Hyperbole,understatement and pun
Rhetoric
文学渊源 Uncle Tom Odyssey A pound of flesh Man Friday 历史渊源 Trojan Horse Byzantine A fifth column
温顺老实的黑人 磨难重重的旅程
合法但有悖清理的要求 忠仆”和“得力助手”
暗藏玄机的战利品 错综复杂
明喻（simile）
明喻是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进 行对比，表明本体和喻体的相似关系，两者 都在比较中出现，常用比喻词有： like, as, as if, as though, as it were, similar to. Casting him (Russell Crowe) in this(Robin Hood) is like renting a Ferrari for a spin to the corner store. (USA Today, May 15, 2010)
换称的手法如下例： 宗教或神话渊源： Juda-背信弃义，出卖有恩于自己的人 Penelope’s Web—永远不可能完成的事情 Pandora’s Box—造成灾害的根源 Adam’s Apple—男人的喉结 Achilleus’ Heel—致命的弱点 Olive branch—和平与吉祥
antithesis
Exercises
I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. Metonymy The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads. Personification You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars. Hyperbole He is out visiting the necessary.Euphemism Give me liberty, or give me death. Antithesis
英语常见修辞
英语常见修辞Figures of Speech 修辞Figures of speech are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech 文章最忌语言枯燥无味，一篇好的作文，语言应该生动形象。
而恰当地运用修辞手法，可以使文字新鲜活泼、具体逼真，大大增强艺术表现力，扩大语言表达的范围；而且还可以激发读者的想象，给人留下深刻的印象。
下面介绍一些英语文章中常用的修辞手法。
1.比喻：比喻就是打比方。
可分为明喻和暗喻：1）simile(明喻)A simile is a comparison introduced by the words like, as, as…as, as if(though)or other words. It compares two things that differ in most ways, but are strikingly alike in some way.Eg. 1. Leaves drifted down from the maple tree like tiny parachutes.2. The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel.3. He jumped as if he had been stung.2）metaphor（暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlikeelements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.Eg. 1. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.2. All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merelyplayers. (William Shakespeare)（整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。
高级英语修辞总结完整版
高级英语修辞总结HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】Rhetorical Devices一、明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。
常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though等，例如：1、This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。
2、He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。
3、It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。
二、隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。
1、German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets...德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。
2、The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。
三、Allusion（暗引）其特点是不注明来源和出处，一般多引用人们熟知的关键词或词组，将其融合编织在作者的话语中。
引用的东西包括典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语等。
Hyperbole le & Understatement
（5）Use the prepositional phrase for ） exaggeration
He was such a rich man that his wealth was beyond computation ,almost beyond imagination. 他是如此富有的人以至于他的残 福已经超出计算甚至超乎想象。 she became a celebrity overnight through out the world.她一下变成世界名人。
understatement(含蓄陈述 含蓄陈述) 含蓄陈述
Definition: A figure of speech in which a writer or speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is. Contrast with hyperbole.
