第二篇原文
论语第二篇原文与解析
论语第二篇原文与解析《论语》第二篇：原文与解析导读：《论语》是中国古代教育经典著作之一，被誉为是儒家学派的重要经典。
第二篇是其中的一部分，本文将介绍《论语》第二篇的原文，并对其进行解析和分析。
第一章：学而篇原文：“子曰：学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？”解析：这段原文中提到了几个关键词，包括“学习”、“朋友”、“不愠”等。
其中，“学而时习之，不亦说乎？”表明了儒家思想中对于学习的重视，提倡不断的钻研和修炼。
而“有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？”强调了友情的重要性，人们之间相互交流、学习的乐趣。
最后一句“人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？”则强调了君子的风度，应当宽容待人。
第二章：为政篇原文：“子曰：为政以德，譬如北辰，居其所而众星共之。
”解析：这句原文中使用了比喻，“为政以德，譬如北辰”，意思是说在执政过程中应当以德为根本，像北辰一样居于高位，指引众多星星相互共同发光。
此处体现了孔子的政治理念，主张以德治国，以道德和美德来引导人民。
第三章：八佾篇原文：“子曰：夷狄之有君，不如诸夏之亡也。
”解析：这段原文中，孔子指出夷狄之地虽然有君王，但是他们的统治远远不及诸夏之地的亡国状况。
通过比较两者，孔子再次强调了治理的重要性，正视君王的责任与使命。
第四章：里仁篇原文：“子曰：里仁为美。
择不处仁，焉得知？”解析：这段原文中，“里仁为美”是指在家庭和社区中，要注重亲情和仁爱。
接着，“择不处仁，焉得知？”则是强调个人要从行为实践中体会到仁道的真正意义。
通过这两句原文，孔子教导人们要注重内心的修养与修炼，用仁爱来行事。
结语：《论语》第二篇中提到了不同的主题和思想，包括学习、执政、治理和仁爱等。
通过对其原文的解析，可以更加深入地理解孔子的思想，并将其运用到现实生活中。
《论语》作为一部重要的教育经典，对于培养人的品德和修养有着重要的指导作用。
诗经第二篇原文与解析
诗经第二篇原文与解析古代中国文化中最为重要的文学遗产之一便是《诗经》，它是古代中国最早的诗歌总集，也被誉为中国古代文学的瑰宝。
其中的每一篇诗都有其独特的意义和价值。
在本文中，我们将会介绍《诗经》中的第二篇，同时进行原文与解析的探讨。
第二篇《采薇》是一首描述爱情的诗歌，感叹着一位女子对于自己心爱的人的思念之情。
以下是《采薇》原文及其解析。
采薇采薇，薇亦作止。
曰归曰归，岁亦莫止。
靡室靡家，猃狁之故。
不遑启居，猃狁之故。
采薇采薇，薇亦柔止。
曰归曰归，心亦忧止。
忧心之忡，以永终止。
终身之悔，于何从止？首先，我们来看首句“采薇采薇，薇亦作止。
”，其中“采薇”一词表明了女子的忧思之情。
她不断地去采集薇草，以此来抒发自己对于心上人的思念之情。
第二句“曰归曰归，岁亦莫止。
”意味着女子对心上人的期盼，“岁亦莫止”则寓意时间的长久，这样的等待似乎永无止境。
接下来，“靡室靡家，猃狁之故。
不遑启居，猃狁之故。
”这两句诗意味着女子居住的家园已被敌人猃狁族侵占，无法安居乐业。
她因为心思牵挂，无法忍受与心上人分离而心灵痛苦。
紧接着，“采薇采薇，薇亦柔止。
曰归曰归，心亦忧止。
”这两句依旧表达了女子始终坚持采集薇草以表达自己的思念之情，同时也体现了她内心的焦虑和忧愁。
她如此深情地思念心上人，如此痛苦地等待他的归来。
最后，“忧心之忡，以永终止。
终身之悔，于何从止？”这两句诗体现了女子内心的痛苦。
她忧心忡忡，心情烦躁，以至于感到无尽的绝望。
她也深深后悔自己的守候和等待是否太过愚蠢，是否能永远继续下去。
通过对《采薇》的原文分析与解析，我们可以看出这首诗歌表达了一个女子对心上人的思念与忧愁。
她虽然身处困境，但却始终坚守着自己对爱情的坚持。
这首诗通过描绘女子的内心世界和情感体验，展现了古代中国人对于爱情的追求和执着，也反映了古代的社会背景和生活状态。
《诗经》是中华文化的瑰宝，其中的每一篇诗歌都有其独特的内涵和意义。
通过学习和欣赏这些诗歌作品，我们可以更深入地了解古代中国的文化、历史和人情世故。
朝花夕拾第二篇原文
朝花夕拾第二篇原
朝花夕拾第二篇的原文如下：
「清明时节雨纷纷，路上行人欲断魂。
借问酒家何处有？牧童遥指杏花村。
」这是杨绛女士所作《春》诗中的开头四句，道出了一个寓意深远的故事。
故事开始于一个清明时节的雨天。
雨水滂沱，让整个世界都显得阴郁而凄凉。
行人们在路上奔波，仿佛身心都要被这片阴霾所吞噬。
他们彷徨无措，仿佛丧失了灵魂般，不知道该去哪里寻找一丝温暖和安慰。
于是，一个人向牧童借问酒家的位置。
牧童不在身边，只能用手遥指着杏花村的方向。
这里的杏花村象征着一种美好的存在，宛如人间仙境。
牧童告诉行人，酒家就在杏花村中，那里可以找到满足心灵需求的慰藉。
这四句诗以简洁的语言描绘了一个寻找幸福和安慰的求索过程。
在寒冷的雨天里，行人们迷茫和无助，但他们仍然希望能找到一个避风港，找到内心的宁静。
杨绛通过这个故事，告诉我们不管在何时何地，都应该相信美好的存在，
寻找内心的满足和平静。
朝花夕拾第二篇以其深入人心的故事情节和精妙的语言表达，成为了中国现代文学的经典之作。
它表达了对温暖、幸福和希望的向往，也让读者在阅读中感受到了生活中的真实与美好。
《黄帝内经·素问》第二篇：四气调神大论白话文
原文：春三月，此为发陈。
天地俱生，万物以荣，夜卧早起，广步于庭，被发缓形，以使志生，生而勿杀，予而勿夺，赏而勿罚，此春气之应，养生之道也；逆之则伤肝，夏为寒变，奉长者少。
夏三月，此为蕃秀。
天地气交，万物华实，夜卧早起，无厌于日，使志勿怒，使华英成秀，使气得泄，若所爱在外，此夏气之应，养长之道也；逆之则伤心，秋为痎疟，奉收者少，冬至重病。
秋三月，此谓容平。
天气以急，地气以明，早卧早起，与鸡俱兴，使志安宁，以缓秋刑，收敛神气，使秋气平，无外其志，使肺气清，此秋气之应，养收之道也；逆之则伤肺，冬为飧泄，奉藏者少。
冬三月，此为闭藏。
水冰地坼，勿扰乎阳，早卧晚起，必待日光，使志若伏若匿，若有私意，若已有得，去寒就温，无泄皮肤，使气极夺。
此冬气之应，养藏之道也；逆之则伤肾，春为痿厥，奉生者少。
天气清净，光明者也，藏德不止，故不下也。
天明则日月不明，邪害空窍。
阳气者闭塞，地气者冒明，云雾不精，则上应白露不下。
交通不表，万物命故不施，不施则名木多死。
恶气不发，风雨不节，白露不下，则菀不荣。
贼风数至，暴雨数起，天地四时不相保，与道相失，则未央绝灭。
唯圣人从之，故身无奇病，万物不失，生气不竭。
逆春气则少阳不生，肝气内变。
逆夏气则太阳不长，心气内洞。
逆秋气则太阴不收，肺气焦满。
逆冬气则少阴不藏，肾气独沉。
夫四时阴阳者，万物之根本也。
所以圣人春夏养阳，秋冬养阴，以从其根；故与万物沉浮于生长之门。
逆其根则伐其本，坏其真矣。
故阴阳四时者，万物之终始也；生死之本也；逆之则灾害生，从之则苛疾不起，是谓得道。
道者，圣人行之，愚者佩之。
从阴阳则生，逆之则死；从之则治，逆之则乱。
反顺为逆，是谓内格。
是故圣人不治已病，治未病；不治已乱，治未乱，此之谓也。
夫病已成而后药之，乱已成而后治之，譬犹渴而穿井，斗而铸锥，不亦晚乎？白话文：春季的三个月谓之发陈推出新，生命萌发的时令。
天地自然，都富有生气，万物显得欣欣向荣。
此时，人们应该入夜即睡眠，早些起身，披散开头发，解开衣带，使形体舒缓，放宽步子，在庭院中漫步，使精神愉快，胸怀开畅，保持万物的生机。
2002年考研真题第二篇原文和翻译-sincethedawnhumaningenuity[整理版]
![2002年考研真题第二篇原文和翻译-sincethedawnhumaningenuity[整理版]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/4ec28752b207e87101f69e3143323968011cf4ab.png)
HUMAN INGENUITY0Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty . That compulsion has resulted in robotics--the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines . And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction,they have begun to come close.0从人类最初有了智慧至今 人们一直在设计日益巧妙的工具来处理那些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者只是一般肮脏的工作。
这种不得已的行为导致了机器人科学的产生——一门将人类的能力赋予机器的科学。
如果科学家们还没有在机械上实现科幻小说的幻想 那么他们也已经很接近这个目标了。
0As a result , the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms.Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers . And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot system that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy- far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.0由此引起的结果是 现代世界已经日益充斥着智能的装置 虽然我们几乎都注意不到他们但他们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳力。
新版典范英语7-2Noisy-Neighbours原文及翻译
第二篇原文：Noisy Neighbours1Mr FlinchIn a grim, grey house in a grim, grey town lived an unhappy man.It was not his grey house that made Mr Flinch unhappy. It was not that he was poor, because he was not. Mr Flinch was a miser. He never gave away a penny. ( He never gave away a smile either. ) He was a mean and miserable man.Mr Flinch was miserable because of his neighbours.On one side of Mr Flinch’s grim, grey house stood a jolly red one. It belonged to Carl Clutch who mended cars.Carl loved cars – and motorbikes and vans and lorries. Every morning, Mr Flinch woke up to hear hammers banging, spanners clanging and engines revving. The whole street shook with the noise.]On the other side, in a bright blue house, lived a music teacher called Poppy Plink. Each morning, Poppy sat down and played grand tunes on her grand piano. After breakfast, her students started to arrive.Violins screeched, drums thundered and bassoons bellowed. Mr Flinch shut his window, but the noise still came through the wall. Brum – brum, tootle – toot, bang! His whole house shook and shivered.He put his fingers in his ears.He rapped on the wall … but his neighbours did not hear.They were far too happy. They were mending cars and making music, and they loved their work.Brum – brum, tootle – toot, bang!Mr Flinch rap rapped until he made holes in his wallpaper. It did no good.Mr Flinch locked himself in a cupboard. He wound old towels round his head.）He wrote angry letters, but tore them all up. ‘ Stamps cost far too much money!’ he said.Even in bed, he wore a hat to keep out the noise.But the cars still revved and the music still jangled.Mr Flinch was the grey filling in a noise sandwich.‘This can’t go on,’ Flinch thought to himself. He even shouted it out loud:2Nasty TricksMr Flinch went next door to Carl’s house. Carl was mending cars. It was easy to sneak into his kitchen and put a dead rat in the fridge.$‘That will get rid of him!’ said Flinch, and smiled a nasty smile. ‘Nobody wants to live in a house with rats!’At midnight, Mr Flinch climbed on to his roof and – carefully, carefully – crawled across the tiles. He put his head down Poppy’s chimney and gave a long, loud, ‘Hooowooowoooo!’‘That will get ride of her,’ he said with a grim grin. ‘Nobody wants to liv e in a house with ghosts!’Then he climbed back into bed.Next morning, Mr Flinch woke to a HUGE noise. Cars and lorries were stopping outside. He looked out of his window.Carl was sitting outside in the rood, with a table, a kettle, a loaf of bread and a bottle of tomato sauce.Carl called to Mr Flinch, ‘Can’t use my kitchen today! Rays, urgh! My mum is cleaning up. She told me to eat my breakfast outside. That’s how I got this great idea! Take – away breakfast! Drivers can stop here and buy break fast.’Just then, Poppy Plink came running out of her blue front door. ‘Oh, Mr Flinch! Oh, Carl! Guess what happened last night!’<‘I give up,’ said Mr Flinch, with a sumg smirk. ‘Do tell.’Poppy beamed with joy. ‘Last night, angles sang down my chi mney! They did, I promise!’ She frowned. ‘But the music wasn’t very good! I think they want some new songs to sing! I’m sure they want me to write them, and I shall! Oh I shall!’She did.Poppy still had to teach music all day.But at night she wrote angle music. She made it nice and loud, with lots of cymbals and trumpets.It was all too much for Mr Flinch.3Mr Flinch has a Plan{Mr Flinch went next door to Carl’s house.He showed Carl a fistful of money. ‘The day you move house, all this is yours!’ he said.‘Anything you say, chief,’ said Carl, wiping his dirty hands on a rag.‘As long as I can mend cars, I’ll be happy anywhere.’ Carl went on, ‘I’ll move out as soonas I can sell the house!’Next, Mr Flinch went to Poppy’s house and offered her a hatful of money. ‘The day you move house, all this is yours!’ he said.‘Of course! If that is what you want, dear heart! Cried Poppy.She had never seen so much money in her life. ‘As long as I have my music, I can be happy anywhere! I will move out just as soon as I can sell my little house!’Mr Flinch went home a happy man – well, as happy as a man like Mr Flinch can ever be.*He felt in his empty pockets and gulped. ‘All that money gone! Ah, but soon those noisy neighbours will be gon e, too!’In a few days, Mr Flinch’s neighbours had sold up their houses.Now, at last, he would have peace and quiet – nothing but the noise of mice scratching in the empty cellar.4 Moving DayMr Flinch watched as Poppy Plink moved out. Bo-jangle went the piano as she pushed and bumped it down the steps.‘Going already are you, you pest’ he mutted. ‘I pity the person who has to live next door to you!’Seeing him, Poppy waved up at the window.(‘Such luck, Mr Flinch!’ she called. ‘Fancy! A few days ago, I met someone who wants to move house too! We agreed to swap houses!’Just then, Carl came out of his front door carrying two heavy tool boxes. He saw Poppy struggling with a harp and went to help her. ‘All set, Poppy he said.‘All set, Carl! Isn’t this fun!’ She replied.Then Carl moved into Poppy’s bright house and Poppy moved into Carl’s jolly red one.They helped each other to carry the big things, like tables and sofas.Then Carl had a house-warming party. He and Poppy sang, because they were so happy: ‘There’s no place like home!’Mr Flinch heard it right through the wall of his house … even inside his cupboard, even with a towel round his head.第二篇翻译：|吵闹的邻居先生在一个阴森的，灰色的城镇中，有一座阴森的，灰色的房子，房子中又生活了一个不快乐的男人。
八年级上册孟子二章
八年级上册孟子二章
以下是八年级上册《孟子二章》原文：
富贵不能淫
景春曰：“公孙衍、张仪岂不诚大丈夫哉？一怒而诸侯惧，安居而天下熄。
”
孟子曰：“是焉得为大丈夫乎？子未学礼乎？丈夫之冠也，父命之；女子之嫁也，母命之，往送之门，戒之曰：‘往之女家，必敬必戒，无违夫子！’以顺为正者，妾妇之道也。
居天下之广居，立天下之正位，行天下之大道。
得志，与民由之；不得志，独行其道。
富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈，此之谓大丈夫。
”
生于忧患，死于安乐
舜发于畎亩之中，傅说举于版筑之间，胶鬲举于鱼盐之中，管夷吾举于士，孙叔敖举于海，百里奚举于市。
故天将降大任于是人也，必先苦其心志，劳其筋骨，饿其体肤，空乏其身，行拂乱其所为，所以动心忍性，曾益其所不能。
(是人一作：斯人) 人恒过，然后能改；困于心衡于虑而后作；征于色发于声而后喻。
入则无法家拂士，出则无敌国外患者，国恒亡。
然后知生于忧患而死于安乐也。
