r,c o n t i n u e s.(N C E4-22)A s S i r F r a n c i sB a c o n o n c e p o i n t e d o u t,k n o w l e d g e i s p o w e r.P o w e rc a n b e u s ed f o r g o o d o re v i l;a n d s i n c e t h e g e n i e t h a t b r i n g s n e wk n o w l e d g e i s a l r e a d y o u t o f t h e b o t t l e,w e m u s t l e a r n t o d i r e c t t h e u s e o f t h e r e s u l t a n t p o w e r r a t h e r t h a n c u r s e t h e g e n i e o r t r y t o c o n f i n eh i m.(T W E m o d e l e s s a y)A l t h o u g h m a n k i n d h a s u n d e r g o n e n o g e n e r a l i m p r o v e m e n t i ni n t e l l i g e n c e o r m o r a l i t y,i t h a s m a d e e x t r a o r d i n a r y p r o g r e s s i n t h ea c c u m u l a t i o n o f k n o w l e d g e....W h a t i s c a l l e d‘m o d e r n c i v i l i z a t i o n’i s n o t t h e r e s u l t o f ab a l a nc ed de v e l o p m e n t of a l l m a n’s n a t u r e,b u t o fa c c u m u l a t e d k n o w l e d g e a p p l i e d t o p r a c t i c a l l i f e.(N C E4-22)S o c i a l p r o b l e m s:u n e m p l o y m e n t(E f f e c t)B a s i c s t r u c t u r e o f a n o u t l i n eI n t r o:C o r e s t a t e m e n tB o d y(2~5):∙T o p i c s e n t e n c e∙R e a s o n i n g∙E x a m p l e s(C o n c l u d i n g p a r a g r a p h)抽象类题目举典型情况,归纳一般原则H o w t o w r i t e t h e i n t r o d u c t i o nB a s i c r e q u i r e m e n t:B r e v i t y全文核心:C o r e s t a t e m e n t(P o s i t i o n)开头段、段首句、结尾段确保语法正确,语言优美不好的开头写法以问句来结束开头空洞、说废话的开头B a s i c S t r u c t u r e s✧1.T+P(+R)T o p i c+P o s i t i o n(+R e a s o n)复述题目+立场(+理由)S o m e p e o p l e b e l i e v e t h a t a s o c i e t y h a s t o p l a c e i t s o v e r a l l s u c c e s sb e f o r e t h e w e l l-b e i n g o f i t s m e m b e r s t o ac h i e v e p r o s p e r i t y,w h e r e a s o t h e r s b e l i e v e t h a t t h e o n l y b e n c h m a r k o f t h e w e l l-b e i n g o f a s o c i e t y i s t h e g e n e r a l w e l f a r e o f a l l i t s p e o p l e.I n m y v i e w,i t w o u ld be am i s t a k e t o s a c r i f i c e i t s i n d i v i d u a l s’w e l l-b e i n g f o r t h e s a k e o f t h es o c i e t y,a n d p e r s o n a l w e l f a r e m u s t b e e m p h a s i z e d a n d p r o t e c t e d(f o r t w o r e a s o n s:h u m a n r i g h t s a r e e n d o w e d b y t h e C r e a t o r a n d as o c i e t y’s w e l f a r e m u s t r e s t o n t h a t o f i t s i n d i v i d u a l c i t i z e n s).✧2.T+C c+PT o p i c+C o n c e s s i o n+P o s i t i o n复述题目+让步+加立场S o m e p e o p l e b e l i e v e t h a t a s o c i e t y h a s t o p l a c e i t s o v e r a l l s u c c e s sb e f o r e t h e w e l l-b e i n g o f i t s m e m b e r s t o ac h i e v e p r o s p e r i t y,w h e r e a s o t h e r s b e l i e v e t h a t t h e o n l y b e n c h m a r k o f t h e w e l l-b e i n g o f a s o c i e t y i s t h e g e n e r a l w e l f a r e o f a l l i t s p e o p l e.Ad m i t te d l y,a s o c i e t y s h o u l d p u r s u e i t s o v e r a l l s u c c e s s,b u tf r o m m y p e r s p e c t i v e t h i sg o a l w i l ln e v e r b e a t t a i n e