subsea pipelines and risers catalog
进出口货物名称中英对照
进出口货物名称中英对照eaves tile 檐口瓦Ebel 依宝牌手表Eberhard 依保哈牌手表ebonite driver 胶柄螺丝刀ebonite handle pliers with bend mouth 弯嘴胶柄钳ebonite hose 硬橡皮软管ebonite insulated handle pliers 硬橡皮绝缘柄夹钳ebonite ring 胶木活塞环ebonite rod 黑硬橡胶棒ebonite sleeve 硬橡胶套管ebonite stud 硬胶皮螺栓ebonite tube 硬橡胶管ebonite washer 硬橡皮垫圈ebonite wax 乌木蜡ebonite 胶木ebony 乌木ebredon 三面斜纹呢ebullator 沸腾器ebulliometer 沸点计ebullioscope 沸点计ecaille work 金银片缀饰ecaille 鱼鳞绸eccenter press 偏心压机eccentered gun 偏心射孔器eccentric arm 偏心臂eccentric axis 偏心轴eccentric band flange 偏心凸缘eccentric band 偏心环eccentric bar 偏心杆eccentric bit 偏心钻eccentric block 偏心块eccentric bolt 偏心螺栓eccentric boss 偏心轮壳eccentric brass 偏心轮铜衬eccentric breaker 偏心轧碎机eccentric bushing 偏心轮轴衬eccentric cam 偏心凸轮eccentric clip 偏心夹环eccentric converter 偏口转炉eccentric cross rod 偏心轮横杆eccentric disc 偏心盘eccentric drum 偏心轮鼓eccentric gab 偏心叉子eccentric gear 偏心齿轮eccentric go-ahead rod 偏心轮前行杆eccentric go-astern rod 偏心轮后退杆eccentric governor 偏心调速器eccentric key 偏心轮销eccentric leather-core hosiery monofil 偏心皮芯型针织单丝eccentric link 偏心轮联杆eccentric nut 偏心螺母eccentric oiler 偏心注油器eccentric pin 偏心销eccentric piston ring 偏心活塞环eccentric press 偏心压力机eccentric pulley 偏心皮带轮eccentric pump 偏心泵eccentric punch 偏心冲压机eccentric ring emergency governor 偏心环式危急保安器eccentric ring 偏心环eccentric rod gear 偏心轮杆齿轮eccentric rod of plunger 柱塞偏心轮杆eccentric rod pin 偏心轮杆销eccentric rod 偏心轮杆eccentric rotor sliding vane compressor 偏心转子滑叶压缩机eccentric shaft bearing 偏心轮轴承eccentric shaft press 偏心轴压机eccentric shaft ring 偏心轮轴圈eccentric shaft 偏心轴eccentric shakeout machine 偏心落砂机eccentric shaker 偏心振动筛eccentric sheath-core bicomponent fibre 偏心皮芯型双组分纤维eccentric sheave 偏心皮带轮eccentric shoe 偏心滑块eccentric sliding vane pump 偏心滑叶泵eccentric stabilizer 偏心稳定器eccentric strap 偏心环eccentric underreaming bit 管下扩眼偏心钻头eccentric valve 偏心阀eccentric vibrating screen 偏心振动筛eccentric vibrating shakeout 偏心振动落砂机eccentric wheel 偏心轮eccentric yarn 螺旋花线eccentric 偏心轮eccentric-scale indicator 偏心度盘指示仪eccentric-type press 偏心式压力机eccentrically-precompressed precast-concrete pile 偏心预压混凝土预制桩eccentricity detector 偏心度检测器eccentricity gauge 偏心度计eccentricity recorder 偏心记录仪ECG monitor 心电图监测器echarpe 披巾echelle spectrometer 阶梯光谱仪echo altimeter 回声测高仪echo amplifier 回波放大器echo audio phone 回音电话机echo box actuator 回波箱激励器echo box 回波箱echo canceller 回声抵消器echo depth recorder 回声深度记录器echo depth sounder 回声测深仪echo depth sounding sonar 回声测深声纳echo eliminator 回波消除器echo killer 回波抑制器echo locator 回声勘定器echo machine 回声机echo meter 回波测试仪echo ranger 回声测距仪echo ranging apparatus 回声测距仪echo ranging sonar 回声测距声纳echo sounder 回声测深器echo strength indicator 回波强度指示器echo suppressor 回波抑制器echo trap 回波陷波器echo whale finder 探鲸仪echo-resonator 回波谐振器echocardiograph 超声心动图仪echoencephalograph 脑超声波描记器echograph with fishfinder 鱼群探知器echouterograph 子宫回波描记仪Eclat Excel 光辉-超优牌汽车eclipse roll film developing tank 月牙形卷片显影箱Eclipse rover 伊克里斯末道粗纺机Eclipta alba 旱莲草econazole 益康唑Econo Line 埃科诺莱恩牌汽车Econo-Book 印装联动机Economet 埃康诺梅特耐热耐蚀铁镍铬铸造合金econometer 炉气碳酸计economic carburetor 节能化油器economical NC lathe 经济型数控车床economizer valve 节油器阀economizer 节油<煤economy combination pliers 实用钳ecossaise 苏格兰丝织格子绸ecosse 双色棱纹织物ecothiopate iodide 依可碘酯ecru damask 本色花锻ecru machine embroidered doily 本色机绣盘布ecru silk 半脱胶丝ecru silk cloth 本色生丝织物Ecsaine 埃克萨伊纳含有聚酯的非织造织物ecterograph 肠蠕动描记仪Ectoral 皮蝇磷ectylurea 依克替脲Edak 爱德克牌手表edam cheese 爱达姆干酪eddy current brake 涡流制动器eddy current clutch 涡流离合器eddy current coupling 涡流联轴节eddy current gauge 涡流计eddy current gravimeter 涡流重力计eddy current heater 涡流加热器eddy current revolution counter 涡流转速计数器eddy current shaft-displacement and shaft-vibration monitor 涡流式轴位移-轴振动监测仪eddy current tachometer 感应式转速表eddy defect detector 涡流探伤机eddy mill 涡流式研磨机eddy pump 涡流泵edetic acid 依他酸edge brick 墙角砖edge cam 端面凸轮edge cementing machine for insole 鞋内底边沿粘合机edge coil 边缘线圈edge cutter 切边器edge cutting melting machine 熔边机edge folder 叠边机edge glass 棱镜edge grinder 刃磨机edge inking machine 边沿着墨机edge knurling machine 滚花机edge machine 缝边机edge mill 碾碎机edge of mosquito net 绣花帐沿edge of ski 滑雪刀edge pick stitching machine 边缝缝合机edge plane 边刨edge planer 刨边机edge planing machine 刨边机edge roll 辊式拉边器edge roller 卷边机edge runner mill 磨轮式碾机edge runner wet mill 湿碾机edge runner 轮辗机edge saw 截边圆锯edge seal film 封边薄膜edge shaver 刨边机edge squeezer 齐边压力机edge stretcher 边拉伸器edge trimmer 修边机edge-chamfering machine 边缘倒棱机edge-crimped yarn 刀口卷曲变形纱edge-dressing machine 板边加工机床edge-guide mode isolator 边导模隔离器edge-lift agitator 边管提升搅拌器edge-runner dry mill 干式轮碾机edge-runner mixer 刃型连续混合机edge-strip scanning equipment 带材边缘自动控制器edge-trimming machine 剪边机edger 刨边机edgestone 磨石edgetone amplifier 边振放大器edgewise instrument 边缘读数式仪表edgewise needle 刀刃形针edging machine for lens 透镜车边机edging machine 削边机edging mill 轧边机edible bird's nest and pear juice 燕窝秋梨汁edible bird's nest and pear syrup 燕窝秋梨浆edible bone oil 食用骨油edible cooking oil 食用油edible fungus 食用菌edible gelatine 食用明胶edible healthy iodine egg 食用保健碘蛋edible ice 食用冰edible oil 食用油edible paste making machine 制食用酱机edible shellfish 食用贝类edible snail 食用蜗牛edible sodium citrate 食用柠檬酸钠edible soyabean protein 食用大豆蛋白edible tulip bulb 光慈菇edible tulip 山慈菇edible vegetable oil 食用植物油edible wild herb 野菜edifenphos 克瘟散Edinburgh masker 爱丁堡氏面罩edinphensoph 克瘟散ediograph 写图器editec 电子编辑器editing console 编辑台editing machine 编辑机editing videocorder automatic retrieval device 编辑录相机自动检索装置editor 编辑器editting controller 编辑控制器EDM machine tool 电火花机床EDM shaping machine 电火花成型机床Edox 爱多司牌手表edredon 粗纺斜纹呢edrophonium chloride 依酚氯铵Edsel 埃德塞尔牌汽车educational apparatus 示教仪器educational outfit 教育用具eduction pipe 排泄管eduction valve 排泄阀eductor pump 排泄泥水泵eductor 喷射器Eel blood cell counter 伊尔血球计数器Eel brand antifriction metal 伊尔牌铅基耐磨合金eel 黄鳝eel-buck 捕鳝笼eel-pout 江鳕eel-spear 捕鳝叉eepingle 埃潘格里棱纹绸Efco-Northrup furnace 埃弗科-诺思拉斯无芯高频感应炉effect filter 效应滤波器effect glass 特技用玻璃片effect lacquer 美饰漆effect machine 特技机器effect monitor 效果监控器effect yarn 花色线effective hair stimulator 生发灵Effem 爱母牌手表effervescing steel 沸腾钢efficient backscattered electron detector 高效反向散射电子探测器efficient dry weight and moisture determination apparatus 高效干重及水分测定仪efficient edge detector 高效边缘检测器efficient nickel plating brightener 高效镀镍光亮剂effluent activity meter 流出液放射性测量计efflux flow cup pattern viscometer 溢流杯式毛细管粘度计efflux viscometer 射流粘度计efflux viscosimeter 流出式粘度计effuser 扩散喷管effusiometer 隙透计effusion meter 流量计efloxate 乙氧黄酮efuamide 益肤酰胺egesta tester 排泄物测定仪egg albumin fibre 清蛋白纤维egg and cream shortcake 奶油鸡蛋饼egg and spinach glaze 卵青釉egg beater 打蛋器egg beating pan 打蛋盆egg biscuit 蛋糕酥egg breaker 打蛋器egg candler 照蛋器egg cleaner 蛋品清洗机egg cooker 煮蛋器egg cup 蛋杯egg dry cleaning machine 蛋品干式清洁机egg ended boiler 蛋形端锅炉egg grader 蛋分级器egg grading machine 蛋分级机egg insulator 卵形绝缘子egg noodle with minced chicken 鸡丝蛋面egg noodle with minced pork 肉丝蛋面egg opening machine 开蛋机egg plant with tomato sauce 茄汁茄子egg plant 茄子egg powder 蛋粉egg products 蛋制品egg roll making machine 蛋卷机egg roll with pork 猪肉蛋卷egg roll 蛋卷egg spoon 蛋匙egg steamer 蒸蛋器egg tester 检蛋器egg toffee 鸡蛋太妃egg turner 翻蛋器egg washing machine 洗蛋机egg 蛋egg-biscuit-roll machine 蛋卷机egg-boiler 煮蛋器egg-breaking machine 打蛋机egg-peanut cake 蛋花酥egg-shaped cup saucer 蛋形杯碟egg-shaped nut choclate 果仁朱古力蛋egg-shell china 蛋壳瓷egg-shell colour cloth 蛋壳色布egg-shell glaze 蛋壳釉egg-shell meal 蛋壳粉egg-shell painting 彩绘蛋egg-shell porcelain 蛋壳瓷egg-shell pottery 蛋壳陶egg-shelling glaze 蛋壳釉Egipto cotton 埃吉托棉Egyptian cloth 埃及平纹棉布Egyptian coatings 埃及棱纹平布Egyptian cotton 埃及棉Egyptian crepe 埃及绉Egyptian kidney bean 埃及云豆Egyptian lace 埃及花边Egyptian scarf 埃及色条斜纹披布Egyptian wool 埃及羊毛eiaminodiphenylether 二氨基二苯醚eicosane 二十烷eicosanol 二十醇eider yarn 细软毛线eider 鸭绒eiderdown blanket 针织绒毯eiderdown cloth 长绒薄呢eiderdown quilt 鸭绒被eiderdown 凫绒eidograph 缩放仪eidophor 大图像投射器Eiethion 乙硫磷eight cylinder engine 八缸发动机eight scull 八人赛艇eight segment magnetron 八腔磁控管eight track strip chart recorder 八通道长图记录仪eight-channel automatic recording viscometer 八线自动记录粘度计eight-channel cathode-ray oscilloscope 八线阴极射线示波器eight-channel data processor 八道数据处理器eight-channel electroencephalograph 八通道脑电流描记仪eight-channel logic analyzer 八通道逻辑分析仪eight-channel magnetic tape recorder 八通道磁带记录仪eight-channel recording paper 八道程记录纸eight-colour combined printing machine 八色联合印花机eight-colour printing machine 八色印花机eight-fold wooden rule 八折木尺eight-gore skirt 八幅裙eight-ply tyre 八层轮胎eight-treasure delicious duck 八宝鸭eight-treasure rice pudding 八宝饭eighteen stage radio-frequency mass spectrometer 十八级射频质谱计eikonometer 光象测定器Einoplas 高密度聚乙烯合成纸einstenium 锿eis wool 艾斯双股细绒线Eisenhower jacket 男用短茄克ejecting device 拨料机ejecting gear 卸卷机ejecting press 挤压机ejection mechanism 自动抛出机构ejection nozzle 喷嘴ejection seat 弹射椅ejector air pump 喷射抽气泵ejector condenser 喷射式冷凝器ejector drier 喷雾干燥器ejector drill 喷吸钻头ejector dryer 喷射干燥器ejector fan 喷射式抽风机ejector pin 推顶杆ejector pipe 喷射管ejector pump 喷射泵ejector seat 弹射座椅ejector vacuum pump 喷射真空泵ejector water air pump 喷水式抽气泵ejector 喷射器ejoo fibre 伊朱纤维eka-rhenuim 镎Ekalux 喹恶磷Ekatin 25 甲基乙拌磷Ekatin F 茂果Ekatin M 茂果Ekatin TD 乙拌磷Ekatin 甲基乙拌磷Ekavit 甲基乙拌磷Ekna 爱克那牌手表Ektafos 百治磷El Camino 埃尔卡米诺牌汽车elaborate embroidery 掺针绣Elacron 二氧威elaeometer 油脂比重计elaidic acid 异油酸elaine 伊兰油酸Elana 埃拉纳聚酯纤维Elancolan 氟乐灵elantrine 依兰曲林Elanyl dye 埃拉尼尔染料Elaphe climacophora schlegel 蛇蜕elasicity pressure gauge 弹性压力计elastane fibre 弹性纤维elastase 弹性蛋白酶elastic ankle strap 裤脚松紧带elastic axis 弹性轴elastic band 松紧带elastic bandage 弹力绷带elastic bearing 弹性轴承elastic bitumen 弹性沥青elastic bra 松紧胸罩elastic brace 弹性背带elastic braid for socks 袜带elastic braid 松紧带elastic braider 松紧带编织机elastic braiding machine 松紧带编织机elastic buffer 弹性缓冲器elastic cable fitting paper 弹性电缆芯衬纸elastic canvas 重浆衬布elastic cloth 松紧布elastic clutch 弹性离合器elastic component 弹性元件elastic connector 弹性连接器elastic corduroy 弹力灯芯绒elastic coupling 弹性联轴节elastic cup washer 弹性杯形垫圈elastic cylindrical pin 弹性圆柱销elastic damping ring 弹性挡圈elastic draft paper 弹性牛皮纸elastic duck 厚浆黑衬里布elastic dynamometer 弹性测力计elastic fabric 弹性织物elastic fibre 弹性纤维elastic finish sheeting 弹性整理稀薄平布elastic flannel 针织法兰绒elastic foundation 弹力胸衣elastic gum 弹性树胶elastic hose 松紧袜筒elastic joint 弹性接头elastic knee-cap 弹性护膝elastic leg briefs 宽紧缚腿无管裤elastic membrance 弹性膜片elastic modelling powder 弹性印模粉elastic nylon socks 弹力尼龙袜elastic nylon 弹力尼龙elastic ribbon 松紧带elastic ring 弹性圈elastic rope 松紧绳elastic rotor 弹性转子elastic sided shoes 松紧带便鞋elastic sleeve 弹性套elastic socks 弹力短袜elastic stockings 弹力长统袜elastic stop nut 弹性锁紧螺母elastic store 缓冲存储器elastic support 弹性支架elastic tape 松紧带elastic thread covering machine 橡筋线包覆机elastic thread for textile use 纺织用弹性线elastic thread 松紧线elastic top wool dress socks 宽紧统口礼服毛短袜elastic tyre 弹性轮胎elastic underwear 松紧内衣elastic waist band 松紧腰带elastic washer 弹性垫圈elastic webbing 弹性织物elastic woven material 弹性布料elastic wrinkle resistant fabric 弹性抗皱织物elastic yarn for textile use 纺织用弹性纱elastic yarn 橡筋线elastically supported gyroscope 弹性支撑陀螺仪elasticated net 弹性网elasticator 弹性剂elasticity bearing 弹性轴承elasticity gauge 弹性计elasticity jelly 弹性软糖elasticity of flexure apparatus 验挠力器elasticity tester 回弹仪elasticized fabric 弹性织物elasticized swimwear 橡筋游泳衣elasticized waist briefs of rib knit cotton yarn 棱纹针织棉纱宽紧束腰三角裤elasticized waist gown 宽紧束腰长衫elasticizer 加弹机elastik 薄里亚麻衬布elastique 细毛大衣呢elastodiene fibre 二烯类弹性纤维elastodiene 橡皮筋elastofiber 弹性纤维elastomer plastics 弹性体塑料elastomer yarn 弹性体丝elastomer 合成橡胶elastomeric energy absorber 弹性消能器elastomeric fibre 弹性纤维elastomeric flex compression coupling 弹性压缩联轴器elastomeric yarn 弹性纱elastometer 弹性计elastoplast 弹性塑料elastotype 橡皮活字elaterometer 气体密度计Elbenyl dye 埃尔贝尼尔染料elbow bend 肘管elbow conduct box 肘管接合匣elbow jet mixer 弯头喷嘴混合器elbow joint 弯管接头elbow length gloves 长筒手套elbow pipe 弯管elbow separator 弯管分离器elbow support 护肘elbow supporter 护肘elbow union 弯头套管elbow 弯头elbowmeter 弯管流量计Elcap 爱卡牌电子石英表elchi butti embroidery 绣花嘴绫elchi butti 嘴绫Elcide 水杨乙汞Elcolloy 埃尔科洛依铁镍钴合金elcometer 膜厚测定仪Elconite 埃尔科涅特钨铜合金Elder 爱尔德热熔性缝纫线eldisine 长春地辛Eldor 爱尔多牌手表Eldorado 埃尔多拉多牌汽车Eldred's wire 艾尔德里德镍铁芯镀铜线elecampane inula 土木香elecampane oil 土木香油elecampane 土木香Election 依力克辛牌手表electone 电子琴electoral wool 美利奴细羊毛electra cloth 伊莱克特拉伞绸Electra 埃莱克特拉牌汽车electric iron 电熨斗electric press 电热压呢机electric pyrometer 电阻高温计electric absorption dynamometer 电吸收式测功器electric accommodation ladder winch 电动舷梯绞车electric accounting machine 电动计算机electric accumulator 蓄电池electric acoustic phonograph 电唱机electric adding machine 电动加法机electric air circulator 电动气流旋转器electric alarm clock 电闹钟electric anchor capstan 电动起锚绞盘electric and hydraulic dental chair 电动液压牙科椅electric anemometer 电测风速仪electric arc furnace 电弧炉electric arc induction furnace 电弧感应炉electric arc lighting 弧光灯electric arc welder 电弧焊机electric arraying-puncher 电动式排钉机electric automatic iron 自动调温电熨斗electric automatic toaster 电自动面包炉electric automatic waffle baker 烘夹饼自动电炉electric automobile 电动汽车electric auxiliary machinery 电动辅机electric axis 电轴electric baking oven 电烤炉electric baking pan 电热饼铛electric balance 电天平electric baresthesiometer 压觉电测计electric bathythermograph 电测水深水温记录仪electric battery electrifier 电池充电机electric battery 蓄电池electric bedwarmer 电暖床器electric bell flat push button 电铃平按钮electric bell push button 电铃按钮electric bell 电铃electric bench drill 台式电钻electric blanket 电暖毛毯electric block 电动葫芦electric blower 电动吹风机electric boat winch 电动起艇机electric boiler feed regulator 电热锅炉给水调节器electric boiler 电热锅炉electric boiling sterilizer 电煮沸消毒器electric bone operating instrument set 电动骨科手术器械包electric bone surgery apparatus 电动骨科手术器械electric book-bundling machine 电动捆书机electric boring machine 电动钻探机electric bowl 电饭锅electric box furnace 箱式电炉electric brain telephone 电脑电话机electric brake 电动制动器electric bread-cutter 电动切面包机electric bridge temperature regulator 电桥式温度调节器electric broiler 电焙炉electric brooder 电气孵雏器electric brush cutter 电刷切割机electric brush rough grinder 电刷粗磨床electric brush 电刷electric bulb & lamp holder 电灯泡及灯座electric bulb 灯泡electric bus 电动公共汽车electric butterfly valve 电动蝶阀electric button sewing machine 电动钉钮机electric buzzer 电蜂鸣器electric cabinet 电控箱electric cable connector 电缆接头electric cable 电缆electric calculating machine 电动计算器electric calculator 电动计算器electric caldron 电煮锅electric calorimeter 电量热器electric capacitor 电容器electric capacity altimeter 电容测高计electric capacity moisture meter 电容湿度计electric capacity type liquidometer 电容式液位计electric capstan 电力绞盘electric car 电动车electric cargo winch 电动起货机electric cash register 电动现金出纳机electric cast mullite brick 电熔莫来石砖electric caterpillar crane 电动履带起重机electric cautery 电灼器electric cell 光电管electric centrifugal blower 电动离心式吹风机electric centrifugal pump 电动离心泵electric centrifuge 电动离心机electric chafing dish 电火锅electric chain hoist with pendant rope control 带吊索操纵器的电动吊链electric chain hoist 电动吊链electric check valve 电动截止阀electric chlorinator 氯化电炉electric chopper 电动切碎器electric chronograph 电动计时器electric chuck 电动卡盘electric circular saw for wood working 木工圆电锯electric circular saw 电圆锯electric clear bulb 普通透明灯泡electric clippers 电剪刀electric clock 电钟electric cloth cutter 电裁衣刀electric clothes dryer 电干衣机electric code machine 电动密码机electric coffee maker 电咖啡壶electric coffee percolator 电咖啡滤壶electric coffee pot 电咖啡壶electric coil tongs 电动钢卷钳electric coil winder 电动绕线机electric collaring machine 电动曲线机electric colorimeter 电动色度计electric comb 电梳electric comparator 电动比较仪electric condenser oil 电容器油electric condenser 电容器electric conducting glass fibre 导电玻璃纤维electric conduction type flame detector 电导式火焰探测器electric conductivity meter 电导仪electric conduit 电线导管electric connector 插座electric contact liquid level indicator 电接触液位指示器electric contact point pressure gauge 电触点压力表electric contact pressure gauge 电接触压力表electric contact thermometer 电触点温度计electric contact-making micrometer 电接触式测微计electric control cable 电控电缆electric control dryer 电控烘干机electric controlled hoist 电控卷扬机electric controller 电控制器electric cooker 电烤箱electric cooking stove 电橱灶electric coolant pump 电动冷却液泵electric cordless steam iron 电池式蒸汽电熨斗electric coupler 电连接器electric coverlet 电床罩electric crab winch 电动起重绞车electric crane 电动起重机electric cranial drill 电动颅骨钻electric cream maker 电动拌奶油器electric crystal clock 电晶体钟electric cup 电热杯electric curling iron 电烫发钳electric current meter 