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美丽乡村建设项目可行性研究报告

美丽乡村建设项目可行性研究报告目录一、前言 (2)1.1 研究背景与意义 (2)1.2 研究目的与范围 (4)1.3 研究方法与数据来源 (5)1.4 论文结构安排 (6)二、项目背景分析 (7)2.1 当地经济社会发展概况 (9)2.2 乡村发展现状及存在的问题 (10)2.3 乡村建设相关政策与规划解读 (11)2.4 项目建设的必要性与紧迫性 (13)三、项目实施条件评估 (14)3.1 自然环境条件分析 (16)3.2 社会经济条件评估 (17)3.3 技术条件分析 (19)3.4 建设资金与融资方案 (20)3.5 项目实施的组织与管理体系 (21)四、项目市场需求分析 (22)4.1 目标市场定位 (23)4.2 市场需求预测 (24)4.3 市场竞争格局分析 (26)4.4 项目产品或服务定价策略 (27)五、项目实施方案设计 (28)5.1 项目规划与布局 (29)5.2 项目建设内容与任务分解 (30)六、项目效益评价与风险评估 (32)6.1 项目财务效益评价 (34)6.2 社会效益评价 (35)6.3 宏观经济影响分析 (37)6.4 不确定性与风险分析 (38)6.5 项目风险应对措施与预案 (39)七、结论与建议 (40)7.1 研究结论总结 (42)7.2 对策建议提出 (43)7.3 研究不足与展望 (44)一、前言随着我国乡村振兴战略的深入推进，美丽乡村建设已成为当前及未来一段时间内的重要任务。

美丽乡村建设不仅关系到农村环境的改善和农民生活品质的提升，更与国家的生态安全、社会稳定和经济发展紧密相连。

本报告旨在对美丽乡村建设项目进行深入的可行性研究，分析项目的实施背景、必要性、优势条件以及可能面临的风险挑战，为决策者提供科学、合理的参考依据。

在当前我国经济社会发展的新形势下，美丽乡村建设具有重要的现实意义。

通过改善农村人居环境，提升农民生活质量，可以增强农民的获得感和幸福感；另一方面，美丽乡村建设也是推动农村产业升级、促进乡村经济多元化发展的重要途径。

最新MBA资料(115个文件)1

陈岱孙 MBA智库百科

陈岱孙MBA智库百科各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢1915年考入福州鹤龄中学。

1918年考入清华学校，1920年毕业后获得庚子赔款公费留美资格。

1922年毕业于美国威斯康辛大学，获学士学位，并获金钥匙奖。

陈岱孙1922年入哈佛大学研究院，1924年取得哈佛大学文学硕士学位。

1926年取得哈佛大学哲学博士学位。

后赴英、法、意等国作短期考察和研究。

1927年回国后，任清华大学教授，法学院院长及经济系主任。

1937年随清华大学南迁，先后在长沙临时大学、西南联合大学任教授和经济系主任、商学系主任。

1945年起历任清华大学教授、保管委员会主席、法学院院长、经济系主任。

1952年任中央财经学院第一副院长。

1953年起任北京大学经济系教授，历任北京大学经济系主任、校务委员会委员、副主任，兼任国务院科学规划委员会委员、经济学组副组长，中华全国外国经济学说研究会会长，北京市经济学会副会长，中国社会科学院经济科学技术委员会副主任委员，北京市人民代表，全国政协第二至八届委员，第六、七届常务委员。

1984年起兼任清华大学名誉教授。

陈岱孙从事经济学教育七十年，为国家培养了一代又一代人才，同时也形成了自己的经济学教育理论，他认为应将专才和通才教育结合起来，主张实行基础理论和应用科学的恰当结合，坚持培养经济科学人才要加强基础理论、基本知识和基本技能的全面训练。

陈岱孙教授学识之渊博，教学艺术之高超，素享盛誉，是一位杰出的道德、文章堪称楷模的德高望重的经济学界宗师。

陈岱孙主要著作有：《经济学说史讲义》、《经济学说史》、《从古典经济学派到马克思》、《政治经济学说史》等；主要论文有《规范经济学、实证经济学和西方资产阶级经济学说的发展》、《现代西方经济学的研究和我国社会主义经济现代化》、《西方经济学中经济自由主义和国家干预主义两思潮的消长》等。

陈岱孙解放后发表的论著结集为《陈岱孙文集》，另有《陈岱孙学术论著自选集》。

软件开发项目工作计划表格模板

软件开发项目工作计划表格模板软件开发项目工作计划表格模板(一):软件开发项目计划模板(参考后编制) xxx软件项目计划任务书项目编号项目名称撰写人审批完成日期版本记录目录1. 项目背景、范围及目标 ................................................................. .................................................... - 1 - 2. 项目可行性分析...................................................................... .............................................................. - 1 - 3. 项目概述 ................................................................. ........................................................................ ......... - 1- 4. 项目生命周期及里程碑计划 ................................................................. .......................................... - 1 - 5. 项目任务分解结构(wbs)................................................................... ........................................... - 1 - 6. 预算 ..................................................................... ........................................................................ ............... - 2 - 7. 人员组织及分工.................................................................. .................................................................. - 2 - 8. 风险预估 ..................................................................... ........................................................................ ..... - 2 -i1. 项目背景、范围及目标简述项目开发背景及意义、要解决的问题和需要达到的目标。

1 导论

2、沃顿商学院（续）
（2）《公司责任与伦理》(Corporate Responsibility and Ethics) * 熟悉经理在与公司内外打交道时经常面临的伦理问题，了解与企业有关的公共政策以及管制中的规范性问题； * 发展分析判断能力，介绍规范分析的关键概念、原则和方法，提供机会识别与评价各种论点； * 对经理面临的实际伦理问题，提供机会确定、辩护并计划其解决方案的实施； * 提供机会反思个人价值观在经理工作中的应用
哈佛商学院（续）
（2）《道德领导》（选修） * 鼓励学生和管理者正视基本的道德挑战 * 发展道德分析与判断技能 * 感悟道德领导的涵义，从而在实践中付
诸行动导
哈佛商学院（续）
u 爱德蒙·J.萨夫拉基金会伦理研究中心 Ø 中心的目的：
* 鼓励针对公共与职业生活中的伦理问题进行研究和教学；
* 帮助建筑、商业、教育、工程、政府、新闻、法律、医学、公共卫生、公共政策及其他职业的教师和学者，满足他们不断增长的需要；
u 竞争加剧，增加了不道德行为出现的可能性
u 社会对企业的期望不断提高 “以企业为中心、物质至上”转变为“以人类为中心、生活
至上”。 *《财富》：年度“最受尊敬的企业”调查； *《商业周刊》：“社会关于其伦理标准的评价对于商业有
着重大的影响”； * 近年广泛报道的巨大的福利薪酬和首席执行官内幕…
* 利益相关者：顾客、员工、供应商、政府、股东和社区
开设管理哲学与商业伦理的必要性（续）
n 法律的局限性 Ø 所能规范的行为有限 Ø 只能惩恶，不能劝善 Ø 立法滞后 Ø 有漏洞 Ø 实施上有难度
n 道德调节的特点 Ø 非强制性（通过荣
辱心起作用）
Ø 普遍性 Ø 扬善性 Ø 便易性

战略人力资源管理(pdf 20页)