d u n l e s s a n d u n t i l t h e w e l l-b e i n g o f a l l i t s i n d i v i d u a l c i t i z e n s i s p r o p e r l y r e s p e c t e d.T h e s p e a k e r c l a i m s t h a t t h e s u r e s t i n d i c a t o r o f a g r e a t n a t i o n i s t h e g e n e r a l w e l f a r e o f i t s p e o p l e,r a t h e r t h a n t h e a c h i e v e m e n t s o f i t sr u l e r s,a r t i s t s,o r s c i e n t i s t s.I t i s t r u e t h a t t h e a c h i e v e m e n t s o f t h o s e e l i t e s r e f l e c t s t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f a n a t i o n t o t h e w o r l d,b u t t h eg r e a t n e s s o f a n a t i o n,f o r m m y p o i n t o f v i e w,i s p r i m a r i l y d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e w e l l-b e i n g o f i t s e v e r y s i n g l e m e m b e r.✧3.T+A+PT o p i c+A s s u m p t i o n+P o s i t i o n复述题目+暗含假设+立场S o m e p e o p l e b e l i e v e t h a t a s o c i e t y h a s t o p l a c e i t s o v e r a l l s u c c e s sb e f o r e t h e w e l l-b e i n g o f i t s m e m b e r s t o ac h i e v e p r o s p e r i t y,w h e r e a s o t h e r s b e l i e v e t h a t t h e o n l y b e n c h m a r k o f t h e w e l l-b e i n g o f a s o c i e t y i s t h e g e n e r a l w e l f a r e o f a l l i t s p e o p l e./a s o c i e t y i s c o m p o s e d o f e x p e n d a b l e i n d i v i d u a l s.T h o s e w i t h t h i s v i e w,I n m y o p i n i o n,h o l d l o w e s t e e m o f h u m a n r i g h t s,i g n o r i n g t h e r e a lm o t i v a t i n g f o r c e o f p r o g r e s s.I t h a s b e e n s a i d t h a t e v e r y o n e l i v e s b y s e l l i n g s o m e t h i n g.,t e a c h e r s l i v e b y s e l l i n g k n o w l e d g e,p h i l o s o p h e r s b y s e l l i n g w i s d o m a n d p r i e s t s b y s e l l i n g s p i r i t u a l c o m f o r t.✧4.T+C p+PT o p i c+C o m p l e x i t y+P o s i t i o n复述题目+问题复杂性+立场S o m e p e o p l e b e l i e v e t h a t a s o c i e t y h a s t o p l a c e i t s o v e r a l l s u c c e s sb e f o r e t h e w e l l-b e i n g o f i t s m e m b e r s t o ac h i e v e p r o s p e r i t y,w h e r e a so t h e r s b e l i e v e t h a t t h e o n l y b e n c h m a r k o f t h e w e l l-b e i n g o f a s o c i e t y i s t h e g e n e r a l w e l f a r e o f a l l i t s p e o p l e.T h i s i s a c o m p l e x i s s u e,s i n c e i t r e q u i r e s a n o b j e c t i v e o b s e r v a t i o n o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n s o c i e t y a n d i t s m e m b e r s.T h i s c o m p l e x i t y,u n f o r t u n a t e l y,c o n f u s e s t h e f o r m e r p e o p l e t h e r e b y f o r m i n g t h e i r p r o b l e m a t i c p o s i t i o n.