希望以上内容对你有帮助。
如果需要更详细的解释或分析，建议查阅教辅或咨询语文老师。
2020考研英语二阅读原文翻译
一、标题：2020考研英语二阅读原文翻译二、引言今年的考研英语二阅读部分原文内容涵盖了多个领域，涉及了丰富多彩的话题，对考生的阅读能力和英语水平提出了较高的要求。
本文将对2020年考研英语二阅读部分的原文进行翻译，希望对广大考生备战考研提供帮助。
三、原文翻译1. 第一篇原文：《The Impact of Air Pollution》空气污染的影响Air pollution is a problem for many countries throughout the world. It is caused by industrial and vehicle emissions and is increasing at an alarming rate. It can cause respiratory diseases, and on smoggy days, it is advisable to stay indoors.空气污染是世界许多国家的问题。
它是由工业和车辆排放引起的，并以令人担忧的速度增长。
它会导致呼吸道疾病，而在雾霾天气，最好呆在室内。
2. 第二篇原文：《The Impact of Climate Change on Wildlife》气候变化对野生动物的影响Recent studies show that climate change is having a significant impact on wildlife. Rising temperatures and changes in weather patterns are affecting the habitats of many species, leading to a decline in populations and a loss of biodiversity.最近的研究表明，气候变化对野生动物有着显著的影响。
《黔之驴》原文及翻译
《黔之驴》原文及翻译《黔之驴》是柳宗元的作品《三戒》中的一篇。
《三戒》含《临江之麋》《黔之驴》《永某氏之鼠》三篇寓言。
本文是其中的第二篇，写的是一头驴被一只虎吃掉的故事。
下面小编为大家精心准备了《黔之驴》原文及翻译。
【原文】：黔无驴，有好事者船载以入。
至则无可用，放之山下。
虎见之，庞然大物也，以为神，蔽林间窥之。
稍出近之，慭慭然，莫相知。
他日，驴一鸣，虎大骇，远遁;以为且噬已也，甚恐。
然往来视之，觉无异能者;益习其声，又近出前后，终不敢搏。
稍近，益狎，荡倚冲冒。
驴不胜怒，蹄之。
虎因喜，计之曰，“技止此耳!”因跳踉大，断其喉，尽其肉，乃去。
【注释】：【1】选自《柳宗元集》，有删节。
柳宗元(773～819)，字子厚，河东解(现在山西省运城县解州镇)人，唐代文学家。
黔(qián)，地名，包括现在四川、贵州等省的部分地区。
【2】好(hào)事者：喜欢多事的人。
船载以入：用船装运(驴)进入(黔)。
船，这里是用船的意思。
以，而。
【3】则：却。
【4】庞然：巨大的样子。
【5】以为神：把(它)当作神奇的东西。
“以”后边省去“之”字。
【6】蔽：隐藏。
窥(kuī)：偷看。
【7】稍：渐渐。
【8】慭慭(yìnyìn)然：小心谨慎的样子。
【9】莫相知：不知道它(是什么东西)。
【10】骇(hài)：惊惧。
【11】遁(dùn)：逃走。
【12】以为且噬(shì)己：认为将咬自己。
且，将。
噬，咬【13】觉无异能者：觉得(驴)没有什么特殊本领似的'。
者，这里相当于“……似的”。
【14】搏：扑，击。
【15】狎(xiá)：亲近而不庄重。
【16】荡倚冲冒：形容虎对驴轻侮戏弄的样子。
荡，碰撞。
倚，倚靠。
冲，冲击。
冒，冒犯。
【17】不胜怒：非常恼怒。
不胜，不禁、不能承受。
【18】蹄：踢。
【19】计之：盘算这件事。
之，这，指上文所说驴生了气只能踢的情况。
【20】技止此耳：本领不过这样罢了?止，只、不过。
史记第二篇原文及翻译
太史公曰：余每读虞书[1]，至于君臣相敕[2]，维是几安[3]，而股肱不良[4]，万事堕坏，未尝不流涕也。
成王作颂[5]，推己惩艾[6]，悲彼家难[7]，可不谓战战恐惧，善守善终哉?君子不为约则修德[8]，满则弃礼。
佚能思初[9]，安能维始[10]，沐浴膏泽而歌咏勤苦，非大德谁能如斯!《传》曰“治定功成，礼乐乃兴”[11]。
海内人道益深[12]，其德益至[13]，所乐者益异。
满而不损则溢，盈而不持则倾[14]。
凡作乐者，所以节乐[15]。
君子以谦退为礼，以损减为乐，乐其如此也。
以为州异国殊[16]，情习不同[17]，故博采风俗，协比声律[18]，以补短移化[19]，助流政教[20]。
天子躬于明堂临观[21]，而万民咸荡涤邪秽，斟酌饱满[22]，以饰厥性[23]。
故云《雅》、《颂》之音理而民正[24]，噭之声兴而士奋[25]，郑、卫之曲动而心淫[26]。
及其调和谐合，鸟兽尽感[27]，而况怀五常[28]，含好恶，自然之势也?【段意】总论制作音乐的目的和音乐具有的作用。
指出制作音乐的目的是为了节制人们的欢乐之情，君子是以节制私欲为欢乐的。
如《虞书》和《周颂·小毖》所载：懂得节制欢乐的君主才能够居安思危、守礼修德而善始善终;君子以节制私欲为欢乐，所以能够身处安乐而不忘艰危，守礼修德能做到不受外物影响而始终如一。
为什么要节制欢乐呢?因为凡事都有个限度，不加以节制，欢乐过分势必会有倾覆的危险。
由于人们道德修养的高低而对欢乐的追求也就不同，加上乐有雅正和邪僻之分，因此乐的作用也会大不一样。
雅正的音乐可以端正民风、鼓舞士气，具有补救时弊、移风易俗和帮助推行政令教化的巨大作用;而邪僻的音乐，如郑国和卫国的靡靡之音，则使人不免会产生淫乱邪恶的念头。
音乐的作用何以会如此巨大呢?因为当声律和谐协调的音乐演奏起来时，连鸟兽都要受到感染，何况是怀有伦常观念和好恶情性的人呢!【注释】[1]虞书：亦称《虞夏书》，是《尚书》中关于尧、舜、禹三代帝王事迹的记载。
庄子第二篇原文与解析
庄子第二篇原文与解析庄子，即庄周，是中国古代哲学家之一，与老子并称为道家学派的创始人。
他的思想以自由、无为以及追求心灵自由为核心，对后世的思想界影响深远。
庄子的著作中以《庄子》一书最为著名，全书分为七篇，每篇都围绕着“道”和“自然”展开。
本文将对《庄子》第二篇进行原文与解析的探讨。
以下是《庄子》第二篇的原文：初亲仁者，其言辞也，其智也，不远矣。
审察其所亲，与其所不亲，以观其所亲也。
是以君子有亲亲，有敬亲，有爱亲，有畏亲。
故远者，君子不与乐也；近者，君子不与游也。
天下有道，圣人贵而不贱；贱而不谄；贵而不高；佚而不乐。
《甫刑》节《说命》而采《善邻》，《失宠》而不惊；贵而不骄，贱而无厌，故迎接不来远也。
以下是对《庄子》第二篇的解析：在这篇文章中，庄子探讨了仁爱的主题。
他认为初心的仁爱是一种纯粹、真实的智慧和言辞表达。
通过审察一个人对待亲人和非亲人的态度，我们可以看到他对待仁爱的态度。
君子对待亲人有亲近、敬重、爱护和敬畏之情。
因此，君子不会与远离道德的人一同快乐，也不会与近乎庸俗的人一同游玩。
在天下有道的伦理秩序中，圣人尊贵而不轻视他人，卑贱而不屈服，尊贵而不傲慢，放松而不陷入欢乐之中。
他们持守《甫刑》的原则，遵从《说命》的指示并关注《善邻》的行为。
即使受到了失宠，他们也不会惊慌失措；尊贵而不骄傲，卑贱而不感到厌倦，因此不会主动去迎合那些没有共同道德观念的人。
庄子在这篇文章中表达了个人与周围环境的互动关系，以及对待亲人和非亲人的态度。
他强调了真正的仁爱应该包含亲近、尊敬、爱护和敬畏，而不是简单的亲近关系。
他认为君子应该遵循道德秩序，在遇到道德困境时不退缩，不陷入轻浮和庸俗之中，而是持守原则、关注善行、谦卑而坚强。
通过这样的行为，君子不仅能保持内心的自由和平和，还能影响周围环境，让别人主动向他靠近。
庄子的思想深邃而启迪人心，他的文章清晰地表达了他对于仁爱和道德的思考。
通过阅读和理解《庄子》第二篇，我们可以更好地理解庄子的哲学观点，以及如何在日常生活中实践他所提倡的仁爱原则。
古文观止第二篇原文与解析
古文观止第二篇原文与解析《古文观止》第二篇原文与解析《古文观止》是中国古代文学的经典之作，收录了许多优秀的古代文章。
第二篇是其中的一篇原文，本文将对该篇原文进行解析，以帮助读者更好地理解和欣赏这篇古文。
原文如下：“于是乎不见于时者以时，犹特不骛于民者民用也，言刑者言耗职也，言作亦耗亲也，尝特不见于时，言欲不作用而民黜作文，使出幽行，宁怀子反言之，然后可以人事，宁勿怀子庙之为言。
见于时者以时，言刑者言可以儆矣，言利者言可以贪矣，犹见矣则盗也，然则不与曰贪，见矣则上也，然则不与曰贪矣，与曰盗矣。
故见盗而诛，则以经而不辩，诛冯其所拿，以经而辩，见刑而罪，以逊而止……”这篇原文是一段较长的句子，表述了一种对待社会问题的态度和方法。
通过对原文的解析，我们可以更好地理解作者的观点和意图。
首先，在这篇原文中，可以看出作者对时势的看法。
他认为一个人应该顺应时代的变化，去适应时代的需要。
只有在与时俱进的基础上，才能不被时代所淘汰。
作者用“不见于时者以时”这一表达方式，强调了时代对个人的要求。
其次，作者还谈到了对待社会问题的态度。
他认为应该以实际行动来解决问题，而不仅仅是口头上的批评和控诉。
例如，他提到了对待刑罚问题。
他认为言论只能耗费职位，而刑罚才能起到儆效。
这表明作者认为，对社会问题的解决应该采取有效的措施，而不仅仅是空谈和抱怨。
此外，在文章的后半部分，作者也提到了如何对待个人的利益和欲望。
他认为，个人的利益应该与社会的利益相结合，不能只考虑自己而忽视他人。
与此同时，他还谈到了“盗”和“贪”的关系。
作者认为，只有犯罪行为明显时，才能被称为“盗”，而不仅仅是为了私利而行动。
因此，这段原文也反映了作者对个人道德观念的关注。
综上所述，这篇原文通过对时势和社会问题的讨论，反映了作者对人们行为和道德的关注。
通过解析这篇原文，我们可以更好地理解作者的观点和思想，也可以从中获得关于社会道德和行为准则的启示。
《古文观止》作为一部重要的文学著作，通过这样的篇章和解析，帮助我们更好地了解中国古代文学的卓越之处。
孟子第二篇原文与解析
孟子第二篇原文与解析（正文开始）《孟子第二篇原文与解析》孟子是中国古代儒家学派的重要代表之一，其思想对中国的哲学、道德和政治理论产生了深远的影响。
本文将介绍并解析孟子的第二篇原文，以期加深对孟子思想的理解。
原文如下：「子曰：『盖有不赏以无法，有不罚以无威。
信誉不立，不可守也。
』」这句话出自《孟子·尽心》一章，文中孟子谈到了赏罚制度在社会中的重要性与必要性。
下面我们来逐句解析这段原文。
「盖有不赏以无法。
」赏罚制度的存在可以规范人们的行为。
赏识和奖励可以激励人们努力工作，提高工作效率，同时也树立了正能量的榜样。
如果没有赏罚机制，人们可能会变得懈怠，工作失去积极性和动力。
因此，赏罚制度对于维护社会运行的秩序至关重要。
「有不罚以无威。
」在遵守规则和法律方面，罚款和惩罚也是必要的手段。
它们可以强化社会秩序，防止违法行为的发生。
如果没有罚则，违法犯罪行为将会屡禁不止，并导致社会混乱。
罚则的存在带来了法律的威慑力，从而对人们的行为起到了约束和警示作用。
「信誉不立，不可守也。
」信誉是社会交往中的一项重要财富，它建立在个人的品德和承诺之上。
一个人若失信于人，将可能失去他人的信任，进而无法在社会中立足。
因此，保持诚信和言行一致至关重要。
公民的诚信是社会稳定和谐的基石之一。
通过对这段原文的解析，我们可以发现，孟子强调了赏罚制度的重要性以及诚信的价值。
这些思想指导着人们的行为，为社会秩序的维持和发展作出了贡献。
综上所述，通过阐述了孟子第二篇原文的内容和解析，我们可以更好地了解他对赏罚制度和诚信的看法。
这些思想也可以引发我们对于当代社会问题的思考，进而为我们的社会建设和个人修养带来启示。
（正文结束）。
韩非子第二篇原文与解析