受法律保护的绩效评估
应将评估标准建立在工作分析基础上。将评估标准传达给员工。将评估建立在特定的维度上。以行为题项定义维度，并且维度应有客观的，可
观察到的证明来支持。评估人应接受过培训且被证明是有效的。可能时，需要选择两个以上的评估人。评估期与工作循环相适应。做好评估的文件保留工作。向员工提供正式的上诉渠道。
迷你讲座
绩效评估系统
Deming对于绩效评估的批评
绩效评估使“员工痛苦，灰心，失望，甚至沮丧，在考评后，员工几周内不能适应正常工作，因为他们无法理解自己为什么做得比别人差。这是不公平的，因为它将责任归咎于与他人存在许多差别的个人，而这种差别很可能是由他们工作的系统造成的……人们问我如何给学生打分。我给所有的学生‘A.’ 我怎么能知道谁以后会成为伟人？怎么能知道未来谁将做些什么呢？”
360度评估的优点
效度和准确性易于被被评估人接受促进公平法律保护多样化当控制跨度较大时发挥作用对知识工人更有作用对基于团队的系统更合适对组织文化强大的公司更合适
一般的缺陷
缺少预防条款/预防措施过于依赖技术行政管理费用高与文化相冲突与其它系统相冲突在选择评估人时，有任人唯亲之嫌缺少培训缺少监督和后续指导导致信息冗杂与关键成功因素不相关
待解决的问题
目的是什么（反馈，回报）？如何选择评估人？谁来看评估结果？如何保护评估人，使其匿名？要评估哪些维度？
有效的绩效评估指导
确保绩效评估程序战略上发挥作用；即建立在执行战略所需要的关键成功因素上。
使被评估人参与开发评估计划。保证程序与工作绩效相关并遵守法律要
求。对评估人进行评估和反馈方面的培训。

400本经典金融类书籍典藏版

我收藏的金融类书籍近400本，其中很多可读的经典，这些都是在一个网站上看到的，挑了一部分喜欢的连带下载地址和书籍简介直接复制下来了，想收藏了慢慢的看，现在提供给大家分享，看完了一定要顶啊。

想下载哪本书籍只需要按住键盘上的“CTRL”键不放，点击书籍名称就可以打开下载，很方便，我一直都用这种方式来收藏自己喜欢的东西：）•大前研一之经典战略书籍《无国界的国界》日期：2010-03-18 20:55:53让你能够避免重复别人走过路子的办法，宇宙的中心并没有走开的牌子，全球的选手必须要有动力和知识推动自己，他们对于主要市场非耳熟能详不可，知识是在如今无国界的世界里成功的秘密。

国界真的消失了吗一切都是...•09年巴菲特致股东信英文版日期：2010-03-18 16:33:5109年巴菲特致股东信英文原版，本站另有往年巴菲特致股东所有信件，站内搜索一下就可以找到，需要的朋友尽管下吧。

点这里下载：下载后将后啜名attach更改为pdf即可。

09年巴菲特致股东信英文版...•好书--《华尔街冲击波》日期：2010-03-17 16:34:06美国次贷危机是一本很好的教科书，对中国未来的金融创新发展来说是个很好的教训总结，对于当前中国并不发达的投行业应该怎样实施有效地控制风险等都具有相当好的参考作用。

美国金融危机对中国实体经济的影响力并不大...•一本励志好书：《唐骏正传》日期：2010-03-17 15:32:50职场骄子商业传奇：中国梦唐骏正传难得有一本书把职业经理人的偶像写得如此深入、生动。

唐骏第一次将自己的许多不为人知的故事与心路历程，通过本书展现在读者目前。

书中独家收录作者对唐骏太太、女儿的深度采访，...•金融实务系列书籍-《资本操作指南系列》日期：2010-03-17 11:14:56第一章股份公司组建与上市操作指南第一节正确认识股份制经济和股份公司第二节公司的组建工作第三节工作方案和总体规划第四节企业重组第五节公司财务综合平衡第六节设立公司、发行股份的业务程序第七节...•[下载]股神巴菲特致股东的信日期：2010-03-17 10:54:38有股神美誉的巴菲特从来不写书，除了每年致股东的信．他所有的信都可以从公司网站上下载，大家有兴趣进一步研究的。

SP活动调查报告

sp是否已走到生存拐点明年转型路上能否轻松2006年，对于中国的sp(无线服务提供商)来说是形势十分严峻的一年，成为sp历史的分水岭。

sp从此已经结束了过去那种轻松“圈钱”的时代。

对于sp的监管越来越严厉，sp违规越来越难；运营商不断加强与cp（内容提供商）的合作力度，提升产业链的主导地位，sp的生存空间越来越小。

sp究竟该往何处去？ 2006年寒冬能否很快过去，2007年的春天又能不能给这个行业带来些温暖呢？争议话题：sp究竟是持续萎缩，行业陷入整体困境；还是纵向上面向3g开发手机电视等新业务，横向上兼并收购，大sp开始培育规模和品牌；还是向上下游延伸，转做软件商或内容商……综述：2006年3月，信息产业部宣布启动“阳光绿色工程”，围绕“治理违法不良信息，倡导绿色手机文化”主题开展5项具体活动：手机短信息治理、移动信息服务治理、倡导“绿色手机”文化、统一通信网络短消息服务提供商(sp)代码以及电话业务用户实名制管理工作，其目标直指1.7万家增值服务提供商中专门爱打“擦边球”的sp们。

6月初，中国移动向其移动梦网合作sp下发了《关于近期加强移动梦网业务规范管理的通知》，即“中国移动11条军规”，对sp的监管力度大大加强。

6月中旬，信息产业部召开专门会议，部署“治理和规范移动信息服务业务资费和收费行为专项活动”，对sp整治工作大步推进。

7月10日，是sp执行中国移动新规的第一天。

这一政策简直如一道晴空霹雳劈向sp。

就在消息公布当天，纳斯达克中国概念股全线下跌。

sp纷纷表示，下半年业务将受到重大影响。

新浪、tom、空中网等纷纷小调2006年营收预测。

sp“二次确认”经过一段时间的实施，各大sp的无线增值业务收入都受到了极大影响，有的业绩下滑了70％，众多公司开始转型、裁员， sp行业一片风声鹤唳。

10月11日，被看做是整治sp风暴“最终版”的信息产业部《关于规范移动信息服务业务资费和收费行为的通知》正式开始实施，该规定对移动信息费服务业务提出了极其细致的业务管理要求，并再次明确“二次确认”制度。

分布式光纤测温系统及其软件表现

摘要摘要分布式光纤拉曼测温系统是一种空间温度场实时测量的传感系统，已经在煤矿开采、石油化工、地铁交通和电缆检测等领域得到了广泛的应用。

结合实际的煤矿温度监测项目，本文需要解决两个方面的工程要求：一是系统的测温精度在1±⁰C以内；二是温度数据的直观软件表现。

解决这些要求对于完成煤矿温度监测项目具有很强的工程意义。

本文基于此，完成了如下工作：(1) 根据光纤拉曼测温理论，构建了一套双通道分布式光纤拉曼测温系统，并对系统硬件参数进行了优化。

同时为了获取参考温度信息，设计电子温度传感器接收电路，实现了对系统温度数据的实时校准；设计控制光开关切换电路，实现了对系统双通道的快速切换。

(2) 由于光纤自发拉曼散射的强度很低，导致拉曼散射信号极其微弱，而这微弱的传感信号易受到系统噪声的影响，从而限制了系统的测温精度。

本文在LabVIEW平台下实现了原始信号的实时解调，同时在数据采集阶段采用累加平均去噪算法对信号进行实时降噪，进一步采用卡尔曼滤波去噪算法对温度信号进行滤波处理，最终实现了0.6±⁰C的系统测温精度。

(3) 在VISUAL STUDIO 2010软件平台下，本文结合实际煤矿开采测温场景设计了分布式光纤拉曼测温系统工业化图形界面，实现了将温度信号直观的显示在与实际监测地理位置对应的监测界面上。