电流表electric cutter 电动切割机electric cyclone furnace 电热旋风炉electric deep freezer 低温箱electric deep fryer 电炸锅electric defroster 电动溶冰机electric dehydrator 电脱水器electric delay fuse 延时信管electric depth finder 电测深仪electric detarring precipitator 电脱焦沉降器electric detonator 起爆器electric developing recorder 静电显影记录仪electric dew-point hygrometer 电露点湿度计electric dewaterer 电脱水器electric dial switch 电动拨号开关electric diaphragm pump 电动隔膜泵electric differential pressure transmitter 电动差压传感器electric disc sander 电动打磨砂盘electric discharge atomic vapor laser 放电原子蒸气激光器electric discharge convection laser 放电对流式激光器electric discharge excited gaseous laser 放电激励气体激光器electric discharge gas-dynamic laser 放电气动激光器electric discharge lamp 放电灯electric discharge laser 放电激光器electric discharge printer 放电式印刷机electric discharge-pumped nitrogen ion laser 放电泵浦氮离子激光器electric diving pump 潜水电泵electric door bell 电门铃electric door closer 电动关门器electric door lock 电门锁electric door opener 电动开门器electric double-beam bridge crane 电动双梁桥式起重机electric drainager 电排流器electric drill arbor 电钻床架electric drill stand 电钻架electric drill 电钻electric drilling machine 电动钻机electric driven toy panda 电动玩具熊猫electric driven welder 电动焊机electric drying chamber 电干燥箱electric drying oven with forced convection 电热鼓风干燥箱electric drying oven 电干燥炉electric dust precipitator 电集尘器electric dynamometer 电动测功器electric eddy current dynamometer 电涡流测功机electric egg mixer 电动打蛋机electric elevator 电梯electric engine oil 电机油electric engine 电机electric engraving machine 电刻机electric equipment for machine tool 机床电器electric exploration instrument 电气勘探仪electric exposure counter 电动爆光计数器electric express locomotive 高速电力机车electric fan production line 电扇生产线electric fan timer 电风扇定时器electric fan 电风扇electric flat carriage 电动平车electric flat iron 电熨斗electric flow meter 电动流量计electric fluorescent ballast 萤光灯镇流器electric fluorescent starter 起辉器electric flux 电焊剂electric food conveyor 电热送餐车electric food warmer 电热锅electric fork truck 叉式电动装卸车electric freezer 电冰冻器electric frosted bulb 磨砂灯泡electric fryer with automatic temperature control 附自动温度控制器电油炸锅electric fryer 电炸锅electric frying pan 电煎锅electric fuel gauge 电测燃料仪electric fuel pump 电动燃料泵electric function generator 电函数发生器electric furnace brick 电炉衬砖electric furnace heating wire 电炉丝electric furnace steel 电炉钢electric furnace tube 电炉炉管electric furnace 电炉electric fuse 保险丝electric galvanometer 热电电流计electric gantry crane 电动龙门式起重机electric gas analyser 电气气体分析器electric generator 发电机electric gilding press 电动烫金机electric grab 电动抓岩机electric gramophone pick-up arm 电唱臂electric gramophone pick-up head 电唱头electric gramophone 电唱机electric graphitized brush 石墨电刷electric grinder 电磨机electric grinding machine 电动砂轮机electric gruel warmer 热粥器electric guitar 电吉他electric gun 电子枪electric gyrocompass 电罗经electric hair clipper 电动理发推子electric hair curler 电烫发器electric hair cutter 电推剪electric hair dryer 电吹风机electric haircutting scissors 电动理发剪electric hammer drill 电锤钻头electric hammer 电锤electric hand drill for coal 煤电钻electric hand drill 手电钻electric hand drilling machine 手电钻electric hand dryer 电干手器electric hand shaper 手提电刨electric harmonic analyser 电谐波分析器electric hearing aid 电助听器electric heat radiator 电热辐射器electric heater 电加热器electric heating air-blowing drier 电热鼓风干燥机electric heating appliance 电暖器具electric heating blanket 电热毛毯electric heating clothes 电热服electric heating device 电热器electric heating floor 电热地板electric heating foot-binding 电热裹腿electric heating shoes 电热鞋electric heating shower 电热淋浴器electric hedge shears 电动修灌木篱墙剪electric hoist 电动葫芦electric horn relay 电喇叭继电器electric horn 电喇叭electric hot compacting press 电热热压机electric hot plate 电热板electric hot tray 电热盘electric hot water boiler 电热锅炉electric hot water bottle 电热水瓶electric hot-tube for horizontal type sterilizer 卧式消毒器电热管electric hygrometer 电湿度计electric igniter 电点火器electric ignition engine 电点火发动机electric immersion heater 浸没式电热器electric impact wrench 电动冲击扳手electric impulse counter 电脉冲计数器electric incubator for bacteria 电热细菌培养器electric incubator 电气孵化机electric indicating controller 电动指示调节器electric indicator 电动指示器electric inductance measuring-testing instrument 电感测试仪electric induction coil 电感线圈electric induction furnace 电感应炉electric industrial truck 电瓶车electric inertia starter 电力惯性起动器electric insulating compressed asbestos fibre 电绝缘压缩石棉纤维electric insulating oil 电气绝缘油electric insulator 电绝缘子electric interlocker 电动联锁器electric interlocking machine 电动联锁机electric interlocking power rack 电气联锁电源屏electric interval lubrication installation 电动间歇润滑装置electric iron with temperature control 调温电铬铁electric jacket 电热套electric jib crane 电动单臂起重机electric juice extractor 电动榨汁器electric juicer 电榨汁机electric kettle 电热壶electric knife 电切刀electric lamp bulb 电灯泡electric lamp holder 电灯座electric lamp 电灯electric level meter 电平表electric lift 电梯electric light for christmas tree 圣诞树用电灯electric lighter 电照明器electric liquid level alarm 电气液面报警器electric liquidizer 电液化器electric loader 电动装载机electric local tire spreader 电动局部扩胎机electric lock 电锁electric locomotive crane 电动机车起重机electric locomotive for mine 矿用电机车electric locomotive with computer 电脑控制电力机车electric locomotive 电气机车electric log 电测深仪electric logging equipment 电测井设备electric logging meter 电测井仪electric machine 电机electric magnetic buzzer 电磁蜂鸣器electric magnetic chuck 电磁卡盘electric magnetic clutch 电磁离合器electric magnetic engine 电磁力发动机electric magnetic iron remover 电磁除铁器electric mangle 电碾压机electric manometer 电测压计electric mantle 电热罩electric marker 电标志器electric marking pen 电笔electric massage cushion 电动按摩座垫electric massager 电动按摩器electric mat 电蚊香片electric meat grinder 电动绞肉机electric meat mincer 电动绞肉机electric mechanical counter 电动机械计数器electric megaphone 电动喇叭筒electric meter 电度表electric micrometer 电测微计electric milking machine 电动挤奶机electric mini-motor 微电机electric mixer 电动搅拌机electric moisture meter 电气测湿计electric molding machine 电动造型机electric monorail crane 电动单轨起重机electric mosquite driver 电驱蚊器electric mosquito killer 电灭蚊器electric mosquito repellent heater 电蚊香加热器electric motive knitting carpet machine 电动织毯机electric motor car 电动车electric motor coach 电动客车electric motor for compressor 压缩机用电动机electric motor for rolling way 辊道电动机electric motor generator 电动发电机electric motor movie camera 电动式活动摄影机electric motor oil 电动机油electric motor short circuit test instrument 电机短路测试仪electric motor 电机electric motor-operated fixed crane 固定式电动起重机electric mower 电动割草机electric mucking machine 电动开挖机electric mud-slush pump 电动泥浆泵electric multi-purpose operation table 电动综合手术台electric multifunction side-turn nursing bed 电动侧翻多功能护理床electric nasopharyngoscope 电鼻咽镜electric neurodiagnostic instrument 神经电检诊仪electric oil pump 电动油泵electric operated control box 电动控制箱electric organ 电风琴electric oscillator 电振荡器electric oscillograph 电示波器electric oven 电烤箱electric overhead travelling crane 电动桥式起重机electric pad 电热垫electric pallet truck 电动托盘搬运车electric paper-box speaker 电动纸盒扬声器electric pedestal grinder 支座式电动砂轮机electric pencil sharpener 电动削铅笔器electric pendulum 电摆electric perforator 电动打孔机electric permeater 电测透气性试验仪electric phonograph recorder 电录音机electric phonograph 电唱机electric piano 电钢琴electric pick 电镐electric pig-halving saw 劈猪电锯electric pipe precipitator 管式电沉降器electric pit-type heating furnace 井式电加热炉electric plane 电刨electric planer cutter 电刨刃electric planer for wood working 木工电刨electric plaster saw 电动石膏锯electric plate precipitator 板式电沉降器electric plug 电火花塞electric pneumatic temperature regulator 电动气动调温器electric point pressure type thermometer 电接点压力式温度计electric polarimeter 电子伺服控制光电偏振计electric pole centrifugal shaper 电杆离心成型机electric pole depositing car 电杆灌注车electric pole mould hanger 电杆模型吊架electric pole predrawn platform 电杆预拉台electric pole 电杆electric polisher 电动抛光机electric polishing machine 电动抛光机electric popper 电爆米花器electric porcelain insulator 电瓷绝缘子electric porcelain teapot 电瓷茶壶electric porcelain 电瓷electric portable drill 便携式电钻electric portable fan 便携式电扇electric portable heater 便携式电热器electric potentiometer 电子电位计electric power cable 电力电缆electric precipitator 电沉降器electric precision cracker 电动精密粉碎机electric pressure cooker 电高压锅electric pressure cooking saucepan 电压力锅electric pressure testing pump 电动式试压泵electric probe 电探针electric pulse ignitor 电脉冲点火器electric pulse motor 电脉冲电动机electric pulse processing lathe 电脉冲加工机床electric pump 电动泵electric pyrometer 电测高温计electric quick saw 电快锯electric radiant heater 辐射电热器electric radiant stove 辐射电炉electric radiation furnace 电热辐射炉electric radiator 电热辐射器electric rail drilling machine 电动钢轨钻机electric railcar sleeper 电动有轨卧车electric railcar train 电动有轨列车electric rammer 电动捣固机electric range 电炉electric rangette 小电炉electric razor 电动剃刀electric reciprocating pump 电动往复泵electric reflector radiator 电反射辐射器electric refrigerator 电冰箱electric reguator 电调节器electric relay 继电器electric remote test pressure gauge 电气遥测压力表electric remote test tachometer 电气遥测转速表electric reset relay 电复位继电器electric resistance furnace 电阻炉electric resistance holding furnace 电阻保温炉electric resistance manometer 电阻压力表electric resistance moisture meter 电阻水分计electric resistance pressure gauge 电阻压力计electric resistance self-balancing pyromter 电阻自动平衡高温计electric resistance sensor 电阻传感器electric resistance strain gauge 电阻应变仪electric resistance thermometer 电阻温度计electric resistance type temperature indicator 电阻式温度指示器electric resistance weld mill 电阻焊管机electric resistance welding three-piece can automatic making line 电阻焊三片罐自动生产线electric respirtor 电子呼吸器electric response audiometer 电反应听力计electric revolution indicator 电动转速表electric revolving shovel 旋转式电铲electric rice cooker 电饭煲electric riveter 电动铆机electric roaster oven 电烤炉electric roaster 电烤炉electric rock drill 电动凿岩机electric rock loader 电动装岩机electric rock mucker 电动装岩机electric rod-curtain precipitator 棒帘式电收尘器electric room heater 电暖器electric rotating motor 旋转电机electric rust hammer 去锈电锤electric safety warner 电子安全报警器electric saucepan 电锅electric saw 电锯electric screen 电屏蔽板electric screw driver 电动螺丝刀electric sealing machine 电气熔缝机electric seawater thermometer 电测海水温度计electric self priming centrifugal pump 电自吸离心泵electric separator 电力分离器electric service pump 电动通用泵electric servo 电伺服机构electric sewer 电动缝纫机electric sewing machine 电动缝纫机electric shave mirror 电动剃须镜electric shaver 电动剃须刀electric shears 电剪刀electric shoe polisher 电动擦鞋器。
Sonardyne-2024鲜版
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Core technology and patient situation
Sonardyne's core technology lies in the development of underwater acoustic positioning and communication systems, as well as advanced navigation and control systems for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs)2024Fra bibliotek3/279
Cooperation with domestic and foreign
universities and research institutions
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02
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Sonardyne collaborates closure with leading universities and research institutions around the world, including MIT, Stanford University, the University of Oxford, and the National Oceanography Centre in the UK
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Corporate culture and values
Sonardyne's corporate culture is characterized by a strong focus on innovation, quality, and customer service
The company values the importance of teamwork and collaboration, empowering employees to work together to solve problems and achieve common goals
海底管道及立管系统
6.0 6.1海底管道及立管系统 概述作为独立的深水开发项目，它是石油天然气工业的重点，在开始阶段开发方案的选择 是很重要的。
前期的正确选择是最重要的，由于它的改变是耗资最大的。
这点适合于 所有的系统组成部分特别是立管， 因为它是海底生产系统和浮式装置之间的关键连接。
基于对系统性能的实际的、正确的评价作出决策是势在必行的，而不是依靠直觉。
这 种评价不仅要理解技术细节和每种设计的功能限制， 也要分析每种设计的相关可靠性， 它们的接口要求和成本等。
不管海洋油田开发采用何种浮式方案，都需要使用管道/生产管线和立管，它们是海洋基础 结构的关键组成部分。
管道和立管是深水开发比较复杂的方面，如图 1 所示。
图 1: 深海浮式结构及立管系统 首先，本章节以实际海洋油田应用为重点描述了深海管道和立管的基本概念，特别关 注了它们在中国海域应用的潜力。
深海管道和立管的更详细的讨论在三个单独的关于 工业设计标准选择、工程解决方案、海上安装的章节中论述。
对不同的管道和立管概 念进行了对比并指出了它们的优缺点。
给出了不同的例子来描述大致的概念。
6.2 6.2.1管道及立管基本概念 海底管道在油气田的总体开发布局设计中, 其中的一个问题之一是如何在油田内部已及从油田 向另外一个油田或者到陆地终端进行油, 气, 及水的输送, 解决该问题的方法就是利 用海底管线或管道。
在海洋油气资源开发中管道有多种用途。
下图描述了海洋管线的通常定义，包括下列 内容： 运输管线 油田产品输送检验/生产管线 水和化学制品注射管线生产管线和立管之间的连接短管图 2: 海底管道在油田中 除去按管道的用途划分还有几种不同的分类方法。
一种常见的方法是按管道横截面 的结构分类，即单壁管道、管中管管道（PIP）和集束管道，如图 3 所示。
图 4: 海底管道分类示意图 单壁管道是最普通的，在海洋和岸上都有广泛的多用途应用。
它能用于输出、油田 生产/检验、注水等。
Spears EverTUFF CTS CPVC 热水和冷水管道系统说明书
Special Pipe - Spears® CTSSpears®EverTUFF® Copper Tube Size (CTS) CPVC is a complete hot and cold water plumbing system consisting of pipe, fittings and solvent cement for plumbing applications. Spears®EverTUFF® CTS CPVC pipe is easily joined using solvent cement welding, is light weight, thermally efficient and code approved to provide cost-effective long-term system service.Product StandardsSpears®EverTUFF® CTS pipe and fittings are manufactured in strict compliance to ASTM D 2846, Standard Specification for Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Hot and Cold-Water Distribution Systems. This standard defines requirements for materials, workmanship, dimensions, tolerances, pressure-bearing capability, and thermocycling resistance. Spears®EverTUFF® CTS SDR 11 plumbing pipe and fittings are manufactured to specifications in accordance with this standard. SDR series pipe is based on an outside-diameter-to-wall thickness ratio. This is a constant regardless of pipe diameter, therefore all sizes of pipe carry the same pressure rating of 100 psi @ 180°F and is suitable for use with commercial hot water. Performance TestingSpears®EverTUFF® CTS CPVC pipe is tested and independently certified by NSF International to the requirements of ASTM D 2846 under NSF® Standard 14 and for use in potable (drinking) water service under NSF® Standard 61.Code ApprovalsMajor building codes have approved the use of CPVC piping as an acceptable material for plumbing systems, provided the piping conforms to applicable industry standard's and has been listed by a third party for conformance to NSF® Standard 14 and/or NSF®Standard 61 requirements. Code bodies that accept the use of CPVC include BOCA National Plumbing Code, National Standard Plumbing Code, SBCCI Standard Plumbing Code, International Plumbing Code, and the Uniform Plumbing Code to name a few. The user should determine approval and installation requirements according to local code having jurisdiction prior to use. DimensionsCPVC CTS Series pipe shall be manufactured in strict accordance to the requirements of ASTM D 2846 to SDR 11 dimensions and tolerances. Each production run of pipe manufactured in compliance to this standard, shall also meet or exceed the test requirements for materials, workmanship, burst pressure, flattening resistance, and extrusion quality and dimensions as defined in ASTM D 2846. This pipe shall be produced in CTS diameters (1/2" through 2" sizes) to SDR 11 specifications.NominalPipeSize (in.)AverageO.D.O.D.TOLAverageI.D.Min.WallRating @Wt./ft.PSI PressureRating @73°F180°F 1/20.625±.0030.4690.0680.0904001003/40.875±.0030.6950.0800.1494001001 1.125±.0030.9010.1020.2404001001-1/4 1.375±.003 1.1050.1250.3534001001-1/2 1.625±.004 1.3090.1480.4894001002 2.125±.004 1.7160.1930.829400100 PIPE SIZES SHOWN ARE MANUFACTURED IN STRICT COMPLIANCE WITH ASTM D 2846 ASTM STANDARD D 1784 MATERIAL EQUIVALENTS: Cell Classification 23447 = PVC Type IV Grade I CPVC = CPVC 4120Pressure RatingsThe Spears® CPVC system, including the joint, has a continuous rated working pressure of 100 psi at 180°F or 400 psi at 73°F. CPVC systems have the capability to withstand short term temperature/pressure increases above 100 psi at 180°F, as evidenced by their ability to consistently surpass the 48-hour, 150-psi Uniform Building Code test at 210°F. CPVC pipe should not be used where temperatures will consistently exceed 180°F.Pressure-Temperature De-Rating FactorsFor CTS CPVC 4120 SDR 11 Piping Systems°F Factor Rating, PSI73 1.0040080 1.00400900.913601000.823251200.652601400.502001600.401601800.25100The pressure de-rating factor is the same for all pipe sizes. Example: Determine the maximum allowable operating