A summary of interface collection and interator
Intel VTune Profiler用户手册说明书
Get Started with Energy AnalysisGet Started with Energy AnalysisContentsChapter 1: Get Started with Energy Analysis 2Get Started with Energy Analysis 1Energy Analysis with Intel® SoC WatchUse Intel® SoC Watch to perform energy analysis on a Linux*, Windows*, or Android* system running on Intel® architecture. Study power consumption in the system and identify behaviors that waste energy. Intel SoC Watch generates a summary text report or you can import results into Intel® VTune™ Profiler.Get the ToolsIntel® SoC Watch is available in VTune Profiler, which you can download with the Intel® oneAPI Base Toolkit.WorkflowsYou perform energy analysis by examining a summary report of data collected on the target system. See if the system is using energy-efficient, low power states. If results are not optimal, you may need additional examination of the data on a timeline as well as correlating metrics to determine a cause.There are two workflows for energy analysis:The next few sections describe the steps involved in Option 1 to perform data collection on a target system using Intel SoC Watch.Step 1: Install Intel SoC Watch on Target SystemThe Installation section of the Intel SoC Watch Release Notes (for your preferred target operating system) contains detailed instructions for instruction and configuration (if necessary).Download Intel® oneAPI Base Toolkit and install Intel® VTune™ Profiler, which contains Intel SoC Watch.The Installation section of the Intel SoC Watch Release Notes (for your preferred target operating system) contains detailed instructions for instruction and configuration (if necessary).3•Intel SoC Watch for Windows Release Notes •Intel SoC Watch for Linux Release Notes •Intel SoC Watch for Android Release NotesFind release notes and an OS-specific user guide in the documentation\en\socwatch directory after you install Intel ® VTune ™ Profiler.Step 2: Collect Data1.Open a command prompt with administrative/root privileges on the target system where Intel SoC Watch was installed.2.Enter the command below to capture CPU time in low power states over a 60-second period.socwatch -t 60 -f cpu-cstate -m -o results/testStep 3: View ResultsWhen collection completes, a message appears with the location of the result files. In this example, the summary report is located in the current directory in the results/test.csv file.1.Open the test.csv file using a spreadsheet viewer (such as Microsoft Excel*) or a text viewer (such as vi/vim or Microsoft Wordpad*).NOTESome text viewers give better column alignment than others.2.Review the tables in the report file. A partial set of tables is shown in the example report below.Example report:Example report interpretation : When reading C-State tables, a higher C-State number means lowerpower consumption. C0 indicates high energy consumption and C7 or C10 is the lowest energy consumption.Looking at the table in the example report, the system spent 93.65% of the collection time in the package-level C2 state while the cores were in C7, their lowest state. An area for further exploration would be what prevented the package from going into its lowest energy state.1Get Started with Energy Analysis4Get Started with Energy Analysis 1 Next StepsAfter running a basic collection on a target system, consider one of these steps:•Learn about additional data that you can collect on the target system. Run the help command: socwatch -h. The Intel SoC Watch User's Guide has a list of all provided metrics. Some metrics may not besupported on your platform.•Define a scenario you want to analyze for energy use. For example:•System idle scenario, where the system is not in use during the collection time and is expected to drop its energy use to the lowest possible. Use a longer collection period (several minutes) to give thesystem time to transition to deep sleep or hibernation.•Active workload, such as video or audio playback. Start both an activity and collection for a predetermined time or let the collection run until manually stopped. Use the help command to learn about Intel SoC Watch options that allow launching a workload, delaying a collection start, and running for indefinite time.•Generate a trace file (*.pwr) to import and view in Intel® VTune™ Profiler. Add the -r vtune option to the command line. For more information, see https:///en-us/energy-analysis-user-guide-intel-energy-analysis.Additional ResourcesLegal InformationIntel, the Intel logo, Intel Atom, Intel Core, Intel Xeon Phi, VTune and Xeon are trademarks of Intel Corporation in the U.S. and/or other countries.*Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.Microsoft, Windows, and the Windows logo are trademarks, or registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.51 Get Started with Energy AnalysisCopyright © Intel Corporation.This software and the related documents are Intel copyrighted materials, and your use of them is governed by the express license under which they were provided to you (License). Unless the License provides otherwise, you may not use, modify, copy, publish, distribute, disclose or transmit this software or the related documents without Intel's prior written permission.This software and the related documents are provided as is, with no express or implied warranties, other than those that are expressly stated in the License.6。
中职英语拓展模块Unit课件
English Song Competition
04
Current evaluation
Content accuracy
Check the accuracy and reliability of the course content to ensure it is in line with academic standards and professional knowledge
+Critical Essay Writing: Students are introduced to the elements of a critical essay, including thesis development, evidence collection, and argumentation
+Business Correspondence: Students learn how to write emails, letters, and memories in a formal and professional manual
English writing
03
Practical activity
+Critical Thinking: Students are resourced to analyze the content and evaluate the credibility of the information they have read
01
02
03
04
05
English reading
Summary
Improving oral skills
Detailed description
Java笔试常见英语题(附答案)
Q1. How could Java classes direct program messages to the system console, but error messages, say to a file?.Java中如何将程序信息导航到系统的console，而把错误信息放入到一个file 中？The class System has a variable out that represents the standard output, and the variable err that represents the standard error device. By default, they both point at the system console. This how the standard output could be re-directed:Stream st = new Stream(new FileOutputStream("output.txt"));System.setErr(st); System.setOut(st);系统有一个展现标准输出的out变量，以及一个负责标准错误设置的err变量，默认情况下这两个变量都指向系统的console，这就是标准输出如何能被改变方向（就是改变信息的输出位置）。
* Q2. What's the difference between an interface and an abstract class?抽象类和接口的区别：A. An abstract class may contain code in method bodies, which is not allowed in an interface. With abstract classes, you have to inherit your class from it and Java does not allow multiple inheritance. On the other hand, you can implement multiple interfaces in your class.抽象类中可能会含有带有方法体的一般方法，而这在接口中是不允许的。
ict知识点的总结
ict知识点的总结In this summary, we will explore key concepts and technologies within ICT, including computer hardware and software, networking and communication, internet and web technologies, data management, and security. We will also discuss the impact of ICT on society, the economy, and the environment, as well as the ethical and legal considerations that arise from its use.Computer Hardware and SoftwareAt the core of ICT is the hardware and software that enable the processing and storage of information. Computer hardware includes devices such as desktop computers, laptops, servers, storage devices, and networking equipment. Software encompasses operating systems, applications, and programming languages that facilitate the manipulation and management of data.Key hardware components include the central processing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), storage devices such as hard drives and solid-state drives, andinput/output devices such as keyboards, mice, and displays. Networking hardware includes routers, switches, and wireless access points that enable communication between devices within a local area network (LAN) or across the internet.On the software side, operating systems such as Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux provide the foundation for running applications and managing hardware resources. Application software ranges from productivity tools such as word processors and spreadsheets to specialized software for tasks such as graphic design, video editing, and programming. Programming languages such as Java, Python, and C++ empower developers to create custom software solutions for specific needs.Networking and CommunicationNetworking and communication technologies are fundamental to ICT, enabling the transmission of data between devices and systems. Local area networks (LANs) connect devices within a limited geographical area, such as an office building or campus, while wide area networks (WANs) span larger distances and enable connectivity across multiple locations.The internet is a global network of networks that facilitates the exchange of information through protocols such as TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). Internet service providers (ISPs) provide access to the internet through technologies such as DSL, cable modem, fiber optic, and wireless connections.Within LANs and WANs, networking protocols such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth enable devices to communicate with each other. Network security measures, including firewalls, encryption, and virtual private networks (VPNs), help protect data as it travels across networks.Internet and Web TechnologiesThe internet and World Wide Web (WWW) have revolutionized the way we access and share information. Web technologies such as HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), CSS (Cascading Style Sheets), and JavaScript enable the creation of interactive and dynamic web pages.Key internet services include email, file transfer protocols (FTP), instant messaging, voice over IP (VoIP), and video conferencing. E-commerce platforms allow businesses to sell products and services online, while social media platforms enable communication and collaboration among individuals and groups.Search engines such as Google, Bing, and Yahoo help users find information on the web, while web browsers such as Chrome, Firefox, and Safari provide the interface for navigating and interacting with web content.Data ManagementThe growth of digital information has created a need for effective data management solutions. Databases and data storage systems enable the organization and retrieval of structured and unstructured data, while data analysis tools such as spreadsheets, statistical software, and business Intelligence (BI) platforms facilitate the extraction of insights from data.Database management systems (DBMS) such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, and Microsoft SQL Server provide the infrastructure for storing and manipulating data. Data warehousing and data lakes allow organizations to centralize and integrate data from multiple sources for analysis and reporting.Big data technologies such as Hadoop and Spark enable the processing of large volumes of data, while data visualization tools such as Tableau and Power BI help communicate insights through interactive charts, graphs, and dashboards.SecuritySecurity is a critical aspect of ICT, given the prevalence of cyber threats and data breaches. Information security encompasses measures such as access control, encryption, authentication, and audit trails to protect data from unauthorized access and misuse.Network security solutions such as firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS), and secure socket layer (SSL) encryption help safeguard data as it traverses networks. Endpoint security tools such as antivirus software, anti-malware, and mobile device management (MDM) protect devices from malicious software and unauthorized access.Data protection regulations such as GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) in the European Union and CCPA (California Consumer Privacy Act) in the United States imposerequirements on organizations to safeguard personal data and provide transparency and control to individuals over their data.Impact on Society, Economy, and EnvironmentICT has had a profound impact on society, the economy, and the environment. The proliferation of digital technologies has transformed how we communicate, collaborate, and consume information, leading to shifts in social behaviors, cultural practices, and the way we engage with institutions and organizations.Economically, ICT has driven innovation, productivity, and growth, enabling new business models, markets, and opportunities for employment. E-commerce, remote work, and digital platforms have expanded access to goods, services, and employment opportunities, while also posing challenges such as job displacement and the digital divide.Environmental considerations such as energy consumption, electronic waste, and the carbon footprint of digital infrastructure are important aspects of ICT. Efforts to improve the energy efficiency of data centers, reduce e-waste through recycling and sustainable design, and minimize the environmental impact of electronic products are ongoing priorities for the industry.Ethical and Legal ConsiderationsThe use of ICT raises ethical and legal considerations related to privacy, security, intellectual property, and digital rights. Surveillance technologies, data collection practices, and the use of personal information by organizations and governments have sparked debates about individual privacy and civil liberties.Intellectual property laws govern the protection and use of creative works, inventions, and proprietary information. Copyright, patents, trademarks, and trade secrets provide legal protections for creators, innovators, and businesses, while also balancing the need for public access to information, education, and innovation.Digital rights encompass the freedoms and protections that individuals have in the context of digital technologies, including the right to privacy, freedom of expression, access to information, and non-discrimination. Legal frameworks and international agreements such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights provide guidance on these rights in the digital age.In conclusion, ICT is a dynamic and multifaceted field that continues to shape the way we live, work, and interact. From the foundational technologies of computer hardware and software to the complex landscapes of networking, data management, and security, ICT encompasses a wide range of concepts and practices. As the digital revolution unfolds, the impact of ICT on society, the economy, and the environment will continue to be profound, shaping the future of human civilization and the world we inhabit.。
信息管理专业英语教程
Case 2
How to implement encryption and decryption techniques to ensure information security?
Case 4
How to balance information security with the need for data sharing and collaboration?
Compliance
The state of inheritance to established rules, policies, or standards for information security management
Security
The measures take to protect information from unauthorized access, disclosure, alteration, or destruction
Case 1
How to establish an information classification system for documents and data?
Case 2
How to use electronic document management systems to improve information storage and retrieval?