进一步在设计的分布式测温软件系统中开发异常温度报警功能，从而使得分布式光纤测温系统更加适用于煤矿的温度监测。

同时为了方便管理人员掌握煤矿开采过程中温度变化的规律，设计了温度数据长期存储功能和生成温度报表功能，进一步完善了分布式测温软件系统。

关键词：分布式测温，拉曼散射，温度解调，软件表现ABSTRACTDistributed optical fiber Raman temperature measuring system is a kind of sensing system for real-time measurement of space temperature field. It has been widely used in coal mining, petrochemical, subway transportation and cable inspection. Combining with actual items about the coal mine temperature measurement, this thesis need to solve two aspects: one is the engineering requirements of system measurement accuracy in within1±⁰C; two is the intuitive software performance of temperature data. To solve these problems is of great significance for the completion of the coal mine temperature monitoring project. Based on this, this thesis completed the following work:(1) According to the fiber Raman temperature measurement theory, a two channel distributed fiber Raman temperature measuring system is constructed, and the system hardware parameters are optimized. At the same time in order to obtain the temperature information of the reference fiber, the electronic temperature sensor receiving circuit design, which can realize real-time calibration system of temperature measurement data; design of optical switch circuit and realizes the fast switching of the measuring channel system.(2) Because the intensity of spontaneous Raman scattering of fiber is very low, the Raman scattering signal is very weak, and the weak sensing signal is easily affected by the system noise, thus reducing the temperature measurement accuracy. This paper realizes the real-time temperature measurement signal demodulation in the LabVIEW platform, and the cumulative average denoising algorithm in real-time to reduce the noise in the data acquisition stage, further denoising algorithm of temperature signal is filtered by Calman filter, the system finally realizes the temperature measurement accuracy of 0.6±⁰C.(3) In the VISUAL STUDIO 2010 software platform, combining with the actual temperature scenarios designed DTS industrialization graphical interface, to achieve real-time display of temperature signal in the corresponding actual monitoring sites, so as to solve the problems of long distance temperature measurement is difficult to quickly locate and display real-time temperature. Further addition of abnormal temperature alarm function in the distributed temperature measurement software system design, the man-machine interface of the system interface more friendly, so as to strengthen the application of distributed optical fiber temperature measurement systemin practical engineering. At the same time, in order to facilitate the management of regional temperature information management, adding temperature data storage function and generating temperature report function, further improve the distributed temperature measurement software system.Keywords: distributed temperature, Raman scattering, temperature demodulate, software performance目录第一章绪论 (1)1.1本课题的研究背景 (1)1.2分布式光纤测温系统的发展 (1)1.3分布式光纤测温系统的典型应用 (2)1.4本论文的研究意义及主要内容 (3)1.4.1研究意义 (3)1.4.2 主要内容 (4)第二章分布式光纤测温系统理论基础 (5)2.1光纤中的光散射现象 (5)2.2 光时域反射技术 (6)2.3光纤拉曼散射理论 (7)2.3.1自发拉曼散射 (7)2.3.2 受激拉曼散射 (9)2.4 光纤拉曼散射测温原理 (10)2.5 分布式光纤测温系统的解调方法 (11)2.5.1 基于反斯托克斯光单路解调方法 (11)2.5.2 基于反斯托克斯光和斯托克斯光双路解调方法 (12)2.6 本章小结 (13)第三章基于双路解调的分布式光纤测温硬件系统设计及实现 (14)3.1 分布式光纤测温硬件系统的总体结构 (14)3.2 分布式测温系统的主要技术指标 (15)3.2.1 空间分辨率 (15)3.2.2 温度分辨率 (16)3.2.3 测温精度 (17)3.2.4 测量时间 (16)3.3 分布式光纤测温硬件系统模块的选型 (17)3.3.1 光源模块的选型 (17)3.3.2 波分复用器的选型 (18)3.3.3光电探测器的选型 (19)3.3.4 采集卡模块的选型 (20)3.3.4.1 高速数据采集卡的选择 (20)3.3.4.2 高速数据采集卡工作原理 (20)3.3.5 系统通道数的扩充 (21)3.4温度接收电路与控制光开关切换电路的设计 (22)3.5本章小结 (25)第四章分布式光纤测温系统信号解调系统设计及信号处理 (26)4.1基于LABVIEW平台实现温度信号解调系统的设计 (26)4.1.1信号解调系统需求分析 (26)4.1.2 原始信号采集LABVIEW程序的实现 (26)4.1.3 参考温度信号接收LABVIEW程序的实现 (28)4.1.4 测温光纤温度信号解调LABVIEW程序的实现 (29)4.2 分布式光纤测温系统噪声分析 (31)4.3 分布式光纤测温系统信号去噪处理 (32)4.3.1 累加平均算法 (32)4.3.2 卡尔曼滤波算法 (36)4.4 本章小结 (40)第五章工程应用中温度数据的软件表现 (41)5.1温度数据软件表现的需求分析 (41)5.2 温度数据的显示界面的实现 (41)5.3 利用SQL数据库实现对温度信息的长期存储 (45)5.4温度数据报表界面的实现 (46)5.5 本章小结 (48)第六章总结与展望 (49)6.1全文总结 (49)6.2工作展望 (49)致谢 (51)参考文献 (52)攻读硕士学位期间取得的成果 (56)第一章绪论第一章绪论1.1 本课题的研究背景温度传感器是工业自动化控制和火灾安全监测等领域所需的一种基础传感元件，但是传统温度传感器需要带电工作，因而在强电磁干扰或易燃易爆环境下的应用受到了很大的限制。

Collaborative networks and product innovation performance--Toward a contingency perspective