pressure for a CTS CPVC piping system with an operating temperature of 140°F. Using de-rating factor of 0.50 for 140° from the above chart, the maximum allowable operating pressure = 400 x 0.50 = 200 psi.InstallationInstallation shall be in accordance with the requirements of the local code having jurisdiction, the solvent cement manufacturer recommendations, and Spears® publication CTS-3, CPVC CTS Products Design and Installation Manual.Joining MethodsSpears®EverTUFF® CTS CPVC pipe is easily joined by standard solvent cementing process, threaded connections and flange assembly Solvent Cement Welding.Made in the U.S.A.Suitable for Oil-Free air handling to 25 psi, not for distribution of compressed air or gasSee Spears® Product Sourcebook for product offerings Page 68Hot & Cold Water Distribution SystemsSpecial Pipe - Spears® CTSSolvent Cement WeldingThis is the most common joining method used with CTS CPVC. See Installationsection for industrial pressure pipe for basic solvent cementing guidelines.CTS Solvent Cement SelectionCodes require use of solvent cement conforming ASTM F 493 and designatedspecifically for use with CTS CPVC products in accordance with ASTM D 2846.Spears®EverTUFF® CTS-5 CTS CPVC "One-step" (primerless) cements maybe used without primer if codes permit, or may be used with a primer whererequired by code. - Always CHECK LOCAL CODES.Set and Cure TimesPipe and fitting joint assembly must be allowed to set without any stress on thejoint for one to five minutes depending on the pipe size and temperature.Following the initial set period, the assembly can be handled carefully.FOLLOW THE CEMENT MANUFACTURER'S RECOMMENDED CURE TIMESPRIOR TO PRESSURE TESTING. - FAILURE TO DO SO WILL RESULT INJOINT FAILURE.Minimum Cure Time Prior to Testing at 150 psi with ColdWater (based on use of one-step CPVC cement or two-stepcement systems)Pipe Size (in.)Ambient Temperature During Cure Time>60°F40°F - 60°F<40°F3/8 1 hr 2 hrs 4 hrs1/2 1 hr 2 hrs 4 hrs3/4 1 hr 2 hrs 4 hrs1 1 hr2 hrs 4 hrs1-1/4 2 hrs 4 hrs8 hrs1-1/2 2 hrs 4 hrs8 hrs2 2 hrs 4 hrs8 hrs •NOTE Wait 24 hours prior to putting system into hot water service when installed at cure temperatures above 60°F; wait 48 hours prior to putting system into hot water service when installed at cure temperatures below 40°F Solvent Cement Joining.Wall PenetrationBuilding codes require that a fire-rated wall or floor must be sealed back to its original integrity when penetrated. Several sealants and materials are suitable for use with Spears®EverTUFF® CTS CPVC pipe to construct an appropriate UL Classified fire-rated penetration system. When installed properly, these systems will provide a two-hour fire rating. Consult local building code requirements.•NOTE Caution: Certain fire-stopping sealants and components contain stress cracking agents and other chemicals which may cause damage to CPVC piping; contact the appropriate manufacturer for compatibility with CPVC prior to use.•NOTE When installing CPVC in areas where the system must be drained to protect it from freezing, the lines must be sloped to drain.Underslab InstallationsSpears®EverTUFF® CTS CPVC products are approved for underslab installations (with joints) in all model-plumbing codes. When performing underslab installations, it is important to support the tube evenly on a smooth surface. The bedding and backfill should be sand or clean soil that is free from sharp rocks and other debris that could damage the pipe.Underslab installations that contain joints must be pressure tested before pouring the slab. NOTE: IAPMO IS 2098, "Installation Standard for CPVC Solvent Cemented Hot and Cold Water Distribution Systems," requires a test at 150 psi for 2 hours. The pipe should be sleeved where it penetrates the slab, along with construction joints within the slab. Spears®EverTUFF® CTS pipe is also manufactured in coils for underslab installations to eliminate joints. When turning coiled pipe up through a slab, into walls, etc., make sure the pipe does not kink. Sections of pipe that contain kinks must be cut out and replaced. Freeze Protection/Sunlight ExposureCPVC piping must be protected from freezing in all installation locations. Attention shall be paid to local insulating techniques and codes that require a particular method. Use only methods and materials suitable for use with CPVC piping. Where freezing is not an issue, CPVC shall not be installed so as to be subject to direct sunlight after installation and not installed on the surface of a building, unless protected by a covering or a chemically compatible paint, such as water based Latex.Hose Bibb InstallationHose bibbs are to be connected only to metal system components which are adequately anchored to the building structure. CPVC plastic systems must terminate in the wall.Water Heater ConnectionsBefore attempting to use Spears®EverTUFF® CTS CPVC in water heater connections, determine if local plumbing codes contain detailed requirements for connections to gas or electric storage-type heaters.DO NOT use Spears®EverTUFF® CTS CPVC products with commercial-type, non-storage water heaters.For areas where local plumbing codes do not have requirements, the following information can be used as a guide for water heater connections:• On electric water heaters, CPVC can be joined directly to the heater, using metal-to-CPVC transition fittings.• On high-efficiency gas water heaters that use plastic vent piping, CPVC can be joined directly to the heater in the same way as an electric water-heater connection.• On all other gas water heaters, there should be at least 6" of clearance between the exhaust flue and any CPVC tubing. A minimum of 6" metallic pipe should connect directly to the heater so that the CPVC tubing cannot be damaged by the buildup of excessive, radiant heat from the flue.• A temperature/pressure relief valve should be installed so that the sensing element contacts the water at the top of the heater.Page 69Suitable for Oil-Free air handling to 25 psi, not for distribution of compressed air or gas Spears® Manufacturing CompanySee Spears® Product Sourcebook for product offeringsSpecial Pipe - Spears ®CTS• Spears ®EverTUFF ® CTS CPVC products are approved by all model codes for use as relief-valve drain lines. A metal-to-CPVC transition fitting should be used to connect the tubing to the relief valve, with the tubing continued to the outlet. Both horizontal and vertical pressure relief drain should be supported every 3 feet. For horizontal runs, slope the tubing toward the outlet. Pipe must discharge to the atmosphere at an approved location.• Instantaneous water heaters (i.e., under sink units) require at least 6" of metallic pipe connected to heater inlet and no CVPC installed downstream.TRANSITION JOINTS AND FITTINGSSpears ®EverTUFF ® CTS CPVC pipe can be connected to copper, brass, valves, and other materials using a variety of transition fittings including unions, compression fittings, specially reinforced male and female adapters, flanged joints, grooved joints and other readily available transition fittings.Do not thread CPVC pipe and do not use regular CPVC female threaded fittings. Regular CPVC male threaded fittings shall only be used on cold waterapplications. Special reinforced male adapters, female adapters and otherfittings with brass threads are recommended for hot water applications andthreaded transitions to metal pipe. All approved threaded CPVC joints must beaccessible. (See also Water Heater Connections section for additional installation details).Standard compression fittings with brass ferrules can be used; however, PTFE tape must be applied over the brass ferrule to compensate for the dissimilarthermal expansion rates between the brass and CPVC. Caution must beexercised to prevent over tightening of compression fittings. Use extreme care when soldering any metal system to prevent flame contact with or heat distortion in CPVC pipe and fittings.Assembling Threaded Connections Threaded connections require the application of a thread sealant that is compatible with CPVC material. Spears ® recommends the use of Spears ®BLUE 75™ Thread Sealant. Apply sealant to the male threads only. Make sure all threads are covered. DO NOT clog the waterway with excess sealant. If PTFE tape is used, Spears ® recommends a thickness of at least .0035" that meets or exceeds military specification, MIL-T-27730A. DO NOT use a combination of tape and thread sealant on the same joint. Apply PTFE tape in the direction of the threads by starting with the first full thread and continuing over the entire thread length. Make sure all threads are covered. Generally, 2 - 3 wraps are sufficient to produce a watertight connection.DO NOT over-torque any threaded connections. Generally, one to two turns beyond finger-tight are required for a threaded connection. Factory testing hasindicated that 10 - 25 ft-lbs of torque is adequate to obtain a leak-free seal.Spears ® recommends the use of a strap wrench when installing threadedconnections.Hanger/Support SpacingSpears ®EverTUFF ® CTS CPVC pipe is rigid, it requires fewer supports than flexible, plastic systems. Vertical runs should be supported at each level so that the weight of the run is not placed on a fitting or a joint. Horizontal runs require support every 3 feet for 1/2" - 1" diameter pipe and every 4 feet for 1-1/4" and larger diameters. Support spacing should be in accordance with applicable local codes. Horizontal runs must be braced so that the stress loads (caused by bending or snaking) will not be placed on a fitting or a joint. Hanger support spacing information is shown in Table A.Spears ® recommends that hangers, designed for supporting CPVC, be used tosupport CPVC piping. However, some hangers, designed for steel pipe, may be used if their suitability is clearly established. These hangers must be selected toaccommodate the specific pipe size. In addition, they cannot contain rough orsharp edges that contact the pipe, and they must not bind the pipe from axial movement that is caused by expansion and contraction.Pipe Size (in.)Maximum Hanger Support Spacing 3/8 3 ft 1/2 3 ft 3/4 3 ft13 ft 1-1/4 4 ft 1-1/2 4 ft 24 ft Thermal Expansion All piping systems expand and contract with changes in temperature. This issue must be addressed with appropriate system design to prevent damage to thesystem. Spears ®EverTUFF ® CTS CPVC pipe will expand or contract approximately 3.8 inches per 100 feet of pipe with every 100°F of temperaturerise or fall. The effects of expansion/contraction are usually absorbed by the system at changes of direction in the piping. In other words, long, straight runs of piping are more susceptible to experiencing measurable movement with changes in temperature. As with other piping materials, the installation of an expansion loop or offset is required on long, straight runs which will allow the piping system to absorb the forces generated by expansion/contraction without damage. The rate of expansion does not vary with pipe size. The effects of expansion/contraction are more pronounced on hot water lines. See Thermal Expansion & Contraction section under Engineering and Design Data for Industrial Piping in this manual for information on calculating movement andexpansion loops.System TestingOnce the system has been installed and allowed to cure properly, the systemshall be tested in accordance with applicable code requirements. When testingwith water (hydrostatic testing), the system must be slowly filled with water andthe air bled from the highest and furthest points in the system before test pressure is applied. Air must be removed from piping systems to prevent it from being locked in the system when pressure is applied. Failure to do so could beharmful to job site personnel should a failure occur. If a leak is found, the affected product must be cut out and discarded. A new section can be installedusing couplings or other approved means.Made in the U.S.A.Suitable for Oil-Free air handling to 25 psi, not for distribution of compressed air or gasSee Spears ® Product Sourcebook for product offeringsPage 70。
DNV海工标准OS和OSS清单(2012)
41.
DNV-RP-A203
Qualification of New Technology
July 2011
42.
DNV-RP-A204
Quality Survey Plan (QSP) for Offshore Class New-building Surveys
September 2011
January 2012
63.
DNV-RP-E102
Recertification of Blowout Preventers and Well Control Equipment for the US Outer Continental Shelf
June 2010
64.
DNV-RP-E301
Design and Installation of Fluke Anchors in Clay
DNV-OS-F101
Submarine Pipeline Systems
October 2010
32.
DNV-OS-F201
Dynamic Risers
October 2010
33.
DNV-OS-H101
Marine Operations, General
October 2011
34.
DNV-OS-H102
October 2010
13.
DNV-OS-C501
Composite Components
October 2010
14.
DNV-OS-C502
Offshore Concrete Structures
October 2010
15.
DNV-OS-C503
os-b101_2012-10 DNV海洋结构物设计规范 Metallic Materials 钢制材料规范
Main changes
• — — — Ch.2 Sec.1: Transverse impact values included in Table B4 and Table C5. Combinations of grain refining elements to be in line with Ship Rules Pt.2 Ch.2. Figure 3d to be in line with Ship Rules Pt.2 Ch.2.
A. A A A A A A
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 9
Offshore Standard DNV-OS-B101, October 2012 Changes – Page 3
CHANGES
General
This document supersedes DNV-OS-B101, April 2009. Text affected by the main changes in this edition is highlighted in red colour. However, if the changes involve a whole chapter, section or sub-section, normally only the title will be in red colour.
© Det Norske Veritas AS October 2012 Any comments may be sent by e-mail to rules@
顶部张紧力立管的初步设计1
顶部张紧力立管的初步设计摘要立管 (Riser)系统是指连接海底井口与浮式平台之间的导管，主要用途是生产、采油、注水和修井、完井等。
本文主要在对顶部张紧力立管存基本结构介绍的基础上，对其存在的力学问题进行了阐述。
在此基础上，以顶部张紧力立管的概念设计为基础，主要阐述了顶部张紧力立管的顶部张力的确定和立管的振动问题。
可以为以后的详细设计提供支持和保障，进而为设计与制造打下的基础。
引言深水油气立管系统是油气开发系统中最薄弱的构件之一。
立管具有多种结构，如顶部张紧力立管（TTR），自由悬链线立管（SCR）等。
深水顶部张紧力立管有干式和湿式两种生产形式。
主要种类有钻井立管，生产立管，注水管和及输入输出管。
虽然立管的用途不同，但立管的组成结构基本相同。
由于TLP和Spar平台的垂荡运动较小，因此TTR立管多用在TLP和Spar 平台中。
世界上最早的顶部张紧力立管在1984年服役于英国北海浮式产油系统中的张力腿平台，到目前为止世界上已有29给平台使用顶部张紧力立管，其中17个应用于TLP平台，12个应用于Spars平台。
在深水中，立管不仅要适用于深海石油开发所采用的浮体装置，而且要保证水深达到几千米的复杂海洋环境下具有一定的可靠性，并且立管所受的荷载相当复杂且很难确定，会对立管造成破坏。
这不仅使工程本身蒙受损失，而且可能造成严重的次生灾害，造成石油泄漏，污染环境。
因此，开展深水立管系统的研究和设计对于深水油田的安全高效开发具有重要经济意义。
正文1.立管的基本结构深水立管是通过各段立管节的连接起来的。
为了改变立管的力学性能，其中一些节要经过特殊的设计。
一般TTR立管节一根长大约50-70尺。
TTR主体结构由中级别的高强度钢建造。
由于钛的力学性能，机械性能优越，在一些关键部位使用钛建造。
TTR主要由张力系统、标准立管节、张力节、伸缩节(telescopic joint)、keel节、锥形节/应力节（TSJ）、tie-back连接等组成。
Agilia SP 注射器滴注机配件部件目录2019说明书
