ch5 Ion Implantation

合集下载

光刻与刻蚀工艺

第十五页，共118页。
1、涂胶
第十六页，共118页。
1、涂胶
❖涂胶目的 ❖在硅片表面形成厚度均匀、附着性强、并
且没有(méi yǒu)缺陷的光刻胶薄膜。 ❖怎样才能让光刻胶粘的牢一些？
第十七页，共118页。
可以(kěyǐ)开始涂胶了……
❖ 怎么涂？ ❖旋转涂胶法：把胶滴在硅片，然后使硅片
高速旋转，液态胶在旋转中因离心力作用 (zuòyòng)由轴心沿径向（移动）飞溅出去，但粘附在硅表面的胶受粘附力的作用 (zuòyòng)而留下。在旋转过程中胶所含的溶剂不断挥发，故可得到一层均匀的胶膜 ❖ 怎样才算涂的好？
❖一个英制等级100的洁净室相当于公制等级
第八页，共118页。
洁净室（4）
❖ 对一般的IC制造区域，需要等级100的洁净室，约比一般室内空气低4个数量级。
❖ 在图形(túxíng)曝光的工作区域，则需要等级10或1的洁净室。
第九页，共118页。
lithography
❖Introduction ❖光刻 ❖洁净室 ❖工艺流程(ɡōnɡ yì liú chénɡ) ❖光刻机 ❖光刻胶 ❖掩膜版
第十四页，共118页。
resist substrate
maБайду номын сангаасk
negative tone
光刻工艺(gōngyì)过程
❖ 涂胶 coating ❖ 前烘 prebaking ❖ 曝光(bào guāng) exposure ❖ 显影 development ❖ 坚膜 postbake ❖ 刻蚀 etch ❖ 去胶 strip ❖ 检验 inspection
第二十八页，共118页。
❖显4、影之显后影的(x检iǎ查n yǐng)（Development）

妇科英语试题库及答案

妇科英语试题库及答案一、选择题1. Which of the following is a common symptom of endometriosis?A. Heavy menstrual bleedingB. Irregular periodsC. InfertilityD. All of the above答案：D2. What is the medical term for the removal of the uterus?A. HysterectomyB. OophorectomyC. SalpingectomyD. Cystectomy答案：A3. The hormone responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics is:A. EstrogenB. ProgesteroneC. TestosteroneD. Insulin答案：A二、填空题4. The process of a fertilized egg implanting into the________ is known as implantation.答案：endometrium5. The medical condition characterized by the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus is called ________. 答案：endometriosis6. A ________ is a surgical procedure to remove the ovaries.答案：oophorectomy三、判断题7. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition thataffects only the ovaries.答案：错误8. Menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation,which occurs naturally in women around the age of 50.答案：正确9. The use of oral contraceptives can help prevent the development of ovarian cysts.答案：错误四、简答题10. Describe the function of the cervix in the female reproductive system.答案：The cervix serves as a passageway for sperm to enterthe uterus and for the baby to be delivered during childbirth.It also produces mucus that helps to facilitate the movement of sperm towards the egg.11. What are the typical symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?答案：Typical symptoms of PMS include mood swings,irritability, bloating, breast tenderness, fatigue, and headaches, among others.五、案例分析题12. A 35-year-old woman presents with a history of severe pelvic pain, painful intercourse, and infertility. She has been trying to conceive for the past two years without success. What condition might she be suffering from, and what diagnostic tests could be performed to confirm the diagnosis?答案：The woman may be suffering from endometriosis. Diagnostic tests that could be performed include a pelvic examination, transvaginal ultrasound, and possibly a laparoscopy to visualize the endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus.六、翻译题13. 翻译以下医学术语：- 子宫肌瘤 (Uterine fibroids)- 子宫颈涂片 (Pap smear)- 卵巢囊肿 (Ovarian cyst)答案：- 子宫肌瘤 (Uterine fibroids)- 子宫颈涂片 (Pap smear)- 卵巢囊肿 (Ovarian cyst)七、论述题14. Discuss the importance of regular gynecological check-ups and the common procedures involved.答案：Regular gynecological check-ups are crucial for early detection and prevention of various gynecological disorders such as cervical cancer, ovarian cysts, and endometriosis. Common procedures involved include a pelvic examination, Pap smear for cervical cancer screening, breast examination, and discussions regarding sexual health and contraception.请注意，以上内容仅为示例，实际的试题库和答案应根据具体教学大纲和课程内容进行编制。

08工艺-刻蚀

+ 隔离掺杂 p
Si
氮化硅和垫层氧化剥离
(c)
(e)
RCA 清洗
• 1960年，年 Kern and Puotinen 在RCA开发 • IC fabs中最常用的清洗工艺 • SC-1溶液：NH4OH:H2O2:H2O按1:1:5到1:2:7 的比例配制并且温度在7 70 - 80 °C，用于去除颗粒沾污. • SC-2 SC 2 溶液：溶液 HCl:H2O2:H2O 按 1:1:6 到 1:2:8 比例配制并且温度在 70-80 ° C ，用于去除无机沾污。沾污 • 去离子水冲洗 • HF 浸洗或 HF 蒸汽腐蚀去除自然氧化层
– – – – 硅片的清洗无图形的薄膜去除如氮化硅和钛的去除无图形的薄膜去除，如氮化硅和钛的去除。测试硅片的薄膜去除和清洗。应用于 CVD膜质量的控制 (缓冲氧化层刻蚀剂或BOE)
旋转甩干
SiO2的湿法刻蚀
• 氢氟酸溶液 (HF)，极高的选择比。 • 通常用缓冲剂或去离子水稀释减少刻蚀速率
垫层氧化氮化硅 P-型衬底垫层氧化,氮化硅淀积和图案形成
Si Si 生长SiO2/SiN 刻蚀 SiN/SiO2/Si
氮化硅 p+ P-型衬底
SiO2 p+
+ p 隔离掺杂
(a)
氧化 + CVD USG
(b)
去掉 SiN/SiO2 USG
LOCOS 局部氧化 SiO2 p+ P-型衬底 p+ 鸟嘴
硅化物退火
湿法去除钛
湿法刻蚀优缺点
• 高选择比 • 相对便宜的设备 • 批处理，高产出批处理高产出 • • • • 各向同性的形貌不能形成3微米以下的图形化学剂用量大化学剂的危害性

病理学英文——精选推荐

第一章病理学单词绪论pathology etiologypathogenesispathological change 第二章细胞和组织的适应与损伤adaptationatrophyhypertrophy compensatory hypertrophy endocrine hypertrophy hyperplasia compensatory hyperplasia hormonal hyperplasia metaplasiainjuryischemiahypoxiagenetic variation reversible injury degenerationcellular swelling hydropic degeneration fatty change/steatosis fatty infiltration hyalinizationhyaline degeneration arteriolosclerosis amyloid changemucoid degerenation pathological pigmentation hemosiderinlipofuscinmelaninbilirubinpathologic calcificationdystrophic calcificationmetastatic calcificationirreversiblenecrosispyknosiskaryorrhexiskaryolysiscoagulative necrosiscaseous necrosisliquefactive necrosisfibrinoid necrosisgangreneerosionulcersinusfistulacavityorganizationencapsulationapoptosiscellular agingtelomere第三章损伤的修复repair regeneration cell cycle labile cells stable cells permanent cells extracellular matrix，ECM collagenelastinmatricellular proteins hyaluronanchaloneembryonic stem cell adult stem celltrans-differentiation mesenchymal stem cell granulation tissue myofibroblastscarwound hesalinghealing by first intentionhealing by second intentionbone fracturewoven bone第四章局部血液循环障碍hyperemia congestionarterial hyperemia venous hyperemia cyanosiscongestive edema congestive hemorrhage chronic congestion congestive sclerosis heart failure cells brown duration nutmeg liverIto cellscongestive liver cirrhosis hemorrhage hematomapetechiaepurpuraecchymosesbilirubinthrombosisthrombusadhesionrelease reaction aggregationblood hypercoagulabilitypale thrombusmixed thrombusmural thrombusred thrombushyaline thrombusrecanalizationcalcificationphlebolitharteriolithembolismembolusthromboembolismpulmonary embolismsaddle embolismfat embolismgas embolismair embolismdecompression sicknessamniotic fluid embolisminfarctionanemic infarctwhite infarcthemorrhagic infarctred infarctedema第五章炎症inflammation alteration exudation proliferation exudate transudateacute inflammation chronic inflammation stasis transcytosisleukocytic margination selectinemigrationchemotaxisrecognition and attachment opsoninengulfment phagolysosomekilling and degradation defensins inflammatory mediator炎serous inflammationfibrinous inflammationsuppurative or purulent inflammationpusempyemaphlegmonous inflammationabscesshemorrhagic inflammationbacteremiatoxemiasepticemiapyemiachronic granulomations inflammation 第五章肿瘤tumor, neoplasmmass aggressivenessbenign tumor malignant tumor cancerneoplasianeoplastic proliferation polyclonalclonalneoplastic transformation autonomy tumorigenic agent promotercarcinogenpapillaryvillouspolypoidnodularlobularinfiltratingulcerativecysticparenchymastromadifferentiationdegree of differentiation undifferentiatedatypia architectural atypia cellular atypiaanaplasiaanaplastic tumor adenomacarcinomasarcoma carcinosarcomainvasionmetastasisexpansile growth exophytic growth invasive growthwell-circumscribed capsuleencapsulated compression angiogenesis progression heterogeneitymalignant transformation direct spreading metastatic tumor, metastasis secondary tumorprimary tumorlymphatic metastasis hematogenous metastasis implantation metastasis precancerous diseaseinherited cancer syndrome atypical hyperplasia dysplasiaoncogenepoint mutationgene amplification chromosomal translocation tumor suppressor gene tumor immunology tumor-specific antigen tumor-associated antigen oncofetal antigen immunosurveillance文- 汉语汉字编辑词条文，wen，从玄从爻。

教师授课计划(半导体制造工艺与设备)

2、此表经各系、领导审批后执行，不得随意更改。如特殊原因确需变动，须提前办理审批手续。
0.5
19
1
36
Ch9 CMP
3
3
History and curre
37
CMP Basics
1
4
Brief Overview
2
21
3
38
CMP Hardware
1
5
3
22
2
39
CMP Processes
1
6
Introduction
1
23
Lithography Technology Trends
10
1
27
Ch7 Ion Implantation
3
44
Transistors Making
1
11
1.5
28
Ion Implantation Processes
2
Interconnections
1
12
Wet oxidation
1.5
29
Ion Implantation Hardware
1
Passivation
1
使用教材：Campbell, Stephen A.,The science and engineering of microelectronic fabrication.
参考书目：半导体制造技术.北京：电子工业出版社，2004.
实习、课程设计、参观、调查时间：
教研室主任：
系领导：
说明：1、此表一式四份，各系、教务处、教师本人各存一份；向学生公布一份。
0.5
13
1

无机化合物的英文命名

不带“ion”的阳离子名称 + 不带“ion”的阴离子名称
* 阳离子的电荷数用斯托克数字（ Stock number）来表示（只形成一种阳离子的元素不必用）. 例:CuCl： copper（I）chloride；
arseniteБайду номын сангаасAsO33-) phosphite(PO33-) sulfite(SO32-) nitrite(NO2-)
-ic
-ous
nitric含氮的/硝酸的 nitrous 含氮的(化合价低的) sulfuric含(六价)硫的 sulfurous含硫的
Note -ic: 指相似化合物中较高价态的，-ous：较低价的化合物
NaOH: sodium hydroxide KOH： potassium hydroxide
ammonium hydroxide
如果某元素能形成一种以上的阳离子，则使用斯托克数字（Stock number）来表示其价态.
Fe(OH)3: iron(Ⅲ) hydroxide
6. Names of Salts（盐的命名）：
PO3-（偏磷酸根）：metaphosphate ion (S2O6)2- （焦硫酸根）：pyrosulfate ion
3 ） Anions containing hydrogen （含氢阴离子）：hydrogen + 酸根离子名称例：HCO3-：hydrogen carbonate ion
3. Names of oxides：非金属氧化物的命名(nonmetals)
I-： iodide ion
I： iodine
H-： hydride ion
H：hydrogen

Design of Multiple Metal Doped Ni Based Catalyst for Hydrogen Generation from Biooil Reforming

CHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS VOLUME26,NUMBER1FEBRUARY27,2013ARTICLEDesign of Multiple Metal Doped Ni Based Catalyst for Hydrogen Generation from Bio-oil Reforming at Mild-temperatureLi-xia Yuan a,b,Fang Ding a,Jian-ming Yao a,Xiang-song Chen a,Wei-wei Liu a,Jin-yong Wu a,Fei-yan Gong b,Quan-xin Li b∗a.Institute of Plasma Physics,Chinese Academy Sciences,Hefei230026,Chinab.Anhui Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy,University of Science and Technology of China,Hefei230026,China(Dated:Received on November16,2012;Accepted on December10,2012)A new kind of multiple metal(Cu,Mg,Ce)doped Ni based mixed oxide catalyst,synthesizedby the co-precipitation method,was used for eﬃcient production of hydrogen from bio-oilreforming at250−500◦C.Two reforming processes,the conventional steam reforming(CSR)and the electrochemical catalytic reforming(ECR),were performed for the bio-oil reforming.The catalyst with an atomic mole ratio of Ni:Cu:Mg:Ce:Al=5.6:1.1:1.9:1.0:9.9exhibited veryhigh reforming activity both in CSR and ECR processes,reaching82.8%hydrogen yieldat500◦C in the CSR,yield of91.1%at400◦C and3.1A in the ECR,respectively.Theinﬂuences of reforming temperature and the current through the catalyst in the ECR wereinvestigated.It was observed that the reforming and decomposition of the bio-oil weresigniﬁcantly enhanced by the current.The promoting eﬀects of current on the decompositionand reforming processes of bio-oil were further studied by using the model compounds of bio-oil(acetic acid and ethanol)under101kPa or low pressure(0.1Pa)through the time ofﬂightanalysis.The catalyst also shows high water gas shift activity in the range of300−600◦C.The catalyst features and alterations in the bio-oil reforming were characterized by the ICP,XRD,XPS and BET measurements.The mechanism of bio-oil reforming was discussedbased on the study of the elemental reactions and catalyst characterizations.The researchcatalyst,potentially,may be a practical catalyst for high eﬃcient production of hydrogenfrom reforming of bio-oil at mild-temperature.Key words:Hydrogen generation,Bio-oil,Ni based catalyst,Mild-temperatureI.INTRODUCTIONCurrently,hydrogen production from steam reform-ing of bio-oil has attracted considerable attention[1]. The conventional carbonbased fossil fuels,such as coal, oil,and natural gas are becoming depleted day by day, on the other hand,hydrogen production processes from catalytic steam reforming of nonrenewable materials such as natural gas and oilderived naphtha are accom-panied by high CO2emissions,which signiﬁcantly con-tributes to the greenhouse eﬀect[2].Consequently, biomass,the intriguing renewable resources could in principle be a candidate for hydrogen production[3]. Hydrogen can be produced from biomass mainly via two thermochemical processes,the gasiﬁcation and the ﬂash pyrolysis followed by steam reforming of the py-rolysis oil[4,5].The pyrolysis oil,known as bio-oil, generally,contains numerous and complex oxygenated organic compounds including acids,alcohols,aldehydes,∗Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.E-mail: liqx@ ketones,substituted phenolics and other oxygenates de-rived from biomass carbohydrates and lignin[6].From an economic and environmental view,steam reforming of pyrolysis oil(bio-oil)is one of the promising routes of hydrogen production from renewable sources.The bio-oil reforming reactions would take place in the re-forming reaction(Eq.(1))or the water-gas shift reaction (WGS)(Eq.(2))[7,8].C n H m O k+(n−k)H2O=n CO+n+m2−kH2(1) CO+H2O→CO2+H2(2) During the last decade,steam reforming of bio-oil and its model compounds has been studied continuously, various catalysts such as the Ni-based catalysts(sup-ported on such as Al2O3,MgO,CeO2and TiO2etc.) and noble metal-loaded catalysts(e.g.,Pt,Ru,Rh etc.) have been selected and used for production of hydro-gen from steam reforming of bio-oil and hydrocarbons [9−12].Conventional catalysts for the steam reforming of hydrocarbons are NiO supported on a mineral(e.g., alumina,magnesia)usually operating at high temper-ature(600−850◦C)[8,13].Noble metals are gener-DOI:10.1063/1674-0068/26/01/109-120109c 2013Chinese Physical Society110Chin.J.Chem.Phys.,Vol.26,No.1Li-xia Yuan et al.ally more eﬀective than the Ni-based catalysts and less carbon depositing but not common in real applications because of their high cost.Lots of works on the steam reforming of bio-oil and model compounds(e.g.,methanol,ethanol,acetic acid etc.)have been extensively performed in the past[1,14, 15],but the exorbitant reforming temperature and the catalyst deactivation still remain serious challenging in the production of hydrogen from bio-oil.The process of bio-oil reforming is much more complex than that of single organic compound.Generally,the reforming temperature to achieve a high hydrogen yield for bio-oil over a given catalyst is much higher than that of a single oxygenated organic compound,the catalyst inac-tivity and the reaction channels in the bio-oil reforming are much more serious and intricate than those in the re-forming process of single oxygenated organic compound [7,16].Accordingly,developing non-noble metal cata-lysts suitable for the low-temperature reforming bio-oil, optimizing reforming conditions,and studying the re-action mechanism and the catalyst inactivation process are required and imperative.In our previous work,much attention has been paid to the fast pyrolysis of biomass[9],the production of hydrogen from the volatile fraction of the bio-oil and model compounds[17,18],and a new electrochemical catalytic reforming(ECR)bio-oil method was devel-oped[19].In this work,to solve the problems in hy-drogen production from bio-oil,including reducing re-forming temperature and deactivation of catalyst,the multiple metal doped Ni based mixed oxide catalyst was researched in electrochemical catalytic steam reforming of bio-oil.This non-noble catalyst showed good activity for reforming of bio-oil at lower operating temperature (250−500◦C)with a longer lifetime,as compared with the performance using the conventional NiO-Al2O3cat-alysts.The activity of water gas shift and decomposi-tion for the oxygenated organic compounds in the bio-oil over the research catalyst,and the inﬂuences of the current on the bio-oil reforming,decomposition and cat-alyst microcosmic properties were studied.The mech-anism of the bio-oil reforming was also discussed based on present investigations.II.EXPERIMENTSA.Catalyst preparation and characterizationThe mixed oxide catalysts were prepared by the side-by-side co-precipitation method at a constant pH us-ing respective metal nitrates as precursors and a mix-ture of NaOH and Na2CO3as precipitators.The main preparation procedures included:(i)preparation of re-spective metal nitrates solution,(ii)preparation of a mixture of NaOH(1mol/L)and Na2CO3(1mol/L), (iii)preparation of precipitates by the side-by-side co-precipitation of metal nitrates solution and the pre-cipitators at a constant pH(9.0±0.5)and80◦C,(iv)FIG.1Schematic setup of theﬁxed-bedﬂow reaction sys-tem for the bio-oil.ECR mode:as the Ni-Cr wire was passed through an ac electronic current for heating the catalyst and synchronously providing the electrons onto the cata-lyst.CSR mode:the current was shut oﬀand the reactor was homogeneously heated by an outside furnace.the precipitates were aged for10h at25◦C,pumped and washed until pH=7,dried overnight in an oven at 110◦C,(v)then the dried precipitates were heated at 1◦C/min to450◦C and calcined at450◦C for6h in air to obtain the corresponding mixed oxide catalysts, (vi)ﬁnally,the mixed oxide catalysts were crushed into 0.1−0.2mm and ready for the reforming.The metallic contents in the prepared catalysts were measured by inductively coupled plasma and atomic emission spectroscopy(ICP/AES,Atom scan Advan-tage of Thermo Jarrell Ash Corporation,USA).X-ray diﬀraction(XRD)measurements were em-ployed to investigate the diﬀraction structure changes of the catalysts.XRD patterns of the catalysts were recorded on an X’pert Pro Philips diﬀractrometer,us-ing a Cu Kαradiation.The surface elements and their states were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The XPS measurements were performed on an ESCALAB-250 (Thermo-VG Scientiﬁc,USA)spectrometer with Al Kα(1486.6eV)irradiation source.The C1s peak at 284.6eV was generally used as a calibration standard for determining the peaks’position and the elemental concentration.The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)surface area and pore volume was determined by the N2physisorp-tion at−196◦C using a COULTER SA3100analyzer.B.Reaction systemAs shown in Fig.1,the bio-oil steam reforming ex-periments were carried out in the continuousﬂow sys-tems,using a quartzﬁxed-bed reactor under atmo-spheric pressure.The bio-oil was fed into the reactors using the multi-syringe pump(Model:TS2-60,Baod-ing Longer Precision Pump),the steam from a steam-generator was simultaneously fed into the reactors forDOI:10.1063/1674-0068/26/01/109-120c 2013Chinese Physical SocietyChin.J.Chem.Phys.,Vol.26,No.1Ni Based Catalyst for Hydrogen Generation from Bio-oil111 adjusting the S/C ratio(mole ratio of steam to carbonin bio-oil fed).The steam amount fed was controlledby the massﬂow controller,and the eﬄuent gases fromthe reactors were measured byﬂow display.Tempera-ture and its distribution were measured by the ther-mocouples inserted into the catalyst beds.We per-formed the reforming experiments with following twoprocesses,i.e.,the conventional steam reforming(CSR)and the ECR.For the ECR,an annular Ni-Cr wire,which passed through a given ac electronic current,en-twined around a quartz column for heating the catalystand synchronously providing the electrons onto the cat-alyst,and installed in the center of the reactor.The cat-alyst was uniformly embedded around the Ni-Cr wire.To make a certain reforming temperature,the catalystbed was heated by a supplementary outside furnace.For the CSR,ac was shut oﬀand the catalyst bed washomogeneously heated by an outside furnace.The prepared bio-oil described by a chemical formulaof CH2.03O0.67·0.89H2O[19].The products of the re-forming reactions were analyzed by two on-line gas chro-matographs(GC1and GC2)with thermal conductivitydetector(TCD).The intermediates desorbed from thecatalyst surface were mass analyzed by a time-of-ﬂight(TOF)mass spectrometer.The experimental setup ofthe TOF system has been described in detail elsewhere[19,20].The hydrogen yield was calculated as a percentage ofthe stoichiometric potential,in case of complete conver-sion of carbon element in the bio-oil to CO2accordingto the reactionC n H m O k+(2n−k)H2O=2n+m2−kH2+n CO2(3)The potential yield of hydrogen is(2n+m/2−k)mole per mole of carbon in the feed.The carbon conversion was calculated by the total mol carbon in the gaseous products divided by the mol carbon in the fed bio-oil. Generally,all experiments were repeated three times. The diﬀerence for each repeating,in general,ranged from zero to about10%.Temperature distributions in the catalyst bed under diﬀerent conditions wereﬁrst measured by the thermocouples inserted into diﬀerent positions in the catalyst bed before running reforming test. Obviously,the temperature of the surface of Ni-Cr wire is higher than that of the near.So we have carefully detected the temperature distribution in the catalyst bed both for the ECR and the CSR in elsewhere [19].The temperature in the center of the catalyst bed,generally,is almost close to the average value in our investigated range(250−500◦C).Generally, the averaged temperature in the catalyst bed was approximately used as the reaction temperature in the ECR and CSR experiments.TABLE I Weight percent of metal elements in the diﬀerent reforming catalysts prepared.Catalyst Metal element/%Ni Cu Mg Ce Al Cat I:Cu-Mg-Ce-Al08.20 6.197.4337.20 Cat II:Ni-Mg-Ce-Al19.410 6.327.4129.50 Cat III:Ni-Mg-Cu-Al19.498.29 6.32028.80 Cat IV:Ni-Cu-Ce-Al18.237.630 6.9627.00 Cat V:Ni-Cu-Mg-Ce-Al25.95 5.50 3.7211.1521.29III.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA.Screening of reforming catalystsThe performance of the bio-oil reforming over var-ious selected mixed oxide catalysts was tested un-der typical reforming conditions(T=400◦C,I=0A, GHSV=10500h−1,S/C=6.9and P=111.1kPa),shown in Table I.Figure2shows the carbon conversion,the yield of hydrogen,the distribution of hydrogen and var-ious carbon-containing products over the selected cat-alysts.In the absence of the Ni element,the catalyst exhibited the lowest yield of hydrogen yield with the highest content of CH4.The Ni based catalyst pro-moted by Cu,Ce,and Mg shows the highest reforming activity—the carbon conversion(about60.5%)and the highest hydrogen yield(circa58.2%)from the bio-oil re-forming.In the above systems,the Ni active ingredient may play an important role in promoting C−C or C−H bonds rupture of oxygenated organic compounds,and the compositions of Cu/Ce/Mg may enhance the activ-ity of the WGS reaction.On the other hand,adding Ce and Mg to the reforming catalysts favors to reduce the carbon-formation during the bio-oil reforming.Ac-cording to present activity tests,the multiple metal doped Ni based catalyst with the atomic mole ratio of 5.6:1.1:1.9:1.0:9.9shows the highest activity for the bio-oil reforming.Thus,much attention in this work was paid to studying the production of hydrogen from bio-oil over the above catalyst,denoted as Cat V.B.Eﬀect of current on reforming of bio-oilIn this work,the performance of the bio-oil reforming was signiﬁcantly sensitive to the current I through the researched catalyst.Figure3(a)shows dependence of the carbon conversion on I at variousﬁxed reforming temperature.In the case of I=0(i.e.,CSR),the car-bon conversion was very low(about6.0%)at250◦C, and increased to79.8%at450◦C.This indicates that the mixed oxide catalyst shows good low temperature reforming activity for the bio-oil.When the current passed through the catalyst(i.e.,ECR),however,the carbon conversion was remarkably enhanced by the cur-rent,particularly at lower temperature(250−350◦C). The carbon conversion increased from28.3%to84.5%DOI:10.1063/1674-0068/26/01/109-120c 2013Chinese Physical Society112Chin.J.Chem.Phys.,Vol.26,No.1Li-xia Yuan etal. FIG.2The eﬀect of the catalyst compositions on the bio-oil reforming.(a)The hydrogen yield,(b)the carbon conversion,(c) the concentration of H2,and(d)the concentration of carbon-containing gas over diﬀerent catalysts respectively.Reforming conditions:T=400◦C,I=0A,GHSV=10500h−1,S/C=6.9and P=111.1kPa.Cat I:Cu-Mg-Ce-Al,Cat II:Ni-Mg-Ce-Al, Cat III:Ni-Mg-Cu-Al,Cat IV:Ni-Cu-Ce-Al,Cat V:Ni-Cu-Mg-Ce-Al.FIG.3Eﬀect of the current on(a)the carbon conversion and(b)the hydrogen yield,measured as a function of current over the Cat V at diﬀerentﬁxed temperatures,other reforming conditions:GHSV=10500h−1,S/C=6.9,and P=111.1kPa.with the current increasing from0A to3.1A at the same temperature of350◦C,and reached nearly com-plete conversion(96.8%)at3.1A and450◦C.Figure 3(b)shows dependence of the hydrogen yield on cur-rent at given temperature.It was observed that the hydrogen yield was also promoted by the current. Figure4depicts the inﬂuence of the current on the composition of the gaseous products over the NiCuMgCeAl catalyst.Hydrogen(about62%−76%)and carbon dioxide(21%−29%)are the major products together with smaller amount by-products of carbon monoxide(2%−4%)and a trace amount of methane (<4%).It was found that the concentrations of H2 and CO slightly increased with the current increasing, accompanied by a decrease of concentrations of CO2 and CH4.The above results indicated that the pro-duction of hydrogen from the bio-oil reforming can be realized at low-temperature using the multiple metalDOI:10.1063/1674-0068/26/01/109-120c 2013Chinese Physical SocietyChin.J.Chem.Phys.,Vol.26,No.1Ni Based Catalyst for Hydrogen Generation from Bio-oil113 FIG.4The eﬀect of the current on the distribution of the gas products for the bio-oil reforming over the Cat V.(a)The volume percentage of H2,(b)the volume percentage of CO2,(c)the volume percentage of CO,and(d)the volume percentage of CH4,respectively.Reforming conditions:T=250−450◦C,GHSV=10500h−1,S/C=6.9,and P=111.1kPa.doped Ni based catalyst and the ECR approach.This suggests that the researched catalyst may be one of most suitable candidates for the bio-oil reforming be-cause this non-noble metal catalyst can eﬃciently re-form the bio-oil to rich H2and CO2at low oper-ating temperature(350−450◦C),being much lower than that using the conventional NiO-based catalysts (600−850◦C).The carbon conversion of the bio-oil us-ing the18%NiO/Al2O3catalyst was very low(about 14.7%)at400◦C and only about60%even at600◦C. Even using ECR method,achieving90%hydrogen yield should perform at550−600◦C using Ni-Al2O3catalyst [19].However,it is possible to produce hydrogen from the bio-oil with high carbon conversion(>90%)and hy-drogen yield(>90%)at low reforming temperature by using the ECR method over the researched catalyst. Lower operating temperature using the researched cat-alyst in the bio-oil reforming would be attributed to higher activity for the bio-oil reforming reactions.The decomposition of the oxygenated organic compounds and the water-gas shift reaction over this catalyst would be described in the next sections.Moreover,the stability of the catalyst in the bio-oil reforming was tested by measuring the carbon conver-sion,the yield of hydrogen and the changes of the prod-ucts compositions as a function of the time on stream. As shown in Fig.5,no obvious changes in the carbon conversion,the yield of hydrogen and the products dis-tribution were observed for about the initial15h un-der typical reforming conditions(I=3.1A,T=400◦C, GHSV=10500h−1,S/C=6.9,and P=111.1kPa).A slight decrease of the catalytic activity was observed for a longer term test.For example,the hydrogen yield gradually decreased by about10%(from about91%to 81%)for30h reforming,and the carbon conversion slightly decreased from about95%to88%(Fig.5(a)). As can be seen from Fig.5(b),the composition alter-ation of the products seems to be trivial during the in-vestigated duration.The comparison of the activity and stability of selected catalysts in hydrogen production from steam reforming of bio-oil is shown in Table II.It is noticed that the catalyst inactivity of the Ni-based cat-alyst and other catalyst in the bio-oil reforming is much more serious as compared with present catalyst,which would be mainly attributed to lower carbon-deposition over the researched catalyst.C.Decomposition of acetic acid-model compound ofbio-oil over the researched catalystThe reaction pathways in the bio-oil steam reforming process are very complex,a lot of potential intermedi-ates and products may be formed.The reaction network may consist of a complex set of numerous reactions with multiple pathways depending on the bio-oil used and the catalyst selected and the operating conditions.AtDOI:10.1063/1674-0068/26/01/109-120c 2013Chinese Physical Society114Chin.J.Chem.Phys.,Vol.26,No.1Li-xia Yuan etal. FIG.5Stability of the Cat V during the bio-oil reforming(T=400◦C,I=3.1A,GHSV=10500h−1,S/C=6.9,P=111.1kPa).(a)The hydrogen yield and carbon conversion and(b)the gaseous products composition.TABLE II Comparison of activity and stability using the selected catalysts for hydrogen production from reforming of bio-oil.Catalyst Main operating condition Maximum value Stability∗T/C I/A S/C GHSV/h H2yield/%Carbon conv./%NiO-Al2O3[23]8250 4.912600090−About15min NiO-Al2O3[19]6000 5.8604852.765.4−Ni-Co/MgO-La2O3-Al2O3[23]8250 4.912600090−About30min 12%Ni/γ-Al2O3[29]8500 6.02600097.071.5−C12A7[18]7500 4.010*******−C12A7-O−/18%Mg[18]7500 4.010*******About3hPt/CeZrO2[30]795010.8309065−−1%Pt/γ-Al2O3[29]7000 6.02600098.375.0−Ni-Cu-Mg-Ce-Al5000 6.91050082.885.9−450 3.1 6.91050095.896.8−400 3.1 6.9105009194About30h∗The stability refers to the duration once the H2yield decreases to the initial values of50%.least three diﬀerent types reactions should be consid-ered:(i)the steam reforming of the oxygenated organic compounds(C n H m O k)in the bio-oil(Eq.(1)),(ii)the decomposition of the oxygenated organic compounds (C n H m O k→C x H y O z+other fragments or gaseous small molecules),and(iii)the WGS reaction.To further reveal the reaction of bio-oil reforming over the researched catalyst and to avoid the inﬂuence of water on the decomposition of the bio-oil,because the crude bio-oil and the pretreated one contained about 20%−40%H2O[19],we selected the acetic acid as the model compound and studied on the thermal decompo-sition over the researched catalyst.As shown in Fig.6, at temperature lower than300◦C in the CSR,the con-version of the acetic acid decomposition was very low (<18%).With increasing temperature from300◦C to 600◦C,the conversion of the acetic acid remarkably increased from about18%to68%without the current increase(Fig.6(a)).The conversion of the acetic acid in-creased from21.3%to56.8%with the current increasing from0A to2.0A at400◦C,and the hydrogen yield si-multaneously increased with increasing of temperature and current(Fig.6(a)and(c)).Main dry gas prod-ucts from the acetic acid decomposition observed are H2,CO,CO2,CH4,and other hydrocarbons(C2and C2+hydrocarbons etc.)(Fig.6(b)and(d)).The com-position of H2slightly increased with increasing tem-perature and current.When the temperature increased from300◦C to400◦C at the current of2A,the content of CO decreased from10.8%to9.7%,while the content of methane increased from7.4%to22.2%,subsequently with temperature increasing,the content of CO began to increase,while the content of methane kept slightly increase until to500◦C then began to decrease,when the temperature increased to600◦C,the content of CO reached22.9%,while the content of methane de-creased to11.5%,however during the whole range of temperature increasing,the CO2content kept decreas-ing.The other hydrocarbons(C2and C2+hydrocar-bons etc.)kept decreasing with increasing temperatureDOI:10.1063/1674-0068/26/01/109-120c 2013Chinese Physical SocietyChin.J.Chem.Phys.,Vol.26,No.1Ni Based Catalyst for Hydrogen Generation from Bio-oil115 FIG.6The decomposition of the model compounds of bio-oil(acetic acid)over the researched catalyst.The eﬀect of temperature on:(a)carbon conversion and hydrogen yield,I=0A,(b)the composition of the gaseous products,I=0A, (c)carbon conversion and hydrogen yield,I=2.0A,(d)the composition of the gaseous products from the decomposition of acetic acid,I=2.0A,respectively.Other conditions:T decomposition=300−600◦C,ﬂow f(Ar)=108mL/min,ﬂow f(acetic acid)=0.2mL/min,GHSV=5000h−1,and P=111.1kPa.and current.From a mechanistic viewpoint,the overall reactions system involved in acetic acid decomposition is very complex.The main reactions can take place, according to the following reactions including decom-position(Eq.(4)−(Eq.6))and Ketonization(Eq.(7))CH3COOH→2CO+2H2(4)CH3COOH→CO2+CH4(5)CH3COOH→C2H4+C2H6+coke(6)2CH3COOH→CH3COCH3+CO2+H2O(7)In addition,we deduced that methane can also be formed by the hydrogenation of CO x that is the metha-nation reaction[21]CO+3H2→CH4+H2O(8)∆H298=−205.9kJ/molCO2+4H2→CH4+2H2O(9)∆H298=−112.9kJ/molwhich was in the following water-gas shift(WGS)ex-periments,we did observe hydrogenation of CO over the researched catalyst).The above results indicated that the catalyst eﬃciently dissociates the oxygenated organic compounds in the bio-oil over300◦C.D.Water-gas shift activity of researched catalystThe WGS reaction(Eq.(2))is a very important side reaction that aﬀects the equilibrium of both CO and CO2in the reforming of bio-oil.The WGS reaction is an encouraged elementary step for the reforming of bio-oil,for that it can enhance the hydrogen yield.To investigate the WGS activity over the researched cata-lyst,the conversion of CO to CO2was tested using a model mixture of CO/Ar/H2O(1:2:5.2in mole ratio) corresponding to the reforming process within the tem-perature range of interest.As shown in Fig.7,the con-version of CO increases with increasing temperature at low temperature(<400◦C),reaching a near complete conversion(about94.2%)at400◦C.Further increas-ing temperature over450◦C will lead to a decrease of the CO conversion.CO was mainly converted into CO2 with a selectivity of99.2%−100%through the WGS reaction(Eq.(2),∆H298=−41.1kJ/mol),accompanied by the formation of a trace amount of methane around 450◦C through the methanation reaction(Eq.(8),H2 was produced by WGS).The above experimental results suggests that the researched catalyst shows very high activity in WGS reaction in the range of300−600◦C, which agreed with the results that the CO content in theﬁnal products gases is much lower than that of CO2DOI:10.1063/1674-0068/26/01/109-120c 2013Chinese Physical Society116Chin.J.Chem.Phys.,Vol.26,No.1Li-xia Yuan etal. FIG.7WGS activity over the Cat-V.(a)CO conversion,(b)the selectivity to CO2and CH4,Other reaction conditions: I=0A,CO/Ar=1:2(volume ratio),f(CO+Ar)=120mL/min,f(H2O)=0.15mL/min,T reforming=300−600◦C,S/C=6.0, GHSV=5000h−1,and P=111.1kPa.FIG.8The eﬀect of the current on the decomposition of bio-oil via the homogeneous experiments through the quartz bed in the absence of any catalyst.(a)The carbon conversion,(b)the hydrogen yield.Other conditions:f bio-oil=0.74mL/min, f Ar=210mL/min,GHSV=6000h−1,and P=111.1kPa.from the bio-oil reforming(Fig.4).E.Eﬀect of current on the thermal decomposition ofbio-oilThe inﬂuence of current on the decomposition of bio-oil under111kPa was tested via the homogeneous ex-periments with and without the current through the quartz bed in the absence of any catalyst.As shown in Fig.8(a),the bio-oil conversion for the decomposition of bio-oil depends on both the temperature and the cur-rent.Without the current supplied(i.e.,I=0A),the carbon conversion was very low(about8%)at600◦C. However,the carbon conversion increased to34.6%at the same temperature with current increasing to3.2A. It was also observed that the hydrogen yield was en-hanced by the current(Fig.8(b)).To further study the dissociation and reforming pro-cesses,the species desorbed from the catalyst surface were detected by an anionic TOF mass spectrometry under the low-pressure(0.1Pa)using ethanol as a model compound of bio-oil for simplifying the reaction system.Without the current supplied to the catalyst, no ionic signal was observed.When the current passed through the catalyst in Ar,only one peak near the mass number of zero was observed(Fig.9(a)),corre-sponding to the thermal electrons desorbed from the electriﬁed Ni-Cr wire through the catalyst bed.The number density of thermal electronsﬂowing through the catalyst bed was about8.0×108cm−3at480◦C and I Ni-Cr=3.2A,which was measured by a columned Au-coated Faraday-plate and a amperometer(Keithley model6485).When a mixture gas of ethanol and argon was fed onto the electriﬁed catalyst,a series of peaks appeared in the TOF spectrum(Fig.9(b)), corresponding to e−,H−,CH x−(x=0−4),OH−,and C2H x−(x=0−5),respectively.The ionic fragments of the hydrocarbons(CH x−)and C2H x−(x=0−5) may form through the dissociation of ethanol by the thermal electrons on the catalyst surface(i.e., e−(s)+C2H5OH(s)→CH x−(s)+C2H x−(s)+OH−(s)+H−(s)...;In addition,when a mixture of ethanol/water/argon was fed onto the electriﬁed catalyst,the CO2−peak was obviously observed (Fig.9(c)),which may arise from the ethanol reformingDOI:10.1063/1674-0068/26/01/109-120c 2013Chinese Physical Society。