Research Policy 38(2009)765–778Contents lists available at ScienceDirectResearchPolicyj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /r e s p olCollaborative networks and product innovation performance:Toward a contingency perspectiveKuen-Hung Tsai ∗Department of Business Administration,National Taipei University,151University Rd.,San Shia,Taipei 237,Taiwana r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 3October 2007Received in revised form 11September 2008Accepted 26December 2008Available online 29January 2009Keywords:Collaborative networkProduct innovation performance Absorptive capacitya b s t r a c tAn increasing number of studies have examined the impact of collaborative networks on product innova-tion performance,but have produced inconsistent results.This research contributes to existing literature by examining how absorptive capacity affects the relationships between different types of partners and product innovation performance.The sample used in this research is drawn from the Taiwanese Tech-nological Innovation Survey (TTIS)database.A moderated hierarchical regression approach is used to analyze the models,which are further explored by ﬁrm size and industry type.Some interesting ﬁndings appear.First,absorptive capacity positively moderates the impact of vertical collaboration on the per-formance of technologically new or improved products.Second,the effect of absorptive capacity on the relationship between supplier collaboration and the performance of new products with marginal changes varies based on ﬁrm size and industry type.Third,absorptive capacity negatively affects the relationship between customer collaboration and the performance of marginally changed products.Fourth,absorptive capacity positively affects the relationship between competitor collaboration and the performance of new products with marginal changes for large ﬁrms.Fifth,absorptive capacity negatively affects the relation-ship between collaboration with research organizations and the performance of technologically new or improved products.On the contrary,absorptive capacity positively affects the impact of collaboration with research organizations on the performance of marginally changed products.These results enrich current understanding of the relationships between collaborative networks and product innovation performance.©2009Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionGiven the intense competition in most markets today,compa-nies are increasingly recognizing the necessity and advantages of regularly developing new products.Firms that introduce higher-quality products faster than their competitors usually earn higher economic returns (Datar et al.,1997).However,rapid changes in technology often force such ﬁrms to depend on external technological knowledge and skills in addition to internal techno-logical resources.Many ﬁrms today are relying more extensively on external linkages to acquire new technological knowledge using strategies such as technology licensing and collaborative agreements.Inter-ﬁrm collaboration is an important vehicle for the creation of technological competencies (Schoenmakers and Duysters,2006),and is a viable solution to the problem of resources and capabilities not always being available within a ﬁrm and difﬁ-cult to obtain efﬁciently in the market (Das and Teng,2000).While most research on this topic focuses on the motives behind R&D collaboration (e.g.,Fritsch and Lukas,2001;Tether,2002;∗Tel.:+886286746568;fax:+886286715912.E-mail address:atmas@.tw .Miotti and Sachwald,2003;Belderbos et al.,2004b ),a number of authors have evaluated the impact of different types of collaborative networks on product innovation performance (Lööf and Heshmati,2002;Criscuolo and Haskel,2003;Miotti and Sachwald,2003;Belderbos et al.,2004a;Faems et al.,2005;Nieto and Santamaría,2007).However,these studies present inconsistent results:some show that these relationships are negative or insigniﬁcant,while others ﬁnd they are positive.This ambiguity implies that other factors may moderate the relationship between collaborative net-works and product innovation performance.Given that inter-ﬁrm collaboration is an effective vehicle for organizational learning,prior research argues that a sufﬁcient degree of absorptive capac-ity is required for effective learning in a collaborative agreement between ﬁrms (Mowery et al.,1996;Lane et al.,2001).Despite a growing interest in the link between organizational learning and product innovation (e.g.,Adams et al.,1998;Erwin,2002),rela-tively little research examines how absorptive capacity moderates the relationship between external linkages and product innova-tion.The lack of research on this issue is surprising,especially since some important works (e.g.,Cohen and Levinthal,1990;Kim,1997,2001;Teece,2000)emphasize that a ﬁrm’s absorptive capacity determines the extent to which it is able to utilize external knowl-edge.0048-7333/$–see front matter ©2009Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.respol.2008.12.012766K.-H.Tsai/Research Policy38(2009)765–778The present study therefore addresses the question:Doﬁrms with a high level of absorptive capacity realize higher product innovation from close collaboration thanﬁrms with a low level of absorptive capacity?Answering this question can make a signif-icant contribution to the literature on this topic.While previous studies focus on the effects of collaborative networks on prod-uct innovation performance,this paper proposes a contingency framework to address the value of absorptive capacity in explain-ing the relationship between collaborative networks and product innovation performance.Additionally,this study advances research on absorptive capacity by empirically examining its effect on the use of external knowledge for product innovation.Answers to the question of absorptive capacity are also important because they are relevant toﬁrms that depend to a large extent on technol-ogy acquired from collaborating with different partners.In their efforts to reduce the costs and risk of technology development and to introduce higher-quality products faster than competitors,ﬁrms may count heavily on the effectiveness with which they can gain access to external sources of technological knowledge and skills. While some previous studies suggest that collaborating with dif-ferent partners is an effective way to improve product innovation (e.g.,Belderbos et al.,2004a;Nieto and Santamaría,2007),this research sheds light on the importance of absorptive capability in the effectiveness of collaborative networks.The remainder of this paper is organized as follows.Follow-ing this introduction,Section2reviews the literature and provides theoretical expectations.Section3introduces the research meth-ods,including the model,variable deﬁnitions and measurements, and the data source utilized in this study.Section4presents the results and discussions.Section5summarizes the results,discusses their implications for theory and managerial practice,and suggests possible directions for future research.2.Literature review and research hypotheses2.1.The impact of different types of partnersPrior research suggests that aﬁrm can advance its product innovation by interacting with different collaborators,primarily including suppliers,customers,competitors,and research orga-nizations.Suppliers usually have greater expertise and more comprehensive knowledge regarding the parts and components which may be critical to aﬁrm’s new product development.Thus, supplier collaboration can allowﬁrms to incorporate the exper-tise and different perspective of a supplier to improve its solutions or create new methods for product development(Bonaccorsi and Lipparine,1994;Eisenhardt and Tabrizi,1995).Supplier involve-ment also helpsﬁrms identify potential technical problems,thereby speeding up new product development and responses to market demands(Kessler and Chakrabatri,1996).Miotti and Sachwald (2003)used the French CIS-2survey to reveal the positive effect of collaboration with suppliers on the share of innovative prod-uct turnover.Faems et al.(2005)analyzed Belgian manufacturing ﬁrms and found a positive association between suppliers and the proportion of turnover attributed to improved products.In a sur-vey of Spanish manufacturingﬁrms,Nieto and Santamaría(2007) regressed product innovation on collaborative networks and found a positive link between collaboration with suppliers and the degree of product innovativeness.However,Sánchez and Pérez(2003) analyzed Spanish manufacturingﬁrms and concluded that collabo-rating with suppliers does not improve new product performance. Freel(2003)analyzed UK small and medium-sized manufacturing ﬁrms and found that supplier collaboration does not have a signif-icant impact on new product performance.Ledwith and Coughlan (2005)used a sample of electronicsﬁrms in Ireland and the UK and found an insigniﬁcant correlation between collaboration with sup-pliers and product innovation performance.In addition,Belderbos et al.(2004a)studied Dutch manufacturingﬁrms and found a negative but insigniﬁcant relationship between collaboration with suppliers and product innovation performance.Collaborating with customers is another important way for a ﬁrm to improve its product innovation performance(Gupta et al.,2000;Fritsch and Lukas,2001;Brockhoff,2003).Working with customers not only provides beneﬁts in identifying market opportunities for technology development,but also reduces the likelihood of poor design in the early stages of development.In addition,understanding the needs of inﬂuential customers may helpﬁrms gain new ideas about solutions(von Hippel et al.,1999) and identify market trends early on,thereby increasing the chances of new product development and success.Thus,customer involve-ment may lead to product innovation advantages(Souder et al., 1997;Li and Calantone,1998).Miotti and Sachwald(2003),Freel (2003),and Faems et al.(2005)all found that collaboration with customers has a positive impact on product innovation perfor-mance.In contrast,Lööf and Heshmati(2002)analyzed Swedish manufacturingﬁrms and found a negative relationship between customer collaboration and product innovation performance.Nieto and Santamaría(2007)found that customer collaboration has a positive impact on product innovation with marginal changes,but does not affect signiﬁcant innovation with new functions.In addi-tion,Belderbos et al.