Analysis
The process of examination and evaluating the retrieved information to gain insights and knowledge
Presentation
The process of formatting and displaying the retrieved information in a clear and understandable manual
鸿蒙得interface接口写法
鸿蒙得interface接口写法英文回答：Interface in Harmony OS (Hongmeng OS) is defined using the `interface` keyword. An interface is a collection of abstract methods that can be implemented by different classes. It provides a way to define a contract for classes to follow, specifying what methods they must implement.Here's an example of how to define an interface in Harmony OS:java.public interface Drawable {。
void draw();}。
In this example, the `Drawable` interface has a single abstract method `draw()`. Any class that implements this interface must provide an implementation for the `draw()` method.Now let's say we have a class called `Circle` that implements the `Drawable` interface:java.public class Circle implements Drawable {。
@Override.public void draw() {。
System.out.println("Drawing a circle");}。
数据库考试题及答案
习题一、[12分] 用英文解释1、DBMS2、Data Dictionary3、Transaction二、[10分]二、单项选择题1．There may be instances where an attribute has a set of values for a specific entity. This type of attribute is said to be 【】A．single valued attribute B．multivalued attribute Ｃ．simple attribute D．composite attribute2．In a particular bank, a loan can belong to only one customer, and a customer can have several loans, then the relationship set from customer to loan is【】A．one to many B．many to many C．many to one D．one to one3．A【】contains metadata─ that is, data about data. A．table B．view C．data dictionary D．trigger4．The phrase “greater than at least one” is represented in SQL by【】A．>all B．<all C．<some D．>some5．In general, all aggregate functions except 【】ignorenull values in their input collection.A．sum B．avg C．min D．count6．If a schedule S can be transformed into a schedule S’by a series of swaps of non-conflicting instructions, we say that S and S’ ar e【】A．non-conflicting equivalent B．conflict equivalent C．non-conflicting serializable D．conflict serializable 7．The fundamental operations in the relational algebra are【】。
Adobe Acrobat SDK 开发者指南说明书
This guide is governed by the Adobe Acrobat SDK License Agreement and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of this agreement. Except as permitted by any such agreement, no part of this guide may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Adobe. Please note that the content in this guide is protected under copyright law.
make a pattern翻译
make a pattern翻译"make a pattern"可以理解为“制作一个图案”或“创造一个模式”。
这个短语可以用在多种语境下，包括艺术设计、编程、裁剪等方面。
以下是9个双语例句：1. I love to make patterns using different colors and shapes in my artwork.我喜欢在我的艺术作品中使用不同的颜色和形状来制作图案。
2. Can you help me make a pattern for this dress I want to sew?你能帮我做这条裙子的图案吗？3. The company hired a designer to make unique patterns for their new line of wallpapers.公司聘请了一位设计师来为他们的新墙纸系列制作独特的图案。
4. It took me hours to make a pattern for this complicated knitting project.我花了好几个小时来为这个复杂的针织项目制作图案。
5. The programmer had to make a pattern for the user interface of the new software.程序员必须为新软件的用户界面制作一个模式。
6. The fashion designer used a computer program to make intricate patterns for her clothing collection.这位时装设计师使用电脑程序为她的服装系列制作精细的图案。
7. My grandmother taught me how to make a pattern for a quilt using fabric scraps.我的奶奶教我如何使用织物碎片为被子制作图案。
Java English Questions (Java外企面试经典完整题目和答案)
115questions total,not for the weak.Covers everything from basics to JDBC connectivity, AWT and JSP.What is the difference between procedural and object-oriented programs?-a)In procedural program,programming logic follows certain procedures and the instructions are executed one after another.In OOP program,unit of program is object,which is nothing but combination of data and code.b)In procedural program,data is exposed to the whole program whereas in OOPs program,it is accessible with in the object and which in turn assures the security of the code.What are Encapsulation,Inheritance and Polymorphism?-Encapsulation is the mechanism that binds together code and data it manipulates and keeps both safe from outside interference and misuse.Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires the properties of another object.Polymorphism is the feature that allows one interface to be used for general class actions.What is the difference between Assignment and Initialization?-Assignment can be done as many times as desired whereas initialization can be done only once.What is OOPs?-Object oriented programming organizes a program around its data,i.e.,objects and a set of well defined interfaces to that data.An object-oriented program can be characterized as data controlling access to code.What are Class,Constructor and Primitive data types?-Class is a template for multiple objects with similar features and it is a blue print for objects.It defines a type of object according to the data the object can hold and the operations the object can perform. Constructor is a special kind of method that determines how an object is initialized when created.Primitive data types are8types and they are:byte,short,int,long,float,double, boolean,char.What is an Object and how do you allocate memory to it?-Object is an instance of a class and it is a software unit that combines a structured set of data with a set of operations for inspecting and manipulating that data.When an object is created using new operator,memory is allocated to it.What is the difference between constructor and method?-Constructor will be automatically invoked when an object is created whereas method has to be called explicitly.What are methods and how are they defined?-Methods are functions that operate on instances of classes in which they are defined.Objects can communicate with each other using methods and can call methods in other classes.Method definition has four parts. They are name of the method,type of object or primitive type the method returns,a list ofmethod’’s signature is a combination of the parameters and the body of the method.A methodfirst three parts mentioned above.What is the use of bin and lib in JDK?-Bin contains all tools such as javac,appletviewer, awt tool,etc.,whereas lib contains API and all packages.What is casting?-Casting is used to convert the value of one type to another.How many ways can an argument be passed to a subroutine and explain them?-An argument can be passed in two ways.They are passing by value and passing by reference. Passing by value:This method copies the value of an argument into the formal parameter of the subroutine.Passing by reference:In this method,a reference to an argument(not the value of the argument)is passed to the parameter.What is the difference between an argument and a parameter?-While defining method,variables passed in the method are called parameters.While using those methods,values passed to those variables are called arguments.What are different types of access modifiers?-public:Any thing declared as public cancan’’t be seen outside be accessed from anywhere.private:Any thing declared as private canof its class.protected:Any thing declared as protected can be accessed by classes in the same package and subclasses in the other packages.default modifier:Can be accessed only to classes in the same package.What is final,finalize()and finally?-final:final keyword can be used for class,method and variables.A final class cannot be subclassed and it prevents other programmers from subclassing a secure class to invoke insecure methods.A final method cancan’’t be overridden.can’’t change from its initialized value.finalize():finalize()method is used A final variable canjust before an object is destroyed and can be called just prior to garbage collection. finally:finally,a key word used in exception handling,creates a block of code that will be executed after a try/catch block has completed and before the code following the try/catch block.The finally block will execute whether or not an exception is thrown.For example,if a method opens a file upon exit,then you will not want the code that closes the file to be bypassed by the exception-handling mechanism.This finally keyword is designed to address this contingency.What is UNICODE?-Unicode is used for internal representation of characters and strings and it uses16bits to represent each other.What is Garbage Collection and how to call it explicitly?-When an object is no longer referred to by any variable,java automatically reclaims memory used by that object.This is known as garbage collection.System.gc()method may be used to call it explicitly.What is finalize()method?-finalize()method is used just before an object is destroyed and can be called just prior to garbage collection.What are Transient and Volatile Modifiers?-Transient:The transient modifier appliesobject’’s Persistent state.Transient to variables only and it is not stored as part of its objectvariables are not serialized.Volatile:Volatile modifier applies to variables only and it tells the compiler that the variable modified by volatile can be changed unexpectedly by other parts of the program.What is method overloading and method overriding?-Method overloading:When a method in a class having the same method name with different arguments is said to be method overloading.Method overriding:When a method in a class having the same method name with same arguments is said to be method overriding.What is difference between overloading and overriding?-a)In overloading,there is arelationship between methods available in the same class whereas in overriding,there isrelationship between a superclass method and subclass method.b)Overloading does notblock inheritance from the superclass whereas overriding blocks inheritance from thesuperclass.c)In overloading,separate methods share the same name whereas inoverriding,subclass method replaces the superclass.d)Overloading must have differentmethod signatures whereas overriding must have same signature.What is meant by Inheritance and what are its advantages?-Inheritance is the processof inheriting all the features from a class.The advantages of inheritance are reusability ofcode and accessibility of variables and methods of the super class by subclasses.What is the difference between this()and super()?-this()can be used to invoke aconstructor of the same class whereas super()can be used to invoke a super classconstructor.What is the difference between superclass and subclass?-A super class is a class thatis inherited whereas sub class is a class that does the inheriting.What modifiers may be used with top-level class?-public,abstract and final can beused for top-level class.What are inner class and anonymous class?-Inner class:classes defined in otherclasses,including those defined in methods are called inner classes.An inner class canhave any accessibility including private.Anonymous class:Anonymous class is a classdefined inside a method without a name and is instantiated and declared in the sameplace and cannot have explicit constructors.What is a package?-A package is a collection of classes and interfaces that provides ahigh-level layer of access protection and name space management.What is a reflection package?ng.reflect package has the ability to analyzeitself in runtime.What is interface and its use?-Interface is similar to a class which may containmethod’’s signature only but not bodies and it is a formal set of method and constant methoddeclarations that must be defined by the class that implements it.Interfaces are useful for:a)Declaring methods that one or more classes are expected to implement b)Capturingsimilarities between unrelated classes without forcing a class relationship.c)Determiningobject’’s programming interface without revealing the actual body of the class.an objectWhat is an abstract class?-An abstract class is a class designed with implementationgaps for subclasses to fill in and is deliberately incomplete.What is the difference between Integer and int?-a)Integer is a class defined in theng package,whereas int is a primitive data type defined in the Java language itself.Java does not automatically convert from one to the other.b)Integer can be used as anargument for a method that requires an object,whereas int can be used for calculations.What is a cloneable interface and how many methods does it contain?-It is not havingany method because it is a TAGGED or MARKER interface.What is the difference between abstract class and interface?-a)All the methodsdeclared inside an interface are abstract whereas abstract class must have at least one abstract method and others may be concrete or abstract.b)In abstract class,key word abstract must be used for the methods whereas interface we need not use that keywordcan’’t have for the methods.c)Abstract class must have subclasses whereas interface can subclasses.Can you have an inner class inside a method and what variables can you access?-Yes, we can have an inner class inside a method and final variables can be accessed.What is the difference between String and String Buffer?-a)String objects are constants and immutable whereas StringBuffer objects are not.b)String class supports constant strings whereas StringBuffer class supports growable and modifiable strings.What is the difference between Array and vector?-Array is a set of related data type and static whereas vector is a growable array of objects and dynamic.What is the difference between exception and error?-The exception class defines mild error conditions that your program encounters.Exceptions can occur when trying to open the file,which does not exist,the network connection is disrupted,operands being manipulated are out of prescribed ranges,the class file you are interested in loading is missing.The error class defines serious error conditions that you should not attempt to recover from.In most cases it is advisable to let the program terminate when such an error is encountered.What is the difference between process and thread?-Process is a program in execution whereas thread is a separate path of execution in a program.What is multithreading and what are the methods for inter-thread communication and what is the class in which these methods are defined?-Multithreading is the mechanism in which more than one thread run independent of each other within the process.wait(),notify()and notifyAll()methods can be used for inter-thread communication and these methods are in Object class.wait():When a thread executes a call to wait()method,it surrenders the object lock and enters into a waiting state.notify() or notifyAll():To remove a thread from the waiting state,some other thread must make a call to notify()or notifyAll()method on the same object.What is the class and interface in java to create thread and which is the most advantageous method?-Thread class and Runnable interface can be used to create threads and using Runnable interface is the most advantageous method to create threads because we need not extend thread class here.What are the states associated in the thread?-Thread contains ready,running,waiting and dead states.What is synchronization?-Synchronization is the mechanism that ensures that only one thread is accessed the resources at a time.When you will synchronize a piece of your code?-When you expect your code will be accessed by different threads and these threads may change a particular data causing data corruption.can’’t precede the What is deadlock?-When two threads are waiting each other and canprogram is said to be deadlock.What is daemon thread and which method is used to create the daemon thread?-Daemon thread is a low priority thread which runs intermittently in the back ground doing the garbage collection operation for the java runtime system.setDaemon method is used to create a daemon thread.Are there any global variables in Java,which can be accessed by other part of your program?-No,it is not the main method in which you define variables.Global variables is not possible because concept of encapsulation is eliminated here.What is an applet?