韩非子第二篇原文与解析韩非子第二篇原文：韩非子曰：“今夫有社稷者，国之大事也。
及视行修乘舞，以验其政令。
有其民者，人之大事也。
视身修行修乘舞，以验其政令。
国有政令者，故能备乎外者。
人有政令者，故能备乎内者。
故大国无破，小国无亡。
外备则守，内备则治，不知外内之分，不能均治。
”解析：韩非子在这篇文章中明确指出了国家和个人的重要性以及对外对内的重要性。
他指出，国家的社稷（社会的根本利益）是至关重要的大事，而个人也是重要的存在。
一个国家若在行政政令上能够经行修乘舞（即考核政令的执行情况），就能保持国家的安全和稳定。
而一个人若在个人修行上能够行修乘舞，就能保证自身的行为合乎道德规范和法律法规。
国家因为有政令的存在而能够在外部得到保障，个人也因为有政令的存在而能够在内部得到保障。
所以，大国不会被破坏，小国不会灭亡。
只有做到外部的准备，国家才能得以守卫，只有做到内部的准备，国家才能得以治理。
如果没有区分外内的重要性和差异，就无法进行有效的治理。
这段话通过"国之大事"和"人之大事"的呼应来突出了国家和个人在政治生活中的重要性。
而提到了行修乘舞，即以人行为的修行为判定政令的准则，既展示了政令的检验方式，也强调了个人修行的重要性。
文章中用了"外备则守，内备则治"的表达方式，通过强调外部和内部的区别，呼应了外内的重要性和差异，以及为国家和个人带来的保障与利益。
总的来说，韩非子在这篇文章中用简洁明了的字句呼应了国家与个人、外部与内部的关系，并以修行和政令的检验作为关键点，提出了外部和内部的备份与治理的思想。
这些思想对于国家的治理和个人的修行提供了有价值的启示和指导，从而为社会和个人的发展带来积极的影响。
墨子第二篇原文与解析
墨子第二篇原文与解析原文：墨子第二篇墨子多怨章句上墨子问天子，言“天子可以使天下有大怨，所禁术无罪;使人有大怨，所禁术无罪;赏以重货财，所禁术无罪;罚以残生，所禁术无罪;天下有令行禁止者，即法天子者，其行若何若？”天子不对。
墨子起，宾其後。
夏后问之。
墨子对曰：“天子、害之也。
”宾之：“子胡言？”墨子曰：“天子乃天下之大害，非生民虐民之害也。
”夏后大以为貌。
使人谓墨子之明主，及使人谓墨子开君也。
墨子曰：“饷人之技，非人臣其庶君也。
”夏后大哉问之。
墨子对曰：“国生于长，死于夭。
君念其祖，子孙怨之；子孙念其身，鄰國怨之。
念國者惟人掌虎厉，君故尊亲贵寡而废妻子。
故曰：‘君迷，臣死；君迷，民覆；君迷，国亡。
’”夏后咋然，弗听。
宾之，闻于外。
晋文子闻之以告晋君。
晋君曰：“嗟，实请闻之。
”乃召之。
晋君曰：“以子之观墨子之说，若信之？”对曰：“履历见之。
”晋君曰：“然则夏后欺遇我也？”对曰：“何谓也？夏后是老说。
”晋君曰：“圣知先觉，诚寡见也。
”出，谓其人曰：“吾有口罪，无心。
”墨子游诸侯，晋君使人逐墨子於楚江，墨子予之诗曰：“我往不悔，来不反。
”庄子之子伐墨子。
墨子曰：“子可杀，诗不杀。
”先逐之楚境以数百人待墨子。
楚君闻之，召墨子。
墨子往会楚君，归而杀庄子之子。
晋君闻之且怒，乃谓使者告墨子曰：“子之不封，楚君之遇子也。
”墨子物之日已入後；晋君恶而罢之。
居与归，晋君怒；居与众饮，晋君恶而罢之。
墨子之门人皆言：“从南墓而左。
”墨子曰：“弟子，尔未知言，而以言教我耶？不及忧，何取？”晋君以墨子不顺，晋君谓宋子政曰：“我土豪与之同货财。
吾以敝官国使甸者、游士予之；而以视台台士甸者予之，民无有区，而以职敝之使甸者予之；以敝官眚示甸者予之：然则以何归？”宋子政对曰：“不知也。
老年之人无义。
”晋君怒。
晋定公诘之以墨子之道。
墨子曰：“吾闻之，殷之道时堕，晋公藏诸社中以待时时用也。
今时计曰大道，绰约而宽慷硕寡；然尔所谓：‘诸侯爱我而社取我’者，非尔之子孙之祖父之说也。
荀子第二篇原文与解析
荀子第二篇原文与解析荀子，名况，字卿子，战国时期著名的思想家、政治家。
他的代表作《荀子》是一部综合性哲学著作，被誉为儒家学派的重要经典之一。
本文将重点对《荀子》第二篇进行原文解析，探讨荀子的思想和观点。
第二篇的标题为《劝学》，内容主要围绕如何培养和提升人的学习能力展开。
下面是第二篇原文及其解析：原文：吾友敬告曰：“衣服美则能成仁，食味鲜则能乐义，能乐义则可以观天地矣。
故要术之士，不治衣服则不欲言颜色；不治盆器则不欲辞理物；不要活数则不欲用兵；不患饥寒则不欲知导引。
五华备具而形骸全，而后可观于天地。
故要术之士，容貌寡欲；纵情疏欲；如是，则可以长寿。
长寿神人，可以观天地矣。
”解析：这一段话表达了荀子对于修身养性和注重学习的观点。
首先，“衣服美则能成仁，食味鲜则能乐义。
”荀子认为外表的整洁美观以及饮食的美味可以帮助人培养修养和热爱道义。
这是因为人的外在形象和身体感受可以影响内在的心灵状态。
接着，荀子提出：“故要术之士，不治衣服则不欲言颜色；不治盆器则不欲辞理物；不要活数则不欲用兵；不患饥寒则不欲知导引。
”这句话是告诫学者们，如果不注重练习琐碎的细节和工作，就无法发挥自己的才能。
只有把衣服和盆器整理得井井有条，才能言之有物；只有精通算术运算，才能在用兵方面得心应手；只有在饥寒之中，才能明白导引的重要性。
最后，荀子总结道：“五华备具而形骸全，而后可观于天地。
故要术之士，容貌寡欲；纵情疏欲；如是，则可以长寿。
长寿神人，可以观天地矣。
”这段话强调了一个人修身的重要性和长寿的可能性。
当一个人的容貌朴素，欲望适度时，才能通过对自身的调适与约束，实现长寿和成为神人的目标。
在修身养性的过程中，个人可以更好地观察天地，对人生有更深入的理解。
总结：荀子的《劝学》强调了修身养性以及注重学习的重要性。
通过精心的衣着打扮和饮食调理，可以提升修养和道德观念；通过练习琐碎的细节和工作，可以发挥自己的才能；通过约束欲望，可以实现长寿和成为神人的目标。
五年级上册第二篇课文落花生
五年级上册第二篇课文落花生一、课文原文。
我们家的后园有半亩空地。
母亲说：“让它荒着怪可惜的，你们那么爱吃花生，就开辟出来种花生吧。
”我们姐弟几个都很高兴，买种，翻地，播种，浇水，没过几个月，居然收获了。
母亲说：“今晚我们过一个收获节，请你们的父亲也来尝尝我们的新花生，好不好？”母亲把花生做成了好几样食品，还吩咐就在后园的茅亭里过这个节。
那晚上天色不大好。
可是父亲也来了，实在很难得。
父亲说：“你们爱吃花生吗？”我们争着答应：“爱！”“谁能把花生的好处说出来？”姐姐说：“花生的味儿美。
”哥哥说：“花生可以榨油。
”我说：“花生的价钱便宜，谁都可以买来吃，都喜欢吃。
这就是它的好处。
”父亲说：“花生的好处很多，有一样最可贵：它的果实埋在地里，不像桃子、石榴、苹果那样，把鲜红嫩绿的果实高高地挂在枝头上，使人一见就生爱慕之心。
你们看它矮矮地长在地上，等到成熟了，也不能立刻分辨出来它有没有果实，必须挖起来才知道。
”我们都说是，母亲也点点头。
父亲接下去说：“所以你们要像花生，它虽然不好看，可是很有用。
”我说：“那么，人要做有用的人，不要做只讲体面，而对别人没有好处的人。
”父亲说：“对。
这是我对你们的希望。
”我们谈到深夜才散。
花生做的食品都吃完了，父亲的话却深深地印在我的心上。
二、生字词。
1. 生字。
- 亩（mǔ）：地积单位，10分等于1亩，100亩等于1顷。
- 播（bō）：撒种。
如“播种”。
- 浇（jiāo）：往物体上洒或倒液体。
如“浇水”。
- 吩（fēn）：吩咐，口头指派或命令。
- 咐（fù）：见“吩”字组词。
- 亭（tíng）：有顶无墙，供休息用的建筑物。
如“茅亭”。
- 慕（mù）：向往，敬仰。
如“爱慕”。
- 矮（ǎi）：身材短。
2. 多音字。
- 空：kōng（空间、天空），kòng（空地、空闲）。
- 种：zhǒng（种子、种类），zhòng（播种、种地）。
3. 近义词。
道德经第二篇原文与解析
道德经第二篇原文与解析道德经作为中国古代哲学经典之一，被誉为“道家经典”的代表作之一。
其内容丰富而深邃，对于人们的道德修养和生活哲学有着重要的指导作用。
在本文中，将对道德经第二篇的原文进行解析，帮助读者更好地理解其中蕴含的深意。
第二篇原文如下：天下皆知美之为美，斯恶已。
皆知善之为善，斯不善已。
故有无相生，难易相成，长短相形，高下相倾，音声相和，前后相随。
是以圣人处无为之事，行不言之教；万物作焉而不辞，生而不有。
为而不恃，功成而弗居。
夫唯弗居，是以不去。
道德经第二篇通过对美、善和无为的讨论，揭示了事物之间的相互依存和相互成就的关系。
以下是对此段原文的逐句解析：天下皆知美之为美，斯恶已。
“天下”指的是世界上的众生，即每个人都知道美的概念。
这里的“美”可以理解为积极向善、正直诚实的道德标准。
通过对比，可得出“恶”的概念。
每个人都知道美好的东西，因此就会对恶的东西感到不满。
皆知善之为善，斯不善已。
“善”与“美”有着相似的意义，即道德上的正直、善良品质。
同样的，每个人都知道善的概念，因此就会对不善的行为感到反感。
故有无相生，难易相成，长短相形，高下相倾，音声相和，前后相随。
这句话强调了各种事物之间的对立和相互依存的关系。
有和无、难和易、长和短、高和下、音和声、前和后等都是相对的关系，它们相互依赖，相互成就。
是以圣人处无为之事，行不言之教；万物作焉而不辞，生而不有。
为而不恃，功成而弗居。
这段文字表达了圣人的智慧和修养。
圣人能够在无为中做事，即不强求和执着于结果，而是顺其自然地去行动。
他们通过行动来默默地教导他人，而非口头上的言传身教。
万物自然地生长发展，圣人也能够做出贡献，但他们并不恃功赖势，不自夸和炫耀。
圣人能够达到功成不居的境地，即不沾沾自喜，不止步于已取得的成就。
夫唯弗居，是以不去。
这句话强调了圣人的谦逊和无欲的态度。
圣人不固守于一已之成就，不被成功迷惑和困扰。
只有保持谦虚的态度，才能不被得失所左右，始终保持内心的平静和自在。
钴鉧潭记原文及翻译
钴鉧潭记原文及翻译钴鉧潭记原文及翻译《钴鉧潭记》是唐代文学家柳宗元的一篇散文，《永州八记》的第二篇。
以下是小编精心准备的钴鉧潭记原文及翻译，大家可以参考以下内容哦！原文得西山(2)后八日，寻(3)山口西北道(4)二百步(5)，又得钴鉧潭(6)。
西二十五步，当湍(7)而浚者为鱼梁。
梁之上有丘)焉(8)，生竹树。
其石之突怒(9)偃蹇，负土而(10)出，争为奇状者，殆(11)不可数。
其嵚然(12)相累而下者，若牛马之饮于溪；其冲然(13)角列而上者，若熊罴(14)之登于山。
丘之小不能(15)一亩，可以笼(16)而有之。
问其主，曰：“唐氏之弃地，货(17)而不售。
”问其价，曰：“止四百。
”余怜(18)而售之。
李深源、元克己时同游，皆大喜，出自意外。
即更(19)取器用，铲刈秽草，伐去恶木，烈火而焚之。
嘉木立，美竹露，奇石显。
由其中(20)以望，则山之高，云之浮，溪之流，鸟兽之遨游，举(21)熙熙然回巧献技，以效(22)兹丘之下。
枕席而卧，则清泠(23)之状与目谋，瀯瀯(24)之声与耳谋，悠然而虚者与神谋，渊然而静者与心谋。
不匝旬(25)而得异地者二，虽(26)古好事之士，或(27)未能至焉。
噫！以兹丘之胜(28)，致之沣(29)、镐(30)、鄠(31)、杜(32)，则贵游之士争买者，日增千金而愈不可得。
今弃是州(33)也，农夫渔父过而陋(34)之，贾四百，连岁(35)不能售。
而我与深源、克己独喜得之，是其(36)果有遭乎！书于石，所以(37)贺兹丘之遭也。
注释（1）钴鉧（gǔ mǔ）：熨斗。
钴鉧潭：形状像熨斗的水潭。
也有学者认为钴鉧是釜锅。
（2）冉水：即冉溪，又称染溪。
（3）屈：通“曲”，弯曲。
（4）其颠委势峻：其，指冉水的源头。
颠委，首尾，这里指上游和下游。
势峻，水势峻急。
（5）荡击：猛烈冲击。
益暴：更加暴怒。
（6）啮（niè）其涯：啮，咬、啃。
涯：边沿。
这里指侵蚀着岸边。
（7）轮：车轮般的漩涡。