(2004a)revealed an insigniﬁcant association between collaboration with customers and changes in new product sales.Monjon and Waelbroeck(2003)analyzed French manufactur-ingﬁrms and found that customer collaboration has an insigniﬁcant impact on product innovation.The least frequent type of collaborative network thatﬁrms adopt to achieve product innovation seems to be collaboration with com-petitors(Bayona et al.,2001;Nieto and Santamaría,2007),but this type of collaboration still provides some advantages.Firms involved in a cooperative agreement may share technological knowledge and skills with each other,producing a synergistic effect on solv-ing common problems outside the competitor’s area of inﬂuence (Tether,2002).The case study of Inkpen and Pien(2006)suggests thatﬁrms collaborating with competitors may perform better in innovation than they would otherwise.At the same time,ﬁrms can accelerate their capability development by R&D cooperation,which allows them to reduce the time and risk involved in technologi-cal innovation(Belderbos et al.,2004a).Furthermore,collaborating with competitors enablesﬁrms to ascertain their competitors’tech-nological level;ﬁrms that are more knowledgeable about their competitors’technology strategies are better able to differenti-ate themselves(Linn,1994).Lööf and Heshmati(2002)found that collaborating with competitors is positively related to new prod-uct sales.However,Monjon and Waelbroeck(2003),Miotti and Sachwald(2003),and Belderbos et al.(2004a)found that com-petitor collaboration has a negative but insigniﬁcant impact on product innovation performance.Nieto and Santamaría(2007)also found that collaboration with competitors does not impact prod-uct innovation with marginal modiﬁcations,but it negatively affects product innovations with new functions.Due to governments’encouragement,more and moreﬁrms are pursuing product innovations by collaborating with universities and research institutions.Universities and research institutes are important centers for the creation and dissemination of scientiﬁc knowledge(Hemmert,2004).Firms can interact formally and informally with universities and research institutes to acquire new scientiﬁc knowledge to beneﬁt their product or process innovations(Caloghirou et al.,2004).In contrast,aﬁrm choosing not to acquire technological knowledge from universities and research institutions may fall behind,reducing the likelihood that it will make a technological breakthrough leading to a commercial product(Spencer,2003).Several studies suggest that technologicalK.-H.Tsai/Research Policy38(2009)765–778767innovation relies heavily on knowledge from universities and research institutions(Bozeman,2000;McMillan et al.,2000;Vuola and Hameri,2006).Belderbos et al.(2004a),Faems et al.(2005), and Nieto and Santamaría(2007)found that collaboration with research institutes and universities positively affects product inno-vation performance.However,Monjon and Waelbroeck(2003), Caloghirou et al.(2004),and Ledwith and Coughlan(2005)found that collaboration with universities and research institutes has a negative effect on product innovation performance.Furthermore, Lööf and Heshmati(2002)revealed an insigniﬁcant relationship between collaboration with research organizations and product innovation performance.In summary,the empirical studies reviewed above show that while there is some support for collaborating with different part-ners in product innovations,there is an absence of consensus on the beneﬁts of this type of networking.Surprisingly,though most of the studies mention the importance of absorptive capacity,they do not investigate its moderating role.Therefore,the way in which absorptive capacity affects the relationship between collaboration and product innovation performance is worthy of further study.2.2.The role of absorptive capacityAbsorptive capacity refers to aﬁrm’s ability to use its own prior related knowledge to recognize,assimilate,and use exter-nal knowledge for its own commercial ends(Cohen and Levinthal, 1990).Zahra and George(2002)and Todorova and Durisin(2007) further characterized absorptive capacity as a bundle ofﬁve capa-bilities:recognition,acquisition,assimilation,transformation,and exploitation.Obviously,aﬁrm with a high level of absorptive capac-ity is better able to create and exploit linkages with otherﬁrms (Caloghirou et al.,2004).The absorptive capacity of aﬁrm is greatly dependent on its current level of technological knowledge(Cohen and Levinthal,1990;Kim,1997,2001),which in turn is derived from previous and current efforts in internal R&D(e.g.,Veugelers,1997; Stock et al.,2001;Schoenmakers and Duysters,2006).Numerous studies argue that a certain degree of absorptive capacity is required for effective learning in inter-organizational collaborations(e.g., Mowery et al.,1996;Kim,1998;Lane and Lubatkin,1998;Lane et al.,2001).Organizations with a greater absorptive capacity usually have a sufﬁciently developed technology base that enables them to have rich and detailed communications with their suppliers dur-ing the knowledge-sharing process.This communication process, in turn,may generate new ideas or solutions for product designs. Further,suchﬁrms are more likely to recognize the value of new ideas and effectively integrate them into their product develop-ment efforts.As certain ideas are completely de novo,it is necessary to develop new parts and components to produce signiﬁcant inno-vations.Unrealistic designs or incompatible parts and components may seriously delay the development cycle(Culley et al.,1999). Thus,close collaboration with suppliers is important during the engineering process to shorten the development time and ensure the quality of new products.In contrast,an organization with a lower absorptive capacity mayﬁnd it difﬁcult to recognize the value of new ideas which emerge from interactions with their suppliers.Aﬁrm may also lack sufﬁcient ability to integrate ideas into new products.In this case, close collaboration with suppliers may waste time and money and, as a result,inhibit new product performance.Based on these argu-ments,this study expects that the greater the absorptive capacity, the stronger the relationship between collaboration with suppliers and product innovation performance.Absorptive capacity can also enhance the use of knowledge from customer collaboration in product innovation.In working closely with customers,and particularly with inﬂuential customers,aﬁrm may uncover latent customer needs(Atuahene-Gima et al.,2005). These unarticulated needs alert theﬁrm to new market opportu-nities,technology developments,and ideas that challenge existing cause-effect relationships,thereby resulting in new products with signiﬁcant beneﬁanizations with a greater absorptive capac-ity are more likely to identify,convert,and exploit these needs using new technological knowledge.Absorptive capacity,then,improves aﬁrm’s chances of capturing new market opportunities by mak-ing innovative products.Hence,aﬁrm’s performance in product innovation may be improved by close customer collaboration.Con-versely,an organization lacking sufﬁcient absorptive capacity will be unable to integrate the latent customer needs into new product developments.Thus,even if aﬁrm collaborates closely with cus-tomers,these activities may not increase theﬁrm’s performance in product innovation,and may even be detrimental to such per-formance.Based on the arguments above,this study proposes that the greater the absorptive capacity,the stronger the relation-ship between collaboration with customers and product innovation performance.The impact of any external knowledge absorbed from com-petitor collaboration on product innovation may also depend on absorptive capacity.By establishing collaborative arrangements, aﬁrm can access the specialized knowledge of its competitors, which is usually tacit and cannot be easily copied by simple obser-vation.Inkpen and Pien’s(2006)case study suggests thatﬁrms with a sufﬁciently developed technology base are able to iden-tify and understand the knowledge that underpins similarities and differences in their collaborators’skills.As a result,they may be more likely to incorporate competitor knowledge and expertise in their own technological innovations.Further,the research of Kim and Song(2007)suggests that absorptive capacity may facilitate the creation of new technology through collaboration with other companies.Aﬁrm with a greater absorptive capacity has a better technology base that enables it to understand and exploit competi-tors’skills and knowledge(Cohen and Levinthal,1990),thereby resulting in signiﬁcantly innovative products.For example,given that Hewlett–Packard(HP)had developed its own laser printing capabilities,it chose to work with canon to develop the desk-top laser printer and achieveﬁrst-mover advantages in personal laser printers(Helleloid and Simonin,1994).Therefore,this study hypothesizes that the greater the absorptive capacity,the stronger the impact of collaboration with competitors on product innovation performance.Research organizations are an important source of new scien-tiﬁc knowledge.Collaborating with research organizations enables aﬁrm to access scientiﬁc knowledge previously unexplored.This knowledge may provide theﬁrm with different modes of reason-ing,problem formulation,and solutions(Amabile,1988).Exposure to these different approaches adds to the repertoire that aﬁrm can bring to bear on new product development problems.The process of combining new technological knowledge into existing knowl-edge can foster insights that can then lead to additional insights and profundity,thereby offering signiﬁcantly higher potential for breakthrough innovations(Ahuja and Lampert,2001).However, case studies and empirical evidence show that absorptive capacity is important for aﬁrm,especially for SMEs,to achieve success-ful collaboration with research institutions(Koschatzky,2002; Hadjimanolis,2006).While collaborating with research organiza-tions,ﬁrms with a high level of absorptive capacity are better able to learn new perspectives that may provide better,more effective solutions in new product development.In contrast,an organization that lacks sufﬁcient absorptive capacity may be unable to digest advanced technologies when closely collaborating with research organizations.Thus,this study hypothesizes that the greater the absorptive capacity,the stronger the impact of collaboration with research organizations on product innovation performance.768K.