-Applet is a dynamic and interactive program that runs inside a web page displayed by a java capable browser.What is the difference between applications and applets?-a)Application must be run on local machine whereas applet needs no explicit installation on local machine.b)Application must be run explicitly within a java-compatible virtual machine whereas applet loads and runs itself automatically in a java-enabled browser.d)Application starts execution with its main method whereas applet starts execution with its init method.e)Application can run with or without graphical user interface whereas applet must run within a graphical user interface.How does applet recognize the height and width?-Using getParameters()method.When do you use codebase in applet?-When the applet class file is not in the same directory,codebase is used.What is the lifecycle of an applet?-init()method-Can be called when an applet is first loaded start()method-Can be called each time an applet is started.paint()method-Can be called when the applet is minimized or maximized.stop()method-Can be used whenapplet’’s page.destroy()method-Can be called when the the browser moves off the appletbrowser is finished with the applet.How do you set security in applets?-using setSecurityManager()methodWhat is an event and what are the models available for event handling?-An event is an event object that describes a state of change in a source.In other words,event occurs when an action is generated,like pressing button,clicking mouse,selecting a list,etc. There are two types of models for handling events and they are:a)event-inheritance model and b)event-delegation modelWhat are the advantages of the model over the event-inheritance model?-The event-delegation model has two advantages over the event-inheritance model.They are: a)It enables event handling by objects other than the ones that generate the events.This allows a clean separation between a componentcomponent’’s design and its use.b)It performs much better in applications where many events are generated.This performance improvement is due to the fact that the event-delegation model does not have to be repeatedly process unhandled events as is the case of the event-inheritance.What is source and listener?-source:A source is an object that generates an event. This occurs when the internal state of that object changes in some way.listener:A listener is an object that is notified when an event occurs.It has two major requirements.First,itmust have been registered with one or more sources to receive notifications about specific types of events.Second,it must implement methods to receive and process these notifications.What is adapter class?-An adapter class provides an empty implementation of all methods in an event listener interface.Adapter classes are useful when you want to receive and process only some of the events that are handled by a particular event listener interface.You can define a new class to act listener by extending one of the adapter classes and implementing only those events in which you are interested.For example,the MouseMotionAdapter class has two methods,mouseDragged()and mouseMoved().The signatures of these empty are exactly as defined in the MouseMotionListener interface.If you are interested in only mouse drag events,then you could simply extend MouseMotionAdapter and implement mouseDragged().What is meant by controls and what are different types of controls in AWT?-Controls are components that allow a user to interact with your application and the AWT supports the following types of controls:Labels,Push Buttons,Check Boxes,Choice Lists,Lists, Scrollbars,Text Components.These controls are subclasses of Component.What is the difference between choice and list?-A Choice is displayed in a compact form that requires you to pull it down to see the list of available choices and only one item may be selected from a choice.A List may be displayed in such a way that several list items are visible and it supports the selection of one or more list items.What is the difference between scrollbar and scrollpane?-A Scrollbar is a Component, but not a Container whereas Scrollpane is a Conatiner and handles its own events and perform its own scrolling.What is a layout manager and what are different types of layout managers available in java AWT?-A layout manager is an object that is used to organize components in a container.The different layouts are available are FlowLayout,BorderLayout,CardLayout, GridLayout and GridBagLayout.How are the elements of different layouts organized?-FlowLayout:The elements of a FlowLayout are organized in a top to bottom,left to right fashion.BorderLayout:The elements of a BorderLayout are organized at the borders(North,South,East and West) and the center of a container.CardLayout:The elements of a CardLayout are stacked,on top of the other,like a deck of cards.GridLayout:The elements of a GridLayout are of equal size and are laid out using the square of a grid.GridBagLayout:The elements of a GridBagLayout are organized according to a grid.However,the elements are of different size and may occupy more than one row or column of the grid.In addition,the rows and columns may have different sizes.Which containers use a Border layout as their default layout?-Window,Frame and Dialog classes use a BorderLayout as their layout.Which containers use a Flow layout as their default layout?-Panel and Applet classes use the FlowLayout as their default layout.What are wrapper classes?-Wrapper classes are classes that allow primitive types tobe accessed as objects.What are Vector,Hashtable,LinkedList and Enumeration?-Vector:The Vector class provides the capability to implement a growable array of objects.Hashtable:The Hashtable class implements a Hashtable data structure.A Hashtable indexes and storesobject’’s keys.Hash codes are integer objects in a dictionary using hash codes as the objectvalues that identify objects.LinkedList:Removing or inserting elements in the middle of an array can be done using LinkedList.A LinkedList stores each object in a separate link whereas an array stores object references in consecutive locations.Enumeration:An object that implements the Enumeration interface generates a series of elements,one at a time.It has two methods,namely hasMoreElements()and nextElement(). HasMoreElemnts()tests if this enumeration has more elements and nextElement method returns successive elements of the series.What is the difference between set and list?-Set stores elements in an unordered way but does not contain duplicate elements,whereas list stores elements in an ordered way but may contain duplicate elements.What is a stream and what are the types of Streams and classes of the Streams?-A Stream is an abstraction that either produces or consumes information.There are two types of Streams and they are:Byte Streams:Provide a convenient means for handling input and output of bytes.Character Streams:Provide a convenient means for handling input&output of characters.Byte Streams classes:Are defined by using two abstract classes,namely InputStream and OutputStream.Character Streams classes:Are defined by using two abstract classes,namely Reader and Writer.What is the difference between Reader/Writer and InputStream/Output Stream?-The Reader/Writer class is character-oriented and the InputStream/OutputStream class is byte-oriented.What is an I/O filter?-An I/O filter is an object that reads from one stream and writes to another,usually altering the data in some way as it is passed from one stream to another.What is serialization and deserialization?-Serialization is the process of writing the state of an object to a byte stream.Deserialization is the process of restoring these objects.What is JDBC?-JDBC is a set of Java API for executing SQL statements.This API consists of a set of classes and interfaces to enable programs to write pure Java Database applications.What are drivers available?-a)JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver b)Native API Partly-Java driver c)JDBC-Net Pure Java driver d)Native-Protocol Pure Java driverWhat is the difference between JDBC and ODBC?-a)OBDC is for Microsoft and JDBCcan’’t be directly used with Java because it uses a C is for Java applications.b)ODBC caninterface.c)ODBC makes use of pointers which have been removed totally from Java.d) ODBC mixes simple and advanced features together and has complex options for simple queries.But JDBC is designed to keep things simple while allowing advanced capabilitieswhen required.e)ODBC requires manual installation of the ODBC driver manager and driver on all client machines.JDBC drivers are written in Java and JDBC code is automatically installable,secure,and portable on all platforms.f)JDBC API is a natural Java interface and is built on ODBC.JDBC retains some of the basic features of ODBC.What are the types of JDBC Driver Models and explain them?-There are two types of JDBC Driver Models and they are:a)Two tier model and b)Three tier model Two tier model:In this model,Java applications interact directly with the database.A JDBC driver is required to communicate with the particular database management system that is being accessed.SQL statements are sent to the database and the results are given to user.This model is referred to as client/server configuration where user is the client and the machine that has the database is called as the server.Three tier model:A middle tier is introduced in this model.The functions of this model are:a)Collection of SQL statements from the client and handing it over to the database,b)Receiving results from database to the client and c)Maintaining control over accessing and updating of the above.What are the steps involved for making a connection with a database or how do you connect to a database?a)Loading the driver:To load the driver,Class.forName()methodJdbcOdbcDriver””);When the driver is loaded,it forName(””sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriveris used.Class.forName(registers itself with the java.sql.DriverManager class as an available database driver.b) Making a connection with database:To open a connection to a given database, DriverManager.getConnection()method is used.Connection con=DriverManager.user””,“passwordpassword””);c)Executing SQL statements: getConnection(”jdbc:odbc:somedbjdbc:odbc:somedb””,“userTo execute a SQL query,java.sql.statements class is used.createStatement()method of Connection to obtain a new Statement object.Statement stmt=con.createStatement();A query that returns data can be executed using the executeQuery()method of Statement. This method executes the statement and returns a java.sql.ResultSet that encapsulates the retrieved data:ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery(table””);d)executeQuery(””SELECT*FROM some table Process the results:ResultSet returns one row at a time.Next()method of ResultSet object can be called to move to the next row.The getString()and getObject()methods aregetString(””eventevent””); used for retrieving column values:while(rs.next()){String event=rs.getString(getObject(””countcount””);Object count=(Integer)rs.getObject(What type of driver did you use in project?-JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver(is a driver that uses native(C language)libraries and makes calls to an existing ODBC driver to access a database engine).What are the types of statements in JDBC?-Statement:to be used createStatement() method for executing single SQL statement PreparedStatement—To be used preparedStatement()method for executing same SQL statement over and over. CallableStatement—To be used prepareCall()method for multiple SQL statements over and over.What is stored procedure?-Stored procedure is a group of SQL statements that forms a logical unit and performs a particular task.Stored Procedures are used to encapsulate a set of operations or queries to execute on database.Stored procedures can be compiledand executed with different parameters and results and may have any combination of input/output parameters.How to create and call stored procedures?-To create stored procedures:Create procedure procedurename(specify in,out and in out parameters)BEGIN Any multiple SQLprepareCall(””statement;END;To call stored procedures:CallableStatement csmt=con.prepareCall( name(?,?)}””);csmt.registerOutParameter(column no.,data type);csmt. {call procedure name(?,?)}setInt(column no.,column name)csmt.execute();What is servlet?-Servlets are modules that extend request/response-oriented servers, such as java-enabled web servers.For example,a servlet might be responsible for taking data in an HTML order-entry form and applying the business logic used to update a company’’s order database.companyWhat are the classes and interfaces for servlets?-There are two packages in servlets and they are javax.servlet andWhat is the difference between an applet and a servlet?-a)Servlets are to servers what applets are to browsers.b)Applets must have graphical user interfaces whereas servlets have no graphical user interfaces.What is the difference between doPost and doGet methods?-a)doGet()method is used to get information,while doPost()method is used for posting information.b)doGet() can’’t send large amount of information and is limited to240-255characters. requests canHowever,doPost()requests passes all of its data,of unlimited length.c)A doGet()request is appended to the request URL in a query string and this allows the exchange is visible to the client,whereas a doPost()request passes directly over the socket connection as part of its HTTP request body and the exchange are invisible to the client.What is the life cycle of a servlet?-Each Servlet has the same life cycle:a)A server loads and initializes the servlet by init()method.b)The servlet handles zero or more clientclient’’s requests through service()method.c)The server removes the servlet through destroy()method.Who is loading the init()method of servlet?-Web serverWhat are the different servers available for developing and deploying Servlets?-a) Java Web Server b)JRun g)Apache Server h)Netscape Information Server i)Web Logic How many ways can we track client and what are they?-The servlet API provides two ways to track client state and they are:a)Using Session tracking and b)Using Cookies.What is session tracking and how do you track a user session in servlets?-Session tracking is a mechanism that servlets use to maintain state about a series requests from the same user across some period of time.The methods used for session tracking are:a) User Authentication-occurs when a web server restricts access to some of its resources to only those clients that log in using a recognized username and password.b)Hidden formclient’’s browser. fields-fields are added to an HTML form that are not displayed in the clientWhen the form containing the fields is submitted,the fields are sent back to the server.c) URL rewriting-every URL that the user clicks on is dynamically modified or rewritten to include extra information.The extra information can be in the form of extra path。
数据库原理英文选择题