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2014 International Conference on Management Science & Engineering (21 th )August 17-19, 2014 Helsinki, FinlandThe Impact of Online Reviews on Consumers’PurchaseDecisions in Online ShoppingSHAO Jing-bo，LI Zhen-zhen，HU Ming-yeSchool of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China.Abstract: This paper takes the women’s clothing of online shopping as the research object. Based on the B2Ctrading platform, collecting the data by designing and issuing the questionnaire, through correlation analysis and regression analysis with the data, this paper studies the influence degree that the related factors of online reviews impact consumers’purchase decisions. We find that the factors of online reviews, which include the quality of reviews’content, the valence of reviews and the timeliness of reviews, influence the consumer’s purchasing decision significantly, but the other factors including the quantity of reviews and the reputation of reviewers do not. These findings provide valuable reference for online retailers to formula the marketing strategy and theoretical significance to future study in other professions.Keywords: analysis of regression, consumers’purchase decisions, online reviews, online shopping1 IntroductionWith the popularity of Internet applications, the online shopping gradually became a new way of purchase. Online shopping provides a platform on which not only merchants can publish the goods’commercial attribute, characteristic feature and, special advantage and other information allowing consumers to understand the product performance, but also consumers can make comment for the buying process and some other information after using this product. Through online shopping, consumers can check product details while browsing online reviews and find useful information, which have become an important part of the buying process.Generally, it helps consumers make the right purchase decision by browsing online reviews to understand the quality of the goods, the seller’s reputation, service and delivery speed, the quality of courier delivery services and other information. To research which factor in online reviews play a role in consumers’purchase decisions and how they influence are worth for both theory and practice. Specifically, the factor of customers’online reviews contains the quantity of online reviews, the quality of reviews’content, the valence of reviews, the reputation of reviews, the timeliness of reviews and other factors.However, in current research on online reviews, many scholars are concerned about the impact of online reviews on product sales as well as the effectiveness of online reviews, and studies on the impact on consumer purchase decisions are rarely. Some of them, researchers regarded online reviews as a single element to discuss their impact on the purchase decision instead of all relevant factors of online reviews on the consumer’s purchase decision.In view of this, taking women’s clothing in online shopping as the research object, this paper discusses the impact of relevant factors in online reviews on the consumer’s purchase decision based on the existing researched results, proposes hypothesis, collects data through questionnaires, and uses regression analysis to verify the hypothesis. The results have a certain reference value to the development of marketing strategies for online retailers.2 TheoryOnline reviews are a type of electronic word of mouth, which is the evaluation of consumers’feeling of purchasing and using the product or service of the merchant (Park and Lee, 2009 [1] ). In this study, online reviews mainly refer to consumers’evaluation for the quality of goods, the seller services, logistics services in the mode of B2C network purchase. Online reviews not only can directly reflect the feelings of consumers to buy and use, but also indirectly reflect sales and the degree of merchandise popularity, so many scholars studied relevant aspects of online reviews which includes the concept, classification and dissemination of motivation of the word of mouth (Zhang Xiaofei and Dong Dahai, 2011 [2] ), the impact of online word of mouth on book sales (Chevalier and Mayzlin, 2006 [3] ), the impact of the net increase in the quantity of reviews on the sales (Davis and Khazanchi, 2008 [4] ), the impact of emotional direction of reviews on consumer purchase intention (Cheung, Lee and Thadani, 2009 [5] ), the impact of quantitative measurement of reviews’content on the perceived quality of consumer (Shen and Demoss,2012 [6] ), the impact of the content and quantity of reviews on consumers’purchase decisions (Kaisheng, 2010 [7] ), the influence factors of online reviews usefulness (Sweeney, Soutar and Mazzarol, 2008 [8] ), the study on perceived usefulness of online reviews (Schindler and Bickart, 2013 [9] ) and so on.Consumers’purchase decisions (CPD) is a process that consumers meet their particular needs under certain buying motives, with careful analysis, evaluation, selection and post-purchase evaluation among several alternative commodities (Zhao Dong, 2012 [10] ). In this study, the consumers’purchase decision refers to customers’purchase