半导体物理基础(6)

图1
p-n结基本结构
合金温度
降温再结晶
扩散
缓变结与突变结
5.2 Equilibrium p-n Junction
(平衡状态下的结)
1 空间电荷区(Space charge region)的形成当p型半导体和n型半导体接触在一起时,在两者的交界面处存在着一个过渡区,通常称为p-n结.
(3)热击穿禁带宽度较窄的半导体易发生这种击穿.
6. p-n结中的隧道效应当p-n结的两边都是重掺杂时: (1) 费米能级分别进入导带和价带. (2)势垒十分薄.
1.掺杂浓度:掺杂浓度大,击穿电压小.
2.势垒宽度:势垒宽度足够宽,击穿电压小 3.禁带宽度:禁带宽度越宽,击穿电压越大. 4.温度:温度升高,击穿电压增大.
(2)齐纳击穿(Zener berakdown)或隧道击穿
是掺杂浓度较高的非简并p-n结中的击穿机制.
XAB
XD
根据量子力学的观点,当势垒宽度XAB足够窄时,将有电子穿透禁带.当外加反向电压很大时,能带倾斜严重,势垒宽度XAB变得更窄.造成很大的反向电流.使p-n结击穿.
* 势垒高度~ ND、NA
4.空间电荷区宽度(Space charge region width)
突变结
N A x p N D xn
5 载流子分布( Carrier distributions)
nx nn0e
qVD qV ( x ) k0T
n p0
n( x ) nn 0
px pn0e
2 q V kT
CT与CD都与p-n结的面积A成正比，且随外加电压而变化。
点接触式二极管面积很小， CT 、CD ：0.5—1pF 面结型二极管中的整流管面积大， CT 、CD ：几十—几百pF