数据库原理英文选择题1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a relational database?A. Data is stored in tablesB. Data is accessed through SQLC. Data redundancy is encouragedD. Data integrity is maintained2. What is the primary function of a primary key in a database table?A. To ensure data uniquenessB. To establish relationships between tablesC. To provide a means of data encryptionD. To improve query performance3. In a relational database, which of the following represents a relationship between two tables?A. Primary keyB. Foreign keyC. IndexD. Trigger4. Which of the following SQL statements is used to retrieve data from a database?A. SELECTB. INSERTC. UPDATED. DELETE5. What is the purpose of normalization in database design?A. To improve data redundancyB. To eliminate data anomaliesC. To increase data storage spaceD. To decrease query performanceA. A primary key consisting of a single columnB. A foreign key referencing a primary keyC. A primary key consisting of multiple columnsD. A unique key that allows null values7. In SQL, what is the difference between a WHERE clause and a HAVING clause?A. WHERE clause filters rows before grouping, while HAVING clause filters groups after groupingB. WHERE clause is used with SELECT statements, while HAVING clause is used with UPDATE statementsC. WHERE clause is used to sort data, while HAVING clause is used to filter dataD. WHERE clause is used with JOIN operations, while HAVING clause is used with subqueriesA. CREATE TABLEB. ALTER TABLEC. DROP TABLED. SELECT TABLE9. What is the purpose of an index in a database?A. To improve data redundancyB. To enhance data securityC. To speed up query executionD. To reduce data integrity10. Which of the following is NOT a type of database constraint?A. PRIMARY KEYB. FOREIGN KEYC. UNIQUED. VIEW数据库原理英文选择题（续）11. When designing a database, which of the following isa key principle to ensure data consistency?A. Data duplicationB. Data isolationC. Data abstractionD. Data normalization12. In a database, what is the term used to describe the process of converting a query into an execution plan?A. ParsingB. OptimizationC. CompilationD. Execution13. Which of the following SQL statements is used to modify existing data in a database table?A. SELECTB. INSERTC. UPDATED. DELETE14. What is the purpose of a transaction in a database system?A. To store data permanentlyB. To ensure data consistencyC. To improve query performanceD. To create new tables15. Which of the following is a type of join that returns rows when there is at least one match in both tables?A. INNER JOINB. LEFT JOINC. RIGHT JOIND. FULL OUTER JOIN16. In a database, what is the term used to describe the process of retrieving only distinct (unique) values from a column?A. GROUP BYB. ORDER BYC. DISTINCTD. COUNTA. DROP TABLEB. DELETE TABLEC. TRUNCATE TABLED. ALTER TABLE18. What is the purpose of a stored procedure in a database?A. To store temporary dataB. To perform a series of SQL operationsC. To create a new databaseD. To delete a database19. Which of the following is a characteristic of a NoSQL database?A. It uses a fixed schemaB. It is optimized for structured dataC. It is horizontally scalableD. It only supports SQL as a query language20. In a database, what is the term used to describe a collection of related data organized in rows and columns?A. TableB. ViewC. SchemaD. Database数据库原理英文选择题（续二）21. What is the difference between a database and a data warehouse?A. A database stores current data, while a data warehouse stores historical dataB. A database is used for transactional purposes, while a data warehouse is used for analytical purposesC. A database is small in size, while a data warehouse is large in sizeD. A database is structured, while a data warehouse is unstructuredB. To enforce referential integrityC. To format data before it is displayedA. UnionB. JoinC. IntersectionD. Concatenation24. Which of the following SQL keywords is used to limit the number of rows returned a query?A. LIMITB. FETCHC. OFFSETD. ROWS25. What is the purpose of a database schema?A. To define the physical storage of dataB. To define the logical structure of a databaseC. To define the security permissions for usersD. To define the backup and recovery procedures26. Which of the following is NOT a type of database management system (DBMS)?A. Relational DBMSB. Document DBMSC. Hierarchical DBMSD. Sequential DBMS27. In a database, what is the term used to describe a collection of data that is treated as a single unit?A. TupleB. AttributeC. RelationD. Entity28. Which of the following SQL statements is used to create a view in a database?A. CREATE VIEWB. ALTER VIEWC. DROP VIEWD. SELECT VIEW29. What is the purpose of a database index?A. To sort data in ascending or descending orderB. To improve the speed of data retrievalC. To enforce uniqueness of dataD. To hide sensitive data from users30. Which of the following is a characteristic of a distributed database?A. Data is stored in a single locationB. Data is replicated across multiple locationsC. Data access is limited to a single user at a timeD. Data consistency is not maintained across locations。
Interface A
Introduction to the SEMI EDA StandardsThis document is an introduction to the SEMI Equipment Data Acquisition (EDA also known as Interface A) standards. It is also available in PDF format. This document include the following sections:•an overview of the standards,• a list of terminology and acronyms,• a summary of each major EDA SEMI standard including E120, E125, E132,E134, and• a list of Frequently Asked Questions.OverviewThe Equipment Data Acquisition (EDA also known as Interface A) Standards are a collection of SEMI standards for the semiconductor industry to improve and facilitate communication between IC Maker’s data gathering software applications and the factory Equipment. When implemented together, these standards provide a convenient interface for Equipment Data Acquisition using SOAP/XML messages over an HTTP or HTTPS connection. The main EDA SEMI standards include E120, E125, E132, andE134. Solutions must comply with the specific SOAP/XML implementations of these standards; E120.1, E125.1, E132.1, and E134.1.EDA provides multiple client access to data gathering capabilities. It does not purport to replace the SEMI GEM/SECS standards (E4, E5, E30, and E37) or the SEMI 300mm standards (E39, E40, E87, E90, E94, and E116) since EDA does not provide any features for Equipment control or configuration. Instead, EDAmust be supported in addition to other required interfaces. Over time, EDA could replace the need for any other data providing interfaces so that IC Makers only require the EDA and SECS/GEM/300mm connectivity standards. In practice, some initial EDA deployments may provide little more data than the SECS/GEM interface, but eventually it is expected to provide more data—particularly state information, sensor feedback, actuator states, and other raw data necessary for process, product and equipment analysis. All data must be supplied to EDA as directly from the source as possible with minimal software layers. In order to make all expected data available and achieve performance expectations, some equipment will require internal restructuring and architectural changes.During 2005 and 2006 IC Makers started requiring integrated EDA solutions from the Equipment Suppliers. The demand will continue to increase as IC Makers roll out plans to improve yield and equipment utilization. Equipment Suppliers must begin development as soon as possible in order to meet these deadlines and provide a quality solution.EDA comprises of multiple SEMI standards including the following. All of these are available for download from the SEMI website for a fee, .E120 Specification for the Common Equipment Model (CEM)E120 provides a general object model that represents an external view of Equipment. The model is composed of various classes organized in a logical hierarchy. A fully-implemented model summarizes all of the Equipment's major hardware and software components. SEMI standard E120.1 XML Schema for the Common Equipment Model (CEM) maps the E120 standard into a specific XML implementation.E120 defines the following concrete classes.Class DescriptionEquipment Models the equipment as a whole and contains MaterialLocations, Modules, Subsystems and IODevices.Module Models a major equipment subsystem that can process material like a process or inspection chamber. It may contain MaterialLocations, Modules, Subystems and IODevices.Subsystem Models a major equipment subsystem that cannot process material like a load port or prealigner. It may contain MaterialLocations Subsystems, and IODevices.IODevice Models sensors, actuators or intelligent actuator or sensor devices.MaterialLocation Models the ability of an equipment component to hold material, specifying the material type as Carrier, Substrate, or ProcessDurable.E120 also defines the following additional concrete and abstract classes.Class DescriptionSoftwareModule Describes the existence and version of software that is in use on the equipment and on equipment components. The software might be supplied by the equipment manufacturer or a third party. Attributes identify the supplier, version and a description.EquipmentElement The basic information required for each hardware component, such as an AbstractModule, Subsystem or IODevice. Attributes identify the supplier, make, model, role, revision, and (if applicable) serial number.AbstractModule A subclass of EquipmentElement that models the parts of the equipment structure capable of processing material; namely Modules and Equipment. The attributes specify the process type as Measurement, Process, Storage or Transport and specifies the recipe type.Nameable The root of every class to provide unique identification and a description for each component.Extension Provides the ability for other standards and specific implementations to extend the CEM.E125 Specification for Equipment Self Description (EqSD)The E125 standard allows clients to request helpful descriptions about all information available for data gathering include the parameters (specific data, units, and types), events, exceptions, state machines, SEMI E39 data, and physical configuration. All of the available information is mapped into the E120 Common Equipment Model object hierarchy. SEMI standard E125.1 Provisional Specification for SOAP Binding for Equipment Self Description (ESDS) maps the E125 standard into a specific SOAP/XML implementation.This standard allows the end-user to know information about what data can be monitored on the Equipment and the context (i.e. process chamber #1 or #2) without having to entirely rely on the Equipment's documentation. Interface A clients can implement plug-and-play methodology, automatically utilize new information immediately after an Equipment's interface is revised, and implement graceful error recovery if data is unavailable unexpectedly.E132 Specification for Equipment Client Authentication and AuthorizationE132 defines two related security features for Interface A messaging, Client Authentication and Client Authorization. Client Authentication determines how the client establishes a session before it can do anything else. Client Authorization manages what the client can access after the session is established. The Equipment must provide a Security Admin, a utility that provides administrative configuration, for setting up the Client Authentication and Authorization after installation in the fab. SEMI standard E132.1 Provisional Specification for SOAP Binding for Equipment Client Authentication and Authorization (ECA) maps the E132 standard into a specific SOAP/XML implementation.In order for an Interface A Client to establish a session where it may use E125 or E134 service requests, the client must provide credentials and be authenticated and the Equipment must be in the ALLOWED Session Establishment state. Credentials include a client ID, an encrypted session key, and an encrypted client ID proof-of-identity key. Any attempts to use services requested before the authentication are rejected. Once the session is established, and then the client authorization becomes effective based on the client's credentials while establishing the session.The Session interface includes the following client-initiated operations.GetActiveSessions Request the list of information on all active sessionsSetMaxSessions Sets the maximum number of active sessionsGetMaxSessions Requests the maximum number of active sessionsE134 Specification for Data Collection ManagementThe E134 standard defines several methods for Interface A Clients to acquire the data described by the E125 information. A client can request data ad-hoc where the requested set of data is returned immediately. Typically, however, the client will define Data Collection Plans (DCP) to configure the desired data gathering. Once DCP are activated, the Equipment continuously sends fire-and-forget Data Collection Reports (DCR) as the data becomes available. In order to optimize data transmission efficiency, clients can enable the optional buffering so that the DCR are buffered at the Equipment and transmitted periodically at the end of each buffering interval. If the ACL allows, clients can activate DCP defined by other clients. E134 also defines how to manage Data Collection Plans when either the Equipment or client shuts down and restarts so the data collection setup can be persisted. SEMI Standard E134.1 Provisional Specification for SOAP Binding of Data Collection Management (DCM) maps the E134 standard into a specific SOAP/XML implementation.A Data Collection Plan can include any number and combination of Traces, Events, and Exceptions to report when the DCP is activated.•TracesTraces provide a convenient mechanism for continuously or intermittentlypolling data at a constant rate. A Trace definition includes a data gatheringfrequency, a set of E125 data to collect, a start condition, and a stop condition.This configures the Equipment to poll the data at the specified frequency andsend it to the client. The optional start and stop conditions, an event orexception, determine when the data collection begins and ends. Otherwise, the Trace data collection begins as soon as it is activated and ends whendeactivated or the specified number of reports are gathered and sent. •EventsEvents provide a convenient mechanism to receive notification whensomething important happens and optionally gather any desired data. An E125 state machine transition triggers an event. In the DCP, the client chooses E125 Parameters to include in the Event's DCR. Each time the Event occursthereafter, a DCR is gathered and sent.•Exceptionsparameters.GetObjTypeInstanceIds Request a current list of unique instance IDs for one or more E39 ObjTypes.GetCurrentPerformanceStatus R etrieve the current Equipment performance status.E134 also defines the following equipment-initiated, Fire-and-Forget operations.Operation DescriptionNewData Data Collection Report from an active DCP PerformanceWarning The Equipment detected a performance degradation. . PerformanceRestored T he Equipment has detected a return to normal conditions. DCPDeactivation Notification that an active DCP for that consumer is deactivated.DCPHibernation Notification when one or more persisted DCP are put into the hibernation state as part of Equipment shutdown.Interface A Client OperationsThe following image demonstrates the basic operational flow using all of the Interface A standards.Initially, each client must establish a secure, authenticated session. Next the client can ask for the Equipment Model metadata information to see what data is available through Interface A. With this information client can define and activate data collection plans. The Equipment will continue to generate Data Collection Reports until the client deactivates the plans or becomes unavailable. When shutting down properly, the client should close the session.Where can I get more information?More information is available from the following websites.•SEMI •SEMATECH •ISMI •Cimetrix Is the SOAP/XML over HTTP fast enough?Yes, if it is implemented effectively. Cimetrix has run multiple tests and prototypes that proved adequate performance. The results have been presented in industry public forums.What data should be made available through EDA?Ultimately, each Equipment Supplier must negotiate requirements from the IC Makers to determine exactly what data they need. Until IC Makers develop and deploy systems that use EDA, it is difficult for them to establish clear requirements. Nevertheless, here are some guidelines for Equipment Suppliers:•As many sensors and actuators as possible•Processing or inspection setup information, states, sub states and results.Provide enough information to track equipment utilization, feed APC systems,and support e-Diagnostics.