✧5.T+C t+PT o p i c+C o n t r o v e r s y+P o s i t i o n复述题目+争议+立场I a g r e e w i t h t h e s p e a k e r t h a t i t i s s o m e t i m e s n e c e s s a r y a n d e v e nd e s i r a b l e t o r e l a t e s t u d e n t s’a c a d e m i c p e r f o r m a n c e t o t h e i r t e a c h e r s’s a l a r i e s.A c o n t r a r y v i e w m a y b e c o n d e m n e d a s i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o n t h e p a r t o f s c h o o l s’a d m i n i s t r a t o r s f o r s t u d e n t s.N e v e r t h e l e s s,t e a c h e r s’p e r f o r m a n c e i s n o t a l w a y s t h e m a i n d e t e r m i n a n t o f t h e i rs t u d e n t s’a c a d e m i c s u c c e s s a n d a r i g i d,i n d i s c r i m i n a t e w a g e p o l i c ym a y d i s c o u r a g e t e a c h e r s a n d e n d u p l o w e r i n g t h e i r s t u d e n t s’g r a d e s. O n t h e p a r t o f由…做出的S u c h a l o s s o f d i g n i t y a n d d e s c e n t i n t o c h i l d i s h b e h a v i o u r o n t h ep a r t o f t h e a d u l t s d e e p l y s h o c k s t h e a d o l e s c e n t s,a n d m a k e t h e mr e s o l v e t h a t i n f u t u r e t h e y w i l l n o t t a l k t o t h e i r p a r e n t s a b o u t t h ep l a c e s o r p e o p l e t h e y v i s i t.(N C E4-34)A d m i t t e d l y,t h i s s y s t e m h a s g r o w n o n l y t h r o u g h c o n s i d e r a b l e e f f o r t o n t h e p a r t o f a l l t h r e e b r a n c h e s o f t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t,n o t t o m e n t i o n t h e e f f o r t s o f m a n y s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t g r o u p s.(M a r k A l a nS t e w a r d)A n e v e r-i n c r e a s i n g h u m a n p o p u l a t i o n,t o g e t h e r w i t ho v e r-c o n s u m p t i o n o n t h e p a r t o f d e v e l o p e d n a t i o n s a n d w i t hg l o b a l d e p e n d e n c i e s o n f i n i t e n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s,h a v e c r e a t e du n i q u e l y c o n t e m p o r a r y e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s.(M a r k A l a nS t e w a r d)✧6.Q+A+PQ u e s t i o n+A n s w e r+P o s i t i o n问题+回答+立场d o,b e,c o u l d,s h o u l d,w h a t,w h y,h o wD o w e l e a r n m o r e f r o m p e o p l e w h o s e i d e a s w e s h a r e i n c o m m o n t h a n f r o m t h o s e w h o s e i d e a s c o n t r a d i c t o u r s?T h e s p e a k e r c l a i m s s o,f o r t h e r e a s o n t h a t d i s a g r e e m e n t c a n c a u s e s t r e s s a n d i n h i b i t l e a r n i n g.e v e r t h e l e s s,i n m y v i e w w e l e a r nf a r m o r e f r o m d i s c o u r s e a n d d e b a t e w i t h t h o s e w h o s e i d e a s w e o p p o s e t h a n f r o m p e o p l e w h o s e i d e a s a r e i n a c c o r d w i t h o u r o w n.✧7.P+R(+E)P o s i t i o n+R e a s o n(+E x a m p l e)立场+概述理由(+例子)(提纲性开头)I s t r o n g l y a g r e e w i t h t h e a s s e r t i o n t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t a d v a n c e s i nk n o w l e d g e r e q u i r e e x p e r t i s e f r o m v a r i o u s f i e l d s.T h e w o r l d a r o u n d u s p r e s e n t s a s e a m l e s s w e b o f p h y s i c a l a n d a n t h r o p o g e n i c f o r c e s,w h i c h i n t e r a c t i n w a y s t h a t c a n b e u n d e r s t o o d o n l y i n t h e c o n t e x t o f av a r i e t y o f d i s c i p l i n e s.T w o e x a m p l e s t h a t a p t l y i l l u s t r a t e t h i s p o i n ti n v o l v e t h e f i e l d s o f c u l t u r a l a n t h r o p o l o g y a n d a s t r o n o m y.