decision process after comparing a variety of merchandise based on the analysis and evaluation of online reviews. The study on the process of consumers making purchase decision is mainly based on the use of cue utilization theory and perceived quality theory. Clue utilization theory expounds how consumers determine the quality of the product by analysis and using of products’clues. Products include a series of clues as agent quality indicators to consumers (Richardson Dick and Jain, 1994 [11] ). Under normal circumstances, as the parties of the transaction have different information, consumers can not make an objective judgment for the quality of the same kinds of goods of different brands. Therefore the quality of the product can be only separated from the internal and external cues (Dawar and Parker, 1994 [12] ). Generally, the product quality consumers separated from the internal cues is mostly perceived quality. Perceived quality is a consumers’subjective evaluation of the quality of a product based on their product needs by a comprehensive analysis of relevant information on the market through a variety of formal or informal access (Wang Xinxin,2007 [13] ). Perceived quality is an abstract subjective judgment of the consumer perception to product quality, so it has some differences with the objective quality of the product. Perceived value is composed of perceived quality and perceived sacrifice. The higher the perceived quality and lower the perceived sacrifice lead to higher perceived value. The high perceived value of the product will increase consumer purchase intention (Zeithaml, 1988 [14] ). Online reviews provide consumers with internal clues, so that consumers can perceive the quality of products by the information separated from the cues in order to make purchase decisions.3 Hypothesis3.1 The impact of the quantity of reviews on consumers’purchase decisionsThe quantity of online reviews (QTR) is the number of the comment about the quality of goods, the seller’s attitude, or the service of express given by consumers who have purchased the product. The more reviews consumers contribute, the more attention is attracted, andthe more useful information used for judging product is delivered. Therefore, the decision of consumer will be affected by the quantity of online reviews (ZhengXiaoping, 2008 [15] ), which is leading to the following hypothesis:H1: The quantity of online reviews positively influences consumers’purchase decisions.3.2 The impact of the quality of reviews’content on consumers’purchase decisionsThe quality of reviews’content (QR) includes the reviews’authenticity, reliability, objectivity, relativity with product and whether they are useful for future consumer. As the content is from customers’subjective feelings, the quality of reviews is different from each other.High-quality reviews are more comprehensive and objective. According to the perceived quality theory, consumers get evaluation about the quality of the product by browsing high quality reviews to decide whether to buy. Studies have shown that consumers prefer to buy theproduct with the better online word of mouth (Liu Yuming, 2010 [16] ). Then we put forward a hypothesis as below.H2: The quality of reviews’content positively influences consumers’purchase decisions.3.3 The impact of the valence of reviews on consumers’purchase decisionsThe valence of reviews (VR) refers to the relative degree for positive opinion and negative opinion among overall online reviews. That is, if the number of positive opinion exceeds the number of negative opinion, the valence of reviews is displayed as positive, otherwise as negative. Positive reviews have favorable effect on the product, contributing to the consumer to form the better perceive value and enhance the consumer’s desire to purchase and use the product (Sweeney, Soutar and Mazzarol, 2013 [17] ). Whereas, the negative evaluation would have a serious impact on the stability of consumer group as result of other consumers’purchase behavior will be impacted through word of mouth (Lou, 2011 [18] ). So, the study makes the hypothesis as below: H3: The valence of reviews positively influences consumers’purchase decisions.3.4 The impact of the reputation of reviewers on consumers’purchase decisions.The reputation of reviewers (RR) is the credit of the reviewer contributing online comment, including the reviewer’s professional capability and reliability. Reviewer’s professional capability refers to the ability of message senders to provide the correct information and professional behavior for receivers (Zhao Dong, 2012 [10] ). Reviewers with professional capability will comment from a more perspective of product’s quality and practicality, to diminish time cost of the customer in searching for information. Consumers are tending to make the purchase decisions with these comments. Reviewers’reliability includes the credibility and the network level in forum. Reviewers with higher reliability usually publish more credibility comments in online shopping. Liao(2012) pointed out that the credibility of the