Agilia SP range Syringe Infusion Pump Spare Parts Catalog 2019This Spare Parts Catalog is applicable to the following Agilia SP range:▪Agilia SP▪Agilia SP MC / Agilia SP MC WiFi▪Agilia SP TIVA / Agilia SP TIVA WiFi.This Spare Parts Catalog is applicable to devices whose serial number is from 23499291.WarningONLY use the recommended accessories and options delivered with the pump. NO PART ISREPAIRABLE. When replacing components, only use Fresenius Kabi spare parts.Critical Components Type 1 (CS1)The CS1 critical components listed in this Spare Parts Catalog must be traceable.InformationThe critical components are identified into the column 'CS1’ of the spare parts tables. Those components are delivered with a batch or serial number. The After Sales Services are responsible for the traceabilityof those components. A critical component batch or serial number must be linked, by the After SalesService, with the serial number of the infusion pump repaired.Release NotesDate Revision DescriptionOctober 2015 0 CreationJuly 2017 1 ▪The Agilia SP TIVA WiFi is added in this page.▪Mark 200: Z178972, Z178973 and the note are added ; Z179973 and Z179974 are removed from this document since they are dedicated to VP range.▪Z173408 (mark 408), Z178271 (mark 506) and Z178245 (mark 604) are removed since they are not available.▪Z161776 is no more available for sale but included in ref Z179556 (mark 311).▪Z178245 is no more available for sale but included in ref Z178979 (mark 600).▪Z178912 is replaced by Z178970 (mark 101) ; Z178909 is replaced by Z178971 (mark 104) ; Z179043 is replaced by Z179971 (mark 309) ; Z178911 is replaced by Z178975 (mark 401) ; Z178693 is replaced by Z178963 (mark 405) ; Z178903 is replaced by Z178976 (mark 407) ; Z178920 is replaced by Z178977 (mark 406) ;Z178901 is replaced by Z178978 (mark 500) ; Z178907 is replaced by Z178979 (mark 600) ; Z178585 is replaced by Z179585 (mark 703).▪Z190890 (old mark 605) is replaced by Z199716 (new mark 604).▪Marks 415 and 416 are inverted to match the right spare parts.▪Z179590 (mark 312) is a CS1 component while Z178959 (mark 403) and Z178978 (mark 500) are not CS1 components.▪Z178424 is replaced by Z180692 (mark 505).May 2018 2 ▪References Z178357 (Potentiometer assembly, in the Base section) and Z178457 (Strain gauge, in the Plunger section) are no more available for sale since they require soldering.▪Reference Z179556 (mark 311) is no more part of kit referenced Z178958 (mark 310).▪New covers.July 2018 3 Z178275 (mark 415): quantity changed to 1.September 2018 4In section Angle Bracket:▪Z180693 Male socket sealing is now delivered in the Bracket and mains board kit for Agilia SP (mark 310) in pumps whose serial number is from 23882455.It replaces ref. Z179584.▪Z178958 Bracket and mains board kit for A gilia SP is replaced by Z178381.10062-4_SPC_Agilia_SP_Eng1 BASE 42 COVER 53 ANGLE BRACKET 64 PLUNGER 75 MECHANICAL FRAMEWORK 96 MOTOR LEFT FLANGE 107 WI-FI 1134Base104MarkQtyReferenceDescription Price100 1 Z178156 Pusher protection 322,- 101 1 Z178970 Base kit for Agilia SP293,- 102 1 Z178436 Dual syringe wings holder 65,- 103 1 Z178440 Syringe holder assembly 890,- 104 1 Z178971 Syringe detection kit for Agilia SP 552,- 105 1 Z178186 Wing detection membrane 17,- 106 2 Z178299 Grey Diam. 7 screw cap 6,- 107 1 Z178434 Grease damping 58,- 108 2 Z178206 Foot 12,- 109 1 Z178431 Racked clip 116,- 110 1 Z178921 Bracket clip kit179,- 1111Z178951Syringe holder bridle kit for Agilia SP345,-105100 102 103107106 1081091111011105Cover201MarkQtyReferenceDescriptionPrice200(1)1 Z178952 Upper case kit for Agilia SP 982,- 1 Z178953 Upper case kit for Agilia SP MC 982,- 1 Z178972 Upper case kit for Agilia SP MC WiFi982,- 1 Z178973 Upper case kit for Agilia SP MC WiFi (FDA registered - for NAM countries only)982,- 1 Z178954 Upper case kit for Agilia SP TIVA 982,- 1 Z178956 Upper case kit for Agilia SP TIVA WiFi982,-1Z178955 Upper case kit for Agilia SP TIVA (Japanese market - Soon available) 982,- 201 1 Z178401 Display board 1982,-202 1 Z178181 Hood hook 9,- 2031Z179413Card to card ribbon130,-(*) See Critical Components Type 1 (CS1), page 2.(1) Only one reference is to be ordered depending on the model to be repaired or maintained.2002022036315Angle Bracket307MarkQtyReferenceDescriptionPrice300 1 Z179978 Hook nut kit for Agilia SP & VP 1086,- 301 1 Z178315 Pole clamp rotate axle 3 39,- 302 1 Z179569 Pole clamp bolt button 9,- 303 1 Z178294 Pole clamp spring9,- 304 1 Z179568 Pole clamp M8 screw overmoulded 65,- 305 1 Z182108 Clamp screw tip22,- 306 1 Z178292 Pole clamp axle tip - angled 40,- 307 1 Z179976 Handle + bolt kit (for Agilia SP & VP) 750,- 308 1 Z178188 IRDA window 75,- 309 1 Z179971 Agilia battery kit537,- 310 1 Z178381 Bracket and mains board kit for Agilia SP1624,- 311 1 Z179556 Flexible IC flex binder assembly (includes speaker and binder socket)722,- 312 1 Z179590 Power supply board (for Agilia SP & VP) 2297,- 313 1 Z178189 Handle retainer 11,- 314 1Z178455 Blue Diam. 7 screw cap 7,- 315(1)1Z170416 Z170430 Z170447Mains lead - angled - black Mains angled cable UK Mains cable US/CA144,-(*) See Critical Components Type 1 (CS1), page 2.(1) Only one reference is to be ordered depending on the country where the pump is used. Other cables are available, contact your Fresenius Kabi sales representative.308310313314 30231230430330931130630130530074PlungerMarkQtyReferenceDescription Price400 1 Z178441 Link push carriage 12,- 401 1 Z178975 Plunger kit for Agilia SP 3225,- 402 1 Z178452 Flex pusher462,- 403 1 Z178959 Pressure sensor kit for Agilia SP 1139,- 404 1 Z178963 Flange and lever kit for Agilia SP 245,- 405 1 Z178977 Carriage kit for Agilia SP917,- 406 1 Z178976 Disengagement flex. IC kit for Agilia SP 392,- 407 1 Z199680 D3 Truarc 3,- 408 1 Z178286 Stirrup captor 2 14,- 409 2 Z178217 Arm axis pusher 49,- 4101Z178194Detection finger hat12,-(*) See Critical Components Type 1 (CS1), page 2.406401407...405400 ...402403.........409......408............410404...8MarkQtyReferenceDescription Price411 1 Z178450 Plunger arm 140,- 412 1 Z178235 Stainless ball 30,- 413 1 Z178266 Left helico lever 2 18,- 414 1 Z178274 T DES-DF.6 spring 18,- 415 1 Z178275 T DE3.3-DF.35 spring 18,- 416 1 Z178276 C DE7.7-DF.45 spring 8,- 417 1 Z178284 Sup. pusher arm 90,- 418 1 Z178285 Inf. pusher arm90,- 419 2 Z178281 White diam.7 screw cap 2 6,- 420 1 Z178210 Pusher membrane hold 12,- 421 1 Z178280 Pusher membrane 2 15,- 4221Z199698Quicklock D1.5 ring3,-.........422...417......419418411...414413...420416421415......41295Mechanical Framework500MarkQtyReferenceDescriptionPrice500 1 Z178978 Linear sensor kit for Agilia SP513,- 501 1 Z178964 Motor kit for Agilia SP 786,- 502 (1) 1 Z178400 CPU board 1433,- 503 1 Z199716 Quicklock ring D2.5 12,- 504 1 Z178224 Carriage guide 51,- 505 1 Z180692 Right flask assembly16,- 5061Z178317Wormwheel M6x1 with bearing306,-(*) See Critical Components Type 1 (CS1), page 2.(1) REACH Article 33(1) Declaration about substances identified by the European Chemical Agency as candidates for Annex XIV according to article 59:“Current knowledge available to us from our supplier on the presence of substances included in the candidate list in a concen tration above 0.1% (m/m) in our LCD is as follows: Boric acid (CAS No.: 10043-35-3, 11113-50-1), Disodium tetraborate, anhydrous (CAS No.: 1303-96-4, 1330-43-4, 12179-04-3), Tetraboron disodium heptaoxide hydrate (CAS No.: 12267-73-1). We are in constant dialogue with our suppliers in order to gather further information."5045055015035065026Motor Left Flange600605601604603602Mark Qty Reference Description Price 600 1 Z178979 Motor flask kit for Agilia SP 532,- 601 1 Z178196 Z34 M.0.55 sproket 20,- 602 1 Z178241 Retainer bearing 17,- 603 1 Z178242 Threaded retainer bearing 27,- 604 1 Z199716 Quicklock ring diam 2.5 11,- 605 1 Z178380 Z 22 M 0.55 Gearing axle mod 38,-107Wi-Fi702 700701703Mark Qty Reference Description Price 700 1 Z178428 WiFi board support 35,- 701 1 Z179411 WiFi module board 2013,- 702 1 Z178801 WiFi flexible circuit 100,- 703 1 Z179585 WiFi US label 15,-11This document may contain inaccuracies or typographical errors.Modifications may thus be done, and included in later editions.Due to the evolution of standards, and of legal texts and materials, the characteristics indicated in the text and images of this document are applicable only to the device with which it is included.The illustrations in this document are for illustrative purposes only. Their contents may vary based on individual configurations and minor software modifications; therefore, some illustrations may appear slightly different from what you see on the product.This document may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the written consent of Fresenius Kabi. Agilia® is a registered trademark in the name of Fresenius Kabi in selected countries.Made in FranceRevision date: September 2018Document reference: 10062-4_SPC_Agilia_SP_Eng0123First CE Mark: December 20151213Local Contacts for Servicing10062-4_SPC_Agilia_SP_EngFresenius Kabi AG 61346 Bad Homburg Germany Fresenius Vial S.A.SLe Grand Chemin 38590 Brézins - FranceFRESENIUS KABI NORGE AS Gjerdrums vei 10a0484 OSLOT: 22 58 80 00M: *********************************。
诺华烧烤炉侧烧杯系列说明书
Model #A - Width B - Depth C - Height RSB18 1/2"16 1/2"2"RSB212"19"9"RJCSSB 10 3/4"21"8"RDB112"19"8"RDB1 EL 12"19"8"ADB113 3/8"23 1/4"10 1/2"ASB213 3/8"23 1/4"10 1/2"Propane Gas Connection:RCS side burners have 3/8" male flare connectionMinimum horizontal clearance from sides and back of the unit to adjacent vertical combustible construction extending above top of unit, 24 inches from side and 24 inches from back. Do not locate under any overhead combustible construction.Side Burner Owner's ManualSafety and Installation Instructions Side Burner InstallationThis gas side burner must be installed in accordance with all local codes and is for outdoor use only.If installation is planned in an area with no local codes, the gas side burner must be installed in accord with the National Fuel Gas Code ANSI Z223.1 and storage and handling of liquefied petroleum gases, ANSI/NFPA 58 or CSA B149.1 natural gas and propane installation code.CALIFORNIA PROPOSITION 65 WARNINGThe burning of gas cooking fuel generates some by-products which are on the list of substances which are known by the State of California to cause cancer or reproductive harm. California law requires businesses to warn customers of potential exposure to such substances. To minimize exposure to these substances, always operate the unit according to the use and care manual, ensuring you provide good ventilation when cooking with gas.WARNING: Improper installation, adjustment, alteration, service or maintenance can cause injury or property damage, and void the warranty. Read the installation, operating and maintenance instructions thoroughly before installing or servicing this equipment.ClearancesCombustible ConstructionNatural Gas Connection:Appliance pressure 4” W.C.Appliance pressure 10” W.C.Inlet pressure 5” – 14” W.C.Inlet pressure 11” – 14” W.C.Non-Combustible ConstructionSides of the side burner can be 0” from non-combustible wall, below the cooking surface.Built-in InstallationFor non-combustible cabinet enclosure installation only. Follow the cut-out dimensions as shown. ALL outdoor kitchen cabinets MUST include ventilation . We recommend 12 square inches of opening for each (running) 4 feet of counter top. See Item # RVNT1 for approved vents.Cut Out DimensionsBefore Lighting:Check gas line/hose for signs of wear, abrasion or cuts. If evidence of deterioration is visible, replace the part prior to use.If you smell gas, check for leaks. If odor continues, immediately call for service.RSB1RSB2RJCSSB RDB1RDB1EL ASB27mm 13mm7mm 7mm 7mm 13mm *DO NOT LEAVE YOUR SIDE BURNER UNATTENDED WHILE IN OPERATION.*4. If there is no ignition after trying, turn the knob back to the “OFF” position and repeat steps 2-3.1. Open lid before lighting. Make sure all knobs are in the ‘OFF’ position.3. The clicking sound is the electrode sparking near the burner ring. This will ignite the gas to the burner.2. Push and turn burner knob to ‘HI/IGN’ position. You will hear a clicking sound w/ Sure Strike Valves or you must push the igniter button depending which side burner you have.Check for leaks with a soapy water solution every time the cylinder is replaced or reconnected. All leaks must be corrected immediately.Never use an open flame to check for leaks.Lighting InstructionsKeep your face and body away from the burner top when lighting or operating.Fuel Conversion for Side Burners: RSB1, RJCSSB, RDB1, RDB1EL & ADB11. Find the extra set of orifices that came with the side burner. (RSB2 does not come with extra orifice, must purchase separately)3. Pull up and slide burner to the side to expose the orifice in the bottom of the venturi. Repeat for each burner.Fuel Conversion for Infrared Side Burners: RSB2 & ASB21. Purchase orifice from an RCS Dealer.2. You must remove all grates to expose the main burner or burners on the side burner.5. Inside the space you will find the orifice (brass fitting), screwed into the end of the valve stem.4. Where the burner was located going through a hole in the basin and connecting to the valve is now evacuated space.6. Remove the orifice with a socket and extension. (These are extremely fragile when turning. Be extremely gentle when removing).7. Replace orifice with new orifice, (repeat for all burners). When re-installing orifice do not over tighten or you will strip the brass fitting. Little pressure is needed8. Replace burners then grates.Socket Size Side Burner 7. Install infrared burner back into place and also tighten wing nut on bottom of side burner to hold burner in place.If you have any questions please give us a call at: 1-800-833-5998Follow the picture on the right to hook up side burner to grillconnections.8. Place cooking grids and lid back on side burner.2. You must remove lid and cooking grid to expose the infrared burner.3. Remove the drip pan from burner4. Remove wing nut on the bottom of the side burner holding the infrared burner in place.5. Use a 12mm wrench to hold the brass elbow stem while using a 13mm wrench to remove the orifice.6. Install new orifice and tighten gently (These are extremely fragile when turning. Be extremely gentle when removing).。
L-004
NORSOK STANDARD L-004Edition 2, September 2010 Piping fabrication, installation, flushing and testingThis NORSOK standard is developed with broad petroleum industry participation by interested parties in the Norwegian petroleum industry and is owned by the Norwegian petroleum industry represented by The NorwegianOil Industry Association (OLF) and The Federation of Norwegian Industry. Please note that whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this NORSOK standard, neither OLF nor The Federation of NorwegianIndustry or any of their members will assume liability for any use thereof. Standards Norway is responsible for the administration and publication of this NORSOK standard.Standards Norway Telephone: + 47 67 83 86 00Strandveien 18, P.O. Box 242 Fax: + 47 67 83 86 01Foreword 5 1Scope 6 2Normative and informative references 62.1Normative references 62.2Informative references 6 3Terms, definitions and abbreviations 63.1Terms and definitions 73.2Abbreviations 7 4Materials 74.1Colour marking of materials 74.2Material storage, handling, recieval and identification control 7 5Fabrication of pipework 85.1General requirements 85.2Welding and NDE 85.3Butt welds for orifice runs 85.4Screwed pipework 85.5Dimensional tolerances for pre-fabricated piping assemblies 85.6Branch connections and outlets 105.7Pipe flanges, mechanical hub and clamp coupling 11 6Installation of piping 116.1Pipework erection 116.2Flanged joints 116.3Strain sensitive equipment with flange connections 126.4Gaskets 126.5Bolting 126.6Pipe support 136.7Global tolerances, installation 13 7Cleaning of pipework 147.1General 147.2Hydro flushing 147.3Pressurised air shockblowing 147.4Pneumatic flushing 157.5Soft pigging 157.6Verification of cleanness 15 8Pressure tests 158.1General 158.2Test preparation 158.3Test media 168.4Hydrostatic testing 178.5Pneumatic testing 178.6After completion of test 178.7Test acceptance criteria 178.8Test documentation 17 9Chemical cleaning 189.1General 189.2Documentation 18 10Hot oil flushing 1910.1General 1910.2Marking 1910.3Documentation 19 11Tightness testing 20 12System colour coding of piping 2012.1Purpose 2012.2Types of markers 2012.3Insulated lines 2112.4Plastic/rubber lined piping 2112.5Obstruction 2112.6Materials of markers 2112.7Fastening materials 2212.8Marker text 2212.9Size and use of markers 2212.10Positioning of markers 2312.11Valve marking 2312.12Fluid description/colour code tabulation 2312.13Colour coding information 23 Annex A (normative) Alternative test methods 24 Annex B (informative) Requirements for internal treatment of piping after prefabrication and