(2) Use adjectives and adverbs to exaggeration
adjectives and adverbs awfully , dreadfully , extremely , fantastic , terrific ,remarkable use in normal life can improve speakers mental color. I’m dead tired after a whole day’s hard work. 一天的辛勤工作后我快累死了。 The food in that hotel is exceedingly terrible. 那家饭店的食物异常恐怖。
(3) Implication
no direct statement or describe As a matter of fact , Mrs. Packetize implied that she had been blackmailed quite a sum of money.事实上，Packetize太太意味着她被勒 索了相当一笔钱。
(完整)英语写作复习笔记
1．修辞手法1.Simile 明喻Eg. O my love's like a red,red rose.That man can not be trusted.He is as slippery as an eel 黄鳝She likes an apple in her eyes.2.Metaphor暗喻Eg. The picture of those poor people's lives was carved so sharply in his heart that he could never forget it.There was a medieval magnificence about the big dining hall.The street faded into a country road with straggling houses by it.There was a few lordly poplars before the house.All his former joy was drowned in the embarrassment and confusion he was feeling at the moment.Independent would not be a trial seperation,but would be a painful divorce.3.Personification 拟人Eg . Youth is hot and bold,age is weak and cold.The match will soon be over and defeat is staring us in the face.The storm was raging and an angry sea was continuously tossing抛their boat.4.Metonymy 借喻转喻不直接说明而是以另外一个与之相关的事物来说明Sword and cross in hand,the European conquerors fell upon the Americas.When the war was over,he lay down the sword and took up the pen.弃武从文His purse钱包would not allow him that luxuryThe kettle boils 水开了The room sat slient. 全屋人安静的坐着。
SSAT阅读题型解题技巧及常见修辞手法大全
SSAT阅读题型解题技巧及常见修辞手法大全SSAT阅读主要有五大题型，即主旨大意题、细节题、词汇题、作者态度题、推理题。
可乐留学小编分享的就是SSAT阅读题型解题技巧及常见的修辞手法，考生可以根据下文提供的SSAT阅读题型的解题思路来提高自己的阅读成绩~SSAT阅读题型及解题技巧如下：题型一、主旨大意题主旨大意题一般是阅读考试中的必考题型之一，如果考生想要取得高分的话，一定要记住文章的主体，在选择正确选项的时候，一定不能脱离这个主体，大家如果遇到徘徊不定的选项，一定要学会用倒推法，就是把按照选项重新展开一篇文章，并且与原文做对比，不吻合的就排除。
选项容易出现的问题：以偏概全，过分宽泛。
另外，大家一定要注意作者写作目的和中心意思的细微区别。
ps：一般文章的主旨会在文章1/3处或者1/4处时出现，考生一般需要注意第一段，结尾段，每段第一句。
题型二、细节题细节题主要是考察学生的信息处理能力和回读能力。
考生一定要学会去找关键词准确定位，并且认真研读定位的句子。
一种是五个疑问方式：例如(what, when ,why ,what,where,how)另一种是修辞手法：明喻(simile)，暗喻(metaphor)，借代(metonymy)，双关(pun)，拟人(personification)，拟物(zoosemy)，拟声(onomatopoeia)，夸张(hyperbole, exaggeration, overstatement)，轻描淡写(understatement)，排比(parallelism)，反复(repetition)，反问(rhetorical question)，设问(question)，引用(citation, quotation)，反语(irony, satire, sarcasm)，对比(contrast)，头韵(alliteration，)委婉语(euphemism)。
题型三、词汇题在阅读文章的时候，经常会遇到一些不认识的单词，考生可以结合语境理解词义，也可以通过词的词性来选择，另外考生可以将每个选项的词都放在文中通过排除法来选择正确的那一个!(小编这里有一个很棒的方法，考生点请点击【SSAT阅读中的生词该如何应对？】查看)ps：注意特殊的标点如冒号，破折号，括号，引号，逗号以及起解释作用的定语从句，同位语，排比句。
大学英语教学中的矛盾修辞法
大学英语教学中的矛盾修辞法作者：于景梅来源：《科技创新导报》2012年第06期摘要：作为一种特殊的语言现象，矛盾修辞法(Oxymoron)为语言学习者呈现出耳目一新的感觉，使我们暂时摆脱了语言学习的枯燥乏味。
矛盾修辞法所体现出的出人意料及引人入胜的修辞效果具有强烈的感染力，在大学英语教学中系统教授与讲解矛盾修辞法的结构及语用功能不仅激发了学生对英语语言的兴趣，而且从很大程度上提升了他们阅读理解的能力。
关键词：矛盾修辞法，大学英语教学，语用功能中图分类号: G64 文献标识码：Ａ文章编号：1674-098X(2012)02(c)-0000-00;1 矛盾修辞法的概念矛盾修辞法(Oxymoron) 源于希腊语oxusmoros 一词，这个词本身就是一种矛盾修辞，因为它的词义为“聪明的愚蠢”。
矛盾修辞法是把含义相互对立和矛盾的词语搭配使用而构成一个短语，《新牛津英语词典》把它定义为“两个截然相反的词相连的一种修辞格”。