化学及化工专业词汇英语

化学及化工专业词汇英语翻译(P-Z)package包装packed absorption tower填充吸收塔packed column填充塔packed dyeing填充染色packed reaction column填充反应塔packed rectification tower填充精馏塔packed tower填充塔packing填充物packing density填充密度packing paper包装纸padding表面染色paddle agitator桨式混合机paddle mixer桨式混合机paint涂料paint hardner镀金粘料paint remover油漆去除剂paint stripper油漆去除剂pair annihilation对湮没pair creation正负电子对产生pair ion离子对pale crepe苍铍胶palladium钯palladium asbestos钯石棉palladium black钯黑palladium chloride氯化钯palladium nitrate硝酸钯palladium oxide氧化钯palladium sponge海绵钯palm kernel oil棕榈仁油palm oil棕榈油palmarosa oil掌玫油palmitate棕榈酸盐palmitic acid棕榈酸palmitin棕榈精palmitone棕榈酮pan mill碾磨盘panchromatic film全色胶片panchromatic plate全色干片pancreatin胰酶pancreozymin肠促胰酶素pangamic acid潘氨酸pantothenic acid泛酸papain木瓜酶papaverine罂粟碱paper chromatography纸色谱分析法paper electrophoresis纸电泳paper filter纸滤器paper industry造纸工业paper machine造纸机paper pulp纸浆paper stencilling刻花纸paper yarn纸绳para aminohippuric acid对氨基马尿酸para hydrogen仲氢para isomer对位异构体para molecule仲分子para position对位para red对位红para rubber三叶橡胶paraaldehyde仲醛parabanic acid仲班酸parabola抛物线paracasein副酪朊parachor等张比容paraconic acid仲康酸paracyanogen仲氰paraffin石蜡paraffin base crude石蜡基原油paraffin hydrocarbon烷属烃paraffin oil石蜡油paraffin stock石蜡原油paraffin wax石蜡paraformaldehyde仲甲醛parafuchsine副品红paragenesis共生paragonite钠云母paraldol仲醛醇parallel flow并流平行流parallel reaction平行反应paralysis麻痹paralyzer麻痹药paramagnetic resonance顺磁共振paramagnetic substance顺磁质paramagnetism顺磁性parameter参数paramine对胺paramorphism同质异晶paranitroaniline red对位红pararosaniline副蔷薇胺parastrophe对位取代化合物parathion硝苯硫磷酯paraxanthine副黄嘌呤paraxylene对二甲苯parchment羊皮纸parchment paper仿羊皮纸parent name母体名parent substance母体parinol苯吡醇paris green巴黎绿paris white巴黎胡粉白parity奇偶性parkerizing磷化处理parpon帕尔庞partial combustion部分燃烧partial condensation部分冷凝partial condenser分馏柱partial molar quantity偏摩尔数量partial molar volume偏摩尔体积partial pressure分压partial reaction部分反应partial valence余价participation of neighboring group邻基参与particle粒子particle counting粒子计数法particle diameter颗粒直径particle electrophoresis粒子电泳particle induced x ray emission粒子诱导x 射线发射particle scattering factor粒子散射因数particle size粒度particle size analysis粒径分析particle thickness technique质点厚度测量技术parting分离parting agent分离剂partition配分partition chromatography配分色层法partition coefficient配分系数partition function配分函数partition wall隔墙passivation钝化酌passivation potential钝化电势passive state钝态passivity钝态paste糊剂paste mixer惮机paste paint厚漆paste resin糊状尸pasteboard纸板pasted plate涂浆的板pasteurization巴氏杀菌pasteurizer巴氏灭菌器pasting糊化patchouli oil绿叶油patent专利pattern图样pattern recognition模式辫认peak峰值peak inverse voltage最大反向电压peak load峰值负荷peak potential顶点电位peanut oil花生油pearl珍珠pearl ash珍珠灰pearl essence珍珠粉pearl polymerization成珠聚合pearl white锌钡白pearlite珍珠岩peat泥炭peat tar泥煤焦油pebble mill砾磨机pectic acid果胶酸pectic substances果胶质pectin果胶pectinase果胶酶pectization凝结pectocellulose果胶纤维素peeling剥落peep hole窥孔pegmatite伟晶岩pelargonaldehyde壬醛pelargonic acid正壬酸pelargonidin花葵素pellet粒状pellet cooler颗粒冷却器pelletizer造粒机pellotine佩落碱pendulum mill摆旋式研磨机penetrability穿透性penetrant渗透剂penetrating agent渗透剂penetration穿透;渗入度penetration complex透入配合物penetration test贯入度试验penetrator针入度计penetrometer透度计penicillase青霉素酶penicillin青霉素pentacarbonyl iron五羰基铁pentacene并五苯pentachlorophenol五氯酚pentadiene戊二烯pentaerythritol季戊四醇pentaerythritol tetranitrate季戊四醇四硝酸酯pentamethylene环戊烷pentamethylenediamine戊甲撑二胺pentane戊烷pentane thermometer戊烷温度计pentanol戊醇pentasol成氯醇pentene戊烯penthrit季戊四醇四硝酸酯pentlandite镍黄铁矿pentobarbital戊巴比妥pentosan多缩戊糖pentose戊糖pentose phosphate cycle戊糖磷酸循环pentose phosphate pathway戊糖磷酸途径pentyl alcohol戊醇pentyne戊炔peppermint薄荷peppermint oil薄荷油pepsin胃蛋白酶pepsinogen胃蛋白酶原peptidase肽酶peptide肽peptide bond肽键peptide linkage肽键peptide synthetase肽合成酶peptidoglycan肽聚糖peptization胶溶酌peptized fuel胶溶燃料peptizer胶溶剂peptizing agent胶溶剂peptone胨peracetic acid过乙酸peracid过酸peralcohol过醇perbenzoic acid过苯酸perborate过硼酸盐perboric acid过硼酸perbromate过溴酸盐perbromic acid过溴酸percarbonate过碳酸盐percent grafting接枝率perchlorate高氯酸盐perchloric acid高氯酸perchloride高氯化物perchloroethane六氯乙烷percolation沥滤percolator渗滤器percussion cap雷管percussion powder雷管火药perfect analysis完全分析perfect black body完全黑体perfect combustion完全燃烧perfect crystal完整晶体perfect elasticity完全弹性perfect fluid理想铃perfect gas完美气体perfect mixing完全混合perfect solution完美溶液perfluorocyclobutane过氟化环丁烷perforated pipe distributor喷淋器多孔管分布器perforated plate多孔板perforated plate distillation多孔板蒸馏perforated plate tower孔板塔performance testing性能试验performic acid过甲酸perfume香料perfume extracting solvent香料抽出溶剂perfume industry香料工业perhydride过氢化物perhydrol强双氧水periclase方镁石perilla oil紫苏子油period周期periodate高碘酸盐periodic acid高碘酸periodic law周期律periodic precipitation间歇沉淀periodic reaction周期反应periodic system of elements元素周期系periodic table周期表periodide高碘化物periphery边界periplogenin杠柳甙元perissad奇价元素peritectic包晶peritectic point包晶点perkin reaction佩金反应permanence持久性permanent current持恒电流permanent dipole永久偶极子permanent expansion永久膨胀permanent gas永久气体permanent hardness永久硬度permanent magnet永磁铁permanent set永久变形permanganate高锰酸盐permanganate bleaching高锰酸盐漂白permanganate titration高锰酸盐滴定法permanganic acid高锰酸permanganometry高锰酸盐滴定法permeability渗透性permeable membrane可透膜permeameter渗透计permeametry渗透测定法permeation渗透permissible error容许误差permissible explosive安全炸药permitted explosive安全炸药permselective membrane选择性渗透膜permselectivity选择渗透性permutation置换permutite人造沸石perovskite钙钛矿peroxidase过氧物酶peroxide过氧化peroxide effect过氧化物效应peroxide index过氧化值peroxide number过氧化值peroxo acid过氧基酸peroxy acid过酸peroxydisulfuric acid过硫酸perpetual motion永久运动perphenazine佩吩嗪perrhenate高铼酸盐perrhenic acid高铼酸perruthenate过钌酸盐persalt过酸盐persian red铬红persistent current持恒电流personal error人为误差persorption吸混酌persulfate过硫酸盐persulfide过硫化物persulfuric acid过硫酸peru balsam秘鲁香脂pesticide杀虫剂pestle杵棒pethidine哌替啶pethidine hydrochloride盐酸哌替啶petri dish陪替氏培养皿petrochemical industry石油化学工业petrochemical reaction石油化学反应petrochemicals石油化学产品petrochemistry石油化学petrolatum矿脂petroleum石油petroleum acid石油酸petroleum asphalt石油沥青petroleum benzine石油醚petroleum chemicals石油化学产品petroleum chemistry石油化学petroleum coke石油焦炭petroleum distillation石油蒸馏petroleum emulsion石油乳剂petroleum ether石油醚petroleum gas石油气体petroleum grease石油润滑脂petroleum industry石油工业petroleum isomerization process石油异构化过程petroleum jelly矿脂petroleum pitch石油沥青petroleum pitch coke石油沥青焦炭petroleum product石油产品petroleum refinery石油加工厂petroleum refining石油提炼petroleum refining industry石油炼制工业petroleum resin石油尸petroleum wax石油蜡ph氢指数ph electrode ph电极ph indicator ph指示剂ph meter ph计ph standard solution ph标准溶液ph test paper ph试验纸ph value ph值phanerocrystalline显晶质pharmaceutical chemistry药物化学pharmaceutics制药学pharmacology药理学pharmacy药学phase相phase average相平均phase boundary相界phase boundary potential相界电位phase change相转移phase contrast microscope相差显微镜phase diagram相图phase equilibrium相平衡phase modulation相位灯phase rule相律phase sensitive detection相敏检波phase separation相分离phase shifter移相器phase solubility相溶解度phase solubility analysis相溶度分析phase space相空间phase titration相滴定phase trajectory相位轨道phase transfer catalyst相转移催化剂phase transition相转移phellandren菲兰烯phenacetin非那巍phenacite硅铍石phenacyl alcohol苯甲酰甲醇phenacyl bromide苯甲酰甲基溴phenadon非那酮phenamine非那明phenanthrene菲phenanthrenequinone菲醌phenanthroline二氮杂菲phenanthroline indicator菲绕啉指示剂phenazine吩嗪phenetidin氨基苯乙醚phenetidine氨基苯乙醚phenetole苯乙醚phenobarbital苯巴比妥phenocryst斑晶phenol酚phenol ether苯酚醚phenol formaldehyde resin苯酚甲醛尸phenol lignin苯酚木素phenol red酚红phenolase酚酶phenolate酚盐phenolic acid酚酸phenolic resin酚尸phenolic resin varnish酚醛清漆phenolphthalein酚酞phenolsulfonic acid苯酚磺酸phenoplast酚醛塑料phenosafranine酚藏花红phenothiazine吩噻嗪phenoxazine吩恶phenoxide酚盐phenoxyacetic acid苯氧基乙酸phenyl acetate醋酸苯酯phenyl ether苯基醚phenyl isocyanate异氰酸苯酯phenyl salicylate萨罗phenylacetaldehyde苯乙醛phenylacetamide苯乙酰胺phenylacrylic acid苯基丙烯酸phenylalanine苯丙氨酸phenylbutazone苯基丁氮酮phenylcinchonic acid辛可芬phenylene苯撑phenylenediamine撑二氨phenylethyl acetate醋酸苯乙酯phenylethyl alcohol苯基乙醇phenylethyl isobutyrate异丁酸苯乙酯phenylethyl propionate丙酸苯乙酯phenylethylacetic acid苯乙基醋酸phenylhydrazine苯肼phenylmagnesium bromide溴化苯镁phenylmagnesium chloride氯化苯镁phenylmagnesium halide卤化苯镁phenylmagnesium iodide碘化苯镁phenylmercuric acetate核酸汞phenylmercuric chloride氯化苯汞phenylmorpholine苯替吗啉phenylphenol苯基苯酚phenylpiperazine苯基哌嗪pheromone信息素phlogiston燃素phlorizin根皮甙phloroglucinol根皮山梨醇phonochemistry声化学phonon声子phorone佛尔酮phosgene光气phosphamide磷酰胺phosphamidon磷酰胺酮phosphatase磷酸酶phosphate磷酸盐phosphate glass磷酸盐玻璃phosphatic ferfilizer磷肥phosphatidic acid磷脂酸phosphatizing磷酸盐处理phosphide磷化物phosphine磷化氢phosphite亚磷酸盐phosphocreatine磷酸肌酸phosphoenolpyruvate磷酸烯醇丙酮酸phospholipid磷脂phosphomolybdate磷钼酸盐phosphomolybdic acid磷钼酸phosphomonoesterase磷酸单酯酶phosphoprotein磷蛋白phosphor磷光体phosphor bronze磷青铜phosphor salt磷盐phosphorescence磷光phosphoretted hydrogen磷化氢phosphoric acid磷酸phosphoric acid anhydride磷酐phosphorimetric analysis磷光分析phosphorimetry磷光分析phosphorite磷钙土phosphoro organic insecticide磷有机杀虫剂phosphorolysis磷酸解phosphoroscope磷光计phosphorous acid亚磷酸phosphorous anhydride亚磷酸酐phosphorus磷phosphorus chloride氯化磷phosphorus nitride氮化磷phosphorus oxychloride磷酰氯phosphorus pentabromide五溴化磷phosphorus pentachloride五氯化磷phosphorus pentasulfide五硫化二磷phosphorus sesquisulfide三硫化四磷phosphorus tribromide三溴化磷phosphorus trichloride三氯化磷phosphorus trifluoride三氟化磷phosphorus triiodide三碘化磷phosphoryl chloride磷酰氯phosphorylase磷酸化酶phosphotungstic acid磷钨酸photobiochemistry光生物化学photocatalysis光催化酌photocell光电池photochemical catalysis光催化photochemical equilibrium光化学平衡photochemical reaction光化反应photochemistry光化学photochromic reaction彩色反应photochromism光致变色现象photochromy彩色照相术photoconductor光电导体photocurrent光电流photodetachment光致分离photodimerization光二聚酌photodissociation光解酌photodosimetry照相剂量学photoelasticity光弹性photoelectric cell光电池photoelectric color comparator比色仪photoelectric colorimeter光电比色计photoelectric colorimetry光电比色法photoelectric effect光电效应photoelectric fraction collector光电分级收集器photoelectric pyrometer光电高温计photoelectric spectrophotometer光电分光光度计photoelectric tube光电管photoelectrochemistry光电化学photoelectron光电子photoemission光电发射photofission光致裂变photogel摄影煤photographic characteristic curve照相特性曲线photographic chemistry照相化学photographic contrast照相对比度photographic densitometer照相密度计photographic density照相底片密度photographic developer显象剂photographic development照相显相photographic emulsion照相乳胶photographic emulsion layer感光层photographic film胶片photographic material照相材料photographic negative照相底片photographic paper印相纸photographic plate照相底片photographic positive照相正片photographic process照相法photography照相photogyration照相底片photohomolysis光同种溶解photoionization光致电离photoisomer光异构体photolithography照相平版印刷photoluminescence光致发光photolysis光分解photomeson光介子photometer光度计photometric titration光度滴定photon光子photonuclear reaction光致核反应photooxidation光氧化photophoresis光泳现象photophosphorylation光磷酸化photopigment光色素photopolymer光聚合物photopolymerization光聚合photoreactive chlorophyll光反应性叶绿素photoreduction光致还原photorespiration光呼吸photosensitive glass光敏玻璃photosensitive polymer光敏聚合物photosensitive resin感光尸photosensitivity光敏性photostructural transformation光结构转变photosynthesis光合酌phototropy光致变色现象phototube光电管phthalaldehyde酞醛phthalaldehydic acid苯醛酸phthalamide酞酰胺phthalate邻苯二甲酸盐phthalazine酞嗪phthalein酞phthalein dye酞类染料phthalic acid酞酸phthalic anhydride酞酐phthalide苯酞phthalimide酞亚胺phthalocyanine酞菁phthalocyanine blue酞菁蓝phthalonic acid酞酮酸phthalonitrile酞腈phthalyl chloride酞酰氯phthalylsulfathiazole邻苯二甲酰基磺胺噻唑phylloquinone叶绿醌physical adsorption物理吸附physical chemistry物理化学physical chemistry of high polymer高聚物物理化学physical development物理显影physical property物理性质physical ripening物理成熟physico chemical analysis物理化学分析法physiological acidic fertilizer生理酸性肥料physiological chemistry生理化学physiological salt solution生理盐溶液physiological solution生理溶液physisorption物理吸附physostigmine毒扁豆碱phytase植酸酶phytic acid肌醇六磷酸phytin非汀phytochemistry植物化学phytochrome光敏素phytol植醇phytosterol植物甾醇phytotoxin植物毒素picene二萘品苯picoline皮考啉picolinic acid皮考啉酸picral苦醛腐蚀溶液picramic acid苦氨酸picrate苦味酸盐picric acid苦味酸picrolonate苦酮酸盐picrolonic acid苦酮酸picrotoxin苦毒piezochemistry高压化学piezoelectric effect压电效应piezoelectric vibrator压电振子piezoelectricity压电piezometer压力计pig iron生铁pigment颜料pigmentation着色pilocarpine匹鲁卡品pilot cell领示电池pilot ion领示离子pilot plant中间工厂pimaric acid海松酸pimaricin匹马菌素pimelic acid庚二酸pimple小突起pinacol频哪醇pinacolin特己酮pinacolin rearrangement邻二叔醇重排酌pinacone频哪醇pinane蒎烷pincette小钳子pinch cock弹簧夹pinch effect夹紧效应pine oil松释pine resin松脂pine tar oil松焦油pinene蒎烯pinic acid蒎酸pink salt锡盐pinoline松香烃pipe furnace管式炉pipe line管路pipe still管式蒸馏装置pipecoline哌可啉piperazine哌嗪piperic acid胡椒酸piperidine氮己烷piperine胡椒碱piperonal胡椒醛piperonylic acid胡椒基酸piperylene戊间二稀pipet吸移管pipet support吸移管架pisang wax香蕉蜡pisanite铜绿矾piston compressor活塞压缩机piston pump活塞泵pitch沥青pitch coke沥青焦炭pitchblende沥青铀矿pitot tube皮托管pitting点腐蚀pivalic acid特戊酸placer gold砂金plain water淡水planck's constant普朗克常数planck's law of radiation普朗克辐射定律planckian radiator完全黑体plane curve平面曲线plane of polarization偏光面plane of symmetry对称面plant