•Material tracking•Provide all data as near as possible directly from the source. This can requiresome software and hardware architectural changes.What should be reported when the requested data is not available?E134 defines a NoValue class with a ValueNotAvailable value for the NoValueReasonEnum enumeration to handle this situation.How can a client gather SEMIObjType information, since the object IDs are not in the Equipment Model?SEMIObjType objects can be created and deleted dynamically or exist statically on the Equipment. Either way, Interace A Clients manage them using the same operations. Dynamic objects include carriers and substrates. Static objects include substrate locations not in the carrier and Equipment Performance Tracking modules. First, a client should use E125 operation GetSEMIObjTypes to query the list of available SEMIObjType classes. These are part of the Equipment Model. Then use E134 operation GetObjTypeInstanceIds to get full instance ID information for the current set of objects. With these instance IDs, the client can use any of the data gathering operations such as Define Plan or GetParameterValues to query the object's attribute data. If the object get's deleted, then the client will receive a NoValue with a NoSuchParameter reason enumeration.How does an EDA client receive data from the equipment?The client must implement a web server with a single URL that implements the equipment-initiated E125, E132 and E134 operations. During the EstablishSession operation, a client passes its web server URL to the equipment. When data collection plans are activated, the equipment uses the NewData operation to pass the data collection reports to the client.How can I implement EDA?The most cost effective solution is to purchase a solution from a third party supplier like Cimetrix. Cimetrix offers a state-of-the-art EDA development package called CIMPortal for Equipment Suppliers or IC Makers. When choosing a solution, it is important to consider the following technical and commercial challenges:•Evolving StandardsThere is no question that the standards will change several times over the nextfew years. A reliable solution not only complies to today's standards, but isdesigned to anticipate and accommodate future changes. The software teammust be committed to become experts in the standards, actively track thechanges, and provide timely upgrades.•Data Source ManagementYou must ask these crucial questions; "Where does the data reside?" and"What is the most efficient way to get the data into EDA?". All of the data will not be in one location. The Interface A solution must have the ability to channel data directly from different sources.•Data IntegrityThe EDA solution must manage data integrity. Inevitably, there is a time lag between data gathering and data reporting. Some data must be refreshed in every data collection report. Other data can be cached for limited periods of time. Still other data can be perpetually cached. In order to maximize EDAperformance, the solution must be able to manage data integrity and makecorrect data-caching decisions.•PerformanceISMI has reported in public forums that IC Makers expect Interface A to achieve data rates of 50+ variables per chamber at rates up to 10 Hz. These rates are only possible with a software architecture designed for high performance.•Software QualityOver the next short years, EDA will become an increasingly valuable feature to the IC Makers. It will become one of the critical features that IC Makers willvalidate before making a decision to purchase a tool. The Interface A solution must achieve the highest software quality and performance standards. Asecond-rate solution will jeopardize equipment sales.•ExperienceA professional EDA solution requires experience. Experience means runningon real machines in production for long periods of time. Experience meansprototypes and demonstrations with simulators and real machines. Experience gives a solution the maturity to implement not only the requirements, but toinclude the intent of the standards and features beyond the requirements to manage IC Maker expectations.•Customer DedicationCommercial solution providers must be committed to providing effective customer support. Check references and review past experiences. Ensure that the company is truly dedicated to its customers.。
corel知识点总结
corel知识点总结Corel is a leading software company known for its diverse range of creative solutions for professional and amateur users alike. With a history dating back to 1989, Corel has been providing innovative design, imaging, and productivity software that empowers users to create, collaborate, and connect with ease.This knowledge point summary aims to provide an overview of the core features, functionality, and best practices for using Corel software. It will cover a variety of topics, including photo editing, graphic design, digital painting, and productivity tools, as well as tips for optimizing your workflow and getting the most out of your Corel software.Introduction to Corel SoftwareCorel offers a wide range of software products for creative professionals and enthusiasts, including CorelDRAW, Corel Painter, Corel Photo-Paint, CorelCAD, Corel VideoStudio, and more. Each product is designed to address specific needs and requirements, providing powerful tools and features to help users bring their creative visions to life. CorelDRAW is a popular vector graphics editor that allows users to create stunning illustrations, logos, and designs. Its intuitive interface and robust feature set make it a go-to software for graphic designers, illustrators, and artists.Corel Painter, on the other hand, is a digital art studio that simulates traditional painting and drawing techniques. With its extensive collection of brushes, customizable palettes, and advanced composition tools, Corel Painter enables users to create expressive and lifelike artwork.Corel Photo-Paint is a raster graphics editor that provides advanced photo editing and image manipulation capabilities. Its powerful tools for retouching, compositing, and enhancing images make it an essential tool for photographers and digital artists. 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Version VI of the ESTree db
Bio Med CentralBMC BioinformaticsOpen AccessResearchVersion VI of the ESTree db: an improved tool for peachtranscriptome analysisBarbara Lazzari*†1, Andrea Caprera †1, Alberto Vecchietti 1, Ivan Merelli 2, Francesca Barale 3, Luciano Milanesi 2, Alessandra Stella 1 and Carlo Pozzi 1Address: 1Parco Tecnologico Padano, Via Einstein - Località Cascina Codazza, Lodi, 26900, Italy, 2Istituto Tecnologie Biomediche, CNR, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate (MI), 20090, Italy and 3Università degli Studi di Milano, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, via Celoria 2, Milan, 20133, Italy Email: Barbara Lazzari*zzari@; Andrea Caprera -andrea.caprera@;Alberto Vecchietti -alberto.vecchietti@; Ivan Merelli -ivan.merelli@r.it; Francesca Barale -francesca.barale@unimi.it; Luciano Milanesi anesi@r.it; Alessandra Stella -alessandra.stella@; Carlo Pozzi -carlo.pozzi@ * Corresponding author †Equal contributorsAbstractBackground: The ESTree database (db) is a collection of Prunus persica and Prunus dulcis EST sequences that in its current version encompasses 75,404 sequences from 3 almond and 19 peach libraries. Nine peach genotypes and four peach tissues are represented, from four fruit developmental stages. The aim of this work was to implement the already existing ESTree db by adding new sequences and analysis programs. Particular care was given to the implementation of the web interface, that allows querying each of the database features.Results: A Perl modular pipeline is the backbone of sequence analysis in the ESTree db project. Outputs obtained during the pipeline steps are automatically arrayed into the fields of a MySQL database. Apart from standard clustering and annotation analyses, version VI of the ESTree db encompasses new tools for tandem repeat identification, annotation against genomic Rosaceae sequences, and positioning on the database of oligomer sequences that were used in a peach microarray study. Furthermore, known protein patterns and motifs were identified by comparison to PROSITE. Based on data retrieved from sequence annotation against the UniProtKB database, a script was prepared to track positions of homologous hits on the GO tree and build statistics on the ontologies distribution in GO functional categories. EST mapping data were also integrated in the database. The PHP-based web interface was upgraded and extended. The aim of the authors was to enable querying the database according to all the biological aspects that can be investigated from the analysis of data available in the ESTree db.This is achieved by allowing multiple searches on logical subsets of sequences that represent different biological situations or features.Conclusions: The version VI of ESTree db offers a broad overview on peach gene expression. Sequence analyses results contained in the database, extensively linked to external related resources, represent a large amount of information that can be queried via the tools offered in the web interface. Flexibility and modularity of the ESTree analysis pipeline and of the web interface allowed the authors to set up similar structures for different datasets,with limited manual intervention.from Italian Society of Bioinformatics (BITS): Annual Meeting 2007Naples, Italy. 26-28 April 2007Published: 26 March 2008BMC Bioinformatics 2008, 9(Suppl 2):S9doi:10.1186/1471-2105-9-S2-S9This article is available from: /1471-2105/9/S2/S9© 2008 Lazzari et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.BackgroundThe ESTree db [1] is an Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) database that was developed by the Italian ESTree Interu-niversitary Centre as a platform for easy genomics and functional genomics data integration and retrieval. Together with the GDR database [2], it represents the most complete online resource for peach EST analysis. The ESTree db sequence analysis is based on a semi-auto-mated Perl pipeline that during its steps feeds the tables of a MySQL database. Queries to the database can be per-formed via a PHP-based web interface.The first version of the ESTree db released in 2004 encom-passed a restricted number of peach sequences, derived from four peach mesocarp in-house prepared libraries. In the following versions, public peach sequences were added to the collection, and in version III (released on April 2005) [3] the number of represented libraries was grown to eight. Further versions of the database were released in the past three years, each of which encom-passes more sequences and more features. In the currently released version VI (as of March 2007), the collection has grown to 75,404 sequences: 10,847 derived from five in-house prepared libraries from peach fruits and the others downloaded from GenBank or kindly provided by other members of the ESTree Interuniversitary Centre. The data-base is mostly devoted to Prunus persica, but 3,864 Prunus dulcis sequences (i.e. the almond ESTs currently publicly available) were also added. The resulting dataset was com-posed of sequences obtained from twenty-two libraries (three from almond and nineteen from peach), seven of which were added to Version VI for the first time. The peach dataset, in particular, represented nine genotypes and four tissues, and mesocarp sequences were obtained from the four developmental stages describing the peach ripening process. The availability of a more extended sequence dataset allowed the authors to explore in more detail the differences in gene expression in the various tis-sues and developmental stages, making use of an extended version of the ESTree db pipeline that integrates a more comprehensive collection of sequence analysis programs.The aim of this work is to describe the major changes and improvements brought to the ESTree db, and to inform users of the availability of this extended tool, for an easy exploration of peach and related species functional genomics.Construction and contentThe ESTree db sequence collectionThe ESTree db encompasses peach and almond sequences. The few available almond sequences were introduced in the database to support mapping data pro-duced on the TxE Prunus reference map based on an almond x peach F2 progeny. Almond sequences down-loaded from GenBank were from pistils and embryo, plus a third library of unknown origin. The collection of peach sequences represents nine genotypes (Bolero, Loring, OroA, Red Haven, Suncrest, Yumeyong, O'Henry, Baby gold 5 and Fantasia), four tissues (mesocarp, skin, shoot, and leaf) and four mesocarp developmental stages (post-allegation, pit hardening, pre-climacteric, and post-cli-macteric). Distribution of sequences among libraries or developmental stages was unequal, the mesocarp post-cli-materic stage being the most represented. In program out-puts displaying sequences from different libraries (i.e. contigs graphical displays or outputs from the putative SNP identification procedure), a colour code was assigned to relate sequences to the tissue and developmental stage of origin. Sequence names themselves were library-declar-ative, as library identifiers were used as sequence name prefixes.Sequence analysis pipeline and database structuresThe ESTree sequence analysis pipeline (Figure 1) has a modular structure suitable for adaptation to different datasets. Similar pipelines, in fact, were used by the authors in other projects, with different datasets [4,5]. The backbone of the pipeline remained as described in Lazzari et al., 2005 [3], but new modules were added to accom-plish further analyses and existing modules were partially changed to meet new requirements. A full description of programs that were integrated in the pipeline and param-eters settings is given at the “Processing, Assembly and Annotation” page of the web site.The MySQL database where data are stored has expanded to contain all the new programs' outputs and all the tables that are queried to produce dynamic outputs upon users' requests.Sequence clustering and putative SNP detectionThe ESTree db pipeline input file was the multifasta file containing the complete dataset of 19 libraries. Electroph-erogram reading, vector clipping and poor region removal were performed with Phred [6] and Lucy [7] (parameters: max_avg_error 0.025 max_error_at_ends 0.02) on in-house produced sequences. These last programs were not included in the pipeline because chromatograms of sequences downloaded from GenBank were not available. The dishomogeneity in terms of the quality information forced us to adopt putative SNP detection programs where quality data were not mandatory. The AutoSNP algorithm [8], version 7, was chosen for this purpose. In the former ESTree db versions, the assembly and the putative SNP detection procedures were carried on independently, with CAP3 [9] and AutoSNP, respectively. As a result, a non-matching nomenclature between the contig sets generated by the two procedures was observed. In version VI, boththe procedures were carried out using the AutoSNP pro-gram. Perl scripts were prepared to extract assembly data from the intermediate steps of the AutoSNP procedure. The contrasting nomenclature problems were overcome by exploiting AutoSNP capability of integrating TGICL [10] and CAP3 to prepare sequence assemblies before the actual putative SNP detection algorithm is run. With TGICL parameters set to -p 95, -l 60 and -v 20 and CAP 3 parameters set to -p 98, -o 100 and -f 30, the 75,404 sequences of the ESTree db were assembled in 7,709 con-tigs and 20,682 singletons, representing a unigene dataset composed of 28,391 sequences (37.6% of the total sequences) (Table 1).Changes and improvements of the ESTree db annotation proceduresIn the ESTree db, version VI, ESTs and contig consensus sequences