✧8.B+PB a c k g r o u n d+P o s i t i o n背景+立场I n t h i s e r a o f r a p i d s o c i a l a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e l e a d i n g t oi n c r e a s i n g l i f e c o m p l e x i t y a n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l d i s p l a c e m e n t,u n f o r e s e e n a n d k a l e i d o s c o p i c c h a l l e n g e s f a c i n g p e r s o n s i n m o s tp r o f e s s i o n s a n d a c a d e m i c f i e l d si m a g i n a t i o n k n o w l e d g e.✧9.O+PO l d-s a y i n g+P o s i t i o n格言+立场A s a n o l d C h i n e s e s a y i n g g o e s,h a p p i n e s s c o m e s a l o n e w h i l em i s f o r t u n e l o v e s c o m p a n y.✧10.E+PE x a m p l e+P o s i t i o n例子+立场P a u l E h r l i c h d i s c o v e r e d a d r u g u s e d t o t r e a t t h o s e w i t h s y p h i l i s,a n d n a m e d i t‘F o r m u l a606’t o h o n o r h i s605u n s u c c e s s f u l a t t e m p t s.T h e l e s s o n w e c a n d r a w f r o m t h i s s t o r y i s c l e a r a n d s i m p l e:d i s c o v e r y o r p r o g r e s s i s b o r n i n m i s t a k e s.正文逻辑结构(2~5段)直线型有倾向的观点平衡结构B a s i c s t r u c t u r e o f a b o d y p a r a g r a p hT o p i c s e n t e n c eR e a s o n i n g(w h y)E x a m p l e(s)反证句(如若不然将会怎样)反证句理论分析反证句例证P a r a g r a p h i c c o n c l u s i o n段首句的写法主句前置(除非有让步)S p e c i a l i s t s a r e n e c e s s a r y i n o r d e r t o a l l o w s o c i e t y a s a w h o l e t op r o p e r l y a n d u s e f u l l y a s s i m i l a t e t h e m a s s e s o f n e w i n f o r m a t i o n a n d k n o w l e d g e t h a t h a v e c o m e o u t o f r e s e a r c h a n d h a v e b e e n w i d e l yd i s se m i n a t e d t h r o u g h m a s s g l o b a l m e d i a.D i s a g r e e m e n t c a n a l s o i n h i b i t l e a r n i n g w h e n t w o o p p o n e n t s d i s a g r e e o n f u n d a m e n t a l a s s u m p t i o n s n e e d e d f o r m e a n i n g f u l d i s c o u r s e a n d d e b a t e.对整段有驾驭力逻辑连接语言1、并列o n t h e o n e h a n d,o n t h e o t h e r(h a n d)i n o n e s e n s e,i n a n o t h e rf o r o n e t h i n g,f o r a n o t h e ri n t h e f i r s t p l a c e,i n t h e s e c o n d p l a c e2、递进f u r t h e r;f u r t h e r m o r em o r e o v e r;b e s i d e sw h a t i s m o r e;a l s o(句中)i n a d d i t i o n;a d d i t i o n a l l yn o t o n l y,b u t(a l s o)...(a s w e l l)3、转折//...//(t h e f a c t t h a t)...i t i s t r u e t h a t...;a d m i t t e d l y...;g r a n t e d(t h a t)...;o f c o u r s e...t h e r e i s n o d o u b t t h a t...;u n d o u b t e d l y...m a y;s e e m;a p p e a r;s o u n d;s e e m i n g l y;o n t h e s u r f a c e...//...h o w e v e r;b u t;y e t;n e v e r t h e l e s s;n o n e t h e l e s s;a t t h e s a m e t i m e...