base植物盐基plant chemistry植物化学plant fermentation植物发酵plant growth regulator植物生长第剂plant sterol植物甾醇plasma等离子体;血浆plasma chemistry等离子体化学plaster of paris烧石膏plasterboard石膏板plastic clay塑粘上plastic deformation塑性变形plastic flow塑性怜plastic refractory耐火塑料plastic state塑性状态plasticator塑炼机plasticity可塑度plasticizer增塑剂plasticizing efficiency可塑效率plasticizing oil增塑油plastics塑料plastification增塑plastigel塑性凝胶plastisol塑溶胶plastomer塑料plastometer塑性计plastometry塑性测定法plate板plate efficiency板效率plate glass板玻璃plate rectification column板极整六plate theory塔板理论platelet血小板plating镀锌platinized asbestos披铂石棉platinocyanide铂化物platinum铂platinum black铂黑platinum chloride氯化铂platinum dish白金碟platinum electrode铂电极platinum foil铂箔platinum oxide氧化铂platinum plating镀铂platinum rhodium铂铑合金platinum sponge铂棉platinum tetrachloride四氯化铂platinum wire铂丝platinzation镀铂pleochroism多色性pleomorphism多形现象plexiglass普列克斯玻璃plumbate铅酸盐plumbism铅中毒plumbite亚铅酸盐plumbite process铅酸钠精制过程plumbite solution博士溶液plunger柱塞plunger pump柱塞泵plus strand正链plutonium钚plutonium bromide溴化钚plutonium hydride氢化钚plutonium oxide氧化钚plutonium reactor钚反应堆ply层plywood层板pneumatic conveying气动输送pneumatic conveying drying气辽燥pneumatic conveyor气动输送机pneumatic drier气辽燥器pneumatic separation气力分选pneumatic stirring气动搅拌podophyllin足叶草硷point charge点电荷point group点群point of neutralization中和点poise泊poiseuille's law泊肃叶定律poison毒poison gas毒气poisoning中毒poisson's coefficient泊松系数poisson's distribution泊松分布poisson's ratio泊松比polar adsorption极性吸附polar axis极轴polar bond极性键polar compound极性化合物polar coordinates极坐标polar molecule极性分子polar solvent极性溶剂polarimeter偏光计polarimetric analysis旋光分析polarimetry旋光分析polarity极性polarizability极化率polarization极化polarization analysis偏光解析polarization capacity极化额polarization colorimeter偏光比色计polarization curve极化曲线polarization potential极化电势polarization resistance极化阻力polarized light偏光polarizer起偏器polarizing microscope偏光显微镜polarogram极谱图polarograph极谱仪polarographic analysis极谱分析polarographic cell极谱池polarographic maximum极谱极大polarographic wave极谱波polarography极谱法pole极polishing磨光pollution沾污pollution load污染负荷polonium钋poly聚polyacid缩多酸polyacidic base多价碱polyacrylamide聚丙烯酰胺polyacrylate聚丙烯酸酯polyacrylic acid聚丙烯酸polyacrylonitrile聚丙烯腈polyaddition reaction加聚合反应polyalcohol多元醇polyallomer聚异质同晶体polyamide聚酰胺polyamino acid聚氨基酸polyampholyte聚两性电解质polyatom多原子polyatomic molecule多原子分子polyazo dye多偶氮染料polybasic acid多元酸polybutadiene聚丁二烯polybutadiene rubber聚丁二烯橡胶polycarbonate聚碳酸酯polychloroprene聚氯丁二烯polycondensate缩聚物polycondensation缩聚polycrystal多晶体polycyclic多环的polycyclic compound多环化合物polycyclic hydrocarbon多环烃polydisperse sol多分散胶polydispersity多分散性polyelectrolyte聚合电解质polyene多烯polyester聚酯polyester fiber聚酯纤维polyester resin聚酯尸polyether聚醚polyethylene聚乙烯polyethylene glycol聚乙二醇polyethylene oxide聚氧化乙烯polyethylene terephthalate聚乙烯对苯二甲酸酯polyformaldehyde聚甲醛polyfunctionality多功能性polyglycol聚乙二醇polyhalide多卤化物polyhalogenide多卤化物polyhexamethylene adipamide聚己二酰己二胺polyhydric alcohol多元醇polyisobutylene聚异丁烯polyisoprene聚异戊二烯polymer聚合物polymer analogue聚合物系类polymer blend共混聚合物polymer gasoline聚合汽油polymer homologue同系聚合物polymer isomer聚合物异构体polymeric plasticizer高分子增塑剂polymerization聚合polymerization accelerator聚合促进剂polymerization degree聚合度polymerization inhibitor聚合抑制剂polymerization initiator聚合引发剂polymerization retarder聚合抑制剂polymerized oil聚合油polymery聚合现象polymethacrylate聚甲基丙烯酸酯polymethyl methacrylate聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯polymethylene聚甲烯polymorphic transition多形转变polymorphism多形现象polynaphthene多环烷polynitroethylene聚硝基乙烯polynuclear complex多核配合物polynuclear hydrocarbon多环烃polynucleotide多核甙酸polyolefin聚烯烃polyolefine聚烯烃polyoxyethylene聚乙二醇polyoxymethylene聚氧化甲烯polypeptide多肽polyphase equilibrium多相平衡polyphenol多元酚polyphosphate多聚磷酸酯polypropylene聚丙烯polypropylene oxide聚环氧丙烷polyprotic base多价碱polysaccharide多糖polystyrene聚苯乙烯polystyrol聚苯乙烯polysulfide多硫化合物polysulfide rubber聚硫橡胶polysulfonamide聚磺酰胺polysulfone聚砜polyterpene聚萜烯polytetrafluoroethylene聚四氟乙烯polythene聚乙烯polythionic acid连多硫酸polythiourea聚硫脲polyurea聚脲polyurethane聚氨酯polyurethane foam聚氨酯泡沫体polyurethane resin聚氨酯尸polyvinyl acetate聚醋酸乙烯酯polyvinyl alcohol聚乙烯醇polyvinyl butyral聚乙烯醇缩丁醛polyvinyl carbazole聚乙烯咔唑polyvinyl chloride聚氯乙烯polyvinyl chloroacetate聚氯醋酸乙烯酯polyvinyl ether聚乙烯醚polyvinyl fluoride聚氟乙烯polyvinylamine聚乙烯胺poppy seed oil罂粟油population群体population inversion粒子数反转porcelain瓷器porcelain clay瓷土porcelain crucible瓷坩埚porcelain earth瓷土porcelain enamel搪瓷porcelain glaze瓷釉porcelain mortar瓷乳钵pore微孔porosity多孔性porous ion exchange resin多孔离子交换尸porous pot素瓷器素烧瓶porphin卟吩porphyrin卟啉portland cement波特兰水泥position representation位置表象positional isomer位置异构物positive catalyst正催化剂positive displacement meter正排量计positive displacement pump正排量泵positive electrode阳电极positive ion阳离子positive lens会聚透镜positive maximum正极大positive plate阳极板positive valency正化合价positron阳电子postignition后点火postprecipitation后沉淀pot罐pot life可用时间potash草碱potash alum茂potash bulb钾球potash fusion钾熔化potash glass钾玻璃potash lye钾碱液potash mica钾云母potash soap钾皂potassic fertilizer钾肥料potassium钾potassium acetate醋酸钾potassium alum茂potassium aluminate铝酸钾potassium antimonyl tartrate酒石酸氧锑钾potassium arsenate砷酸钾potassium arsenite亚砷酸钾potassium bicarbonate碳酸氢钾potassium bisulfate硫酸氢钾potassium bisulfite亚硫酸氢钾potassium bromate溴酸钾potassium bromide溴化钾potassium carbonate碳酸钾potassium chlorate氯酸钾potassium chloride氯化钾potassium chromate铬酸钾potassium dichromate重铬酸钾potassium dihydrogenphosphate磷酸二氢钾potassium feldspar钾长石potassium ferricyanide铁氰化钾potassium ferrocyanide亚铁氰化钾potassium fluoride氟化钾potassium hexacyanoferrate亚铁氰化钾potassium hydrogen oxalate草酸氢钾potassium hydrogen phthalate氢酞酸钾potassium hydroxide氢氧化钾potassium hypochlorite次氯酸钾potassium iodate碘酸钾potassium iodide碘化钾potassium nitrate硝酸钾potassium nitrite亚硝酸钾potassium perchlorate高氯酸钾potassium periodate高碘酸钾potassium permanganate过锰酸钾potassium peroxodisulfate过硫酸钾potassium persulfate过硫酸钾potassium phosphate磷酸钾potassium polysulfide多硫化钾potassium primary phosphate磷酸二氢钾potassium pyroantimonate焦锑酸钾potassium pyrophosphate焦磷酸钾potassium pyrosulfate焦硫酸钾potassium rhodanide硫氰酸钾potassium silicate硅酸钾potassium sodium carbonate碳酸钠钾potassium sodium tartrate罗谢尔盐potassium sulfate硫酸钾potassium sulfide硫化钾potassium sulfite亚硫酸钾potassium tartrate酒石酸钾potassium thiocyanate硫氰酸钾potassium thiosulfate硫代硫酸钾potassium xanthate黄原酸钾potato starch马铃薯淀粉potential势potential barrier势垒potential difference电势差potential energy位能potential gradient电势梯度potential well势阱potentiometer电势计potentiometric analysis电势分析potentiometric cell电位滴定池potentiometric titration电势滴定potentiostatic electrolysis静电位电解potter's clay塑粘上pottery陶器potting浇灌pour point怜点pour point depressant降凝剂powder粉powder metallurgy粉末冶金powdered catalyst粉状催化剂powdered coal粉煤powdery yeast粉状酵母power力power consumption功率消耗power factor功率因数pozzolanic cement火山灰水泥practical units实用单位prandtl number普朗特数praseodymium镨praseodymium acetate醋酸镨praseodymium bromate溴酸镨praseodymium bromide溴化镨praseodymium carbonate碳酸镨praseodymium chloride氯化镨praseodymium hydroxide氢氧化镨praseodymium molybdate钼酸镨praseodymium nitrate硝酸镨praseodymium oxalate草酸镨praseodymium oxychloride氯氧化镨praseodymium selenate硒酸镨praseodymium sesquioxide二氧化二镨praseodymium sulfate硫酸镨praseodymium sulfide硫化镨precious metal贵金属precious stone宝石precipitability沉淀性precipitant沉淀剂precipitate沉淀物precipitated barium carbonate沉淀碳酸钡precipitated sulfur沉淀硫precipitating agent沉淀剂precipitation沉淀;降水precipitation agent沉淀剂precipitation analysis沉淀分析precipitation membrane沉淀膜precipitation reaction沉降反应precipitation titration沉淀滴定precipitation value沉淀值precipitator沉淀器precision精度precision balance精密天平precision instrument精密仪器precleaning预净化precooling预冷却precure早期硫化precursor前驱物质predissociation预离解predrying预干燥pregnenolone孕烯醇酮preheater预热器preheating预热preheating furnace预热炉preheating oven预热炉preliminary cleaning预净化preliminary drying预干燥preparation制法preparation of a surface表面处理preparative gas chromatography制备级气相色谱法prepared paint低涂料prepolymer预聚合物preservation保存preservatives保存剂preserve hydrogen with rare earths用稀土金属储存氢press压机press cake滤饼press cure加压硫化press filter压滤机press vulcanization加压硫化pressed glass压制玻璃pressed yeast压缩酵母pressing压制pressure压力pressure base factor基压系数pressure distillation加压蒸馏pressure filtration加压过滤pressure gage压力计pressure loss压力损失pressure medium压力介质pressure regulator压力第器pressure sensitive adhesive压敏粘着剂pressure sensitive dye压敏色素pressure still加压蒸馏器pressure tank压力罐pretreatment预处理prevulcanization早期硫化primary air一次空气primary alcohol伯醇primary amine伯胺primary carbon atom伯碳原子primary cell原电池primary phase初晶相primary salt一代盐primary winding初级线圈prime coat底涂primer底层涂料primidone普里米酮priming coat底涂priming paint底层涂料priming tube雷管primitive cell初基胞primitive lattice初基点阵principal axis of inertia惯性轴principal component知组分principal fermentation知发酵酌principal quantum number挚子数principal reaction知反应principal series值列principal valence汁子价principle of corresponding states对应状态原理principle of energy dissipation能量耗散原理principle of least action最小酌原理principle of maximum overlapping最大重迭原则principle of superposition迭加原理prins reaction普林斯反应printing印刷printing ink印刷墨printing paper印刷纸prism棱镜prism for infrared ray红外线棱镜prism spectrograph棱镜光谱仪prismatic spectrum棱镜光谱pristane姥鲛烷probability概率probability amplitude概率幅probability density概率密度probability distribution概率分布probability space概率空间probable error概率误差procainamide普鲁卡因胺procaine普鲁卡因procaine base普鲁卡因碱process工程process analyzer工程分析计process monitoring工程监视process steam加工蒸汽process variable工艺变量processing加工processing aid of textile织物加工助剂producer发生炉producer gas发生炉煤气producer gas reaction发生炉气体反应product产品product of distillation蒸馏产物production生产production of pairs正负电子对产生proflavine前黄素progesterone孕酮prolactin促乳泌素prolamin醇溶朊prolidase脯肽酶proline脯氨酸promazine普马嗪promedol二甲哌替啶promethazine普鲁米近promethium钜prominence日珥promotor促进剂pronamide拿草特propadiene丙二烯propagation增长反应propagation rate传播速率propanal丙醛propane丙烷propanoic acid丙酸propanol丙醇propargyl alcohol炔丙醇propargyl bromide炔丙基溴propargylic acid丙炔酸propeller螺旋桨propeller agitator螺旋桨式搅拌器propeller stirrer螺旋桨式搅拌器propene丙烯proper value本盏proper vibration固有振动propiolic acid丙炔酸propionaldehyde丙醛propionamide丙酰胺propionic acid丙酸propionic anhydride丙酸酐propionitrile丙腈propiophenone苯丙酮propolis蜂巢腊胶proportion比例proportional counter正比计数管proportional intensification比例加强proportional limit比例极限proportional reduction比例缩减proportioning pump计量泵propyl acetate醋酸丙酯propyl alcohol丙醇propyl aldehyde丙醛propyl bromide丙基溴propyl chloride丙基氯propyl gallate没食子酸丙酯propyl mercaptan丙硫醇propyl propionate丙酸丙酯propyl sulfide二丙硫propylamine丙胺propylbenzene丙基苯propylene丙烯propylene glycol丙二醇propylene oxide环氧丙烷propylidene亚丙烷propyliodone丙碘酮propylthiouracil丙硫氧嘧啶propyne丙炔prosthetic group辅基protactinium镤protamine精蛋白protease朊酶protease inhibitor蛋白酶抑制剂protection保护protective action保护酌protective agent保护剂protective coating保护涂层protective colloid保护胶体protective glass保护玻璃protective material保护剂protective number保护量protein蛋白质protein biosynthesis蛋白质的生合成protein fiber蛋白质纤维protein metabolism蛋白质代谢protein plastic蛋白质塑料protein refractometer蛋白折射计protein wave蛋白波proteolysis蛋白质水解proteolytic enzyme蛋白水解酶proteose朊间质prothoate发果prothrombin凝血酶原protic solvent质子性溶剂protium氕protocatechuic acid原儿茶酸protolysis光解酌proton质子proton affinity质子亲和力protonium质子素protoplasm原生质prototropy质子移变prototype原器原型protoveratrine绿藜芦碱protoxide低氧化物proustite淡红银矿provitamin前维生素proximate analysis近似分析prunasin野黑樱苷prussian blue普鲁士蓝prussic acid氢氰酸pseudoacid假酸pseudoatom伪原子pseudobase假碱pseudocapacity假电容pseudocatalysis假催化pseudocolloid假胶体pseudocomponent假成分pseudocritical properties伪临界性质pseudocrystal假晶体pseudocumene假枯烯pseudocumidine假枯胺pseudogel假凝胶pseudoglobulin假球朊pseudoionone假紫罗酮pseudoisomerism伪同质异能性pseudomerism假异构pseudomorphism假晶pseudomorphosis假同晶pseudonitrol假硝醇pseudoplastic flow假塑性怜pseudoplasticity假塑性pseudoreduced compressibility伪折减压缩系数pseudoreduced properties伪折减性质pseudorotation假回转pseudoscalar假标量psicose阿卢糖psilomelane硬锰矿psychromatic ratio湿度比psychrometer干湿球湿度计psychrometric chart湿度表psychrometric formula湿度公式pteridine蝶啶pteroylglutamic acid蝶酰谷氨酸ptomaine尸碱ptyalase唾液淀粉酶ptyalin唾液淀粉酶ptychotis oil香旱芹油pug捏土pug mill捏土机pulfrich photometer普尔弗里希氏光度计pulley滑轮pulp纸浆;矿浆pulsatilla camphor白头翁脑pulse column脉冲柱pulverized coal粉煤pulverizer磨粉机pulverizing磨碎pulverizing mill磨粉机pumice浮石pump泵pure culture纯粹培养pure substance纯物质purification提纯purification plant净化装置purifier净化器purifying agent净化剂purine嘌呤purine base嘌呤碱purinometer嘌呤测定计purity纯度purity analysis纯度分析purity check纯度分析purity of color色纯度purity test纯度检查purple oxide紫色氧化物purpureo salt红紫络盐purpuric acid红紫酸purpurin红紫素putrefaction腐烂putrefactive bacterium腐烂细菌putrescine腐胺putty油灰pycnometer比重计pyramidone匹拉米洞pyran吡喃pyranose吡喃糖pyranoside吡喃糖苷pyranthrone皮蒽酮染料pyrazine吡嗪pyrazole吡唑pyrazoline吡唑啉pyrazolone吡唑啉酮pyrazolone dye吡唑啉酮染料pyrazolone red吡唑啉酮红pyrene芘pyrethrin除虫菊素pyrex glass派热克斯玻璃pyridine吡啶pyridine base吡啶碱pyridine tricarboxylic acid吡啶三甲酸pyridinium compound吡啶季胺盐化合物pyridoxine吡哆醇pyrimethamine乙嘧啶pyrimidine嘧啶。