information has a significant influence on purchase intention [19] . Based on the above analysis, the hypothesis is:H4: The reputation of reviewers positively influences consumers’purchase decisions.3.5 The impact of the timeliness of reviews on consumers’purchase decisions.The timeliness of reviews (TR) represents the newness of information and whether it reflects the latest status of the product. The product will change appearance according to the most people’s preferences or adjust product structure due to technical progress. Consumers can get timely product information through the latest online reviews together with the store’s introduction. The timeliness of reviews relays on the time of comment published and the information releasedin recent period is more effective, thus consumers will make purchase decisions based on thesereviews. Huang’s (2011) study shows that in online bookstore, the timeliness of reviews has significant positive effects on consumers’purchase decisions [20] . According to these, there is the hypothesis:H5: The timeliness of reviews has a positively influence on consumers’purchase decisions.4 Model4.1 Establishment of indication systemChoose online women’s apparel shopping as the study object to verify these hypotheses. Consumers buying women’s apparel are mostly female, however, some men will buy for their family or friends, so male consumers are still needed to fill in questionnaires. Considering the relevant factors of online reviews when buying women’s apparel, this study identifies six variables: (1) The quantity of reviews, including the text length of a review, product attention, the number of consumer published review, the degree of commendatory or derogatory for review; (2) The quality of reviews’content, including correlation with product, authenticity,reliability, objectivity, and the number of relevant reviews; (3) The valence of reviews, including the consistency of reviews, overall emotional tendency and evaluation suggestion; (4) The reputation of reviewers, including the expertise of reviewers, reviewers’level in the forum, reviewers’credibility and reliability; (5) The timeliness of reviews, including the recency of reviews,the latest degree of the information, and the degree of timeliness; (6) The consumers’purchase decisions, including the degree of reviews to affect consumers’purchase decisions, the number of new information provided by reviews and the benefit that reviews have to help consumers make purchase decisions.Based on the principle of scientificity and effectiveness, the indication system is established asshown in Tab.1.Whereby A1, A2, A3 and A4 reflect the quantity of online reviews; B1, B2, B3, B4 and B5 reflect the quality of reviews’content; C1, C2 and C3 reflects the valence of reviews; D1, D2, D3 and D4 reflect the reputation of reviewers; E1, E2 and E3 reflect the timeliness of reviews; F1, F2 and F3 reflect the consumer’s purchase decisions.4.2 Questionnaire designThe questionnaire is consisted of two parts. The first part is basic information of the respondents, including gender (GEN), age (AGE), education level (EDU) and whether they have the experience of shopping online (SHP). The second part is the body of the questionnaire, including The Likert 5 subscales of related variables. Respondents were asked to recall the last online shopping experience about women’s apparel in website. When browsing online reviews in history, how factors of online reviews influenced the purchase decision and then making the score of the degree being influenced. Respondents were also asked to read the description of the impact of online reviews on the consumers’purchase decision, and mark according to the degree of their approval.4.3 Data acquisitionThis questionnaire includes the form of printed and electronic. Since most consumers buying women’s apparel are young women, paper-based questionnaires are mainly distributed in surroundings such as universities and staffs. The Electronic questionnaire is distributed and collected mainly through e-mail, and partly through the website of Questionnaires Star. Finally, there are totally 214 questionnaires being distributed in this investigation and 207 recovered, the recovery rate is 96.72%. Excluding invalid questionnaires, the valid number of questionnaire is 180 and the effective rate was 86.96%.4.4 Data analysis(1) Reliability analysisUsing Cronbach’s αcoefficient to measure the data‘s consistency, the higher αcoefficient represents higher reliability. According to the analysis, the overall αcoefficient and each variable’s αcoefficient are more than 0.7 and only αcoefficient of the consumer’s purchase decision is slightly lower with the number of 0.637, which is also in the acceptable range. This indicates that the questionnaire has high reliability, as shown in Tab.2.