-H.Tsai /Research Policy 38(2009)765–778In summary,with an adequate degree of absorptive capacity,ﬁrms will be better at internalizing their partners’knowledge,and thereby improve their chances for product innovations.Whether or not the beneﬁts of collaborating with different types of partners can be realized may be affected by the parent organization’s absorptive capacity as derived from its existing technological knowledge.Con-versely,an inability to identify and understand the technological knowledge that underpins partners’competencies limits a ﬁrms’collaborative learning potential.3.Research method 3.1.Conceptual frameworkFig.1shows the conceptual framework investigated in this study.This framework indicates that the product innovation performance of a ﬁrm is affected by its collaborative networks in terms of differ-ent types of partners.It further proposes that these relationships are inﬂuenced by the absorptive capacity of a ﬁrm.In addition,sev-eral important controls are included in the model to eliminate or reduce the bias arising from the confounding effects.This frame-work guides the deﬁnitions and measures of the major variables used in this study.3.2.Variable deﬁnitions3.2.1.Dependent and independent variablesThe dependent variable in this study is product innovation per-formance,which is measured by innovative sales productivity.This study operationalizes this measure as the sales generated by new products per employee (i.e.,the ratio of sales attributed to new products divided by the total number of employees).These sales include (1)technologically new or technologically improved prod-ucts introduced to the market within the past 3years,and (2)marginally changed products within the same time period.Note that this study does not measure product innovation performance by the volume of new product sales because this measure signif-icantly correlates with ﬁrm size.A technologically new product is a product whose technological characteristics or intended uses differ signiﬁcantly from those of existing products (OECD,1997).A technologically improved product refers to an existing product whose performance has been signiﬁcantly improved or upgraded (OECD,1997).A marginally changed product is an innovative prod-uct that cannot be categorized into either of the ﬁrst two groups.The independent variables in this study are the four types of col-laboration with different partners,including suppliers,customers,Fig.1.Conceptual framework.competitors,or research institutes and universities.These variables measure the level of collaboration with different types of partners.This study constructs each of these variables by the product of two variables in the TTIS database.One is a dummy variable which takes the value of 1if the ﬁrm is engaged in collaboration with a speciﬁc type of partner,else 0;the other is the relative importance (high,medium,and low)of collaboration with this partner,indicating how close the collaboration is.3.2.2.Moderator and controlsThe moderating variable in this research is absorptive capacity.The absorptive capacity of a ﬁrm depends greatly on its existing technological knowledge base (Cohen and Levinthal,1990;Kim,1997,2001).If a ﬁrm lacks a sufﬁciently developed technologi-cal knowledge base,it may have difﬁcult absorbing any externally acquired technological knowledge (Schoenmakers and Duysters,2006).Firms can only be expected to learn from their collaboration partners if they have some level of prior technological knowledge which they can us to incorporate their partners’knowledge and use it for their own purposes.Prior research views in-house R&D invest-ment as the key determinant of a ﬁrm’s absorptive capacity (e.g.,Cohen and Levinthal,1990;Mowery et al.,1996;Stock et al.,2001;Carayannis and Alexander,2002;Todorova and Durisin,2007).The absorptive capacity variable is measured by dividing the ﬁrm’s total expenditures on in-house R&D activities and training programs for technological activities in the past 3years by its total number of employees in a current year.Note that the numerator of the vari-able is a stock measure,as in previous studies (e.g.,Helfat,1997;Ahuja and Katila,2001),usually used as a proxy for the ﬁrm’s tech-nology base acquired from previous and current R&D or training activities.However,this study does not use in-house R&D or train-ing stock to measure a ﬁrm’s internal efforts in innovation activities because this measure is always highly correlated with ﬁrm size.This type of measure represents a ﬁrm’s absorptive capacity more accurately than the R&D intensity measure (R&D expenditure/sales)widely used in prior research (e.g.,Jones et al.,2001;Belderbos et al.,2004a;Faems et al.,2005;Schoenmakers and Duysters,2006;Nieto and Santamaría,2007).More importantly,this measure reﬂects existing knowledge accumulated from past learning and intensity of effort,which are both important elements of absorptive capacity (Cohen and Levinthal,1990;Kim,1997,2001).The research model in this study also contains several impor-tant controls.The ﬁrst control is the use of industry dummies for ﬁxed industry effects.As stressed in prior research,these dummies capture various environmental dimensions such as tech-nological opportunity and competition intensity (e.g.,Veugelers,1997;McGahan and Porter,1997).This analysis uses seven indus-try dummies representing eight traditional manufacturing sectors.The second control is the size of the ﬁrm as measured by its total number of employees,which is a proxy for size in previous studies related to innovation performance (e.g.,Caloghirou et al.,2004;Schoenmakers and Duysters,2006).Next,the average ratio of employees with a university degree or higher by total number of employees serves as a proxy for the quality of the ﬁrm’s human resources,which is an important determinant of innovation output in the literature (e.g.,Rothwell and Dodgson,1991;Jones,2001).In addition,this study controls for the effects of inward technology licensing since previous studies emphasize the role of this control on innovation (e.g.,Zahra et al.,2005;Tsai and Wang,2007).Inward technology licensing in this study comprises the ﬁrm’s expendi-tures on external technology acquisition through inward licensing.The last control is a dichotomous variable that takes the value of 1if the ﬁrm is mostly foreign owned;else zero.Previous studies suggest that the subsidiary of a foreign parent company may per-form better in bringing new product products to the market than a host company (e.g.,Deeds and Hill,1996;Belderbos et al.,2004a ).K.-H.Tsai/Research Policy38(2009)765–778769Table1Means,standard deviations,and correlations(N=753).Variable PIP CL S CL C CL P CL R ACAP FS HQ ITL SBPIP 1.000CL S0.084b 1.000CL C0.116a0.435a 1.000CL P−0.0030.219a0.237a 1.000CL R0.0500.116a0.062c0.083b 1.000ACAP0.361a0.074b0.129a−0.003−0.001 1.000FS0.159a0.153a0.180a0.0030.270a0.058 1.000LQ0.123a0.094a0.0340.011−0.086b0.080b−0.039 1.000ITL0.131a0.081b0.142a0.0510.103a0.210a0.309a0.050 1.000SB0.044−0.070c−0.026−0.058−0.0110.0120.060c−0.0430.021 1.000Mean50.60.2590.4290.0900.2370.253444.410.226 5.8010.072 S.D.75.60.739 1.0020.4310.6090.6181215.000.22633.870.258Notes:(1)PIP:product innovation performance;CL S:collaboration with suppliers;CL C:collaboration with customer;CL P:collaboration with competitors;CL R:collaboration with research organizations;ACAP:absorptive capacity;FS:ﬁrm size;LQ:labor quality;ITL:inward technology licensing;SB:subsidiary.(2)Unit of analysis for PIP is thousand NT dollars;and ITL is million NT dollars;FS,person.a p<0.01.b p<0.05.c p<0.10.Therefore,this study uses this variable to control for the effects of theﬁrm’s managerial style on innovation output.3.3.The dataThis study analyzes data at theﬁrm level.Both the sample and the variables used in this analysis come from the Taiwanese Techno-logical Innovation Survey(TTIS),jointly conducted by the National Science Council and the Ministry of Economic Affairs in2002.The sample is representative of the population of traditional Taiwanese manufacturingﬁrms because the sampling frame was generated by a stratiﬁed random sampling process based onﬁrm size and industry.The database consists of1346ﬁrms in various manufac-turing industries.Among this total,ﬁrms indicating that they had not engaged in technological innovation activities during the pre-vious3years were excluded from this study since their proﬁles do not contain any data for external technology sourcing variables. The sample includes a total of753ﬁrms for the preliminary anal-ysis and the model estimation.Theseﬁrms are categorized into eight sectors:food,beverages&tobacco(40ﬁrms,5.31%);textile, wearing apparel&leather(56ﬁrms,7.44%);paper&printing(29ﬁrms,3.85%);chemical,rubber&plastic(130ﬁrms,17.26%);non-metallic mineral(28ﬁrms,3.72%);basic metal(22ﬁrms,2.92%); fabricated metal(108ﬁrms,14.34%);and machinery,electronics &transportation equipments(340ﬁrms,45.15%).Within the sam-ple,the percentage of reported collaboration with suppliers,clients, competitors,and research organizations is about20%,18%,8%,and 23%,respectively.Theseﬁgures reveal that competitor collaboration does not seem to be the best way to improve innovation.This may be caused by problems of technological knowledge leakage and the increased risk of hold up in competitor collaboration(Bayona et al., 2001).Thisﬁnding is consistent with that of Nieto and Santamaría (2007).Moreover,collaboration with research organizations seems to be the most frequent type of partnership.This phenomenon is unlike that of a large number of European countries documented in Drejer and Jørgensen(2005)and Nieto and Santamaría(2007), where collaboration with suppliers was the most important.Table1 reports the basic statistics for the variables(except for the industry dummies)used in the analysis.Table1shows some interestingﬁndings.First,all of the correlation coefﬁcients for the collaboration variables(except collaboration with research organizations)achieve a statistical sig-niﬁcance at the5%signiﬁcance level.This indicates that a certain proportion of theﬁrms within the sample collaborate with more than one type of partner for technological innovations.In particu-lar,ﬁrms collaborating with suppliers tend to also collaborate with their customers(r=0.44,p<0.01).Second,competitor collabora-tion has the lowest value in its mean and standard deviations among the collaboration variables.This result shows that collaboration with competitors is the least common type of partnership for prod-uct innovation within the sample.Third,a signiﬁcant correlation exists betweenﬁrm size(FS)and product innovation performance (PIP).This preliminary analysis suggests that largeﬁrms have an innovation advantage over smallerﬁrms in terms of output,sup-porting the Schumpeterian hypothesis.4.Analyses4.1.ResultsThe models in this study are estimated by OLS-based hier-archical regression.Model1contains several control variables, including industry dummies(IND1–IND7),ﬁrm size(FS),labor quality(LQ),inward technology licensing(ITL),and subsidiary (multi-nationality)dummy(SB).Then,absorptive capacity(ACAP) and the collaboration variables(CL S,CL C,CL P,and CL R)are entered in Model2.The terms of the interaction between the collabora-tion variables and the ACAP variable are added in Model3.Because the interaction terms are usually highly correlated with ACAP or the collaboration variables,this study follows the procedure sug-gested by Friedrich(1982)to reduce or eliminate any bias resulting from multi-collinearity.This approachﬁrst standardizes the vari-ables except for the dummies and then forms the cross-product terms.Table2presents the moderated regression analysis results for the models.Table2indicates that adding the collaboration and ACAP vari-ables(Model2)to the model with only controls(Model1)increases the R2by about38.2%.The F-value(106.48)for the incremental R2 values achieves a statistical signiﬁcance at the1%level.An inspec-tion of the coefﬁcient estimates of the collaboration variables shows that these variables do not explain the change in product inno-vation performance.This result implies that collaboration with different types of partners does not increase product innovation performance when the analyses does not account for the effect of absorptive capacity.1Adding the interaction terms(Model3)to Model2further increases the R2by about1.7%.The F-value(4.63) 1This result conﬁrms to that documented in Brouwer and Kleinknecht(1996), Love and Rpoer(2001),and Freel(2003).。