微电子工艺习题总结

1. What is a wafer? What is a substrate? What is a die?什么是硅片，什么是衬底，什么是芯片答：硅片是指由单晶硅切成的薄片；芯片也称为管芯（单数和复数芯片或集成电路）；硅圆片通常称为衬底。

2. List the three major trends associated with improvement in microchip fabrication technology, and give a short description of each trend.列出提高微芯片制造技术相关的三个重要趋势，简要描述每个趋势答:提高芯片性能:器件做得越小，在芯片上放置得越紧密，芯片的速度就会提高。

提高芯片可靠性：芯片可靠性致力于趋于芯片寿命的功能的能力。

为提高器件的可靠性，不间断地分析制造工艺。

降低芯片成本：半导体微芯片的价格一直持续下降。

3. What is the chip critical dimension (CD)? Why is this dimension important?什么是芯片的关键尺寸，这种尺寸为何重要答：芯片的关键尺寸（CD）是指硅片上的最小特征尺寸；因为我们将CD作为定义制造复杂性水平的标准，也就是如果你拥有在硅片某种CD的能力，那你就能加工其他所有特征尺寸，由于这些尺寸更大，因此更容易产生。

4. Describe scaling and its importance in chip design.描述按比例缩小以及在芯片设计中的重要性答：按比例缩小：芯片上的器件尺寸相应缩小是按比例进行的重要性：为了优电学性能，多有尺寸必须同时减小或按比例缩小。

5. What is Moore's law and what does it predict?什么是摩尔定律，它预测了什么答：摩尔定律：当价格不变时，集成电路上可容纳的晶体管数，月每隔18个月便会增加1倍，性能也将提升1倍。

Ion Implantation(离子注入)

2 2
Face Centered Cubic (100) Face Centered Cubic (111)
Ion Implantation •離子與電子的撞擊：
離子與電子間為庫倫交互作用
力，可視為非彈性碰撞。

吸收
離子能量的電子可能處於激態
或脫離原子束縛而形成二次電
子。

當激態電返回基態便會釋
放能量，可能會以光形式或熱
形式釋放。

Channeling Effect
通道效應：
半導體製程上，進入離子植入的固體靶為結晶矽，所以晶片原子的排列就有一方式。

如果植入的離子正好行經矽的週期排列中，而導致離子沒有和矽原子發生碰撞，離子將可以進入矽底材相當深的地方。

<111>
<100><110>
RTP and Furnace Annealing
Poly Si RTP Annealing Furnace Annealing
Poly Si
Si
Gate SiO 2Source/Drain Gate
Freeman型式Bernas型式
•利用直式電漿產生器產生離子，其結構如下所示，有Freeman及Bernas兩種。

Freeman為線型燈絲，Bernas為螺旋型燈絲。

其燈絲在於產生熱離化的電子以增加反應室中的電子濃度而增加電子與分子的碰撞機率。

磁鐵則是在於利用電磁力的作用使電子以螺旋方式運。

TiTiN纳米多层修饰的NiTi合金心脏封堵器的力学性能和血液相容性

Mechanical Properties and Hemocompatibility of Nano-multilayered Ti／TiN Coated NiTiAHoy for Cardiac Occluder ApplicationAnlia ng Shao1，2渤，Yi Z ho u3‘41，Xiaoting Liu n，Yan Chen g3’矿，Tingfei X i1五3’4)★’JianxiaXu2’1)Wenzho u Me di cal College，Wenzhou 325035，Chi na2)Center of Medic al Devices，National Institu te f or Food an d Drug Control，Beijing100050，C hin a3)Biomedical e n g in e e r i n g r es e a r ch center，She nzhen inst ituti on of Pek ing U niversity，Shenzhen5 1 8057，China4)Center fo r Bio med ica l Materials and T i s s u e E ng ine eri ng，A ca dem y f or Advanced I nt e rd is c ip li n ar y St u d ie s，P e k i n gUniversity,Beijing 1 00871，C h i n a C orr esp on din g authors：chengyan@：pku．edu．cn；xitingfei@tom．com删films have been fabricated on NiTi alloy by multi—arc IAbstractl1-layer,5-laye r a nd9-la yer Tion p lat in g technique in our prese nt wo rk．T he sur fa ce m orph olog y an d phase structure of TiN／Ti filmwereterms of hemolysis rate，platelet adhesion，investigated by SEM，AFM an d XRD．H em oco mp ati bi lit y inpartial thromboplastin time(PTT)，active partial thromboplastin time(APTT)and fibrinog en conce ntra tio n have been studied．The results show that th e su rf ace roughness for the c oa tin gs are hi gher th an that of th e NiTi substrate attributed to ion pl ati ng technique，and increase with the layer number．Na no hardn ess a n d elastic mod ulus valu es for th e TiffiN coating is mu ch hi gher th an t he NiTi alloy．The hemocompatibility t e st s indicate that the multi—layered Ti／TiN coating exhibits better hemolysis property,and have the comparable thrombus performance as th e substrate．Keywords：nano·multilayer；TiN／Ti；nanoindentation；hemocompatibility；NiTiTi／TiN纳米多层修饰的NiTi合金心脏封堵器的力学性能和血液相容性邵安良1Ⅲ’，周艺Ⅷ，刘晓婷”，成艳&咖，奚廷斐1·≈3’咖，许建霞21)温州医学院，浙江省温州市瓯海区茶山高教园区，3250352)医疗器械检测中心，中国食品药品检定研究院，北京市崇文区天坛西里2号，1000503)生物医学工程研究中心，北京大学深圳研究院，广东省深圳市南山区深圳市高新区南区高新南七道深港产学研基地大楼W320A，5180574)生物医用材料与组织工程中心，北京大学前言交叉学科研究院，北京市海淀区成府路205号，100871【摘要】在我们目前工作中，以NiTi为基体，通过多弧离子镀工艺制备出1层，5层，9层的TiN／Ti286薄膜。