were annotated against three different data-bases, with an E-value cutoff of ≤e−10. The master annota-tion was performed by BLASTx against the GenBank nr db, in order to retrieve the highest number of annotations; a second annotation was performed by BLASTn against a custom-prepared database composed of 7,829 Rosaceae genomic DNA/RNA sequences downloaded from the GenBank CoreNucleotide db in October 2006. The already existing so-called “GO annotation” procedure -aimed to the identification of proteins homologs anno-tated according to the Gene Ontology (GO) project [11,12] - was adapted to specific needs. In the preceding ESTree db versions, in fact, GO annotation was performed online, and not integrated into the ESTree pipeline, using the GOblet [13] program against the Viridiplantae subset of the GO database (a subset of sp-trembl). The number of sequences that had to be annotated, the need for fre-quent annotation updates, and the requirement to per-form a more extensive annotation against the whole UniProtK B database, called for the improvement pro-duced in version VI. A number of Perl scripts were pre-pared to create a table with all the protein-GO associations including a no-direct link due to “is_a” rela-tions among different GO elements, starting from infor-mation contained in the GoA association file as well as in the GO DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph) file. Information contained in this table was used to produce statistics on the ontologies distribution that can be browsed on all the GO tree levels.According to the adopted E-value cutoff, 78.6% of the sequences contained in the ESTree db were annotated against the GenBank nr db, 69.7% against the UniProtKB db, and 26.8% against the genomic Rosaceae db (Table 1).Considering the high number of sequences that had to be annotated and the need to perform annotation against there different databases, a parallel approach was adopted to perform BLAST searches on a computer cluster [14], giving the possibility to retrieve results in reasonable times. When blast outputs are recovered, they are parsed, split in single-query files and stored in MySQL tables as such and in feature-dedicated fields.GO statisticsThe GO DAG was the source of information from which paths of GO identifiers were retrieved for each signifi-cantly annotated sequence: the global statistics were cre-ated using each found identifier to increase GO category-specific counters. In the “Statistics on GO annotations”page of the web interface (Figure 2), GO statistics on all sequences, as well as the percentage of un-annotated sequences, are given. Sequences matching the different categories are presented as proportional bars, which are dynamically created by the PHP-based web interface. Hierarchical browsing of ontologies is allowed. Via the “Change library/organism” box of the “Statistics on GO annotations” web page, statistics on ontologies distribu-Figure 1The ESTree db pipeline. The main programs constituting the pipeline scheme. Accessory scripts are not presented inthe diagram.tions related to specific sequence subsets can be accessed. In total, 21 sequence sets are available, allowing ontolo-gies browsing on sequences from single libraries, as well as on sequences from biologically relevant datasets, made homogeneous with respect to the tissue of origin and/or the developmental stage. Peach and almond sequences can be considered as a whole set or independently. Retrieval of ESTree sequences matching each GO class or sub-class is also possible by clicking on “Search related sequences” at the top of each statistics page. Percentages of sequences matching each GO category are given near each bar.Tandem repeats searchA repeat analysis feature was introduced in the ESTree db and the Tandem Repeats Finder program [15] was used for repeat identification. Prior to repeat identification, PolyA and PolyT tails were trimmed from sequences with Tri-mEST [16]. The Tandem Repeats Finder algorithm locates and displays two or more adjacent, approximate copies of a pattern of nucleotides in DNA sequences. With the selected settings (2 7 7 80 10 50 1000), the program was able to identify repeats of variable period size (from single base stretches to very long base sequences) that were encountered in more than one copy within 1,000 base pairs. This allowed the identification of simple sequence repeats (SSR, with period size from 2 to 6 base pairs) as well as of longer and more dispersed tandem repeats that are present in the submitted sequences. The MISA soft-ware [17] was applied to the same dataset, and analogous results were retrieved (data not shown). In total, 12,068 repeat-containing sequences were identified in the ESTree collection, and among these 3,946 (32.7%) were SSRs.In order to allow users to choose sets of repeats of given characteristics (i.e. intervals of period size and copy number), a search engine was prepared.The ESTree mapping projectThe aim of the ESTree Mapping Project is to map approx-imately 200 ESTs on a genetic map [18], as a prerequisite for further positioning on a physical framework map based on BAC clones fingerprinted at Clemson University [2]. The preliminary mapping results were presented in the ESTree db, together with the peach ESTs map positions that were publicly available at the GDR web site. Cur-rently, mapping information is available for 568 sequences. In the Sequence Report page, map information was linked to the CMap pages of the GDR.A program that allows the automatic BIN assignment based on a TxE subset of plants [19] was prepared, and can either be used online or downloaded via the links that are given in the “ESTree Mapping Project” page.Analyses on the inferred protein datasetThe ESTate package programs [20] were used to deduce from each EST and contig consensus a putative protein sequence. FrameFinder uses log odds hexamer frequency statistics and multiple dynamic programming frame-shiftsTable 1: The ESTree db statistics on sequences. Comparison of the main statistics on the ESTree db version VI, compared with the previously described version III.ESTree III ESTree VI Total nr of seq18,63075,404Total nr of contigs2,3287,709 Average alignment depth57.1Total nr of singletons6,89120,682Total nr of unigenes9,21928,391In-house produced seq6,15710,847 Total almond seq-3,864Total peach seq18,63071,540Pp mesocarp seq18,63055,996Pp skin seq-4,690Pp shoot seq-7,085Pp leaf seq-3,769NCBI annotated seq (%)70.478.6GO annotated seq (%)49.969.7 Genomic annotated seq (%)-26.8 Repeats-containing seq (%)-16Putative SNP-containing seq (%)12.722.9 PROSITE patterns-containing seq (%)-18Mapped sequences-0.75Seq associated to microarray data (%)- 6.2 Metabolic pathways-associated seq (%)1,80.62 Figure 2GO Statistics in the ESTree db. An example of a GO Statistics page in the ESTree db. Clicking on bars allows hier-archical ontologies browsing. Sequences matching each GO identifier are retrievable via the “Search related sequences”link.models to predict the reading frame of CDSs, and, being error-tolerant, is particularly suitable for the analysis of EST sequences. To create log odds probabilities for Frame-Finder, a training set, composed of Rosaceae mRNA sequences downloaded from the NCBI CoreNucleotide database was prepared and processed with fasta2usage (parameters: -w 6 -j 3) and wordprob. The FrameFinder output, encompassing the most probable putative protein sequence that was obtained from each input sequence, was compared to the PROSITE database [21] using the software scanPROSITE [22], and matching patterns were stored in the database. Frequently matching patterns and profiles were excluded from the analysis. In total, PROSITE patterns and domains were identified in 13,580 EST sequences and in 1,846 contig consensus sequences. Upgrading the web interfaceThe PHP-based web interface was upgraded and modified in Version VI. The Sequence Report and Contig Report tables represent the standard format for data presentation in the ESTree db, and query outputs or selectable sequence subsets are presented with the same table structure. To integrate new data, more columns were added to the tables, so that each sequence feature is presented in table fields and linked to dedicated pages, internal to the ESTree db or belonging to related web resources. A column was added to associate the 4,699 oligomer sequences used in a peach microarray study [23] to the correspondent sequences contained in the database. This tabular struc-ture allows complete overview of sequence-associated fea-tures simply by scrolling the tables. Query outputs can also be downloaded, both in tabular format or as multi-fasta file, encompassing sequences matching the query terms. Independent browsing of subsets of sequences was allowed. This is crucial for a deep insight in the different biological situations existing in the tissues and develop-mental stages that are represented in the database. Sequences can be partitioned according to the organism (peach or almond), the library, the tissue or developmen-tal stage, whether they belong to a unigene, singlet or con-tig, the presence of repeats or putative SNPs and of map positions. In the “Download” page, download was allowed in multiple formats for EST sequences and contig consensus sequences, as well as for the CAP3 alignment and .ace files and for the AutoSNP SNP Reports.Utility and discussionThe ESTree and the GDR databases represent the only existing online resources dedicated to peach EST analysis. The two databases are very similar in terms of entry number (71,540 peach sequences in the ESTree db, 70,939 in the GDR db), but quite different in terms of information and its retrieval. The ESTree db clustering procedure produced a dataset of 27,097 unigenes, 4,303of which were derived from our in-house prepared librar-ies.From the bioinformatic point of view, flexibility and modularity were the keywords in structuring the database. The authors prepared an EST analysis pipeline that could be conveniently applied to the analysis of data derived from other projects. The ESTree pipeline invokes standard public programs as well as custom prepared Perl modules. Adding or removing modules requires little manual inter-vention, making the pipeline easily adaptable to the spe-cific requirements of different datasets. Nonetheless, because of the progressive introduction of new data and of the significant amount of data updating needed to com-pile the database tables, an effort was made to reduce the time required to complete the whole procedure. BLAST analyses were not included into the pipeline to allow a parallel approach on a computer cluster. Updates in the GO blast procedure call for the updating of the corre-sponding in-house prepared table upon which GO statis-tics are created, and this is another example of time-consuming task that is carried out independently from the main pipeline. In the whole ESTree db structure, the PHP-based web interface plays a fundamental role. All the graphical outputs that are presented in the web site are prepared on-the-fly by this interface, and are not stored in the database.The ESTree project is still underway, and additional data are being produced. The integration of microarray-derived data and of EST frequency analyses in different tissues and developmental stages into the ESTree db will make it an exhaustive tool for interpretation of expression differ-ences among the represented biological situations. Fur-thermore, new graphical interfaces to access sequences belonging to specific metabolic pathways will add value to the already available links to KEGG [24]. ConclusionsThe version VI of ESTree db offers the possibility to access data concerning peach gene expression in an easy and complete way. ESTs multiple origins with respect to tis-sues and developmental stages allow a broad study of gene expression in a fruit tree. Ontologies analysis allows the comparison of the transcriptomes from different bio-logical sets, and the creation of expression profiles, to be used in the study of patterns of gene expression (Vecchi-etti et al., in preparation).Additional features of version VI of the ESTree db are the increased, more user-friendly, data retrieval systems according to custom-selected aspects implemented via the web interface. The continuous data production by the ESTree Interuniversitary Centre units will result in a growth of the ESTree db, that will be updated andupgraded according to the future peach genomic projects requirements.Availability and requirementsThe ESTree db is available without restrictions at the fol-lowing URL: r.it/estree/.Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributionsBL participated to library preparation, defined the pipe-line structure and parameters and drafted the manuscript. AC structured the database and wrote all the accessory programs. AV was responsible for library preparation and sequence management. IM was the match point between the ESTree db and GRID technology. FB was responsible for the ESTree mapping project. LM coordinated the inte-gration of bioinformatical resources. AS participated in the design of the study and critically revised the manu-script. CP guided and coordinated the execution of the project. All authors read and approved the final manu-script.AcknowledgementsWe acknowledge Dr David Edwards and Dr. Gary Barker for providing the AutoSNP program, Dr Alberto Montironi for preparing the program for automatic BIN assignment, Dr. Massoud Malek for help with the informatics work and Prof. Francesco Salamini for critical reading of the manuscript.This work was supported by Parco Tecnologico Padano, Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Technologies in Bioinformatics (L.I.T.B.I.O.) and CISI and by the MIUR “Functional Genomics”, “Bioinformatics for Genome and Pro-teome” projects, the EU BIOINFOGRID project, and FIRB projects.This article has been published as part of BMC Bioinformatics Volume 9 Sup-plement 2, 2008: Italian Society of Bioinformatics (BITS): Annual Meeting 2007. The full contents of the supplement are available online at http:// /1471-2105/9?issue=S2References1.ESTree database. . [r.it/estree/]2.GDR: genome database for rosaceae. . 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[http://bioweb.pasteur.fr/docs/man/man/ESTate.1.html]21.Falquet L, Pagni M, Bucher P, Hulo N, Sigrist CJ, Hofmann K, BairochA: The PROSITE database, its status in 2002.Nucleic Acids Res.2002, 30:235-238.22.Gattiker A, Gasteiger E, Bairoch A: ScanPROSITE: a referenceimplementation of a PROSITE scanning tool.Appl. Bioinformat-ics 2002, 1:107-108.23.Trainotti L, Bonghi C, Ziliotto F, Zanin D, Rasori A, Casadoro G,Ramina A, Tonutti P: The use of microarray μP EACH1.0 to investigate transcriptome changes during transition from pre-climacteric to climacteric phase in peach fruit.Plant Sci 2006, 170:606-613.24.KEGG P athway Database. . [http://www.genome.jp/kegg/pathway.html]。
iread23009