纵观中西方文学史，矛盾修辞法的运用十分普遍，文学家和诗人们钟情于这种修辞手法所带来的发人深省和启迪人类智慧的效果，也使广大读者沉醉于文字的魅力之中难以自拔。
作为一种特殊的修辞格，矛盾修辞法表面上看不合逻辑、令人费解；仔细品味却令人印象深刻，流连忘返。
2 矛盾修辞法的构成矛盾修辞法的特点即在于通过表层含义的自相矛盾和对立来揭示和深化事物内部的和谐统一进而概括事物的本质特征，具备深刻的哲学意味和丰富的感情色彩。
2.1 形容词+名词sweet sorrow 甜蜜的忧愁； glorious defeat 虽败犹荣；eloquent silence 有说服力的沉默2.2 现在分词+名词living death虽生犹死；speaking silence 千言万语的静默；walking dead 行尸走肉2.3 名词+名词a life-and-death struggle 生死悠关； feather of lead 羽毛重似铅铁；miser‟s generosity 吝啬鬼的慷慨大方2.4 形容词+形容词bitter sweet memories 喜忧参半的记忆；the most famous unknown figure 最著名的不为人知的人物；2.5 副词+形容词agreeably surprised 又惊又喜2.6 副词+动词sweetly ache 甜蜜的痛2.7 副词+动词过去分词agreeably graved 悲喜交加3 矛盾修辞法的语用功能矛盾修辞法属于语义修辞格（Lexical Stylistic Devices）的一种，语义修辞格主要借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法。
hyperbole&understatement
2. 用语法手段来体现 (reflected by grammatical means) • a. 比较结构 Comparative Construction e.g. No one was more willing to do a favour for friend or neighbour than he. 他最愿意帮朋友或邻居的忙。
• According to the newspaper, the driver, who was returning from a wedding, seemed puzzled. “I only had two bottle of beer and a cocktail.” 据报道，那位参加完一个婚礼后往回赶的司机 一脸迷惑地说：“我只不过喝了两瓶啤酒，一 杯鸡尾酒罢了。” • 此句话中的seemd puzzled 以及only 把酒后驾车 司机的那种不负责任的态度刻画的淋漓尽致， 令人厌恶。
Understatement
• Definition: a statement that is not strong enough to express facts or feelings with full force
语气不够强，不足以表达事实或感情的陈述
• A figure of speech which contains an understatement of emphasis, and therefore the opposite of hyperbole. Often used in everyday speech and usually with laconic or ironic intentions.
Hyperbole
在语言表达的过程中, 人们可以从主观出发, 有意识地将事实夸大, 以达到强调或突出重点。 所以,夸张这一修辞手法往往注重深切情感的 表达, 而不太注重客观事实的记述。夸张的运 用范围较广, 一切无形无色无味的东西, 人类 情感或心态变化, 以及人类触觉和嗅觉所能感 受的一切事物, 均可使用夸张来表达 。同时, 夸张也具有诙谐、幽默、挖苦、讥讽、褒贬等 功用。
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– How are you? Awfully well, thanks.
• 利用介词短语表示
– Here the wealth was beyond computation, beyond imagination.
英语Hyperbole（夸张）一词源于希腊语的huperbole，原意为 excess（超过）。这是一种故意夸大其词或言过其实 （overstatement）的修辞手法，其特点是对表达对象进行有 违常识或不合逻辑的夸张性描写，以此来取得强烈的修辞效果。 试比较以下例句： ①He ran down the avenue, making a loud noise. He ②He ran down the avenue, making a noise like ten horses at a gallop. 显而易见，例①为一般性描写，而例②则属夸张性描写，远比 例①生动形象，使人有如临其境，如闻其声之感。
Hyperbole 夸张
定义
• A figure of speech that deliberately uses exaggeration in order to give emphasis. --- The Cassell Dictionary of Literary and Language Terms • Exaggeration for effect, not mean to be taken literally. --- The Webster’s Ninth New World Dictionary
• 用虚拟语气表示
– ①A knife could have cut the tension during the seemingly endless trip back to the plantation. (Alex Haley: Roots) – 在返回种植园的似乎无穷无尽的征途上，空气紧张得 仿佛可以用刀子切割。 – ②Some movie stars wear their sunglasses even in churches; they’re afraid God might recognize them and ask for autograph. (Fred Allen) – 有些电影连在教学里也戴上太阳镜，唯恐上帝可能认 出来而要请他们签名。
– A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes. (Mark Twain)
• 当真理刚刚穿上鞋子，谎言就可能已经走了半个世界。 • 该句为夸张与拟人两辞格的兼用。
– It was so hot at noon that the leaves had to gasp for breath.
• 夏普小姐低着头，一个字也不说。 （缩小夸张）
– I’ve not had a wink of sleep these last two nights.