小鼠卵巢组织的玻璃化冷冻研究

华中科技大学硕士学位论文小鼠卵巢组织的玻璃化冷冻研究姓名：***申请学位级别：硕士专业：妇产科学指导教师：***20060401华中科技大学同济医学院硕：Ｉｊ毕业论文．附图图１Ａ小鼠新鲜卵巢组织切片（×４００）图１Ｂ实验组Ｉ复苏后的组织切片（×４００）图１ｃ实验组ＩＩ复苏后的组织切片（×４００）图１Ｄ实验组Ⅲ复苏后的组织切片（×４００）图２玻璃化冷冻复苏后小鼠卵巢组织的电泳结果图５玻璃化冷冻复苏后的卵巢组织中始基卵泡透射电镜照片ｘ１００００２０华中科技大学同济医学院硕士毕业论文图４卵巢组织暴露于不同玻璃化冷冻溶液卵母细胞的存活率比较图６Ａ分离玻璃化冷冻复苏的卵巢组织所得图６Ｂ玻璃化冻融卵巢组织分离出的窦前卵泡４００ｘ０ＧＣ２００ｘ华中科投大学同济医学院顾：Ｉ‘毕业论文图３ＰＩ染色示死细胞幽８Ａ幽８Ｃ图８Ｅ幽７ＭＩＩ期卵母细胞纺锤体荧光染色镜检结果幽８Ｂ图８Ｄ图８Ｆ小鼠卵巢组织的玻璃化冷冻研究作者：陈薪学位授予单位：华中科技大学1.Meirow D.Nugent D The effects of radiotherapy and chemothrapy on female reproduction 20012.Blatt J Pregnancy outcome in long-term survivors of childhood canceer 19993.Abir R.Fisch B.Nitke S.Okon,E, Raz,A. Ben Rafael,Z Morphological study of fully and partially isolated early human follicles 20014.Gook D A.McCully B A.Edgar D H.McBain,J.C Development of antral follicles in human cryopreserved ovarian tissue following xenografting 20015.Van den Broecke R.Liu J.Handyside A.Van der Elst,J.C,Krausz,T,Dhont,M,Winston,R.M.and Hovatta,O Follicular growth in fresh and cryopreserved human ovarian cortical grafts transplanted to immunodeficient mice 20016.Parrott D M V Vitrification of human blastocysts using cryoloops:clinical outcome of 223 cycles 19607.Gosden R G.Baird D T.Wade J C.Webb,R Restoration of fertility in oophorectomised sheep by ovarian autografts stored at-196° 19948.Oktay K.Karlikaya G Ovarian function after transplantation of frozen,banked autologous ovarian tissue 20029.CaUejo J.Salvador C.Miralles A.Vilaseca,S, LaiUa,J.M. Balasch,J Long-term ovarian function evaluation after autografting by implantation with fresh and frozen-thawed human ovarian tissue 2001 10.Radford J A.Lieberman B A.Brison D R.Smith,A.R, Critchlow,J.D, Russell,S.A, Watson,A.J,Clayton,J.A, Harris,M,Gosden,R.G Orthotopic reimplantation of cryopreserved ovarian cortical strips after high-dose chemotherapy for Hodgldn's lymphoma 200111.K Oktay.E Buyuk Fertility preservation in women undergoing cancer treatment 2004(9423)12.J Donnez.MM Dolmans.D Demylle.P Jadoul, C Pirard, J Squifflet, B Martinez-Madrid, A van Langendonckt Livebirth after orthotopic transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue 2004(9443) 13.Dror Meirow.Jacob Levron.Talia Eldar-Geva Pregnancy after Transplantation of Cryopreserved Ovarian Tissue in a Patient with Ovarian Failure after Chemotherapy 200514.Jelinkova L.Selman HA.Arav A Twin pregnancy after vitrification of 2-pronuclei human embryos 200215.Mukaida T.Nakamura S.Tomiyama T.Wada S, Oka C, Kasai M and Takahashi K Vitrification of human blastocysts using cryoloops:clinical outcome of 223 cycles 200316.Yoon TK.Kim TJ.Park SE.Hong SW, Ko JJ, Chung HM Cha KY Live births after vitrification of oocytes in a stimulated in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer program 200317.Isachenko E.Isachenko V.Rahirni G.Nawroth F Cryopreservation of human ovarian tissue by direct plunging into liquid nitrogen 200318.Gosden R G.Mullan J.Picton H M.Yin,H. Tan,S.L Current perspective on primordial follicle cryopreservation and culture for reproductive medicine 200219.Liebermann J.Nawroth F.Isachenko V Potential importance of vitrification in reproductive m edicine 200220.Rall WF.Fahy GM Ice-free cryopreservation of mouse embryos at -196°C by vitrificat.ion 198521.Rall WF.Wood MJ.Kirby C Development of mouse embryos cryopreserved by vitrification 198722.Jelinkova L.Selman HA.Arav A Twin pregnancy after vitrification of 2-pronuclei human embryos 200223.Mukaida T.Nakamura S.Tomiyama T Vitrification of human blastocysts using cryoloops:clinical outcome of 223 cycles 200324.Yoon TK.Kim TJ.Park SE Live births after vitrification of oocytes in a stimulated in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer program 200325.Isackeako E.Isachenko V.Rahimi G Cryopreservation of human ovarian tissue by direct plunging into liquid nitrogen 200326.Sugimoto M.Maeda S.Manabe N Development of infantile rat ovaries autotransplanted after cryopreservation by vitrification 200227.Salehnia M Autograft of vitrified mouse ovaries using ethylene glycol as cryoprotectant 200228.Migishima F.Suzuki- Migishima R.Song Sy Successful cryopreservation of mouse ovaries by vitrification[外文期刊] 200329.Oktay K.Tilly J Livebirth after cryopreserved ovarian tissue autotranspl antation 2004(9451)30.Donnez J.Dolmans MM.Demylle D Livebirth after orthrtopic transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue 2004(9443)31.Smitz J.Cortvrindt R First childbirth from transplanted cryopreserved ovarian tissue brings hope for cancer survivors 2004(9443)32.Akiko Hasegawa.Yukari Hamada.Tzvetozar Mehandjiev In vitro growth and maturation as well as fertilization of mouse preantral oocytes from vitrified ovaries 2004(zk)33.Candy CJ.Wood MJ.Whittingham DG Restoration of a normal reproductive lifespan after grafting of cryopreserved mouse ovaries 2000(06)34.Newton H.Illingworth P In-vitro growth of murine pre-antral follicles after isolation from cryopreserved ovarian tissue 2001(03)35.王俊霞.朱桂金.魏玉兰.王雁林应用胚胎玻璃化冷冻技术获得临床妊娠及分娩一例[期刊论文]-中华妇产科杂志 2004(2)36.Baird DT.Campbell B.de Souza C Long-term ovarian function in sheep after ovariectomy and autotransplantation of cryopreserved cortical strips 2004(zk)37.Gosden RG Oogenesis as a foundation for embryogenesis 2002(02)38.Donahoe PK.Ito Y.Hendren WH The preservation of Mullerian inhibiting substance during long-term freezing of testicular fragments 197739.Hóvatta O.Silye R.Krausz T Cryopreservation of human ovarian tissue using dimethylsulphoxide and propanediol-sucrose as cryoprotectants 199640.Jezek D.Schulze W.Kalanj-Bognar S Effects of various cryopreservation media and freezing-thawing on the morphology of rat testicular biopsies 200241.Shinohara T.Inoue K.Ogonuki N Birth of offspring following transplantation of cryopreserved immature testicular pieces and in-vitro microinsemination 200242.Schlatt S.Meinhardt A.Nieschlag E Paracrine regulation of cellular interactions in thetestis:factors in search of a function 199643.Picton HM Cryopreservation of gonadal tissue and cells 200044.Oktay K A technique for laparoscopic transplantation of frozen-banked ovarian tissue 200145.Radford JA Orthotopic re-implantation of cryopreserved ovarian cortical strips after high-dose chemotherapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma 200146.Pickering S J.Braude PR.Johnson MH Cryoprotection of human oocytes:inappropriate exposure to DMSO reduces fertilization rates 199147.Bos-Mikich A.Whittingham DG Cytogenetical analysis and developmental potential of vitrified mouse oocytes 199548.Rayos AA.Takahashi Y.Hishimuma M.Kanagawa H Quick freezing of unfertilized mouse oocytes using ethylene glycol with sucrose or trehalose 199449.Songsasen N.Buckrell BC.Plante C In vitro and in vivo survival of cryopreserved sheep embryos[外文期刊] 199550.Pickering S J.Johnson MH The influence of cooling on the organization of the meiotic spindle of the mouse oocyte 198751.Aigner S.Van der Elst J.Siebzehnrubl E The influence of slow and ultra-rapid freezing on the organization of the meiotic spindle of the mouse oocytes 199252.Oktay K Ovarian cryopreservation and transplantation:Preliminary findings and imp,icatins for cancer patients 200153.Oktay K.Buyuk E.Davis O.Yermakova I Veeck I Rosenwals Z Fertility preservation in breast cancer pantients:in vitro fertilization and embryo cryoptesevation after ovarian stimulation with tamxifen 200354.Kutluk Oktay.Bulent Alp Aydin.Guvenc Karlikaya A technique for laparoscopic transplantation of frozen-banked ovarian tissue 2001(06)55.Okatay K.Guvenc G.Karlikay A Ovarian cryopreservation and transplantation:basic aspects 200056.Kutluk Oktay.Erkan Buyuk.Lucinda Veeck.Nilica Zaninovis Kangpy Xu Takumi Takeuchi Michael Opsahl Zev Rosenwaks Embryo development after heterotopic transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue 200457.J Donnez.MM Dolmans.D Demylle.P Jadoul, C Pirard, J Squifflet, B Martinez-Madrid, A van Langendonckt Livebirth after orthotopic transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue 2004(9443) 58.Dror Meirow.Jacob Levron.Talia Eldar-Geva Pregnancy after Transplantation of Cryopreserved Ovarian Tissue in a Patient with Ovarian Failure after Chemotherapy 200559.Jelinkova L.Selman HA.Arav A Twin pregnancy after vitrification of 2-pronuclei human embryos 200260.Mukaida T.Nakamura S.Tomiyama T.Wada S, Oka C, Kasai M and Takahashi K Vitrification of human blastocysts using cryoloops:clinical outcome of 223 cycles 200361.Yoon TK.Kim TJ.Park SE.Hong SW, Ko JJ, Chung HM Cha KY Live births after vitrification of oocytes in a stimulated in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer program 200362.Mohamed A Bedalwy.Elisabeth Jeremias.Raffi Gurunluoglu.Mahmoud R.Hussein, Maria Siemianow,Charles Biscotti and Tommaso Falcone Restoration of ovarian function after autotransplantation of intact frozen-thawed sheep ovaries with microvascular anastomosis 2003(03)63.Tommaso Falcone.Marjan Attaran.Mohamed A Bedaiwy.Jeffery M.Goldberg Ovarian function preservation in the cancer patient 2004(02)64.Meirow D.Nugent D The effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on female reproduction 2001(06)65.Akiko Hasegawa.Yukari Hamada.Tzvetozar Mehandjiev.Koji Koyarna In vitro growth and maturation as well as fertilization of mouse preantral oocytes from vitrified ovaries 2004(zk)66.Isachenko E.Isachenko V.Rahimi G.Nawroth E Cryopreservation of human ovarian tissue by direct plunging into liquid nitrogen 2003(02)67.Isachenko V.Isachenko E.Rahimi G.Krivokharchenko A, Alabart JL, Nawroth E Cryopreservation of human ovarian tissue by direct plunging into liquid nitrogen:negative effect of disaccharides in vitrification solution 2002(05)68.Nisolle M.Casanas-Roux F.Qu J Distribution and epidermal growth factor expression of primordial follicles in human ovarian tissues before and agter cryopreservation 200069.Christiani Andrade Amorim.Davide Rondina.Ana Paula.Ribeiro Rodrigues,Paulo Bayard Dias Goncalves. .JoséRicardo de Figueiredo and Alessandro Giorgetti Cryopreservation of isolated ovine primordial follicles with propylene glycol and glycerol 2004(zk)70.Banu Demirci.Jacqueline Lornage.Bruno Salle.Lucien Frappart Michel Franck and Jean Francois Guerin Follicular viability and morphology of sheep ovaries after exposure tocryoprotectant and cryopreservation with different freezing protocols 2001(04)71.Ali J Factors affecting the ultrarapid vitrification and crypreservation of embryo s 199272.Mojdeh Salehnia.Esmat Abbasian Moghadam.Mojtaba Rezazadeh Velojerdi Ultrastructure of follicles after vitrification of mouse ovarian tissue 2002(03)73.Mohamed A Bedaiwy.Elisabeth Jeremias.Raffi Gurunluoglu.Mahmoud R.Hussein, Maria Siemianow,Charles Biscotti and Tommaso Falcone Restoration of ovarian function after autotransplantation of intact frozen-thawed sheep ovaries with microvascular anastomosis 2003(03)74.Banu Demirci.Bruno Salle.Lucien Frappart.Michel Franck Jean Francois Guerin and Jacqueline Lornage Morphological alterations and DNA fragmentation in oocytes from primordial and primary follicles after freezing-thawing of ovarian cortex in sheep 2002(03)75.Siebzehnrubl E.Kohl J.Dittrich R Freezing of human ovarian tissue:not the oocytes but the granulose is the problem 200076.Hongbo Wang.Stephen Mooney.Yan Wen Follcle development in grafted mouse wvaries after cryopreservation and subcutaneous transplantation 200277.Radich J The use of PCR technolohy for detecting minimal residual disease in patients with leukemia 199978.Kim SS.Battaglia DE.Soules MR The future of human ovarian cryopreservation andtansplantation:Fertility and beyond 2001(06)79.Debra A Gook.B A Mccully.D H Edgar.J.C.Mc Bain Development of antral follicles in human cryopreserved ovarian tissue following xenografting 2001(03)1.唐永红.TANG Yong-hong激光扫描共聚焦显微镜在激光照射诱导细胞凋亡研究中的应用[期刊论文]-激光生物学报2006,15(5)2.代西梅.黄群策.李国平.胡秀明.秦广雍.DAI Xi-mei.HUANG Qun-ce.LI Guo-ping.HU Xiu-ming.QIN Guang-yong 激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察水稻双受精过程[期刊论文]-河南农业科学2007(6)3.马云涛应用激光共聚焦显微镜技术对脑脊液脑膜癌细胞内质网、线粒体的相关研究[学位论文]2010引用本文格式：陈薪小鼠卵巢组织的玻璃化冷冻研究[学位论文]硕士 2006——附加文档一篇，不需要的朋友下载后可以编辑删除，谢谢——工程概况刘家湾北段市政工程总长度545m；道路设计红线宽度主线30m,一副路面；车行道16m;绿化带2*4m；人行道2 *3m。

先天性甲状腺功能减退23页PPT

• In about 15% of cases of CH, the thyroid gland appears normal but the amount of thyroid hormone made is reduced. These cases are more likely to be inherited, but not always.
8
How to diagnose CH?
Family history should be carefully reviewed for information about similarly affected infants or family members with unexplained mental retardation.
In some cases, or may not be
located in the correct place. In some children with CH, the
Chiltdhryernoiwditghlatnhde minhaeyriintesdtetaydpebeofuCndHedr othneottomngaukee oernoonugthhe
3. Matinhtyserioszriieddneahanooldfrmtsihohoeandnepeeiec.nvke.en tdhoeufgihcthieeirnthcyyroid gland appears normal
4. Maternal thyroid condition and medications
How will you advice them ?
3
Content…
1.What is congenital Hypothyroidism? 2.Causes behind CH? 3.Signs and symptoms of CH? 4.How to diagnose CH? 5.Is CH inherited? 6.How to test for CH? 7.Treatment of CH?