iread23009iread23009 is a digital reading platform that offers a wide range of books and magazines for users to enjoy. With a user-friendly interface and an extensive collection of titles,iread23009 aims to provide a seamless reading experience for its users. In this document, we will explore the features and benefits of iread23009 and showcase how it can enhance your reading journey.FeaturesExtensive Collectioniread23009 boasts a vast collection of books and magazines across various genres and categories. Whether you are interested in fiction, non-fiction, self-help, or academic literature, you will find a diverse selection of titles on the platform. Moreover, iread23009 regularly updates its library with new releases, ensuring that you will always have fresh reading material at your fingertips.User-Friendly InterfaceThe user interface of iread23009 is designed to be intuitive and easy to navigate. Upon logging in, you will be greeted with a clean and organized homepage that displays personalized recommendations based on your reading preferences. The search function allows you to quickly find specific titles or authors, and the browsing feature enables you to explore different genres and categories effortlessly.Customized Reading Experienceiread23009 understands that every reader has different preferences when it comes to reading. The platform offers a range of customizable settings to tailor your reading experience to your liking. You can adjust font sizes, set background colors, and even select different font styles. These customization options ensure that you can read comfortably and enjoyably, without any distractions.Reading Progress Trackingiread23009 provides a handy reading progress tracking feature that allows you to keep track of your reading progress across multiple devices. Whether you switch from your phone to your tablet or desktop, iread23009 will synchronize your progress so that you can seamlessly continue where you left off. This feature eliminates the hassle of bookmarking or remembering page numbers, making it easier for you to dive back into your favorite book at any time.Interactive Reading ExperienceIn addition to traditional text-based books, iread23009 also offers a selection of interactive books and magazines. These interactive titles come alive with multimedia elements such as videos, audio clips, and animations, enhancing your reading experience and bringing the content to life. Whether you are learning through educational textbooks or immersing yourself in a graphic novel, iread23009’s interactive features make reading a truly engaging and captivating experience.BenefitsConvenience and PortabilityWith iread23009, you no longer need to carry around heavy books or worry about limited storage space. All your favorite titles are accessible on your mobile device or computer, allowing you to enjoy your reading materials on the go. Whether you are traveling, commuting, or simply relaxing at home, iread23009 ensures that you have instant access to your digital library anytime and anywhere.Cost-Effectiveiread23009 offers a cost-effective solution for avid readers. Instead of purchasing physical books or subscribing to multiple magazine subscriptions, iread23009 provides a comprehensive collection for a single monthly subscription fee. This means you can explore a wide range of titles without breaking the bank, making iread23009 an affordable option for all bookworms.Environmental FriendlyBy opting for digital books and magazines on iread23009, you are contributing to a more sustainable environment. Traditional book production involves cutting down trees and consuming vast amounts of energy and resources. Switching to digital reading reduces paper waste, carbon emissions, and energy consumption associated with the publishing industry. By choosing iread23009, you are making a small but meaningful contribution to preserving our planet.Enhanced Reading Experienceiread23009 enhances your reading experience through its user-friendly interface, customization options, and interactive features. Whether you enjoy exploring new genres, immersing yourself in multimedia-rich content, or keeping track of your reading progress effortlessly, iread23009 offers a range of features to enhance your reading journey. With iread23009, reading becomes more enjoyable, immersive, and engaging.Conclusioniread23009 is a comprehensive digital reading platform that offers convenience, customization, and an extensive collection of books and magazines. Whether you are a casual reader, a book enthusiast, or a lifelong learner, iread23009 has something to cater to your reading needs. With features like a user-friendly interface, customizable settings, and interactive content, iread23009 takes your reading experience to new heights. Start your reading journey today with iread23009 and embark on an immersive and enriching reading experience.。
coolclive英文概括
coolclive英文概括Coolclive is a popular online platform that offers a wide range of services and products to its users. This article provides a comprehensive summary of Coolclive in English.Coolclive is an innovative platform that aims to enhance the online shopping experience for consumers. It offers a diverse range of products, including electronics, clothing, accessories, and home appliances. Users can easily browse through the extensive collection of products and make purchases conveniently from the comfort of their homes.One of the key features of Coolclive is its user-friendly interface. The platform is designed to be intuitive and easy to navigate, ensuring that users can find the products they are looking for without any hassle. The search bar and filter options further aid in narrowing down the product selection based on specific preferences, such as price range, brand, or color.Another notable aspect of Coolclive is its commitment to providing high-quality products. The platform partners with reputable brands and vendors, ensuring that customers receive authentic and durable products. Additionally, Coolclive regularly updates its inventory to keep up with the latest trends and innovations in the market.Coolclive also offers secure and convenient payment options. Users can choose to pay for their purchases using various methods, including credit/debit cards, PayPal, or other online payment platforms. The platform guarantees the safety of customers' personal and financial information through strict security measures.Customer satisfaction is a top priority for Coolclive. The platform provides reliable customer support, ensuring that users receive prompt assistance with any inquiries, issues, or concerns. Users can reach out to the customer support team via email, live chat, or phone, making it convenient to resolve any problems that may arise during the shopping process.In addition to its wide range of products, user-friendly interface, high-quality items, secure payment options, and excellent customer service, Coolclive also offers various promotions and discounts. Users can take advantage of seasonal sales, promotional campaigns, or exclusive deals to enjoy great savings on their purchases.Overall, Coolclive is a comprehensive online platform that caters to the needs of modern-day consumers. With its vast selection of products, user-friendly interface, secure payment options, excellent customer service, and attractive promotions, Coolclive is truly a reliable and convenient platform for online shopping. Whether you are looking for electronics, fashion items, accessories, or home appliances, Coolclive is the perfect destination to fulfill your shopping needs.。
Summary and Promotion of Research on High School E
汇报人：XX 2024-01-13
contents
目录
• Introduction • The Current Situation and
Challenges of High School English Teaching • Summary of Teaching Research and Practice Achievements
02
The Current Situation and Challenges of High School English Teaching
Current situation analysis
Curriculum and teaching materials: The current high school English current curriculum focuses on developing students' language skills, cultural awareness, thinking skills, and learning abilities A variety of teaching materials are available, including textbooks, workbooks, and online resources
Meeting national education standards
The research is conducted in line with national education standards to ensure that students meet the required level of English proficiency
生产计划英文学习app
生产计划英文学习appExecutive SummaryThe purpose of this production plan is to outline the development and production process of an English learning app. The app is designed to help users improve their English language skills through interactive and engaging content. The plan will cover the app’s features, target audience, production team, timeline, budget, and marketing strategy.IntroductionThe English learning app aims to provide a comprehensive and enjoyable learning experience for individuals who want to improve their English language proficiency. The app will offer a variety of features, including grammar lessons, vocabulary exercises, speaking and listening practice, and interactive quizzes. The content will be structured in a way that caters to different learning styles, making it suitable for users of all levels.Target AudienceThe target audience for the English learning app includes students, professionals, and language enthusiasts who want to enhance their English language skills. The app will be accessible to users of all ages, but the primary demographic will include individuals aged 16-35 who are looking to improve their English for academic, career, or personal reasons. The app will also be designed to accommodate non-native English speakers who want to achieve fluency and confidence in the language.App FeaturesThe English learning app will include the following features:- Interactive lessons on grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation- Speaking and listening exercises- Quizzes and assessments to test language proficiency- Personalized study plans and progress tracking- Access to a community forum for language exchange and support- Live tutor sessions and peer-to-peer communication- Integration with social media platforms for sharing achievements and connecting with other learnersProduction TeamThe production team will consist of a diverse group of experts with a background in language education, app development, content creation, and marketing. The team will include the following members:- Project Manager: Responsible for overseeing the production process, managing the team, and ensuring timely delivery of the app.- App Developers: Experienced in app development and programming, responsible for building the app’s interface, functionality, and user experience.- Content Creators: Language instructors, writers, and multimedia specialists who will create engaging and informative learning materials for the app.- Marketing and PR: Experts in digital marketing, branding, and public relations who will promote the app and create strategies to attract and retain users.TimelineThe production timeline for the English learning app will be divided into four main phases: 1. Planning and Research (2 months): This phase will involve market research, competitor analysis, and user feedback collection to define the app’s features and functionalities.2. Development (6 months): The app development team will work on creating the app’s framework, user interface, and content architecture. This phase will also include testing and debugging the app to ensure its smooth performance.3. Content Creation (3 months): The content creation team will develop lessons, exercises, and multimedia materials to be integrated into the app. This phase will also involve quality assurance and review processes.4. Launch and Marketing (1 month): The app will be launched on various app stores and online platforms, and the marketing team will execute a promotional campaign to reach the target audience and attract new users.BudgetThe budget for the production of the English learning app will cover the following expenses: - App development and programming- Content creation and multimedia production- Marketing and promotional activities- Research and testing- Staff salaries and overhead costsThe total budget for the project has been estimated at $500,000, with allocations for each phase of production and marketing.Marketing StrategyThe marketing strategy for the English learning app will focus on building brand awareness, attracting users, and retaining their engagement with the app. The strategy will include the following elements:- Digital advertising on social media platforms and language-learning forums- Collaboration with influencers and language experts for endorsements and reviews- Creation of engaging and shareable content to promote the app’s features and benefits- Email marketing campaigns and newsletters for user acquisition and retention- Partnerships with language schools, universities, and professional organizations for cross-promotion and referralsConclusionThe production plan for the English learning app outlines the process of developing a comprehensive and engaging language-learning platform. The app will offer a range of interactive features to help users improve their English language skills, and the production team is committed to delivering a high-quality and user-friendly product. With a solid marketing strategy and a clear timeline, the app is expected to attract a large user base and become a valuable tool for language learners worldwide.。
Java英语面试题（核心知识篇）
Java英语⾯试题（核⼼知识篇）Java英语⾯试题（核⼼知识篇）Question: What is transient variable?Answer: Transient variable can't be serialize. For example if a variable is declared as transient in a Serializable class and the class is written to an ObjectStream, the value of the variable can't be written to the stream instead when the class is retrieved from the ObjectStream the value of the variable becomes null.Question: Name the containers which uses Border Layout as their default layout?Answer: Containers which uses Border Layout as their default are: window, Frame and Dialog classes.Question: What do you understand by Synchronization?Answer: Synchronization is a process of controlling the access of shared resources by the multiple threads in such a manner that only one thread can access one resource at a time. In non synchronized multithreaded application, it is possible for one thread to modify a shared object while another thread is in the process of using or updating the object's value. Synchronization prevents such type of data corruption.E.g. Synchronizing a function:public synchronized void Method1 () {// Appropriate method-related code.}E.g. Synchronizing a block of code inside a function:public myFunction (){synchronized (this) {// Synchronized code here.