反证句:双重否定u n l e s s A,Bi f n o t A,t h e n B.../d o s t h.w i t h o u t s t h.n o A,n o BU s i n g a n e x a m p l et o g i v e a n e x a m p l e a n d b r i e f i n t r o d u c t i o nH s u a n-t s a n g,B u d d h i s t s c h o l a r,t r a n s l a t o r a n d t r a v e l l e r o f t h e T a n g D y n a s t y i n C h i n aM a r c o P o l o,a n I t a l i a n t r a v e l l e r w h o s e w r i t i n g s g a v e E u r o p e a n st h e i r f i r s t k n o w l e d g e o f l i f e i n t h e F a r E a s tE x p l a n a t i o n st h e c o n c l u d i n g p a r a g r a p hi n c o n c l u s i o n,i n s u m m a r y,i n s u m,t o s u m u p,t o s u m m a r i z e a l l i n a l l,o n t h e w h o l e,s i m p l y p u t,i n o n e w o r do b v i o u s l y,u n d e r s t a n d a b l y,a c c o r d i n g l y,c l e a r l yB a s i c e l e m e n t s o f t h e c o n c l u d i n g p a r a g r a p hC o n c e s s i o n(C)R e p r i s e o f t h e c o r e s t a t e m e n t(R)E x p l a n a t i o n(E)D o u b l e n e g a t i o n(D)P o s s i b l e c o m b i n a t i o n s//e t c.///e t c.T h e b e s t w a y t o o v e r c o m e i t—s o a t l e a s t i t s e e m s t o m e—i s t o m a k e y o u r i n t e r e s t s g r a d u a l l y w i d e r a n d m o r e i m p e r s o n a l,u n t i l b i t b y b i t t h e w a l l s o f t h e e g o r e c e d e,a n d y o u r l i f e b e c o m e s i n c r e a s i n g l ym e r g e d i n t h e u n i v e r s a l l i f e./e t c.C,D,E可以用两次:e.g.//e t c.正文论证结构C o m p a r i s o n对比型R e a s o n i n g推理型S o l u t i o n问题解决型C l a i m观点型C o m p a r i s o n对比型明显对比隐含对比隐含对比的判断和审题标志:m o r e...t h a n...;l e s s...t h a n...;A r a t h e r t h a n B(A>B);i n s t e a d o f B,A(A>B)审题:1、确定A B双方2、确定题目倾向论证思路1、D C D R E(通用)2、P o s i t i v e V s.N e g a t i v e分析A和B的正负优劣3、C o m p a r a b i l i t y(少)可比性E x a m p l e:[A]19A:P r o b l e m s o f t o d a y(+)T h e r e s o l u t i o n o f s o m e p r o b l e m s o f t o d a y i s u r g e n t a n d c r i t i c a l f o r t h e s u r v i v a l o f a s o c i e t y.(R e a s o n:I m p o r t a n c e/ N e c e s s i t y)e.g.m a s s u n e m p l o y m e n t;h i g h i n f l a t i o n;t h e p e o p l e’s l i v e l i h o o d;n a t u r a l c a l a m i t i e s;t h e g l o b a l f i n a n c i a l c r i s i s:s t o c k m a r k e t c r a s h e s a n d b a n k b a i l o u t s i n l a t e2008(−)O v e r e m p h a s i s u p o n s o m e e x i s t i n g p r o b l e m s c o u l d c a u s e h a r m f u l e f f e c t s.(E f f e c t)e.g.r e a l e s t a t e;e c o n o m i c r ef o r m o f C h i n a:e n v i r o n m e n t a l p o l l u t i o n;o f f i c i a lc o r r u p t i o n;i m p r o p e rd i s t r i b u t i o n o f re s o u r c e s;t h e w i d e n i n g g a pb e t w e e n r ic h a nd p o o r...B:P r o b l e m s o f t h e f u t u r e(+)T h e e f f o r t s t o s o l v e p r o b l e m s o f t h e f u t u r e i s s o m e t i m e so f p a r a m o u n t i m p o r t a n c e f o r t h e a v o i d a n c e o f p o t e n t i a lt h r e a t s o r e v e n c a t a s t r o p h e s w e c a n a n t i c i p a t e.(R e a s o n: I m p o r t a n c e/N e c e s s i t y)e.g.e d u c a t i o ns u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n te n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o t e c t i o ni n f r a s t r u c t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o nt r a n s p o r t a t i o ne n e r g y s u p p l yn a t i o n a l d e f e n s et h e N o r t h e a s t B l a c k o u t o f2003(−)O v e r e s t i m a t i o n o f f u t u r e p r o b l e m s c a n t h r e a t e n s o c i a l s t a b i l i t y a n d n a t i o n a l i n t e g r i t y.