中国合同节水管理理论与实践电子版

中国合同节水管理理论与实践电子版China's Contractual Water Management Theory and Practice in Electronic Format中国合同节水管理理论与实践电子版Water scarcity is a global issue that affects numerous countries, including China. As the world's most populous country, China faces significant challenges in managing its water resources. In order to tackle this pressing issue, China has implemented various water management strategies, one of which is contractual water management. This approach involves the establishment of contracts between different stakeholders in order to promote sustainable and efficient water use.全球范围内都面临着水资源匮乏的问题，包括中国在内。

作为全球人口最多的国家之一，中国在水资源管理方面面临着巨大挑战。

为了解决这个紧迫问题，中国采取了多种水资源管理策略之一就是合同节水管理。

该方法涉及不同利益相关者之间建立合同，以促进可持续和高效的水资源利用。

Contractual water management is based on the principle of assigning clear rights and responsibilities to different actors involved in water usage. By establishing contracts, these stakeholders are obliged to adhere to specific water conservation measures. This can include reducing water consumption, implementing efficient irrigation techniques, or investing in wastewater treatment facilities.合同节水管理基于将明确的权利和责任分配给参与水资源使用的不同行动者的原则。

【最新推荐】信保融资流程图-实用word文档 (14页)

本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==信保融资流程图篇一：什么是转租赁什么是合成租赁信用保险结合跨境融资租赁操作流程【干货细读】什么是转租赁什么是合成租赁信用保险结合跨境融资租赁操作流程201X-11-24 华源融投什么是转租赁转租赁是指转租人根据最终承租人对租赁物的选择，从原始出租人租入租赁物后，再转租给最终承租人的一种租赁交易。

早在201X年中国人民银行在《金融租赁公司管理办法》第四十八条就将转租赁定义为“是指以同一物件为标的物的多次融资租赁业务。

在转租赁业务中，上一租赁合同的承租人同时又是下一合同中的出租人，称为转租人。

转租人从其他出租人处租入租赁物件再转租给第三人，转租人以收取租金差为目的的租赁形式。

租赁物品的所有权归第一出租人。

”一般交易结构：与转租有关的法律之一《担保法》第22条规定了担保债权的转让问题：“保证期间，债权人依法将主债权转让给第三人的，保证人在原保证担保的范围内继续承担保证责任。

保证合同另有约定的，按照约定”。

《物权法》第191条规定：“抵押期间，抵押人经抵押权人同意转让抵押财产的，应当将转让所得的价款向抵押权人提前清偿债务或者提存。

转让的价款超过债权数额的部分归抵押人所有，不足部分由债务人清偿。

抵押期间，抵押人未经抵押权人同意，不得转让抵押财产，但受让人代为清偿债务消灭抵押权的除外。

”在实务中，还会有这两种交易方式的结合使用，即某融资性租赁公司向某企业收购其固定资产，然后再将该资产出租给另一公司，有后者转租给那个企业。

我们称这种方式为转回租。

一般情况下，转租赁出现的原因有如下几种：（1）转租人拥有客户资源，而原始出租人拥有充足的资金，转租人过原始出租人实现融资，而原始出租人通过为转租人提供资金参与融资租赁，从而扩大其国内外市场。

（2）一些大型出租人为实现其国际化战略，拓展海外租赁市场，在海外设立子公司。

一把手 MBA智库百科

一把手MBA智库百科各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢一把手是指一个有组织的单位的最高领导人。