}}Question: What is Collection API?Answer: The Collection API is a set of classes and interfaces that support operation on collections of objects. These classes and interfaces are more flexible, more powerful, and more regular than the vectors, arrays, and hashtables if effectively replaces.Example of classes: HashSet, HashMap, ArrayList, LinkedList, TreeSet and TreeMap.Example of interfaces: Collection, Set, List and Map.Question: Is Iterator a Class or Interface? What is its use?Answer: Iterator is an interface which is used to step through the elements of a Collection.Question: What is similarities/difference between an Abstract class and Interface?Answer: Differences are as follows:Interfaces provide a form of multiple inheritance. A class can extend only one other class.Interfaces are limited to public methods and constants with no implementation. Abstract classes can have a partial implementation, protected parts, static methods, etc.A Class may implement several interfaces. But in case of abstract class, a class may extend only one abstract class.Interfaces are slow as it requires extra indirection to to find corresponding method in in the actual class. Abstract classes are fast. Similarities:Neither Abstract classes or Interface can be instantiated.Question: How to define an Abstract class?Answer: A class containing abstract method is called Abstract class. An Abstract class can't be instantiated.Example of Abstract class:abstract class testAbstractClass {protected String myString;public String getMyString() {return myString;}public abstract string anyAbstractFunction();}Question: How to define an Interface?Answer: In Java Interface defines the methods but does not implement them. Interface can include constants. A class that implements the interfaces is bound to implement all the methods defined in Interface.Emaple of Interface:public interface sampleInterface {public void functionOne();public long CONSTANT_ONE = 1000;}Question: Explain the user defined Exceptions?Answer: User defined Exceptions are the separate Exception classes defined by the user for specific purposed. An user defined can created by simply sub-classing it to the Exception class. This allows custom exceptions to be generated (using throw) and caught in the same way as normal exceptions.Example:class myCustomException extends Exception {// The class simply has to exist to be an exception}Question: Explain the new Features of JDBC 2.0 Core API?Answer: The JDBC 2.0 API includes the complete JDBC API, which includes both core and Optional Package API, and provides inductrial-strength database computing capabilities.New Features in JDBC 2.0 Core API:Scrollable result sets- using new methods in the ResultSet interface allows programmatically move the to particular row or to a position relative to its current positionJDBC 2.0 Core API provides the Batch Updates functionality to the java applications.Java applications can now use the ResultSet.updateXXX methods.New data types - interfaces mapping the SQL3 data typesCustom mapping of user-defined types (UTDs)Miscellaneous features, including performance hints, the use of character streams, full precision for java.math.BigDecimal values, additional security, and support for time zones in date, time, and timestamp values.Question: Explain garbage collection?Answer: Garbage collection is one of the most important feature of Java. Garbage collection is also called automatic memory management as JVM automatically removes the unused variables/objects (value is null) from the memory. User program cann't directly free the object from memory, instead it is the job of the garbage collector to automatically free the objects that are no longer referenced by a program. Every class inherits finalize() method from ng.Object, the finalize() method is called by garbage collector when it determines no more references to the object exists. In Java, it is good idea to explicitly assign null into a variable when no more in use. I Java oncalling System.gc() and Runtime.gc(), JVM tries to recycle the unused objects, but there is no guarantee when all the objects will garbage collected.Question: How you can force the garbage collection?Answer: Garbage collection automatic process and can't be forced.Question: What is OOPS?Answer: OOP is the common abbreviation for Object-Oriented Programming.Question: Describe the principles of OOPS.Answer: There are three main principals of oops which are called Polymorphism, Inheritance and Encapsulation.Question: Explain the Encapsulation principle.Answer: Encapsulation is a process of binding or wrapping the data and the codes that operates on the data into a single entity. This keeps the data safe from outside interface and misuse. One way to think about encapsulation is as a protective wrapper that prevents code and data from being arbitrarily accessed by other code defined outside the wrapper.Question: Explain the Inheritance principle.Answer: Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires the properties of another object.Question: Explain the Polymorphism principle.Answer: The meaning of Polymorphism is something like one name many forms. Polymorphism enables one entity to be used as as general category for different types of actions. The specific action is determined by the exact nature of the situation. The concept ofpolymorphism can be explained as "one interface, multiple methods".Question: Explain the different forms of Polymorphism.Answer: From a practical programming viewpoint, polymorphism exists in three distinct forms in Java:Method overloadingMethod overriding through inheritanceMethod overriding through the Java interfaceQuestion: What are Access Specifiers available in Java?Answer: Access specifiers are keywords that determines the type of access to the member of a class. These are: PublicProtectedPrivateDefaultsQuestion: Describe the wrapper classes in Java.Answer: Wrapper class is wrapper around a primitive data type. An instance of a wrapper class contains, or wraps, a primitive value of the corresponding type.Following table lists the primitive types and the corresponding wrapper classes:Primitive Wrapperboolean ng.Booleanbyte ng.Bytechar ng.Characterdouble ng.Doublefloat ng.Floatint ng.Integerlong ng.Longshort ng.Shortvoid ng.VoidQuestion: Read the following program:public class test {public static void main(String [] args) {int x = 3;int y = 1;if (x = y)System.out.println("Not equal");elseSystem.out.println("Equal");}}What is the result?A. The output is equal?br>B. The output in not Equal?br>C. An error at " if (x = y)" causes compilation to fall.D. The program executes but no output is show on console.Answer: CQuestion: what is the class variables ?Answer: When we create a number of objects of the same class, then each object will share a common copy of variables. That means that there is only one copy per class, no matter how many objects are created from it. Class variables or static variables are declared with the static keyword in a class, but mind it that it should be declared outside outside a class. These variables are stored in static memory. Class variables are mostly used for constants, variable that never change its initial value. Static variables are always called by the class name. This variable is created when the program starts i.e. it is created before the instance is created of class by using new operator and gets destroyed when the programs stops. The scope of the class variable is same a instance variable. The class variable can be defined anywhere at class level with the keyword static. It initial value is same as instance variable. When the class variable is defined as int then it's initial value is by default zero, when declared boolean its default value is false and null for object references. Class variables are associated with the class, rather than with any object.Question: What is the difference between the instanceof and getclass, these two are same or not ?Answer: instanceof is a operator, not a function while getClass is a method of ng.Object class. Consider a condition where we use if(o.getClass().getName().equals("ng.Math")){ }This method only checks if the classname we have passed is equal to ng.Math. The class ng.Math is loaded by the bootstrap ClassLoader. This class is an abstract class.This class loader is responsible for loading classes. Every Class object contains a reference to the ClassLoader that defines. getClass() method returns the runtime class of an object. It fetches the java instance of the given fully qualified type name. The code we have written is not necessary, because we should not compare getClass.getName(). The reason behind it is that if the two different class loaders load the same class but for the JVM, it will consider both classes as different classes so, we can't compare their names. It can only gives the implementing class but can't compare a interface, but instanceof operator can.The instanceof operator compares an object to a specified type. We can use it to test if an object is an instance of a class, an instance of a subclass, or an instance of a class that implements a particular interface. We should try to use instanceof operator in place of getClass() method. Remember instanceof opeator and getClass are not same. Try this example, it will help you to better understand the difference between the two.Interface one{}Class Two implements one {}Class Three implements one {}public class Test {public static void main(String args[]) {one test1 = new Two();one test2 = new Three();System.out.println(test1 instanceof one); //trueSystem.out.println(test2 instanceof one); //trueSystem.out.println(Test.getClass().equals(test2.getClass())); //false}}。
btkitty
btkittyBTKitty: A Comprehensive Guide to Torrent DownloadingIntroduction:BTKitty is a popular torrent search engine that revolutionizes the way users find and download torrent files. With an extensive collection of torrents ranging from movies, TV shows, music, software, and more, BTKitty provides an easy-to-use platform for accessing a vast array of digital content. In this guide, we will explore the features, benefits, and safety measures of using BTKitty for torrent downloading.1. What is BTKitty?BTKitty is a torrent search engine that allows users to search and download torrents from various websites. It acts as a central hub, indexing and organizing torrents from multiple sources into one convenient platform. By aggregating torrent files from different sites, BTKitty provides users with a comprehensive selection of content to choose from.2. How does BTKitty work?BTKitty operates by crawling through various torrent websites and indexing the torrent files it finds. When a user searches for a specific torrent on BTKitty, the search results are displayed based on relevance and popularity. The user can then select the desired torrent file and initiate the downloading process using a BitTorrent client program.3. Advantages of using BTKitty:a. Extensive collection of torrents: BTKitty offers a vast collection of torrents, making it a go-to platform for users seeking diverse digital content. From the latest movies and TV shows to eBooks and software, BTKitty covers a wide range of categories.b. Simple and intuitive interface: BTKitty features a user-friendly interface that allows even novice users to navigate the platform effortlessly. The simple search bar and organized search results make finding and downloading torrents a hassle-free experience.c. Fast and efficient search: BTKitty utilizes advanced search algorithms to provide quick and accurate search results. Users can filter their search based on categories, file sizes, and upload dates to find the torrents that best suit their preferences.d. User ratings and comments: BTKitty incorporates a rating system that allows users to rate and comment on torrents. This feature provides valuable insights into the quality and authenticity of torrents, helping users make informed decisions.4. Safety precautions when using BTKitty:While BTKitty offers a convenient way to access torrents, it is important to exercise caution and follow safety measures to protect your online security. Here are a few precautions to consider:a. Use a VPN: Using a virtual private network (VPN) is strongly recommended when using BTKitty or any other torrent platform. A VPN encrypts your online traffic, making it secure and anonymous, thus protecting your identity and online activities from potential threats.b. Verify user ratings and comments: Before downloading a torrent file, it is advisable to check the user ratings and comments associated with it. This can help identify potentially harmful or fake torrents, ensuring a safer download.c. Scan downloaded files: Always run a reliable antivirus or anti-malware program to scan downloaded files for any potential threats. This will help protect your device from viruses, malware, and other malicious software.d. Avoid copyrighted content: It is important to respect copyright laws and avoid downloading or sharing copyrighted material without proper authorization. Downloading copyrighted content may lead to legal consequences, so use BTKitty responsibly and only download legal torrents.5. Conclusion:BTKitty is a powerful tool for anyone interested in accessing a diverse range of digital content through torrents. With its extensive collection of torrents, user-friendly interface, andadvanced search capabilities, BTKitty offers a convenient and efficient solution for finding and downloading torrents. However, it is crucial to prioritize online safety by using a VPN, verifying user ratings, scanning downloaded files, and respecting copyright laws. By following these precautions, users can enjoy a seamless torrent downloading experience while protecting their online security.。
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为了解决对象数组长度不可改变，需要向数组中增加数据需要考虑对象数组的容量等问题，在这里引入Java 类的集合的概念特点：此类的集合大小不确定，大小可变。
Java.util.* 包其中有：●Collection 元素的类的集合✧List 元素的序列，可以重复✧Set 没有重复元素的类的集合没有重复元素的而且已经排序的类的集合TreeSet 有序的存放，依靠Compareable接口HashSet 散列的无序的存放●Map 二元偶对的集合，key → value，不能重复主要功能作为查找使用，不是输出✧SortedMap 二元偶对的集合，已经排序而且不能重复●Iterator 一个可以遍历整个类的集合的对象，可获得或删除元素✧ListIterator 可以遍历一个List的对象，允许双向遍历列表，并可以修改单元⏹其中，List 是接口，我们需要依靠子类ArrayList来进行实例化。
ArayList类扩展了AbstractList 并且执行List接口是个动态数组（异步处理方式）使用格式为：List list= new ArrayList() 子类对象为父接口实例化1.方法：add(Object obj)存储方法[XXX,XXX,XXX,…,XXX] 加入数据的顺序和存储顺序相同2.方法：add(int index, Object obj)Index从0开始计数，加入特定位置加入时最好加入同一种对象。
3.方法：remove(int index)删除特定位置的元素4.方法：size()求出对象的总数5.方法：get(int index)获得特定位置的元素⏹使用Iterator 输出元素Iterator iter = list.interator()1.方法：hasNext()判断是不是有内容可以继续迭代2.方法：next()返回下一个元素While(iter.hasNext()){Object obj = iter.next();System.out.println(obj);}⏹限制加入元素的类型List <ng.String> list = new ArrayList<ng.String>()⏹LinkedList类基本数据结构为：数据+上一个元素的地址+下一个元素的地址⏹HashSet类HashSet类扩展了AbstractSet并且实现了Set 接口使用散列表存储数据。
无序列存储，不是加入的顺序,元素不可以重复,重复的元素只保留一个,其他方面的和List 一致.Set <String> set = new HashSet<String>()⏹HashMap类使用散列表实现Map接口，是Map接口的接口子类，以Map为标准进行操作是一种映射类key → value （电话本：姓名和电话的关系）Map <String, String >map = new HashMap<String, String>()1.方法：put(Object ket, Object value)加入元素2.方法：get(Object key)根据key取出内容.没有key 则返回nullMap 接口的对象不能用Iterator 输出,因为它存储的是二元偶对，如果需要，必须使用以下步骤Map→ Set → Iterator → MapEntry →key、valueSet set = map.entrySet();Iterator iter = set.iterator();While(iter.hasNext()){Map.Entry me = (Map.Entry) iter.next();me.getKey();me .getValue();}⏹TreeMap类Map <String, String >map = new TreeMap<String, String>()会按照键值进行排序⏹HashTable类Map <String, String >map = new HashTable<String, String>()和HashMap类似（同步），但HashTable是同步的没有太多的区别采用映射的方式key → value不支持迭代函数⏹Properties 类是HashTable的子类,与TashTable 不同的是这个类主要是保存字符串的1.方法：setProperties(String key, String value)2.方法：getProperties(String key)3.方法：getProperties(String key, String defaultValue )//TODO: Compareable==========================HashTable和HashMap的比较2007年09月25日星期二下午05:42Hashtables提供了一个很有用的方法可以使应用程序的性能达到最佳。
Hashtables（哈希表）在计算机领域中已不是一个新概念了。
它们是用来加快计算机的处理速度的，用当今的标准来处理，速度非常慢，而它们可以让你在查询许多数据条目时，很快地找到一个特殊的条目。
尽管现代的机器速度已快了几千倍，但是为了得到应用程序的最佳性能，hashtables仍然是个很有用的方法。
设想一下，你有一个包含约一千条记录的数据文件??比如一个小企业的客户记录??还有一个程序，它把记录读到内存中进行处理。
每个记录包含一个唯一的五位数的客户ID号、客户名字、地址、帐户结余等等。
假设记录不是按客户ID号顺序分类的，所以，如果程序要将客户号作为“key”来查找一个特殊的客户记录，唯一的查找方法就是连续地搜索每个记录。
有时侯，它会很快找到你需要的记录；但有时侯，在程序找到你需要的记录前，它几乎已搜索到了最后一条记录。
如果要在1,000条记录中搜索，那么查找任何一条记录都需要程序平均查核500.5 ((1000 + 1 )/2)条记录。
如果你常需要查找数据，你应该需要一个更快的方法来找到一条记录。
一种加快搜索的方法就是把记录分成几段，这样，你就不用搜索一个很大的列表了，而是搜索几个短的列表。
对于我们数字式的客户ID号，你可以建10个列表??以0开头的ID号组成一个列表，以1开头的ID号组成一个列表，依此类推。
那么要查找客户ID号38016，你只需要搜索以3开头的列表就行了。
如果有1,000条记录，每个列表的平均长度为100（1,000条记录被分成10个列表），那么搜索一条记录的平均比较次数就降到了约50。
当然，如果约十分之一的客户号是以0开头的，另外十分之一是以1开头的，等等，那么这种方法会很适合。
如果90%的客户号以0开头，那么那个列表就会有900条记录，每次查找平均需要进行450次比较。
另外，程序需要执行的搜索有90%都是针对以0开头的号码的。
因此，平均比较数就大大超过简单数学运算的范围了。
如果我们可以按这样一种方式在我们的列表中分配记录，情况就会好一些，即每个列表约有相同条目的记录，而不管键值中数字的分布。
我们需要一种方法能够把客户号码混合到一起并更好地分布结果。
例如，我们可以取号码中的每位数，乘以某个大的数（随着数字位置的不同而不同），然后将结果相加产生一个总数，把这个数除以10，并将余数作为索引值（index）。
当读入记录时，程序在客户号码上运行这个哈希（hash) 函数来确定记录属于哪个列表。
当用户需要查询时，将同一个哈希函数作为一个“key”用于客户号码，这样就可以搜索正确的列表了。
像这样的一个数据结构就称为一个哈希表（hashtable)。
Java中的HashtablesJava包含两个类，java.util.Hashtable 和java.util.HashMap，它们提供了一个多种用途的hashtable机制。
这两个类很相似，通常提供相同的公有接口。
但它们的确有一些重要的不同点，我在后面会讲到。
Hashtable和HashMap对象可以让你把一个key和一个value结合起来，并用put() 方法把这对key/value输入到表中。
然后你可以通过调用get()方法，把key作为参数来得到这个value（值）。
只要满足两个基本的要求，key和value可以是任何对象。
注意，因为key和value必须是对象，所以原始类型（primitive types）必须通过运用诸如Integer(int)的方法转换成对象。
为了将一个特定类的对象用做一个key，这个类必须提供两个方法，equals() 和hashCode()。
这两个方法在ng.Object中，所以所有的类都可以继承这两个方法；但是，这两个方法在Object类中的实现一般没什么用，所以你通常需要自己重载这两个方法。
Equals()方法把它的对象同另一个对象进行比较，如果这两个对象代表相同的信息，则返回true。
该方法也查看并确保这两个对象属于相同的类。
如果两个参照对象是完全一样的对象，Object.equals()返回true，这就说明了为什么这个方法通常不是很适合的原因。
在大多数情况下，你需要一个方法来一个字段一个字段地进行比较，所以我们认为代表相同数据的不同对象是相等的。
HashCode()方法通过运用对象的内容执行一个哈希函数来生成一个int值。
Hashtable和HashMap用这个值来算出一对key/value位于哪个bucket（哈希元）（或列表）中。
作为例子，我们可以查看一下String 类，因为它有自己的方法来实现这两个方法。
String.equals()对两个String对象一个字符一个字符地进行比较，如果字符串是相同的，则返回true：String myName = "Einstein";// The following test is// always trueif ( myName.equals("Einstein") ){ ...String.hashCode()在一个字符串上运行哈希函数。
字符串中每个字符的数字代码都乘以31，结果取决于字符串中字符的位置。
然后将这些计算的结果相加，得到一个总数。
这个过程似乎很复杂，但是它确保能够更好地分布值。
它也证明了你在开发你自己的hashCode()方法时，能够走多远，确信结果是唯一的。
例如，假设我要用一个hashtable来实现一个书的目录，把书的ISBN号码作为搜索键来进行搜索。
我可以用String类来承载细节，并准备好了equals()和hashCode()方法。