installation before commissioning 26ForewordThe NORSOK standards are developed by the Norwegian petroleum industry to ensure adequate safety, value adding and cost effectiveness for petroleum industry developments and operations. Furthermore, NORSOK standards are, as far as possible, intended to replace oil company specifications and serve as references in the authorities’ regulations.The NORSOK standards are normally based on recognised international standards, adding the provisions deemed necessary to fill the broad needs of the Norwegian petroleum industry. Where relevant, NORSOK standards will be used to provide the Norwegian industry input to the international standardisation process. Subject to development and publication of international standards, the relevant NORSOK standard will be withdrawn.The NORSOK standards are developed according to the consensus principle generally applicable for most standards work and according to established procedures defined in NORSOK A-001.The NORSOK standards are prepared and published with support by The Norwegian Oil Industry Association (OLF), The Federation of Norwegian Industry, Norwegian Shipowners’ Association and The Petroleum Safety Authority Norway.NORSOK standards are administered and published by Standards Norway.1 ScopeThis NORSOK standard covers the basis for fabrication, installation, flushing, pressure testing, chemical cleaning, hot oil flushing and system colour coding of process, drilling and utility piping for offshore oil and/or gas production facilities.This NORSOK standard does not cover the following:•all instrument control piping downstream of first piping block valve;•subsea pipework and risers;•flexible hoses;•sanitary piping systems within living quarters and other domestic areas, see NORSOK H-003;•GRP piping;•marine systems in hulls of vessels and floating platforms and land based plants.2 Normative and informative referencesThe following standards include provisions and guidelines which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions and guidelines of this NORSOK standard. Latest issue of the references shall be used unless otherwise agreed. Other recognized standards may be used provided it can be shown that they meet the requirements of the referenced standards.2.1 Normative referencesASME B31.3, Process PipingASME B1.20.1, Pipe Threads, General purpose, InchASME PCC2, Repair of Pressure Equipment and PipingASME VIII, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII – Rules for construction ofPressure Vessels, Division 1API 6A, API standard 6ANORSOK L-001, Piping and ValvesNORSOK L-002, Piping design, layout and stress analysisNORSOK L-CR-003, Piping detailsNORSOK L-005, Compact flanged connectionsNORSOK M-601, Welding and inspection of pipingNORSOK M-630, Material data sheets and element data sheets for pipingNORSOK Z-DP-002, Coding systemNORSOK Z-006, PreservationNS 813, Piping systems – Identification colours for the contentNS 4054, Colours for identificationISO 4406, Hydraulic fluid power – Fluids – Method for coding the level of contaminationby solid particlesISO 9095, Steel tubes – Continuous character marking and colour coding for materialidentification2.2 Informative referencesASME PCC-1, Guidelines for Pressure Boundary Bolted Flange Joint AssemblyEN 1591, Flanges and their jointsISO 19900, Petroleum and natural gas industries – General requirements for offshorestructuresOLF guideline 118, Håndbok for flensarbeidNORSOK H-003, Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and sanitary systems NORSOK N-001, Integrity of offshore structures3 Terms, definitions and abbreviationsFor the purposes of this NORSOK standard, the following terms, definitions and abbreviations apply.3.1 Terms and definitions3.1.1shallverbal form used to indicate requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform to this NORSOK standard and from which no deviation is permitted, unless accepted by all involved parties3.1.2shouldverbal form used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others, or that a certain course of action is preferred but not necessarily required3.1.3mayverbal form used to indicate a course of action permissible within the limits of this NORSOK standard3.1.4canverbal form used for statements of possibility and capability, whether material, physical or casual3.2 AbbreviationsABS absoluteAPI American Petroleum InstituteASME American Society of Mechanical EngineersEN European StandardGRP glass fiber reinforced plasticHe heliumHVAC heating, ventilation and air conditioningISO International Organisation for StandardisationIX special metallic seal ring, see NORSOK L-005, clause 5N2 nitrogenN2He nitrogen heliumNCR non conformance requestNDE non destructive examinationNPT National Pipe Thread TaperNS Norwegian StandardO2 oxygenOD outside diameterP&ID piping and instrument diagramPAS pressurised air shock blowingPVC polyester vinyl chlorideUV ultra violet4 Materials4.1 Colour marking of materialsColour marking shall be according to ISO 9095.If possible, gaskets shall be marked to be visible after installation.4.2 Material storage, handling, recieval and identification controlProcedures for off-loading, storage, recieval, control, traceability and inspection of piping material supplied for fabrication and installation shall be worked out.In general, the following applies:•storage and preservation shall adhere to requirements in NORSOK Z-006;•storage of piping and piping equipment shall be under cover and protected against contact with the ground;•carbon steel and stainless steel components shall be segregated to avoid any cross contamination.•all fittings and equipment shall be protected against damage during handling from supplier to fabrication yard and further to final installation plant. Especially focus shall be made to sealing surfaces, bevelled areas, and contact between different material qualities to avoid surface contamination. This also includes protection during erection phase in order to protect against contamination from other activities on site.5 Fabrication of pipework5.1 General requirementsPrefabricated pipe spools shall be cleaned, painted (if required) and preserved prior to installation.Internal cleaning of pipe spools shall be done by hydro flushing or hydro jetting.The fabrication yard shall be outfitted for work with relevant materials. Intermediate storing, lifting devices and handling equipment shall have a surface not causing contamination of the materials they are used for. All tools shall be restricted to the relevant material group to avoid rust contamination and shall be marked to avoid mixing of tools for different materials. Different grades of stainless steel materials can be handled with the same tools.Separate tools shall be used for titanium materials.All welded attachments to piping, including pads and doubler plates, shall be of a material 100 % compatible with the piping material.Fabrication of high alloy piping shall take place in areas separated from areas where carbon steel piping is fabricated. Titanium fabrication shall also be separated from stainless steel and carbon steel fabrication areas.Bending and forming of pipe shall be carried out in accordance with ASME B31.3, NORSOK M-630 (EDS NBE1 and EDS NBE2) and shall be carried out according to documented procedures.5.2 Welding and NDEAll welding and NDE shall be in accordance with NORSOK M-601.Internals of in-line valves and equipment that could be damaged due to heat transfer shall be removed prior to welding and/or heat treatment.5.3 Butt welds for orifice runsWhen the design of an orifice run necessitates welds, these shall be ground smooth and flush with the inside of the pipe. Pipe-tap connections, where required, shall be drilled through the pipe wall and be smooth inside.5.4 Screwed pipeworkUnless otherwise stated on approved drawing or specifications, pipe threads shall conform to ASME B1.20.1. All threading shall be carried-out after bending, forging or heat treatment, but where this is not possible, suitable thread protection shall be provided.NPT threads need special attention to dimensional tolerances due to the conic configuration. Minimum engagement shall be 4.5 for NPT threads.Tape shall not be used on threads for screwed piping connections.5.5 Dimensional tolerances for pre-fabricated piping assembliesDimensional control of prefabricated piping spools shall be performed in a systematic manner, assuring that the final installation will be correct. Prefabricated spools for offshore installation shall be 100 % dimensionally controlled. The tolerances on linear dimensions (intermediate or overall) are illustrated in Figure 1 and Figure 2. These tolerances are not accumulative.Angularity tolerances across the face of flanges, weld end preparation and rotation of flanges shall be as stated in Figure 1 and Figure 2.Closer tolerances on weld end preparations than stated in Figure 1 and Figure 2, may be specified in the relevant welding specification for the material in question, and shown on the fabrication isometric(s). When closer tolerances other than those given above are required, these shall be as specified on the isometric drawing in question.Max 6 mmL [m] ∆ L TTolerances [mm]≤ 6 ± 5 ± 1,5 > 6 ± 10 ± 1,5 Figure 1 ― Tolerances for prefabricated piping assembliesL [m] L A T 2 in ≤ d ≤10 in12 in ≤ d ≤20 ind >20 inTolerances [mm] Tolerances [mm] ≤ 6 ± 3 ± 1,5 ± 1,5 L1 ± 3 ± 5 ± 5 > 6 ± 5 ± 1,5 ± 1,5 L2 ± 3 ± 5 ± 5H ± 3 ± 3 ± 3T ± 1,5 ± 1,5 ± 1,5d = nominal diameter K ± 2 ± 3 ± 3NOTE 1 Before reworking any spools contact engineering department in order to check complete isometric.NOTE 2 Cut to fit requirement to be stated on fabrication isometrics (typically 100 mm).NOTE 3 Bolt holes on flanges shall straddle the horizontal or vertical lines or plant north/south centre lines when orientation is not given on drawings.Figure 2 ― Tolerances for prefabricated piping assemblies5.6 Branch connections and outletsAll welded branch connections shall be jointed to the header with full penetration welds.Stub-in connections shall be set-on type. Set-in type is not acceptable.Reinforcement pads or saddles required by specifications and drawings shall be of the same material as the main pipe (unless specified otherwise) and shall be formed and countered to provide a good fit to both main and branch pipe.Branch reinforcement pads shall be according to ASME B31.3. Branch reinforcement pads or each segment thereof shall be provided with a minimum 3,0 mm drilled and tapped hole prior to fitting to the pipe, to ensure leak detection, venting and testing facilities. Whenever possible, pad should be made in one piece before fitting onto pipe. After welding and testing the hole shall be permanently plugged, e.g. welded or metal plug in piping material.5.7 Pipe flanges, mechanical hub and clamp couplingSeal faces of mechanical hub and clamp couplings and flanges shall be protected during fabrication and storage. Where possible, hub and clamp couplings shall be protected by fitting and hand tightening the complete coupling assembly.Particular attention shall be paid to protection of compact flange seal faces where reference is made to requirements in NORSOK L-005.6 Installation of piping6.1 Pipework erectionAll pipes shall be inspected before erection to ensure that they are free from loose contamination.Pipework shall be erected on permanent supports designated for the line. Temporary supports shall be kept to an absolute minimum, but to an extent sufficient to protect nozzles and adjacent piping from excessive loads during the erection. Tubing shall not be used inside walls or other enclosed compartments without access.The weldolets shall be fully welded to the extent needed to confirm with the design requirements in ASMEB31.3, and NORSOK L-001.Pipework shall be fitted in place without springing or forcing to avoid undue stressing of the line or strain being placed on a vessel or item of equipment, etc.All temporary pipe spools and supports that are an aid to erection, testing/flushing, sea fastening, etc. are to be specially marked for removal identification.All valves shall be protected against ingress of dirt during any temporary storage.6.2 Flanged jointsBefore assembly, flanges shall not have any damage that will interfere with the integrity of the joint. The flanges shall be clean and free from any rust, dirt or other contamination. The joints shall be brought up flush and square without forcing so that the entire mating surfaces bear uniformly on the gasket and then mated-up with uniform bolt tension.With the piping flange fitted and prior to bolting-up the joint, the following shall be maintained:•bolting shall move freely through accompanying bolt-holes at right angle to the flange faces;•there shall be a clear gap between two flange faces before gasket installation. There shall be sufficient flexibility to install and replace gaskets.Compact flange heel are one of two sealing surfaces and are vulnerable to damage from corrosion and rough handling and need special attention. For handling, installation and assembly of compact flanges, see NORSOK L-005.For work on flanges, OLF guideline 118 gives a practical view on flange work.6.3 Strain sensitive equipment with flange connectionsFlange covers shall be retained on all flange connections to valve or equipment, until ready to connect the mating piping. All equipment shall be blanked, either by pressure test blanks, spades or blinds, to stop the ingress of internal pipe debris.Flanges connecting to strain sensitive mechanical equipment (e.g. pumps, compressors, turbines, etc.) shall be fitted-up in close parallel and lateral alignment prior to tightening the bolting. Unacceptable forces transferred on to the nozzles shall be prevented.To achieve this true alignment, full advantage shall be taken of the 'cut to fit' allowances and loose flanges provided. In general, flange connections to strain sensitive equipment shall be the last connection made on completion of a line or interconnecting system of lines.With reference to NORSOK L-002, connections to strain sensitive equipment shall always be subject to stress analysis with true misalignment.As a minimum the following shall be evaluated:• the stiffness of the system;• sufficient tightening force for flange connections;• allowable nozzle loads for the equipment.With the piping flange fitted and prior to bolting-up the joint, the tolerances shown in Figure 3 shall be maintained.Maximum angular misalignment:Figure 3 ― Flange alignment for strain sensitive mechanical equipmentIn general, flange connections to equipment shall be the last connection made on completion of a line or interconnecting system of lines.6.4 GasketsGaskets (all types) shall be treated in accordance with manufacturers’ instructions. Gaskets shall not be re-used.Gaskets shall not under any circumstances, protrude into the bore of pipe.Ring type joints (RTJ) rings are to be lightly smeared on the mating surface with a propriety anti-frictionlubricant prior to fitting between the flange grooves. Anti-friction lubricant, compatible with the flange material and process fluid shall be used.IX seal rings used in compact flange connections may be reused provided that the conditions in NORSOK L-005 are followed.6.5 BoltingBolting shall be in accordance with NORSOK L-001, or the piping specification for the project.0.111000)(:"140.3mm B)(A :14"D 4"mm 0.2B)(A :3"D ≤⋅−≥≤−<≤≤−≤D B A DBolt tightening shall be calculated according to a recognized industry standard, e.g. ASME VIII, ASME PCC-1, API 6A and EN 1591.Manually torqued flange bolts and stud bolts shall extend fully through their nuts with minimum one and