史上最全药物化学专业英语词汇-双语版

medicinal 药品,药物, 药的,药用的 be split into 分成，分为 pharmaceutical 药学的，制药的，药品 starting material synthetic, 合成的，人造的，；synthetics 化学合成品, synthesis 合成(法), semisynthetic, synthesize, syntheses alkaloid 生物碱 lead structure 先导结构 intermediate 中间体 isolation 分离 natural source 天然来源 enzyme 酶 heart glycoside 强心苷 steroid 甾体 precursor 前体 organ/target organ 靶器官 peptide [pepta ɪd]译n. [生化] 缩氨酸Peptide:肽 | 缩氨酸 | 多肽 hormone 激素 insulin ['ɪnsj ʊl ɪn]n. [生化][药] 胰岛素 pancreas ['pæŋkr ɪəs] n. [解剖] 胰腺 vaccine ['væksi ːn] n. 疫苗；牛痘苗adj. 疫苗的；牛痘的 polysaccharide [,p ɒl ɪ'sæk əra ɪd]n. [有化] 多糖；多聚糖（等于polysaccharid ） serum ['s ɪər əm]n. 血清；浆液；免疫血清；乳清；树液 cholesterol 胆固醇 amino acid [ə,mi:n əu 'æsid] n. [生化] 氨基酸 acid 酸 gelatine ['d ʒɛl ətn]n. 胶质；果子冻；白明胶 hydrolysis 水解/hydrolysate 水解产物/hydrolyze 水解hydroxylation antibiotic 抗生素，抗菌的 antibody ['ænt ɪb ɒd ɪ]n. [免疫] 抗体 interferon 干扰素 fermentation 发酵 dextran 葡聚糖 -lactam ['læktæm] n. [有化] 内酰胺 natural product therapy/therapeutic 治疗的/therapeutic margin ['m ɑːd ʒɪn] n. 边缘；利润，余裕；页边的空白 vt. 加边于；加旁注于网络释义 Margin:保证金 | 利润 | 边缘caffeine 咖啡因 yeast [ji ːst] n. 酵母；泡沫；酵母片；引起骚动因素网络释义 yeast:酵母 | 酵母菌 | 发酵粉 microbiological ['ma ɪkroba ɪo'l ɑd ʒɪkl]adj. 微生物学的 mutant ['mju ːt(ə)nt]n. 突变体；突变异种adj. 突变的网络释义 Mutant:畸形 | 突变体 | 突变型microorganism [ma ɪkr əʊ'ɔːg(ə)n ɪz(ə)m]n. [微] 微生物；微小动植物网络释义 microorganism:微生物 | 微小动植物 | 微有 genetic [d ʒɪ'net ɪk] adj. 遗传的；基因的；起源的 mould [m əʊld] n. 模具；霉vt. 浇铸；用泥土覆盖 vi. 发霉 high performance 高性能；高效能的 bacterial [bæk't ɪr ɪəl]adj. [微] 细菌的 protein mucous membrane 黏膜 metabolism 新陈代谢 metabolite 代谢物 plasma 血浆 molecular weight[化学] 分子量 food additive 食品添加剂 organic [ɔː'g æn ɪk]adj. [有化] 有机的；组织的；器官的；根本的 lactic acid 乳酸 citric acid 柠檬酸 penicillin [pen ɪ's ɪl ɪn]n. 盘尼西林（青霉素） penicillium [,pen ɪ's ɪl ɪəm]n. 青霉菌；青霉菌属 tetracycline [,tetr ə'sa ɪkli ːn]n. [药] 四环素（抗生素的一种） derivative 衍生物 contamination 污染 sterile ['stera ɪl] adj. 不育的；无菌的；贫瘠的；不毛的；枯燥乏味的 aerobic [e ə'r əʊb ɪk]adj. 需氧的；增氧健身法的oxygen ['ɒksɪdʒ(ə)n]n. [化学] 氧气，[化学] 氧carbon dioxide [无化] 二氧化碳carbohydrate [kɑːbə'haɪdreɪt]n. [有化] 碳水化合物；[有化] 糖类starch [stɑːtʃ]n. 淀粉；刻板，生硬vt. 给上浆saccharide ['sækəraɪd]n. 糖；糖类polysaccharide [,pɒlɪ'sækəraɪd] n. [有化] 多糖；多聚糖（等于polysaccharid）glucose葡萄糖nitrogen ['naɪtrədʒ(ə)n] n. [化学] 氮urea [jʊ'riːə; 'jʊərɪə] n. [肥料] 尿素phosphate ['fɒsfeɪt]n. 磷酸盐；皮膜化成optimal ['ɒptɪm(ə)l] adj. 最佳的；最理想的ammonium sulfate[肥料] 硫酸铵ammonium [ə'məʊnɪəm]n. [无化] 铵；氨盐基,氨气ammonia [ə'məʊnɪə]n. [无化] 氨，阿摩尼亚separate ['sep(ə)rət]adj. 单独的；分开的n. 分开；抽印本vt. 使分离；使分开；使分居vi. 分开；隔开；分居filtrate ['fɪltreɪt]n. [化学] 滤液vt. 过滤；筛选vi. 过滤absorption [əb'zɔːpʃ(ə)n; -'sɔːp-]n. 吸收；全神贯注，专心致志extraction [ɪk'strækʃ(ə)n; ek-]n. 取出；抽出；拔出；抽出物；出身recombinant [rɪ'kɒmbɪnənt]n. 重组；重组体encode [ɪn'kəʊd; en-]vt. [计] 编码，译码purification chromatographic procedure色谱分析程序calcium ['kælsɪəm]n. [化学] 钙regiospecific reaction区域专一性反应stereospecific reaction 立体专一性反应isomerization [aɪ,sɒməraɪ'zeɪʃən]n. [化学] 异构化；异构化作用isomeric ['aisəu'merik]adj. [化学] 同分异构的；[化学][核] 同质异构的fructose ['frʌktəʊz; -s]n. [有化] 果糖；左旋糖countless ['kaʊntlɪs]adj. 无数的；数不尽的diagnose ['daɪəgnəʊz; -'nəʊz]vt. 诊断；断定vi. 诊断；判断diagnostic [daɪəg'nɒstɪk] n. 诊断法；诊断结论adj. 诊断的；特征的analysis [ə'nælɪsɪs]n. 分析；分解；验定analyst ['æn(ə)lɪst] n. 分析者；精神分析医师；分解者analytical [ænə'lɪtɪk(ə)l]adj. 分析的；解析的；善于分析的analyze ['ænə,laɪz]vt. 对进行分析，分解（等于analyse）protease ['prəʊtɪeɪz]n. [生化] 蛋白酶ingredient [ɪn'griːdɪəntn. 原料；要素；组成部分adj. 构成组成部分的in combination with与结合，与联合digestion [daɪ'dʒestʃ(ə)n; dɪ-] n. 消化；领悟enyzmatic cleavage酶法分析产物by means of用，依靠fumaric acid[有化] 富马酸；反丁烯二酸bind [baɪnd]n. 捆绑；困境；讨厌的事情；植物的藤蔓vt. 绑；约束；装订；包扎；凝固vi. 结合；装订；有约束力；过紧immobilize [ɪ'məʊbɪlaɪz]vt. 使固定；使不动；使停止流通racemate ['ræsɪmeɪt]n. 外消旋酒石酸盐；外消旋酸盐；[植] 外消旋物racemic [rə'siːmɪk; rə'semɪk]adj. 外消旋的；消旋酸的acetyl ['æsɪtaɪl; -tɪl]n. [有化] 乙酰；乙酰基heterogeneous [,het(ə)rə(ʊ)'dʒiːnɪəs;-'dʒen-]adj. [化学] 多相的；异种的；[化学] 不均匀的；由不同成分形成的catalysis [kə'tælɪsɪs]n. 催化作用；刺激作用medium ['miːdɪəm]n. 方法；媒体；媒介；中间物adj. 中间的，中等的；半生熟的ester ['estə]n. [有化] 酯synthetic route合成路线registration [redʒɪ'streɪʃ(ə)n]n. 登记；注册；挂号compoundorganometallic [ɔː,gænəʊmɪ'tælɪk]adj. 有机金属的Organometallic:化合物pyridine ['pɪrɪdiːn]n. 嘧啶；氮苯（等于pyridina）aromatic [ærə'mætɪk]n. 芳香植物；芳香剂adj. 芳香的，芬芳的；芳香族的toluene ['tɒljʊiːn]n. [有化] 甲苯xylene ['zaɪliːn]n. [有化] 二甲苯phenol ['fiːnɒl]n. 石碳酸，[有化] 苯酚Phenol:苯酚 | 酚 | 防腐剂recrystallization [riː,krɪstəlaɪ'zeɪʃən] n. 再结晶crystal ['krɪst(ə)l]adj. 水晶的；透明的，清澈的n. 结晶，晶体；水晶；水晶饰品methanolethanolacetoneethyl acetate[有化] 乙酸乙酯Benzenechlorobenzene [,klɔːrəʊ'benziːn]n. [有化] 氯苯diethyl ether乙醚，[有化] 二乙醚sodium hydroxiden. [无化] 氢氧化钠hydrochloric acid[无化] 盐酸sulfuric acid[无化] 硫酸nitric acid[无化] 硝酸nitric acid:硝酸 | 硝酸类 | 硝镪水acetic acid[有化] 醋酸，[有化] 乙酸potassium carbonate[无化] 碳酸钾chlorine ['klɔːriːn]n. [化学] 氯（17号化学元素）网络释义:氯 | 氯气 | 液氯chloride ['klɔːraɪd]n. 氯化物iodine ['aɪədiːn; -aɪn; -ɪn]n. 碘；碘酒iodide ['aɪədaɪd]n. [无化] 碘化物fluorine ['flʊəriːn; 'flɔː-]n. [化学] 氟fluoride ['flʊəraɪd; flɔː-]n. 氟化物bromine ['brəʊmiːn]n. [化学] 溴bromide ['brəʊmaɪd] n. [无化] 溴化物；庸俗的人；陈词滥调impurity n.杂质；不纯；不洁quality certificate品质证明书；技师证明书,质量认证GMP [,dʒi:em'pi:]abbr. 药品生产质量管理规范（Good Manufacturing Practice）large amount大量；巨额；大批facility [fə'sɪlɪtɪ]n. 设施；设备；容易；灵巧inspection [ɪn'spekʃn] 网络释义:检验 | 检查 | 视察analogous [ə'næləgəs] adj. 类似的；[昆] 同功的；可比拟的hygienic [haɪ'dʒiːnɪk]adj. 卫生的，保健的；卫生学的be subjected to受到；经受administer [əd'mɪnɪstə]vt. 管理；执行；给予vi. 给予帮助；执行遗产管理人的职责；担当管理人administer:管理 | 实施 | 治理administration [ədmɪnɪ'streɪʃ(ə)n]n. 管理；行政；实施；行政机构biologic response生物反应biologic membrane ['membreɪn] n. 膜；薄膜；羊皮纸to a large extent在很大程度上penetration [penɪ'treɪʃ(ə)n]n. 渗透；突破；侵入；洞察力spatial arrangementn. 空间布置，空间排列pharmacologicadj. 药理学的；药物学的stereochemistry [,sterɪə(ʊ)'kemɪstrɪ; ,stɪərɪə(ʊ)-]n. [化学] 立体化学three-dimensional structure立体结构三维结构lipid ['lɪpɪd] n. [生化] 脂质；油脂structure-activity relationshipsteric ['sterɪk; 'stɪərɪk]adj. 位的（副词sterically，异体字sterical）；（原子的）空间（排列）的steric:空间的 | 立体的correlation [,kɒrə'leɪʃ(ə)n; -rɪ-]n. [数] 相关，关联；相互关系parameter [pə'ræmɪtə]n. 参数；系数；参量partition coefficient[分化] 分配系数（等于distribution coefficient）distribution function [力] 分布函数；分配函数conformation [kɒnfɔː'meɪʃ(ə)n]n. 构造；一致，符合conformation:构象 | 构造 | 组成extraction [ɪk'strækʃ(ə)n; ek-]n. 取出；抽出；拔出；抽出物；出身optical isomerism[物化] 光学异构；[物化] 旋光异构optical isomer[物化] 光学异构体enantiomorphic [en,æntiə'mɔ:fik]adj. 镜象体的；对映异构的enantiomorph [ɪ'næntɪə(ʊ)mɔːf; e-]n. [有化] 对映体，左右像by no means:决不 | 并没有 | 并不tartaric acid [有化] 酒石酸manually ['mænjuəli]adv. 手动地；用手magnification [,mægnɪfɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n]n. 放大；放大率；放大的复制品drug design药物设计polarized light[光] 偏振光dextrorotatory [,dekstrəʊ'rəʊtət(ə)rɪ] adj. 右旋的；右旋性的levorotatory [,liːvəʊ'rəʊtətərɪ]adj. 左旋的clockwise ['klɒkwaɪz]adj. 顺时针方向的adv. 顺时针方向地countclockwiseantipode ['æntɪpəʊd]n. 正相反的事物；[有化] 对映体nonsuperimposable mirror imagecoincide with符合；与...相一致glyceraldehyde [,ɡlɪsə'rældəhaɪd]n. [生化] 甘油醛absolute ['æbsəluːt]adj. 绝对的；完全的；专制的n. 绝对；绝对事物literature ['lɪt(ə)rətʃə]n. 文学；文献；文艺；著作configuration [kən,fɪgə'reɪʃ(ə)n; -gjʊ-]n. 配置；结构；外形crystallography [,krɪstə'lɒgrəfɪ]n. [晶体] 结晶学asymmetric [,esɪ'mɛtrɪk]adj. 不对称的；非对称的access ['ækses] n. 进入；使用权；通路vt. 使用；存取；接近isomeric ['aisəu'merik]adj. [化学] 同分异构的；[化学][核] 同质异构的enantiom er [en'æntiəmə,-mɔ:f]n. [有化] 对映体；[数][有化] 对映异构体diastereoisomer['daiə,steriəu'aisəmə, ,daiə'steriəumə]n. [有化] 非对映异构体atomic number基本翻译[化学] 原子序数（指元素在周期表中按次序排列的序号）网络释义atomic number:原子序数 | 原子数 | 原子序priority [praɪ'ɒrɪtɪ]n. 优先；优先权；[数] 优先次序；优先考虑的事magnifica tion [,mægnɪfɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n]n. 放大；放大率；放大的复制品solubility:溶解度 | 溶解性 | 溶度spatial ['speɪʃ(ə)l]adj.:空间 | 立体的 | 空间性的sequencein vivo [in'vi:vəu, -'vai-]（拉）[生物] 在活的有机体内in vitro [in'vi:trəu, -'vi-]在体外；在试管内receptor [rɪ'septə]n. [生化] 受体；接受器；感觉器官intravenous injection静脉注射be susceptible to敏感的with respect to 关于；至于contract ['kɒntrækt]n. 合同；婚约vt. 感染；订约；使缩短vi. 收缩；感染；订约Contract in simpler means a promise or a series of promise made by a person to another and in this...substrate ['sʌbstreɪt]n. 基质；基片；底层（等于substratum）；酶作用物epoxidation [,epɔksi'deiʃən]n. [有化] 环氧化作用carcinogen [kɑː'sɪnədʒ(ə)n]n. 致癌物质oxidation [ɒksɪ'deɪʃ(ə)n]n. [化学] 氧化oxidation:氧化 | 氧化作用 | 自动氧化oxidasepreparation [,prepə'reɪʃ(ə)n]n. 预备；准备predominant [pr ɪ'd ɒm ɪn ənt]adj. 主要的；卓越的；支配的；有力的；有影响的 predominant:支配 | 主要的 | 优势的 species ['spi ːʃi ːz; -ʃɪz; 'spi ːs-]n. [生物] 物种；种类adj. 物种上的 complex ['k ɒmpleks]adj. 复杂的；合成的 n. 复合体；综合设施 dehydrase [di ː'ha ɪdre ɪs]n. 脱水酶 dehydrase:脱水酶 | 脱氢酶 | 去水酶dehydrogenase [,di ːha ɪ'dr ɒd ʒəne ɪz] n. [生化] 脱氢酶 decarboxylase [,di:k ɑ:'b ɔksileis] n. [生化] 脱羧酶（等于carboxylase ） hydrolytic enzymes 水解酶 isomerase [ai's ɔm əreis]n. [生化] 异构酶 permease ['p ɜːm ɪe ɪs]n. [生化] 透性酶；[生化] 通透酶 choline ['k əʊli ːn; -l ɪn]n. [生化] 胆碱；维他命B 复合体之一 one out of every ten 十分之一 clinical 临床的 interaction [ɪnt ər'æk ʃ(ə)n]n. 相互作用；[数] 交互作用n. 互动 excrete [ɪk'skri ːt; ek-]vt. 排泄；分泌网络释义 excretion [ɪk'skri ːʃ(ə)n; ek-]n. 排泄，排泄物；分泌，分泌物 inversion [ɪn'v ɜːʃ(ə)n]n. 倒置；反向；倒转 coordination [ko,ɔrd ɪ'ne ʃən]n. 协调，调和；对等，同等Coordination:协调 | 配位 | 同等 delay [d ɪ'le ɪ]n. 延期；耽搁；被耽搁或推迟的时间vt. 延期；耽搁vi. 延期；耽搁 efficacy ['ef ɪk əs ɪ]n 功效，效力 Efficacy:疗效 | 功效 | 效力 in place 相称的，合适的 entity ['ent ɪt ɪ]n. 实体；存在；本质 drug development 药物开发 attrition [ə'tr ɪʃ(ə)n]n. 摩擦；磨损；消耗 toxicity [t ɔk'sis əti]n. [毒物] 毒性 toxic ['t ɒks ɪk]adj. 有毒的；中毒的 toxicology [,t ɒks ɪ'k ɒl əd ʒɪ]n. [毒物] 毒物学，[毒物] 毒理学 anti-infective [,æntiin'fektiv]adj. 【医学】抗感染的n. 【药物】抗感染药物(或药剂) healthcare ['helθkεə]n. 医疗保健；健康护理，健康服务；卫生保健 repro-toxicology toxicology [,t ɒks ɪ'k ɒl əd ʒɪ] n. [毒物] 毒物学，[毒物] 毒理学 genotoxicityn. 基因毒性、遗传毒性 drug candidate indication [ɪnd ɪ'ke ɪʃ(ə)n]n. 指示，指出；迹象；象征 pharmacokinetics [,f ɑ:m ək əuki'netiks, -kai-]n. 药物（代谢）动力学 adverse ['ædv ɜːs]adj. 不利的；相反的；敌对的（名词adverseness ，副词adversely ） profile ['pr əʊfa ɪl] n. 侧面；轮廓；外形；剖面、属性 formulary ['f ɔːmj ʊl ər ɪ]n. 公式集；处方一览表；套话adj. 规定的；公式的；药方的 formulation [,f ɔrmj ə'le ʃən] n. 构想，规划；公式化；简洁陈述、公式化、剂型formular ['f ɔ:mjul ə]adj. 公式的 NSET:表面能量转移 | 调速器无负荷速度调节 | 国家地震技术协会 dose/once a day dosing dosage ['d əʊs ɪd ʒ]n. 剂量，用量 dosage form[药] 剂型 overdosage ['əuv ə'd əusid ʒ]n. 过剂量 regulatory ['re ɡjul ət əri]adj. 管理的；控制的；调整的 interdependent [,ɪnt ɚd ɪ'p ɛnd ənt]adj. 相互依赖的；互助的 Interdependent:共生 | 相互依赖的 | 互相依赖的 subacute 亚急性的 chronic ['kr ɒn ɪk]adj. 慢性的；长期的；习惯性的 clinical ['kl ɪn ɪk(ə)l]adj. 临床的；诊所的 preclinical [pri ː'kl ɪn ɪk(ə)l]adj. 临床前的；现出症状之前的潜伏期的 vital optimum ['ɒpt ɪm əm]n. 最佳效果；最适宜条件 adj. 最适宜的 optimize ['ɑpt ɪma ɪz]vt. 使最优化，使完善 vi. 优化；持乐观态度 impurity [ɪm'pj ʊər ɪt ɪ]n. 杂质；不纯；不洁 pilot plantn. 试验工场；小规模试验厂 critical path:关键路径 | 关键路线 | 关键线路criteria [krai'tiəriə]n. 标准，条件（criterion的复数）update [ʌp'deɪt]n. 更新；现代化vt. 更新；校正，修正；使现代化网络释义in parallel并行的；并联的；平行的adequate ['ædɪkwət]adj. 充足的；适当的；胜任的stability [stə'biliti]n. 稳定性；坚定，恒心potency ['pəʊtnsɪ]n. 效能；力量；潜力；权势dermal ['dɜːməl]adj. 真皮的；皮肤的cardiovascular 心血管的respiratory [rɪ'spɪrət(ə)rɪ;'resp(ə)rət(ə)rɪ; rɪ'spaɪ-]adj. 呼吸的/呼吸系统 / 呼吸道nervous ['nɜːvəs]adj. 神经的；紧张不安的；强健有力的concurrently [kən'kʌrəntli]adv. 兼；同时发生地label ['leɪb(ə)l]n. 标签；商标；签条vt. 标注；贴标签于synergies协同作用antagonize [æn'tæɡənaɪz]拮抗作用vt. 使…敌对；使…对抗；对…起反作用vi. 引起反抗antagonize:敌对 | 起反作用 | 使成敌人reversible [rɪ'vɜːsɪb(ə)l]adj. 可逆的；可撤消的；可反转的n. 双面布料irreversible [ɪrɪ'vɜːsɪb(ə)l]adj. 不可逆的；不能取消的；不能翻转的permissible [pə'mɪsɪb(ə)l]adj. 可允许的；获得准许的lifespan ['laɪfspæn]n. 寿命；预期生命期限；预期使用期限| 生命值 | 使用寿命diseasetumour inhaler [ɪn'heɪlə]n. [临床] 吸入器；空气过滤器；吸入者capsule ['kæpsjuːl; -sjʊl]n. 胶囊；[植] 蒴果；太空舱；小容器adj. 压缩的；概要的vt. 压缩；简述rodent ['rəʊd(ə)nt]adj. 啮齿类的；咬的，嚼的；侵蚀性的n. [脊椎] 啮齿动物foetal ['fitl]adj. 胎儿的；似胎儿的teratology [,terə'tɒlədʒɪ]n. [胚] 畸形学；怪异研究exposure [ɪk'spəʊʒə; ek-]n. 暴露；曝光；揭露；陈列patch [pætʃ]n. 眼罩；斑点；碎片；小块土地vi. 打补丁vt. 修补；解决；掩饰set-up ['sɛtʌp]n. 计划；组织；机构；装配hazard ['hæzəd]n. 危险，冒险；冒险的事vt. 赌运气；冒…的危险，使遭受危险网络释义on a large scale大规模地shelf-lifen. 贮藏寿命tannin ['tænɪn]n. 丹宁酸；鞣酸caffeine ['kæfiːn]n. [有化][药] 咖啡因；茶精（兴奋剂）In commonvacuum titration真空滴定homogeneous [,hɒmə(ʊ)'dʒiːnɪəs; -'dʒen-]adj. 均匀的；[数] 齐次的；同种的gallic acid没食子酸，[化学] 五倍子酸鞣酸hydroxyl group羟基esterify [e'sterɪfaɪ]vt. 使酯化vi. 酯化phenolic [fi'nɔlik]n. [胶粘] 酚醛树脂adj. [有化] 酚的；[胶粘] 酚醛树脂的；石碳酸的Phenolic:酚醛树脂 | 酚的 | 苯酚的precipitate [prɪ'sɪpɪteɪt]n. [化学] 沉淀物vt. 使沉淀；促成；猛抛；使陷入adj. 突如其来的；猛地落下的；急促的vi. [化学] 沉淀；猛地落下；冷凝成为雨或雪non-hydrolyzablehydrolyzableadj. 可水解的carboxyl group羧基carboxyl group:酰基 | 第二个糖为具有羧基acidic [ə'sɪdɪk]adj. 酸的，酸性的；产生酸的calcium carbonaten. [无化] 碳酸钙carbonate ['kɑːbəneɪt]n. 碳酸盐vt. 使充满二氧化碳；使变成碳酸盐carbonate:碳酸盐 | 碳酸酯 | 碳酸根chloroform ['klɔːrəfɔːm; 'klɒr-]n. 氯仿；三氯甲烷vt. 用氯仿麻醉flavonoiddistillation sublimationsalicylic acid three neck round bottom flask separatory funnel steam bath distillation flask beaker rinse ozone ice water bath condenser heparin digestion Aside from fall into Provide for as with Cation compendial Batch –to batch coagulation clot decolorize anticoagulant precipitation methodology extraneous intestinal mucosa casing nitrate proteolytic degrade/ degradation peroxide antithrombin thrombin platelet aggregation intratracheal parenteral topical comatose relegate tablet syrup suspension emulsion versus breakage leakage chip crack taste masking expiration Even partially portable Adsorbent be free of / be free from Preference 偏爱 otherwise ad. 另外，别样 Burden 负担，负重， on standing 搁置 microbiologic preservation dispense bioavailability systemic effects self-administration of medication motion sickness medical emergency sterile ophthalmic irrigate mucous abrade Viable 能生长发育的，生存的 Mucous menbrane Body compartment 体室，体腔 Body cavity Circumvent 围绕，包围，智胜，防止…发生，迂回 Exceptionally 特殊地，异常地 Wound 受伤 Vessel 管，脉管 Specialized 专业的，专业性的 By far 非常，更加 Monograph 专题文章，专题论文 Stringent 严格的，严厉的 Inclusive 范围广的 Gravimetric 重量分析法的 Electrolytic 电介质的，电解的 Conductivity 电导率 Conductance 电导，电导性 Immerse 将…浸入 Electrode 电极 Specific 比的 ResistanceWithstand 经受得住 Stress 恶劣的 Redictable 可预报的 Reproducible 可重现的 Necessary 必然的 Solubilizers 加溶剂 Chelate 螯合 Excipient 赋型剂 Ingredient 配料 Medicinal agent Dispense 使分散，使疏开，配方（药） Ingenuity 独创性，精明 Formulator Meager 贫乏的 Continuance 持续 pellet vehicle gravimetric instantaneous osmosis dissociate pyrogen antioxidant buffer tonicity antifungal inhibitor antifoaming colligative extemporaneous specification preparation optimize accumulation availability delivery/ deliver peroral release sustain gastrointestinal predefine cavity margin ionic/ion simulate distinctly efficacy paddle intestinal interval a steady-state blood or tissue level elimination blood vessel electrode/electrolytic conductivity/conductance resistance excipient thermal viable disintegration residence time accomplish maximum/maximize potentiate prescribe uniformity compliance specification physiologic agitation In the face of 面临 Fluctuation 波动 Deliberate 深思熟虑的 Peroral 经口的 Depot 仓库 Repository 仓库 Sustained release ， Sustained action ， prolonged action ， controlled release ， extended action ， timed release ， repository dosage forms Implicit 固有的 peak 峰 dump maintenance dose maintenance period methane, ethane, Propane, butane/tetrane, pentane ethylene, Propylene/propene, butylene, 1-pentene methanol,ethanol/ethyl alcohol, Propanol/ propyl alcohol, Butanol/Butyl alcohol, 1-pentanol calibrate aseptic stoichiometry replenishment tubular productyieldscirculate atomize discrete reactant material transfer regeneration reactant conversion deviate from viscosityexothermic endothermicshort-circuiting 短路 laminarflowadiabatic radial product yields well-stirredbatch reactorreactor configuration semibatchreactorcontinous-flow stirred-tank reactorback-mixing返混 cross-section pressue dropcountercurrentpacked-columnrate-limiting stepfluidized or fluid bed tubularreactortubular plug-flow reactor batchoperationturbulent trickle bed multiplicity in series逐次的，串联的feed Cross－flow错流，横向流Panel－bed 板式床 reactiondriving froces 反应驱动力Chain－terminating Hydraulic水力学的mechanical seal 机械密封 viscous 粘滞的Be prone to 倾向于, 易于中药traditional Chinese drug生药crude drug草药medicinal herb民族药ethnic drug地产药材native drug 道地药材famous-region drug中成药Chinese patent medicine海洋生药学marine pharmacognosy药用植物学medicinal botany植物化学phytochemistry植物化学分类学plant chemotaxonomy 生药拉丁名Latin name of crude drug 学名scientific name来源source混淆品adulterant类同品allied drug伪品counterfeit drug代用品substitute掺伪adulteration天然产物natural product化学成分chemical constituent有效成分effective constituent主成分main constituent活性成分active constituent莽草酸途径shikimic acid pathway乙酸一丙二酸途径acetate-malonatepathway乙酸- 甲瓦龙酸途径acetate-mevalonate pathway单糖monosaccharide戊糖pentose己精hexose庚糖heptose辛糖octose脱氧糖deoxysaccharide, deoxysugar呋喃糖furanose吡喃糖pyranose寡糖oligosaccharide二糖disaccharide三糖trisaccharide四糖tetrasaccharide五糖pentosacc haride多糖polysaccharide淀粉starch树胶gum果胶pectin半纤维素hemicellulose纤维素cellulose甲壳质chitin肝素heparin硫酸软骨素chondroitin sulfate玻璃酸hyaluronic acid直链淀粉amylose支链淀粉amylopectin糖原glycogen费林试验Fehling test苷glycoside糖杂体heteroside苷元aglycone苦杏仁酶emulsin氰苷cyanogenic glycoside, cyanogenetic glycoside酚苷phenolic glycoside多酚polyphenol醛苷aldehyde glycoside醇苷alcoholic glycoside吲哚苷indole glycoside树脂醇苷resinol glycoside硫苷thioglycoside呫吨酮xanthone呫吨酮苷xanthonoid glycoside蒽醌anthraquinone蒽醌苷anthraquinone glycoside蒽酚anthranol氧化蒽酚oxanthranol蒽酮anthrone二蒽酮dianthrone羟基蒽醌hydroxyanthraquinone博恩特雷格反应Borntrager reaction黄酮类flavonoid黄酮苷flavonoid glycoside黄酮flavone黄烷flavane黄酮醇flavonol黄烷酮flavanone黄烷酮醇flavanonol异黄酮isoflavone异黄烷酮isoflavanone新黄酮类neoflavonoid裂环烯醚萜苷secoiridoid glycoside木脂体lignan木脂内酯lignanolide新木脂体neolignan木素lignin萜terpene萜类terpenoid半萜hemiterpene单萜monoterpene倍半萜sesquiterpene二萜diterpene三萜triterpene四萜tetraterpene多萜polyterpene齐墩果烷oleanane挥发油volatile oil精油essential oil鞣质tannin鞣酸tannic acid可水解鞣质hydrolysable tannin缩合鞣质condensed tannin鞣酐phlobaphene鞣花鞣质ellagitannin没食子鞣质gallotannin双缩脲反应biuret reaction脂肪fat脂肪油fatty oil去油de-fatting蜡wax环烯醚萜苷iridoid glycoside环烯醚萜iridoid裂环烯醚苷secoiridoid皂化saponification酸败rancidity饱和脂肪酸saturated fatty acid不饱和脂肪酸unsaturated fatty acid有机酸organic acid树脂resin油树脂oleoresin树胶树脂gum resin香树脂balsam香脂酸balsamic acid苷树脂glycosidal resin苦味素bitter principle色素pigment微量元素trace element生物碱alkaloid吖啶生物碱acridine alkaloid阿朴啡类生物碱aporphine alkaloid苄基异喹啉生物碱benzylisoquinoline alkaloid双苄基异喹啉生物碱bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid双吲哚生物碱bisindole alkaloid咪唑生物碱imidazole alkaloid吲哚生物碱indole alkaloid吲哚联啶生物碱indolizidine alkaloid吲哚烷胺生物碱indolylalkylamine alkaloid异喹啉生物碱isoquinoline alkaloid大环生物碱macrocyclic alkaloid吗啡烷生物碱morphinane alkaloid羟吲哚生物碱oxindole alkaloid菲啶生物碱phenanthridine alkaloid苯烷胺生物碱phenylalkylamine alkaloid哌啶生物碱piperidine alkaloid嘌呤生物碱purine alkaloid吡啶生物碱pyridine alkaloid吡咯生物碱pyrrolidine alkaloid吡咯联啶生物碱pyrrolizidine alkaloid喹唑啉生物碱quinazoline alkaloid喹啉生物碱quinoline alkaloid喹啉联啶生物碱quinolizidine alkaloid甾体生物碱steroid alkaloid萜类生物碱terpenoid alkaloid四氢异喹啉生物碱tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid碘化汞钾试剂Mayer's reagent碘化铋钾试剂Dragendorff's reagent碘化钾碘试剂Wagner's reagent硅钨酸试剂Bertrand's reagent, silicotungstic acid reagent磷钼酸试剂Sonnenschein's reagent, phospho-molybdic acid reagent苦味酸试剂Hager's reagent, picric acid reagent矾酸铵-浓硫酸试液Mandelin test solution 钼酸铵-浓硫酸试液Frohde test solution甲醛-浓硫酸试液Marquis test solution莨菪烷tropane莨菪烷生物碱tropane alkaloid除虫菊素类pyrethroid-acetal 醛缩醇acetal- 乙酰acid 酸-al 醛alcohol 醇-aldehyde 醛alkali- 碱allyl 丙烯基alkoxy- 烷氧基-amide 酰胺amino- 氨基的-amidine 脒-amine 胺-ane 烷anhydride 酐anilino- 苯胺基aquo- 含水的-ase 酶-ate 含氧酸的盐、酯-atriyne 三炔azo- 偶氮benzene 苯bi- 在盐类前表示酸式盐bis- 双-borane 硼烷bromo- 溴butyl 丁基-carbinol 甲醇carbonyl 羰基-caboxylic acid 羧酸centi- 10-2chloro- 氯代cis- 顺式condensed 缩合的、冷凝的cyclo- 环deca- 十deci 10-1-dine 啶dodeca- 十二-ene 烯epi- 表epoxy- 环氧-ester 酯-ether 醚ethoxy- 乙氧基ethyl 乙基fluoro- 氟代-form 仿-glycol 二醇hemi- 半hendeca- 十一hepta- 七heptadeca- 十七hexa- 六hexadeca- 十六-hydrin 醇hydro- 氢或水hydroxyl 羟基hypo- 低级的，次-ic 酸的，高价金属-ide 无氧酸的盐，酰替…胺，酐-il 偶酰-imine 亚胺iodo- 碘代iso- 异，等，同-ite 亚酸盐keto- 酮ketone 酮-lactone 内酯mega- 106meta- 间，偏methoxy- 甲氧基methyl 甲基micro- 10-6milli- 10-3mono- ( mon-) 一，单nano- 10-9nitro- 硝基nitroso- 亚硝基nona- 九nonadeca- 十octa- 八octadeca- 十八-oic 酸的-ol 醇-one 酮ortho- 邻，正，原-ous 亚酸的，低价金属oxa- 氧杂-oxide 氧化合物-oxime 肟oxo- 酮oxy- 氧化-oyl 酰para- 对位，仲penta- 五pentadeca- 十五per- 高，过petro- 石油phenol 苯酚phenyl 苯基pico- 10-12poly- 聚，多quadri- 四quinque- 五semi- 半septi- 七sesqui 一个半sexi- 六sulfa- 磺胺sym- 对称syn- 顺式，同，共ter- 三tetra- 四tetradeca- 十四tetrakis- 四个thio- 硫代trans- 反式，超，跨-yl 基-ylene 撑(二价基，价在不同原子上）-yne 炔。