• 这两天晚上我一直没合眼。（缩小夸张）
• 用形容词或副词表示
– Everyone bowed, including the Westerners. After three days in Japan, the spinal column becomes extraordinarily flexible.
• 每个人都鞠躬，连在场的西方人也不例外。在日本只需呆3天，脊椎 就变得异常灵活。
– Divorce has become a lucrative process, simple to arrange and easy to forget; and ambitious females can repeat it as often as they please and parlay their winnings to astronomical figures. ( Roald Dahl: Mrs Bixby and the Colonel’s coat)
– ②She has that everlasting rotation of tongue, that an echo must wait till she dies before it can catch her last words. (w. Congreve) – 由于她的话真是说个不停，连回声也得等到她 死才可以抓到她的最后的话。
• 随其（指“前苏联”）解体后，预算缩减和食品短缺已经学生地打击 了俄罗斯这个新生国家——而且物价高涨，直冲九霄。
– We not only saw but heard it: the report positively reverberated down the Rhine. (George B. Shaw)
• 每个人都拼命鼓掌。
• 用名词或名词短语表示
– It’s a crime to stay inside on such a beautiful day.
• 今天阳光明媚，躲在家中实在太遗憾了。 • a crime = a great pity,表示“遗憾之极”的意思。
– Falstaff: I was beaten myself into all the colours of rainbow… (William Shakespeare: The Merry Wives of Winsor)
• 她倒并非真正害怕那只老虎，而是绝对不愿多做一丁点儿没有 报酬的事。（缩小夸张）
• 夸张与其它辞格的混合运用
– Noise proves nothing: often a hen who has merely laid an egg clucks as if she had laid an asteroid. (Mark Twain) – 嗓子太证明不了什么事情：一只生下一个蛋的母鸡也 常会咯咯叫，像是生下了小行星似的。 – Miss Bolo went straight home iБайду номын сангаас a flood of tears and sedan chair. (Charles Dickens) – 波洛小姐泪如涌泉，坐了轿子径直回家去了。
• 用形容词比较级和最高级表示
– The most effective water power in the world— women’s tears. (Wilson Mizner)
• 世界上最有效的水力是——女人的眼泪。
– She has more goodness in her little finger than he has in his whole body. (Jonathan Swift)
• 她小指中的美德比他全身的美德还要多。
– She was not actually nervous about the beast, but she did not wish to perform an atom more service than she had been paid for. (Saki: Mrs. Packletide’s Tiger)
• a flood of tears 既是夸张，又是隐喻，还与其后的and a sedan chair构成一笔双述，相映成趣。
– A drop of ink may make a million think. (George G Byron)
• 一滴墨水写成的文字可让千万人思索。 • 该句含有缩小夸张，而且与借代和对照三格并用，妙不可言。
• 比较以下例句可看出两者的特点：
– ①His eloquence would split rocks! – 他的雄辩之威之利，能劈磐石。 – ②It is the last straw that breaks the camel’s back. – 骆驼负载过重，加根草就能把它压死。
• 例①为扩大夸张；例②则是缩小夸张。
• Hyperbole多见于文学作品中，但日常口语里也常 有运用。例如，①Haven’t seen you for ages. ②I could sleep for a year. ③We’re all tired to death. 等等。就性质而言，英语夸张可分为两类，即扩 大夸张（Extended Hyperbole）和缩小夸张 （Reduced Hyperbole）.前者将描写对象的形象、 数量、作用、程度等特征性的东西说得特别高、 特别大；后者正相反，即把描写对象的形象、数 量、作用、程度等特征性的东西说得特别低、特 别小。
夸张的构成方式
• 用数词表示
– This made him roar like a thousand bulls. (George Eliot: The Mill on the Floss) 这使他像千牛怒吼一般咆哮起来。 – One father is more than a hundred schoolmasters. (George Herbert) 一个父亲的作用大于100个教师。 100 – I loved Ophelia: forty thousand brothers could not, with all their quantity of love make up my sum. (William Shakespeare: Hamlet) 我爱奥菲利娅：40000个兄弟的爱合起来，还抵不过我对她的爱。 – In the dock, she found scores of arrows piercing her chest. 站在被告席上，她感到万箭穿心。
• 用动词短语表示
– In its wake, budget cuts and food shortages have hit the new nation of Russia—and prices have shot out of this world. (Newsweek, Feb. 17, 1992)