maximum five threads.To archive the required bolt tension lubrication is important, all flange bolts, stud bolts threads as well as nut spot faces shall be thoroughly lubricated prior to fitting.All flanged stud bolts shall be progressively controlled to equalise bolt pressure on the gasket. A detailed procedure shall be developed prior to start.All bolted flange connections shall have controlled tightening by means of manual torque wrenches or hydraulic bolt tightening.Hydraulic bolt tightening (tension or torque) shall be used on all bolts greater than 25,4 mm (1 in) diameter. If required the bolts shall have extra overlength of 1 x bolt diameter in order to accommodate tensioning tool.The Contractor is responsible to have a traceable system to document all bolted flange connections tightening by means of manual torque wrenches or hydraulic tightening. The flange connections shall be marked on a suitable document, e.g. a mark-up isometric drawing, “kontroll og aktivitetsskjema” in OLF guideline 118, or by using an electronically tracking system for flange tightening. Information shall include, but not be limited to the following information:•piping class;•tension/torque;•nominal flange size, pressure class, bolt size and length;•type of tool and hydraulic pump pressure;•date and signature by the operator.Nuts and bolts shall have their grade marks visible after installation. Stud bolts cut from long lengths of studding shall have material grade stamped on the end of each cut.For bolts larger than 25,4 mm (1 in) protection against mechanical damage and corrosion shall be evaluated,e.g. thread/nut protection caps.6.6 Pipe supportPipe supports shall be in accordance with the valid pipe support detail drawings developed for the project.For lines subject for comprehensive stress analysis (see NORSOK L-002), contractor shall ensure that the stress isometric drawings fully comply with the installed system with regard to pipe routing, pipe support locations and support functionality.Piping shall not be forced to fit with support locations in such a manner that additional stress is introduced.Where spring supports are installed, the spring shall be in fixed position with preinstalled load until mechanical complete is achieved.Pipes shall not be supported by other pipes, i.e. individual supporting is required. Bracing is, however, allowed according to NORSOK L-CR-003.Vent holes in wear plates and trunnions is not required. However, when the wear plate or a trunnion covers a circumferential weld that has not been pressure tested, a vent hole is required for leak detection.6.7 Global tolerances, installationHook-up termination points shall be within ±25 mm in all directions. Overlength may be provided, where required.Installation tolerances of piping components shall be as required by the individual service of the piping component including requirements for•maintenance access,•position relative to surrounding steelwork, equipment, cable tray and heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) duct routings,•positioning of pipe supports relative to the structural steel,•pipe stress.7 Cleaning of pipework7.1 GeneralThe initial flushing shall be carried out prior to pressure testing. For austenitic steelwork flushing can be performed after pressure testing, upon agreement.General requirements for flushing for specific systems are listed in Table B.1.All pipework shall be free from all foreign materials (e.g. as dirt, grease, oxide scale, weld deposits and temporary protective coating) which could cause operational disturbances for the relevant service class.All flushing shall be performed according to a documented procedure.Cleaning shall be documented by visually inspection (including video, boroscope etc) of critical parts of the system, as agreed with Company.All items that can be damaged during cleaning shall be removed or blocked prior to cleaning, e.g. pressure gauges, flow meters, signal sensors, relief valves, permanent strainers, check/globe/control valves having reduced cross sectional areas, rupture discs, instrument probes, thermo wells, connection to vessels/pumps level instruments, etc.All orifice plates shall be installed after flushing and pressure testing.7.2 Hydro flushingItems of equipment which would be sensitive to damage during hydro flushing shall be removed, blocked off or isolated. A list shall be prepared and be part of the flush and test procedure.Ball valves shall be flushed in fully open position. Flanged ball valves shall not be installed until flushing is completed. Flanged ball valves may be installed when flushing is completed and prior to pressure testing, provided the fabrication contractor has verified acceptable cleanness of the system. For flanged riser- and pipeline valves, the valves shall not be installed before flushing, pressure testing and all clean-up pigging operations of the pipelines are completed.Welded ball valves shall only have the valve body installed during flushing and pressure testing. The valve internals shall not be installed until the flushing and pressure testing activities are completed. For welded in riser valves shall the pigging sleeves be used during all pressure testing activities and clean-up pigging operations of the pipelines. Valve internals shall be installed when all pipeline and riser activities are completed.All piping systems shall be flushed using high pressure jetflushing equipment, e.g. rotating hose or rotating nozzle. Minimum pressure shall be 60 MPa, and in the range 100 litres to 150 litres per min.The connection points shall be located such that all parts of the system are properly flushed.The piping system shall be hydro flushed to ensure that weld deposits are removed.The flushing medium shall be fresh water, the chloride ion content shall be less than 50 x 10-6 (50 ppm), the Ph value shall be between 6,5 and 7,5.After flushing shall the piping systems be completely drained and protected against corrosion.7.3 Pressurised air shockblowingThis method may be used as an initial cleaning method for instrument air, plant air and as an alternative method for initial cleaning of small bore pipe (typical less than 50,8 mm (2 in)). This method may also beused when there are problems removing trapped liquid in the circuit, or to verify cleanness of small bore pipe where video inspection is impossible or inadequate due to pipe dimension or configuration.When using PAS method for cleaning or verification the procedure shall be repeated until cleanness is acceptable.The air shocking pressure shall never exceed the working pressure of the system and shall never be more than 0,8 MPa. Safety precaution shall be taken when this method is used.7.4 Pneumatic flushingIn cases where water is not desirable in the piping system (e.g. instrument/utility air), flushing by pressurised air or PAS shall be carried out. When pressurised air is used, the minimum velocity shall be 35 m/s. Procedure covering all safety aspects shall be established.7.5 Soft piggingSoft pig can be propelled using compressed air, vacuum, or water. Pressure shall not exceed design pressure of the system. When using compressed air, a procedure covering all safety aspects shall be established.A procedure developed for the operation shall describe in detail the arrangement for catching/receiving the pig in a safe manner.Items which can be sensitive to damage during soft pigging shall be removed.Inline valves except ball valves shall be removed. Ball valves shall be fully open.When using soft pigging for cleaning or verification the procedure shall be repeated until level of cleanness is acceptable.7.6 Verification of cleannessAll systems shall be internal visual inspected for acceptable cleanness by spot check. Internal visual inspection includes the use of video or equivalent equipment.If pipe configuration in critical parts of systems as defined in Table B.1 is too complicated for visual inspection, the PAS method or other suitable methods shall be used for verification of cleanness.8 Pressure tests8.1 GeneralThe test pressure shall, unless otherwise specified, be in accordance with ASME B31.3. The test pressure shall be calculated based on the maximum design pressure of the piping class (not the design pressure of the individual line) at 20 ºC.Special requirements for pressure testing of GRP plastic piping shall be clarified with the manufacturer.The following are excluded from pressure tests:•all small bore instrument control piping downstream of the first piping block valve;•open drains and vents to atmosphere (hydrostatic test with liquid fill).For alternative testing of tie-in welds, see annex A.8.2 Test preparationPressure, temperature and time recorders shall be used for all pressure tests. The pressure shall be shown in barg. Pressure gauges and recorders used to indicate and record test pressure shall be dead weight tested for accuracy according to a procedure, dependent of type of equipment. Pressure and temperature gauges and recorders shall be calibrated in accordance with recognized calibration standards.。
Silver Peak Unity EdgeConnect SD-WAN 产品说明书
Key Features>Single Screen Administration: Enables rapid and consistent implementation of network-wide business intent policies, eliminating many of the repetitive and mundane manual steps required to configure and connect remote offices andbranch locations>Centralized Orchestration and Policy Auto-mation: Empowers network administrators tocentrally define and orchestrate granular security policies and create secure end-to-end zones across any combination of users, application groups and virtual overlays, pushing configurations to sites in accordance with business intent. In addition, it offers seam-less drag and drop service chaining to next generation security servicesUnity Orchestrator offers customers the unique ability to centrally assign business intent policies to secure and control all Silver Peak Unity EdgeConnect software-defined Wide Area Network (SD-WAN) traffic. An intuitive user interface provides unprecedented levels of visibility into both data center and cloud-based applications.>Live View: Monitors real-time throughput,loss, latency and jitter across business intent overlays and the underlying transportservices to proactively identify potential perfor-mance impacts>Granular Real-Time Monitoring and HistoricalReporting: Provides specific details into application, location, and network statistics,including continuous performance monitoring of loss, latency, and packet ordering for all network paths; identifies all web and native application traffic by name and location, and alarms and alerts allow for faster resolution of network issues>Bandwidth Cost Savings Reports:Documents the cost savings for moving to broadband connectivitySD-WAN Deployments Done FasterUnity Orchestrator™ enables secure zero-touch provisioning of Unity EdgeConnect™ appliances in the branch. Orchestrator automates the assignment of business intent policies to ensure faster and easier connectivity across multiple branches, eliminating the configuration drift that can come from manually updating rules and access control lists (ACLs) on a site-by-site basis. With Orchestrator, customers can:>Avoid WAN reconfigurations by delivering appli -cations to users in customized virtual overlays >Align application delivery to business goals through business intent policies>Simplify branch deployments with EdgeConnectProfiles that describe the virtual and physical configuration of the locationReal-Time Health Monitoring and Historical ReportingOrchestrator provides specific details into SD-WAN health and performance:>Appliance dashboard displays a centralized sum -mary of appliances connected on the network, top talkers, applications, topology map and more>Health map provides a high-level view ofEdgeConnect appliance status and network health based on configured thresholds for pack -et loss, latency and jitter>Monitoring and reporting tools generate andschedule multiple customized reports to track a variety of performance metrics; reports may be scheduled on a regular basis and automatically sent to specific individuals or departmentsFigure 2: Unity Orchestrator enables centralized definition and auto -mated distribution of network-wide business intent policies to multiplebranch offices.Figure 1: A matrix view from Orchestrator, provides an easy-to-read, intuitive visualization of configured zones and defined whitelist exceptions.Gain Control over the CloudGain an accurate picture of how Software-as-a-Ser-vice (SaaS) and Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) are being used within the organization.>Name-based identification and reporting of all cloud and data center-hosted applications>Tracking of SaaS provider network traffic>Cloud Intelligence provides internet mappingof optimal egress to SaaS servicesFlexible Deployment>On-premise: Deploy Orchestrator as a virtualmachine in an existing environment>Private cloud: Deploy Orchestrator as a virtualinstance within Amazon Web Services (AWS)>Cloud-hosted Orchestrator: A Silver Peakcloud-hosted Orchestrator provides a highly reli-able, zero-CAPEX alternative deployment mod -el. With an optional license, organizations can subscribe to Orchestrator as a software service that supports all Orchestrator features without the complexity of managing on premise virtual compute and storage resource. UniqueOrchestrator instance for each enterprise cus-tomer ensures secure SD-WAN management, monitoring and reporting.Orchestrator Licensing>Unity Orchestrator, hosted on premise or in aprivate cloud, is included with the purchase of Unity EdgeConnect (see Unity EdgeConnect data sheet )>Optional cloud-hosted Orchestrator requires aseparate subscriptionFigure 4: Unity Orchestrator Dashboard summarizes overall SD-WANhealth, appliance status, topology and top applications.Figure 3: Unity Orchestrator monitoring report on application consumption.Delivering Real Business Value EdgeConnect is the most agile SD-WAN unified plat-form that. also powers industry-leading performance improvements to any form of connectivity. Silver Peak customers benefit from significant:>Performance:End-user satisfaction and produc-tivity are significantly improved due to consistent and enhanced performance and availability forboth legacy and cloud applications.>Visibility and Control: Customers benefit from unprecedented levels of visibility into both legacy and cloud applications.>Security: Centralized segmentation of users, applications and WAN services into secure zones and automated application traffic steeringacross the LAN and WAN in compliance withpredefined security policies, regulatory man-dates and business intent.>Extensibility: Fully compatible with existing WAN infrastructure hardware and transport services,customers can rapidly and non-disruptively aug-ment or replace their MPLS networks with anyform of broadband connectivity. Furthermore,customers can replace conventional routers with EdgeConnect SD-WAN that consolidates network functions like SD-WAN, WAN optimization, rout-ing and security into a single software instance;all managed centrally from the Orchestrator.Easy integration with orchestration systems isprovided via RESTful APIs. >Savings: With EdgeConnect, customers can dramatically lower connectivity, equipment and network administration costs; these savings are achieved through:>Reduction in bandwidth costs by actively using broadband connectivity>OPEX: Reducing the time and expertise needed to connect branch offices>CAPEX: Reducing appliance sprawl andmoving to a “thin branch” architectureSP-DS-ENT-UNITY-ORCHESTRATOR-091918。
OTC 深海技术会议2009年会议论文全部标题——中英文对照
34.