(2) Analysis of validityIn this study, the questionnaire has a good content validity as result of the scales are mature, simply using factor analysis to analyze construct validity. Before the factor analysis, it needs to do KMO and Bartlett’s test with the data of the questionnaire. Test results are shown in Tab. 3, wherein the KMO measure is 0.825 and Bartlett’s test of sphericity is less than 0.01, which reaches standard of the factor analysis and is suitable for factor analysis.Common factors are extracted with the principal component analysis (as shown in Tab.4). In accordance with the principle of eigenvalues which are greater than 1, we extract six common factors and their cumulative contribution rate is 62.635%.With varimax to rotate all the factors, the rotation matrix is shown in Tab.5. It indicates items which maximum load has aggregation belong to one factor. The result shows convergent validity and discriminant validity of the questionnaire are better.(3) Correlation analysisUsing Pearson correlation analysis, this study conducts bivariate correlation analysis to all variables with two-sided test. The conclusion(in Tab.6) displays that the quantity of reviews, the quality of reviews’content, the valence of reviews, the reputation of reviews,the timeliness of reviews and consumer’s purchasing decision are significantly positive correlation at the 0.01 level. On personal information of respondents, the gender, age, education, experience of online shopping are not related to the consumer’s purchasing decision.(4) Analysis of regressionBy controlling gender, age, education, online shopping experience and other factors, we establish the linear regression equation between the independent variable and the dependent variable. According to the significance reflected by regression coefficient β, we estimate whether the linear relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable are well fitting. To distinguish the impact of a single variable, we firstly put the control variable into the regression equation to measure β, and then add the independen variable into aforementioned regression equation to measure βand compare the variation of the two β.Model 1: Put the control variable into the regression equation and measure the impact of the control variable on the consumer’s purchase decision.Model 2: Put the control and independent variable into the regression equation and measure the impact of control and independent variables on consumer’s purchase decisions.According to Tab.7, the adjusted R square increases from 0.015 in Model 1 to 0.220 in Model 2, which indicates regression coefficient is significant. As the questionnaire used cross-section data instead of the time series data, R square of the regression equation is less stringently required. According to the result shown inTab.8, F-statistics changes from 1.691 in Model 1to6.621 in Model 2, which suggests significance enhanced.Statistical result indicates that regression model is fittingbetter. Tab.9 lists the coefficient of the two mode.4.5 ResultThe influence of each factor can be seen in Tab.9:(1) It is not significant enough in positive correlation between consumers’purchase decisions and the quantity of reviews. β= 0.071, p = 0.402> 0.05, it shows that the quantity of reviews has little positive effect on consumers’purchase decisions.(2)It is significantly positively correlated between consumers’purchase decisions and the quality of reviews’content. β= 0.143, p = 0.059 <0.1, it is significant at the 0.01 level. It shows that the quality of reviews’content has a large positive effect on consumers’purchase decisions.(3) It is significantly positively correlated between consumers’purchase decisions and the valence of reviews. β= 0.157, p = 0.05, it is significant at the 0.01 level. It shows that the valence of reviews has a large positive effect on consumers’purchase decisions.(4) It is not significant enough in positive correlation between consumers’purchase decisions and the reputation of reviewers. β= 0.129, p = 0.119> 0.1, it shows that the reputation of reviewers has little positive effect on consumers’purchase decisions.(5)It is significantly positively correlated between consumers’purchase decisions and the timeliness of reviews. β= 0.183, p = 0.015 <0.05, it is significant at the 0.05 level. It shows that the timeliness of reviews has a large positive effect on consumers’purchase decisions.In conclusion, hypothesis of H2, H3 and H5 are verified, rather than H1 and H6 (Tab.10). This may be due to women’s clothing styles quickly change with fashion. Consumers transfer to the comment for the latest popular and ignore the factors of the quantity of reviews and the reputation of reviewers.5 ConclusionsThe result has proved the impact of online reviews on consumers’purchase decisions. It provides the direction for online retailers conduct marketing implications from this research. Firstly, online retailers could improve the online review system, so that it can quickly pass the information to consumers to reduce the cost of consumers’information search and help them raise decision-making efficiency. Secondly, onlineretailers should encourage the satisfied consumer to contribute more objective, comprehensive and positive comments by giving reward points or coupons. 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