一把手的基本特征是拥有实际上的人事权、经营管理权、财务管理权和职务、薪资调动权。

危机发生时整个企业都会处于混乱之中，在紧急关头一把手就是所有员工关注的焦点。

一把手的作为不作为也会直接影响员工的士气与行为，可以说一把手的行为就是员工的直接表率。

如果一把手在危机来临时显得不够冷静不能沉着应对或者逃避不能承担应有的责任，那么整个企业会陷入更加混乱的局面。

因此“沉着冷静勇于担责”是危机管理中领导人最应该具备的素质。

紧急关头需要一把手发挥领导的表率作用但不等于领导人过于自负不听团队其他成员的意见，任何管理上的成功只靠一个人是不可能的。

一把手应当在听取危机管理团队成员的意见上果断作出决策。

决策的目的是尽可能减少危机对企业的冲击，使自身利益损害最小化，但同时也应注意大局意识以及长远利益，不能因为自身利益而损害竞争对手利益或行业以及国家整体利益，这是得不偿失的。

一把手还应具备以下素质：一是拥有较广的人脉，在危机紧急关头能够上下周旋，能够协调各类利益相关者的关系;二是诚实守信，要么不说说的都是真的。

在我看来，很多不怎么严重的危机之所以变得严重正是因为一把手说了谎言以至于利益相关者对其产生了不信任;三是善于创新，能够集合危机管理团队其他成员的意见创造性地解决问题;四是知识全面，透彻了解相关领域的知识;如果不能做到，那就要依靠自身的魅力以及独特的企业文化吸引人才来公司服务;五是拥有较好的外貌形象，尽管我不在强调不能以貌取人但在相当多的时候还是有很多人以貌取人的;六为人具有较强的亲和力，能够让危机管理成员以及外部的利益相关者感受到与其打交道的舒服性从而有助于大家能够拧成一股绳迅速解决危机;七是一丝不苟能够照顾到每一个细节。

首先必须确保监督工作的威慑力。

要改变目前对一把手虚监、弱监和失监的状况，使其权力行使到哪里、活动延伸到哪里，监督就实行到哪里，就必须有可靠的制度保证。

插床变速箱加工工艺及夹具设计-加工工艺设计-毕业论文

插床变速箱加工工艺及夹具设计摘要插床变速箱加工工艺及夹具设计作为本次的研究课题，首先需要了解此次设计的是箱体类零件，其次是通过分析零件图样，确定所需要的技术要求等参数，例如表面粗糙度（surface ness），加工尺寸（finish size）等。

有时有些特殊的零件也可以根据形状结构确定相应的参数，以方便后续的加工。

在加工的同时还需要对工序进行相应的计算，然后计算的时候需要考虑机床、刀具钻头以及切削方式等内容，选择出合适的加工设备以及相应的加工基准。

由于本次是对插床变速箱箱体零件上端面进行钻铰φ30H20mm 孔的专用夹具的设计，因此需要考虑到不同因素对设计夹具过程中的影响，如夹紧元件（Clamping elements）、镗套导向件（Boring sleeve guide）、夹具体（Folder Specific）、定位元件（Locator）等。

夹具在定位过程中，由于夹具可能存在结构上的缺陷或不足，需要计算出其产生的定位误差并在今后的设计中进行相关的改进和创新。

关键词：插床变速箱箱，工艺规程，夹具设计Processing Technology and Fixture Design of TransmitterAbstractAs the research topic of this research, the machining process and fixture design of the gearbox of the socket need to understand that the design is a box part, and the second is to analyze the part pattern and determine the required technical requirements and other parameters, such as surface roughness.(surface Ness), Finish size and so on. Sometimes some special parts can also determine the corresponding parameters according to the shape structure to facilitate subsequent processing. At the same time, it is also necessary to calculate the process. Then, when calculating, it is necessary to consider the contents of the machine tool, tool bit, and cutting method, and select the appropriate processing equipment and the corresponding processing Benchmark. Since this is the design of a special fixture for drilling the upper end of the gearbox part of the Jack, it is necessary to consider the influence of different factors on the design of the fixture process. Such as clamping components(clamping components), boring guide guide, clip specific, location elements(locator) and so on. In the process of fixture positioning, because the fixture may have structural defects or deficiencies, it is necessary to calculate the positioning error and make related improvements and innovations in the future design.Keywords：The rear seat body, process planning, fixture design目录1绪论 (5)1.1 引言 (5)1.2 课题目的 (5)1.3 课题意义 (5)1.4发展趋势 (5)2毛坯选择 (7)2.1零件结构特点 (7)2.2零件材料 (7)2.3零件工艺分析 (7)2.4选择毛坯 (7)2.4.1零件毛坯选择 (7)2.4.2毛坯选择原则 (8)2.4.3工艺性原则 (8)2.4.4 适应性原则 (8)2.4.5 生产条件兼顾原则 (9)2.4.6可持续性发展原则 (9)3确定毛坯图 (11)3.1机械加工余量、工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸确定 (11)3.2所有的小孔包括M8螺孔 (11)3.3φ90孔加工余量 (11)3.4φ30加工余量 (11)3.5保证30mm上下平面的加工余量 (11)3.6零件工艺分析 (11)4工艺规程设计 (13)4.1粗基准选择应当满足以下要求 (13)4.2制定工艺路线 (13)4.3选择加工设备及刀具、夹具、量具 (14)4.4确定切削用量及基本工时 (15)5钻孔夹具设计 (34)5.1定位基准选择 (34)5.2定位元件设计 (34)5.3计算切削力及夹紧力 (35)5.4设计钻模板及衬套导向件 (36)5.5设计夹紧装置 (37)总结 (38)参考文献 (39)致谢 (41)1绪论1.1 引言随着时代的进步，工业化迅猛发展的过程中出现了实践与理论相结合的模式，这些模式已经逐渐被采用，为了把握第三次工业革命的尾巴，适应未来的发展趋势，采用这种实践与理论相结合的模式已势在必行。

南通大学硕士学位论文

中图分类号：学校代号： 10304
南通大学
硕士学位论文
※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※ ※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※
院（系、所）： ××× 申请学位： ×××学位学科专业： ××××（××××）研究生姓名：王某某指导教师：刘某某教授联合指导教师：张某某教授论文完成日期：二〇〇九年 x 月 x 日学号：20070000
南通大学硕士学位论文
目
录
南通大学学位论文原创性声明学位论文使用授权声明扉页摘要 ................................................................................................................ i Abstract .......................................................................................................... ii 第一章绪论 ............................................................................................... 1 1.1 课题来源、研究的目的和意义........................................................ 1 1.2 国内外研究概况................................................................................ 1 1.2.1 国外研究概况.......................................................................... 1 1.2.2 国内研究概况.......................................................................... 1 1.3 论文的主要研究内容........................................................................ 1 第二章材料与方法 ...................................................................................... 2 2.1 研究资料及仪器设备........................................................................ 2 2.1.1 研究对象.................................................................................. 2 2.1.2 主要仪器与试剂...................................................................... 2 2.2 实验流程与方法................................................................................ 2 2.2.1 标本制作.................................................................................. 2 2.2.2 获取数据.................................................................................. 2 2.2.3 分析数据.................................................................................. 2 2.2.4 测定数据.................................................................................. 2 2.2.5 统计学处理.............................................................................. 2 第三章结果 ............................................................................................... 3 3.1 ××××............................................................................................ 3 3.1.1 ××××.................................................................................. 3 第四章讨论 ............................................................................................... 6 4.1 ××××............................................................................................ 6 4.2 ×××................................................................................................ 6 第五章结论 ............................................................................................... 7 参考文献 ............................................................................................................ 8 英文缩写词表 .................................................................................................... 9 综述 .............................................................................................................. 10 综述参考文献 ..................................................................................................11 在攻读硕士学位期间公开发表的论文与参加的项目 ............................ 12 A：在国内外刊物上发表的论文............................................................... 12 B：在国际学术会议上发表的论文........................................................... 12

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