(E f f e c t)e.g.t h e C o l d W a r a r m s r a c e a n d t h e d i s s o l u t i o n o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n(−)T h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f s o m e r e s e a r c h a r e/(D o m a i n/E f f e c t)e.g.c l o n i n g;g e n e t i c e n g i n e e r i n g:g e n e t i c a l l y m o d i f i e d f o o d s(G Mf o o d s);m o r a l s a n d e t h i c sA = B(只用于隐含对比)R e a s o n i n g推理型明显推理隐含推理隐含推理的判断和审题标志:b e c a u s e(o f),s i n c e,f o r,:,;,t h u s,h e n c e,t h e r e f o r e... 审题:1、分清论据结论2、看清推理关系(+)A→B的合理之处论据A合理推理过程合理结论B有道理(−)A→B的不合理之处质疑论据A质疑推理前提a s s u m p t i o n质疑推理关系(充分必要)指出结论B的问题或不良后果发散(+−不明)结论或对立面是否有可行性f e a s i b i l i t yE x a m p l e:[D]56(+)D i s c o v e r i e s a r e o f t e n m a d e b y a c c i d e n t.(C a t e g o r y/D o m a i n)E.g.C h r i s t o p h e r C o l u m b u s:t h e d i s c o v e r y o f N o r t h A m e r i c aA l e x a n d e r F l e m i n g:t h e d i s c o v e r y o f p e n i c i l l i nT h i s a p p l i e s p a r t i c u l a r l y t o c h e m i c a l i n d u s t r i e s,w h e r e c h a n c ed i s c o ve r i e s p l a y a m u c h l a r g e r p a r t t h a n t h e y d o i n p h y s i c a l a n dm e c h a n i c a l i n d u s t r i e s.(N C E4-15)L e g e n d h a s i t t h a t t h e a n t i b i o t i c p e n i c i l l i n i s a c h a n c e d i s c o v e r y b y B r i t i s h b a c t e r i o l o g i s t S i r A l e x a n d e r F l e m i n g.a r c h a e o l o g y a n d g e o l o g y(−)M a n y i m p o r t a n t d i s c o v e r i e s a r e b a s e d o n l a b o r i o u sw o r k,n o t a c c i d e n t.(C a t e g o r y/D o m a i n)E.g.I s a a c N e w t o n:l a w s o f m o t i o nM a d a m e C u r i e:t h e d i s c o v e r y o f R a d i u m(−)I n s t a r k c o n t r a s t t o d i s c o v e r i e s,c r e a t i o n s a r e m o s t l y s o u g h t f o r p u r p o s e f u l l y.(C a t e g o r y/D o m a i n)E.g.T h o m a s E d i s o n:t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e f i r s t l i g h t b u l bT h e W r i g h t b r o t h e r s:t h e i n v e n t i o n o f t h e a i r p l a n eT h e c r e a t i o n s o f w o r k s o f a r t,l i t e r a t u r e w o r k s e t c.(−)T h e s p e a k e r’s c o n t e n t i o n,o v e r s t a t i n g t h e r o l e o fs e r e n d i p i t y a n d u n d e r r a t i n g t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o fi n d u s t r i o u s n e s s a n d i m a g i n a t i o n,i f w i d e l y a c c e p t e d,m a y h a m p e r t h e p r o g r e s s o f c i v i l i z a t i o n.(E f f e c t)S o l u t i o n问题解决型标志:t h e w a y t o...i s t o...(i n o r d e r)t o.../.../...审题:1、明确t o p i c i s s u e2、找出t o p i c s o l u t i o n(+)T o p i c s o l u t i o n的合理性(−)T o p i c s o l u t i o n的局限性或问题(−)F e a s i b i l i t y(−)O t h e r s o l u t i o n sE x a m p l e:[B]77(+)Y o u t h c o n s t i t u t e a l a r g e p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e g e n e r a lp o p u l a t i o n.