19858
Tahiti Flowline Expansion Control System
Tahiti油田出油管线的膨胀控制系统
35.
19859
Tahiti Project Subsea System Design/Qualification
Tahiti项目水下系统的设计/认证
19783
Novel Single-Trip Upper Completion System Saves Rig Time in Deepwater Offshore Brazil
巴西深水节省钻机时间的新型Single-Trip完井技术
8.
19784
Development of a Large Bore Umbilical for Deep Water Service
世界上第一个针对水下采掘的大型浮式选矿机的介绍
23.
19826
Risk Mitigation of Chemical Munitions in a Deepwater GeoHazard Assessment
如何减轻深水地质灾害评估中化学物的风险
24.
19835
Comparison of Tank Testing and Numerical Analysis for the Design of a Catamaran for Deck Installation by the Float-Over Method
超深水中水下安全阀控制系统的应用
44.
19871
Effect of Remolding and Reconsolidation on the Touchdown Stiffness of a
下游工艺流程 英文描述
下游工艺流程英文描述Downstream Process.The downstream process in the pharmaceutical industry refers to the series of purification, formulation, and packaging steps required to transform bulk active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) into finished drug products. This critical stage plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety, efficacy, and stability of the final drug product.Purification.Purification aims to remove impurities and byproducts from the API to meet regulatory standards. This is achieved through a combination of techniques such as:Crystallization: Dissolving the API in a solvent and then cooling it to induce crystallization. Impurities remain in the solution, allowing for separation.Filtration: Passing the API solution through membranes or filters to remove solid impurities.Chromatography: Separating the API from impurities based on their different affinities for stationary and mobile phases.Recrystallization: Repeating the crystallization process to further purify the API.Formulation.Formulation involves combining the purified API with excipients to create a delivery system that meets the desired therapeutic effect. Excipients serve various functions, including:Binders: Holding tablets together.Disintegrants: Breaking tablets apart in the gastrointestinal tract.Fillers: Adding bulk to capsules and tablets.Lubricants: Facilitating tablet compaction and capsule filling.Preservatives: Preventing microbial contamination.The choice of excipients depends on the route of administration, desired release profile, and stability considerations.Packaging.Packaging protects the finished drug product from external factors and ensures patient safety. Various packaging materials are used, including:Bottles: Glass or plastic containers for liquids and capsules.Blister packs: Thermoformed plastic sheets that holdtablets or capsules individually.Vials: Small glass or plastic containers for injectables.Cartons: Protective outer packaging for bottles, vials, or blister packs.Validation.Validation is a crucial step in the downstream processto ensure that the entire process consistently produceshigh-quality drug products. Validation activities include:Design Qualification (DQ): Confirming that the process equipment and facilities meet design specifications.Installation Qualification (IQ): Verifying that the equipment is properly installed and functions as intended.Operational Qualification (OQ): Demonstrating that the process operates within established parameters.Performance Qualification (PQ): Ensuring that the process consistently produces drug products that meet quality standards.Continuous Improvement.The downstream process is subject to continuous improvement efforts to enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and improve product quality. This involves:Process optimization: Identifying and eliminating bottlenecks and inefficiencies.Technology adoption: Implementing automated systems and equipment to reduce manual labor and improve accuracy.Analytical method development: Developing and validating analytical methods for monitoring product quality at various stages.Regulatory compliance: Ensuring adherence toregulatory guidelines and standards to maintain product safety and efficacy.Conclusion.The downstream process is an essential stage in the pharmaceutical manufacturing process, responsible for converting bulk APIs into finished drug products. Through a series of purification, formulation, and packaging steps, the downstream process ensures the safety, efficacy, and stability of the final product while adhering to regulatory standards. Continuous improvement efforts aim to enhance efficiency and product quality, ultimately benefiting patients by providing access to high-quality and affordable medications.。
COMPOSITE RISERS--DNV
RECOMMENDED PRACTICED ET N ORSKE VERITASDNV-RP-F202COMPOSITE RISERSMAY 2003Since issued in print (May 2003), this booklet has been amended, latest in April 2009.See the reference to “Amendments and Corrections” on the next page.Comments may be sent by e-mail to rules@For subscription orders or information about subscription terms, please use distribution@Comprehensive information about DNV services, research and publications can be found at http :// , or can be obtained from DNV, Veritas-veien 1, NO-1322 Høvik, Norway; Tel +47 67 57 99 00, Fax +47 67 57 99 11.© Det Norske Veritas. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including pho-tocopying and recording, without the prior written consent of Det Norske puter Typesetting (Adobe FrameMaker) by Det Norske Veritas.Printed in Norway.If any person suffers loss or damage which is proved to have been caused by any negligent act or omission of Det Norske Veritas, then Det Norske Veritas shall pay compensation to such person for his proved direct loss or damage. However, the compensation shall not exceed an amount equal to ten times the fee charged for the service in question, provided that the maximum compen-sation shall never exceed USD 2 million.In this provision "Det Norske Veritas" shall mean the Foundation Det Norske Veritas as well as all its subsidiaries, directors, officers, employees, agents and any other acting on behalf of Det Norske Veritas.FOREWORDDET NORSKE VERITAS (DNV) is an autonomous and independent foundation with the objectives of safeguarding life, prop-erty and the environment, at sea and onshore. DNV undertakes classification, certification, and other verification and consultancy services relating to quality of ships, offshore units and installations, and onshore industries worldwide, and carries out research in relation to these functions.DNV Offshore Codes consist of a three level hierarchy of documents:—Offshore Service Specifications. Provide principles and procedures of DNV classification, certification, verification and con-sultancy services.—Offshore Standards. Provide technical provisions and acceptance criteria for general use by the offshore industry as well asthe technical basis for DNV offshore services.—Recommended Practices. Provide proven technology and sound engineering practice as well as guidance for the higher levelOffshore Service Specifications and Offshore Standards.DNV Offshore Codes are offered within the following areas:A)Qualification, Quality and Safety Methodology B)Materials Technology C)Structures D)SystemsE)Special Facilities F)Pipelines and Risers G)Asset Operation H)Marine Operations J)Wind Turbines O)Subsea SystemsAmendments and CorrectionsThis document is valid until superseded by a new revision. Minor amendments and corrections will be published in a separate document normally updated twice per year (April and October).For a complete listing of the changes, see the “Amendments and Corrections” document located at: /global/, under category “Offshore Codes”.The electronic web-versions of the DNV Offshore Codes will be regularly updated to include these amendments and corrections.MotivesNo design code for Fibre Reinforced Plastic, often called composite structures, exists today except for some special applications like FRP pipes, pressure vessels and ships.The realisation of even simple designs of FRP structures tends to become a major undertaking due to the lack of applicable design standards. It is DNV’s impression that the lack of a good FRP guideline is one of the major obstacles to utilise FRP structurally in a reliable and economical way.For this reason DNV started a JIP to develop a guideline for composite risers directly linked to the newly developed Offshore Standard for Dynamic (metal) Risers, in response to request by the industry to develop a specific standard for this important application.Upon termination of the JIP, the members participating i.e. ABB, Conoco, FMC Kongsberg Subsea, Gurit Suprem, Kværner Oil-field Products, Norsk Hydro, Statoil, Timet agreed that DNV shall transform the resulting project report into a DNV Recom-mended Practice.The new DNV Recommended Practice is indexed: DNV-RP-F202 Composite Risers, and has a contents layout as shown over-leaf.Amended April 2009Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F202, May 2003 see note on front cover Page 3CONTENTSSec. 1General (5)A.General (5)A100Introduction (5)A200Objectives (5)A300Scope and application (5)A400Other codes (7)A500Structure of the RP (7)B.Normative References (8)B100Offshore Service Specifications (8)B200Offshore Standards (8)B300Recommended Practices (8)B400DNV Rules (8)B500DNV Standards for Certification andClassification notes (8)B600Other (external) references (9)C.General Definitions (see DNV-OS-F201) (9)C100Definitions (9)C200Verbal forms used (9)D.General Abbreviations and Symbols (see DNV-OS-F201) (9)D100Abbreviations and symbols (9)E.Definitions for Composite Risers (9)E100Definitions (9)F.Abbreviations and Symbols forComposite Risers (10)F100Symbols and abbreviations (10)F200Ply and laminate co-ordinate systems (11)Sec. 2Design Philosophy and Design Principles (12)A.General (12)A100Objective (12)A200Applicability (12)B.General Safety Philosophy (12)B100General (12)C.Design Format (12)C100General (12)C200Failure types (12)C300Reliability based design (12)C400Design by testing combined with analysis (12)Sec. 3Design Input - Loads (13)A.Introduction (13)A100Introduction (13)B.Product Specifications (13)B100General function or main purpose of the riser (13)C.Division of the Product or Structure into Components,Parts and Details (13)C100Levels of division (13)D.Phases (13)D100Phases (13)E.Safety and Service Classes (13)E100Safety classes (13)E200Service classes (14)F.Loads (14)F100General (14)F200The sustained load effect (14)F300The fatigue load effects (15)G.Environment (16)G100General (16)G200Effects of the environment on the material properties ...16Sec. 4Analysis Methodology. (17)A.General (17)A100Objective (17)bination of Load Effects andEnvironment (17)B100General (17)B200Fundamentals (17)B300Load effect and environmental conditions for ultimate limit state (17)B400Load effect and environmental conditions for time-dependent material properties (17)B500Load effect and environmental conditions for fatigue analysis (18)B600Direct combination of loads and moments (18)C.Analysis Procedure for Composite Risers (18)C100General (18)C200'Global - Local' procedure (18)C300Global procedure with response surface (18)C400Fatigue and long term analysis for composite risers (20)D.Local Analysis (20)D100General (20)D200Input data (20)D300Analysis types (20)D400Local linear analysis with degraded properties (20)D500Local progressive analysis (21)E.Analytical Methods (21)E100General (21)E200Assumptions and Limitations (21)E300Link to Numerical Methods (21)F.Local Finite Element Analysis (21)F100General (21)F200Modelling of structures – general (21)F300Software requirements (22)F400Execution of analysis (23)F500Evaluation of results (23)F600Validation and Verification (23)G.Local Dynamic Response Analysis (23)G100General (23)H.Impact Response (23)H100General (23)I.Thermal Stresses (23)I100General (23)J.Swelling Effects (23)J100General (23)K.Buckling (23)K100General (23)K200Buckling analysis of isolated components (24)K300Buckling analysis of more complex elements or entire structures (24)L.Partial Load-Model Factor (24)L100General (24)L200Connection between partial load-model factor andanalytical analysis (24)L300Connection between partial load-model factor andfinite element analysis (25)L400Connection between partial load-model factor anddynamic response analysis (25)Sec. 5Design Criteria for Riser Pipes (26)A.General (26)A100Objective (26)A200Application (26)A300Pressure testing (26)A400Limit states (26)D ET N ORSKE V ERITASRecommended Practice DNV-RP-F202, May 2003Amended April 2009 Page 4see note on front coverB.Load Effects (27)B100Design load effects (27)B200Load effect factors (27)B300Load model factors (27)C.Resistance (27)C100Resistance factors (27)C200Geometrical parameters (28)C300Material strength (28)C400Resistance model factors (28)C500System effect factor (28)D.Ultimate Limit State (28)D100General (28)D200Bursting (29)D300Liquid tightness - leakage (29)D400Buckling (29)D500Propagating buckling (31)D600Wear and tear (31)D700Explosive decompression (31)D800Chemical decomposition - corrosion (31)D900Displacement controlled conditions (31)E.Fatigue Limit State (31)E100General (31)E200Cyclic fatigue (31)E300Stress rupture (31)E400Factors for static and dynamic fatigue analysis (31)F.Accidental Limit State (32)F100General (32)F200Resistance against fire (32)F300Resistance against dropped objects - impact (32)F400Impact testing (32)F500Evaluation after impact testing (32)G.Serviceability Limit State (32)G100General (32)H.Special Considerations (32)H100Interference (32)H200Unstable Fracture and Gross Plastic Deformation (32)Sec. 6Connectors and Liners (33)A.General (33)A100Objective (33)A200Definition of joint (33)B.Connector Designs (33)B100Functional requirements (33)B200Design and qualification considerations (33)posite - Metal Connector Interface (33)C100General (33)C200Limit states (33)D.Inner Liner (34)D100General (34)D200Mechanical performance (34)D300Autofretage (34)D400Liner buckling (34)D500Liner composite interface (35)D600Liner to end connector interface (35)D700Wear and tear .................................................................35E.Outer Liner. (35)E100General (35)E200Mechanical performance (36)E300Blow out of outer liner (36)F.Joints of Materials or Components - general aspects (36)F100Analysis and testing (36)F200Qualification of analysis method for otherload conditions or for scaled joints (36)F300Multiple failure modes (37)F400Evaluation of in-service experience (37)F500Laminated joints (37)F600Adhesive joints (37)F700Mechanical joints (37)G.Test Requirements (37)G100General (37)G200Axial/ pressure test of riser with composite metalinterface (38)G300Cyclic fatigue testing for end fittings andcomposite metal interface (38)G400Stress rupture testing for end fittings andcomposite metal interface (38)G500Inner liner test requirements (39)G600Specimen geometry - Scaled specimen (39)Sec. 7Materials (40)A.General (40)A100Objective (40)A200Material Description (40)B.Fabrication (40)B100Objective (40)B200Material Description (40)Sec. 8Documentation and Verification (41)A.General (41)A100Documentation and verification (41)Sec. 9Operation, Maintenance, Reassessment,Repair (42)A.General (42)A100Objective (42)B.In-service Inspection, Replacement and Monitoring (42)B100General (42)B200Inspection methods (42)C.Reassessment (42)C100General (42)D.Repair (42)D100General (42)D200Repair procedure (42)D300Requirements for a repair (42)D400Qualification of a repair (42)E.Maintenance (43)E100General (43)F.Retirement (43)F100General (43)D ET N ORSKE V ERITASAmended April 2009Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F202, May 2003 see note on front cover Sec.1 – Page 5SECTION 1GENERALA. GeneralA 100Introduction101 This Recommended Practice (RP) document gives crite-ria, requirements and guidance on structural design and analy-sis of riser systems made of composite materials exposed to static and dynamic loading for use in the offshore petroleum and natural gas industries.102 The major benefits in using this RP comprise:—provision of riser solutions with consistent safety level based on flexible limit state design principles —application of safety class methodology linking accept-ance criteria to consequence of failure—provision of state-of-the-art limit state functions in a Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) format with relia-bility-based calibration of partial safety factors —guidance and requirements for efficient global and local analyses and introduction of a consistent link between design checks (failure modes), load conditions and load effect assessment in the course of the global and local analyses—allowance for the use of innovative techniques and proce-dures, such as reliability-based design methods.103 The basic design principles and functional requirements comply with state-of-the-art industry practice.A 200Objectives201 The main objectives of this RP are to:—provide an international RP of safety for composite risers utilised for drilling, completion/ workover, production/ injection, or transportation of hydrocarbons (import/ export) in the petroleum and gas industries—serve as a technical reference document in contractual matters, and—reflect the state-of-the-art and consensus on accepted industry practice and serve as a RP for riser design and analysis.A 300Scope and application301 This RP provides the design philosophy, loads and glo-bal analysis aspects valid for risers made of composite materi-als. The RP applies to all new built riser systems and may be applied to modification, operation and upgrading of existing risers.302 The risers covered in the RP can be jointed or continu-ous. Bonded rubber risers and risers with un-bonded load bear-ing structures are not included. Applications are production, drilling and injection risers, as well as choke and kill lines. 