(R e a s o n:I m p o r t a n c e)(+)F a s h i o n c u l t u r e i s b e s t r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e t r e n d s o fy o u t h.(D e f i n i t i o n/C a t e g o r y)e.g.f a s h i o n a b l e c l o t h e s,h a i r s t y l e s a n d i d e a sM A G I C:m u s i c,a n i m a t i o n,g a m e,i n t e r n e t a n d c o m i c s(−)o t h e r s o l u t i o n s:C u l t u r e i s a c o m p l e x c o n c e p t t h a t h a s h o s t s o f d i f f e r e n t f a c e t s,s o m e o f w h i c h m a y b e b e s tr e p r e s e n t e d b y y o u t h a n d s o m e m a y n o t.T h u s,t o g e t ac o m p r e h e n s i v e u nde r s t a n d i n g of c o n t e m p o r a r y c u l t u r e,m e t h o d s o t h e r t h a n t h e s t u d y o f y o u n g s t e r s m a y p r o v ei n d i s p e n s a b l e.(D e f i n i t i o n/C a t e g o r y)M a i n s t r e a m c u l t u r ea d u l t s,s e n i o r s:A d u l t s a n d s e n i o r s a r e p r i m a r y p r o d u c e r s o ff o r t u n e,a n d a r e a l s o p r i m a r y c o n s u m e r s o f m a i n s t r e a mc u l t u r e.(C a t e g o r y/D o m a i n)D o m e s t i c c u l t u r et r a d i t i o n a n d c u s t o m(C a t e g o r y/D o m a i n)e.g.t r a d i t i o n a l f e s t i v a l s:T h a n k s g i v i n g D a y,H a l l o w e e n,C a r n i v a l...E x a m p l e:[B]2(+)S t u d y i n g a s o c i e t y’s m a j o r c i t i e s i s i n d e e d a n e f f e c t u a lw a y t o u n d e r s t a n d i t s m a i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s.(R e a s o n:I m p o r t a n c e)E.g.N Y C:N e w Y o r k C i t yB u s i n e s s s o c i e t y‘T h e b u s i n e s s o f A m e r i c a i s b u s i n e s s.’t h e W a l l S t r e e t,N Y S E:t h e N e w Y o r k S t o c k E x c h a n g e,t h eM a d i s o n A v e n u e,t h e T i m e S q u a r e...R a c i a l d i v e r s i t yW A S P’s:W h i t e A n g l o-S a x o n P r o t e s t a n t sA f r i c a n-A m e r i c a n sH i s p a n i c sA s i a n-A m e r i c a n sF o r w e k n o w t h a t o u r p a t c h w o r k h e r i t a g e i s a s t r e n g t h,n o t aw e a k n e s s.W e a r e a n a t i o n o f C h r i s t i a n s a n d M u s l i m s,J e w s a n dH i n d u s,a n d n o n b e l i e v e r s.A m e r i c a n h i s t o r y(−)o t h e r s o l u t i o n sT o g e t a d e e p e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a s o c i e t y,t h e s t u d y o f s m a l l a n d m e d i u m-s i z e dc i t i e s w h e r e t r ad i t i o n i s we l l p r e s e r v e d i s of e q u a li m p o r t a n c e.(D o m a i n)S t u d i e s f o c u s e d o n a h o s t o f o t h e r s u b j e c t s,s a y, y o u t h a n d s e n i o r s,c u s t o m s a n d c u l t u r e a r e a l s oe s s e n t i a lf o r a c o m p r e h e n s i v e u n d e r s t a n d i ng o f as o c i e t y’s m a j o r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s.(D o m a i n)。

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