303 Composites are fibre reinforced plastics. The fibres should have a higher modulus than the surrounding polymeric matrix material. The matrix may be thermoset or thermoplas-tic.304 Composite risers have typically internal and external lin-ers around the main pipe section. Any material may be chosen for the liners, as long as long term performance of the liners can be demonstrated. Standards related to chosen liner material shall be used to document liner performance. Additional requirements to liners and interfaces are given in Sec.6.305 Composite risers have typically metal end flanges. Any material may be chosen for the flanges, as long as long term performance of the flanges can be demonstrated. Standards related to chosen flange material shall be used to document performance of the flanges. Additional requirements to end flanges are given in Sec.6 (composite metal interface).306 The scope covers design, materials, fabrication, testing, operation, maintenance and re-assessment of riser systems. Aspects relating to documentation, verification and quality control are also addressed. The main purpose is to cover design and analysis of top tensioned and compliant composite riser systems operated from floaters and fixed platforms. The RP applies for permanent operation (e.g. production and export/ import of hydrocarbons and injection of fluids), as well as for temporary operation (e.g. drilling and completion/ workover activities).307 This RP is applicable to structural design of all pressure containing components that comprise the riser system. Other composite components can be designed according to DNV-OS-C501.Guidance note:Most composite risers of today consist of metallic or polymeric liners within the composite pipes. The purpose of the liners is to prevent leakage of the riser, while the composite pipes are the load carrying part of the riser system. This RP covers risers with (and without) liners as well as riser connectors and other riser components such as tension joints and stress joints.---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---308 There are, in principle, no limitations regarding floater type, water depth, riser application and configuration. How-ever, for novel applications where experience is limited, spe-cial attention shall be given to identify possible new failure mechanisms, validity/adequacy of analysis methodology and new loads and load combinations.Guidance note:Composite risers are novel applications and it shall be docu-mented that the global load effects can be predicted with same precision as for conventional riser systems. This may typically involve validation of computational methodology by physical testing.As an alternative, an appropriate conservatism in design should be documented.Procedures of DNV-RP-A203 “Qualification of new technol-ogy” should be considered.---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---309 Examples of typical floater and riser configurations are shown schematically in Fig. 1. Examples of some typical com-ponents/important areas included in typical riser systems are illustrated in Fig. 2.D ET N ORSKE V ERITASRecommended Practice DNV-RP-F202, May 2003Amended April 2009 Page 6 – Sec.1see note on front coverFigure 1Examples of typical riser configurations and floatersFigure 2Examples of riser componentsD ET N ORSKE V ERITASAmended April 2009Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F202, May 2003 see note on front cover Sec.1 – Page 7A 400Other codes401 This RP shall be used in combination with the standards for dynamic risers and submarine pipeline systems denoted DNV-OS-F201 and DNV-OS-F101, respectively. This RP shall not be used as a stand-alone document. The RP is also related to the offshore standard for composite components denoted DNV-OS-C501. The limit state design checks for this RP and DNV-OS-F201 and DNV-OS-F101 are similar, but due to differences in the governing failure modes and prevail-ing uncertainties, some differences in safety factors exist. 402 Where reference is made to codes other than DNV doc-uments, the valid revision shall be taken as the revision that was current at the date of issue of this RP unless otherwise noted, see list under B600.403 The framework within DNV riser standards and RPs is illustrated in Fig. 3.Framework for DNV riser standards and RPs404 This RP provides specific aspects related to composite risers, including material description, local analysis and design criteria. General design philosophy, loads and global analysis aspects valid for all riser materials are covered by the DNV-OS-F201. The present RP document subscribes, for consist-ency, to the safety philosophy and analyses methodology set forward by this standard.A 500Structure of the RP501 This RP is organised as follows:Section 1 contains the objectives and scope of the RP. It fur-ther introduces essential concepts, definitions and abbrevia-tions.Section 2 contains additions to the fundamental design philos-ophy and design principles in DNV-OS-F201.Section 3 in DNV-OS-F201 contains a classification of loads into pressure loads, functional loads and environmental loads. Important internal pressure definitions are given. This RP con-tains additional aspects that should be considered for compos-ite risers. In particular the description of long term loads and environments.Section 4 in DNV-OS-F201 contains the framework for global analysis methodology. This RP provides some additions to the combination of long term loads and concentrates mainly on the local analysis of composite risers.Section 5 contains acceptance criteria for the riser pipe for ULS, SLS, ALS and FLS. This includes a definition of resist-ance and load effects and safety factors for explicit limit states. It provides links to DNV-OS-C501 for specific composite fail-ure criteria.Section 6 contains the fundamental functional requirements for connectors and liners. It also provides test requirements for these components.Section 7 contains requirements for materials. They are iden-tical to the requirements in DNV-OS-C501.Section 8 contains requirements for documentation and verifi-cation of the riser system. They are identical to the require-ments in DNV-OS-F201.Section 9 contains basic requirements for operation and in-service operations in addition to DNV-OS-F201.502 The close relationship between this RP and DNV-OS-F201 and DNV-OS-C501 is shown in Fig. 4.D ET N ORSKE V ERITASRecommended Practice DNV-RP-F202, May 2003Amended April 2009 Page 8 – Sec.1see note on front coverFigure 4Relationship between this RP, DNV-OS-F201 and DNV-OS-C501B. Normative ReferencesB 100Offshore Service Specifications101 The following Offshore Service Specifications shall be used:—DNV-OSS-301 Certification and Verification of Pipe-lines.B 200Offshore Standards201 The following Offshore Standards shall be used:—DNV-OS-F101 Submarine Pipeline Systems—DNV-OS-F201 Dynamic Risers—DNV-OS-C105 Structural Design of TLPs by the LRFD Method—DNV-OS-C106 Structural Design of Deep Draught Float-ing Units—DNV-OS-C501 Composite Components.B 300Recommended Practices301 The following Recommended Practices shall be used:—DNV-RP-B401 Cathodic Protection Design —DNV-RP-C203 Fatigue Strength Analysis of Offshore Steel Structures—DNV-RP-C205 Environmental Conditions and Environ-mental Loads—DNV-RP-F101 Corroded Pipelines—DNV-RP-F104 Mechanical Pipeline Couplings—DNV-RP-F105 Free Spanning Pipelines—DNV-RP-F106 Factory applied Pipeline Coatings for Cor-rosion Control—DNV-RP-F201 Design of Titanium Risers—DNV-RP-O501 Erosive Wear in Piping SystemsB 400DNV Rules401 The following Rules shall be used:—Rules for Certification of Flexible Risers and Pipes —Rules for Planning and Execution of Marine operations.B 500DNV Standards for Certification and Classifica-tion notes501 The following Standards for Certification and Classifi-cation notes shall be used:—No. 1.2 Conformity Certification Services, Type ApprovalD ET N ORSKE V ERITASAmended April 2009Recommended Practice DNV-RP-F202, May 2003 see note on front cover Sec.1 – Page 9—No. 7 Ultrasonic Inspection of Weld Connections —No. 30.4 Foundations—No. 30.6 Structural Reliability Analysis of Marine Struc-turesB 600Other (external) references601 The following other references shall be used:—BS 7910 Guide on methods for assessing the acceptability of flaws in fusion welded structures—API RP1111 Design, Construction, Operation, and Main-tenance of Offshore Hydrocarbon Pipelines (Limit State Design)—API RP2RD Design of Risers for Floating Production Sys-tems (FPSs) and Tension-Leg Platforms (TLPs)—EUROCODE 3 Design of steel structures - Part 1.1: Gen-eral rules and rules for building—ISO/FDIS 2394 General Principles on Reliability for Structures—ISO/CD 13628-7 Petroleum and natural gas industries -Design and operation of sub-sea production systems - Part 7: Completion/ workover riser systemsGuidance note:The latest revision of the referenced documents applies. The lat-est revision of the DNV documents may be found in the publica-tion list at the DNV website .---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---C. General Definitions (see DNV-OS-F201)C 100Definitions101 The general definitions are identical to and as found in DNV-OS-F201.C 200Verbal forms used201 “shall”= indicate requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform to this RP and from which no deviation is per-mitted.202 “should”= indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others, or that a certain course of action is pre-ferred but not necessarily required as other possibilities may be applied subject to agreement.203 “may”= indicate a course of action permissible within the limits of the RP.204 "agreement" and or "by agreement" = agreed in writing between the manufacturer or contractor, and the purchaser (unless otherwise indicated).D. General Abbreviations and Symbols(see DNV-OS-F201)D 100Abbreviations and symbols101 The general abbreviations and symbols are identical to and as found in DNV-OS-F201.E. Definitions for Composite RisersE 100Definitions101 Angle-ply laminate: symmetric laminate, possessing equal plies with positive and negative angles.102 Anisotropy: material properties varying with the orienta-tion or direction of the reference co-ordinate.103 Characteristic load: reference value of a load to be used in the determination of the load effects. The characteristic load is normally based upon a defined fractile in the upper end of the distribution function load.104 Characteristic resistance: the nominal value of the structural strength to be used in the determination of the design strength. The characteristic resistance is normally based upon a defined fractile in the lower end of the distribution function for resistance.105 Constituent: in general, an element of a larger grouping. In advanced composites, the principal constituents are the fibres and the matrix.106 Cross-ply laminate: special laminate that contains only 0 and 90 degree plies.107 De-lamination: separation or loss of bonds of plies (the 2-D layers) of material in a laminate.108 Environmental conditions: environmental exposure that may harm or degrade the material constituents.109 Environmental loads: loads due to the environment, such as waves, current, wind, ice, earthquakes.110 Fabric: planar, woven material constructed by interlac-ing yarns, fibres or filaments.111 Failure criterion: criterion to define or identify when failure has occurred, usually expressed as an inequality in the governing variables, e.g. load greater than resistance.112 Failure mechanism: a mechanism of failure is the under-lying phenomenon at the material level that determines the mode of failure. Depending on its level of severity a mecha-nism of failure can lead to various failures. Failure mecha-nisms are specific to material type.113 Failure mode: state of inability to perform a normal function, or an event causing an undesirable or adverse condi-tion, e.g. violation of functional requirement, loss of compo-nent or system function, or deterioration of functional capability to such an extent that the safety of the unit, person-nel or environment is significantly reduced.114 Failure type: failure types are based on safety margin, intrinsic to a given failure mechanism. A distinction is made between catastrophic and progressive failures, and between failures with or without reserve capacity during failure.115 Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP): a general term poly-meric composite reinforced by fibres.116 Fibre: single filament, rolled or formed in one direction, and used as the principal constituent of woven or non-woven composite materials.117 Filament: the smallest unit of a fibrous material. The basic units formed during drawing and spinning, which are gathered into strands of fibre. It is a continuous discrete fibre with an effective diameter in the range of few micrometers depending on the source.118 Functional requirement: a functional requirement is defined as a requirement that the global structure has to fulfil. 119 Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic (GRP): general term pol-ymeric composite reinforced by glass fibres.120 Homogeneous: descriptive term for a material of uni-form composition throughout. A medium that has no internal physical boundaries.121 Inspection: activities, such as, measuring, examination, testing, gauging one or more characteristic of a product or a service, and comparing the results with specified requirements to determine conformity.122 Interface: boundary or transition zone between constitu-ent materials, such as the fibre/matrix interface, or the bound-D ET N ORSKE V ERITAS。
深水开发中的海底管道和海洋立管
（一） 引 言
图1 巴西深水开发趋势
近年来，深海开发中的油气勘探和生产活动大大增加，与几年前相比水深增加了一倍。海洋工业正在更深 的海域中建造生产系统，更多地采用新技术并较大程度地发展现有技术。这是世界上海洋石油天然气工业 发展的总趋势，如墨西哥湾（GoM）、西非（WoA）、巴西和北海。图1所示为巴西的深水开发趋势，从 中可以看出油气开发海域正变得越来越深。这也是中国海洋工业的实际情况。回溯到60年代末期，当海洋 工业刚从渤海湾起步时，该地区典型水深约为20米。到了80年代末期，在南中国海的联合勘探和生产开始 在水深100米到400米的范围内进行。最近的勘探活动显示在南中国海水深约600米处发现了油气资源。油
2004-3-22
文章编号
页码，3/17
图4 管道种类－单壁管道、PIP和集束管道
图3 海底管道定义
除去按管道的用途划分还有几种不同的分类方法。一种常见的方法是按管道横截面的结构分类，即单壁管 道、管中管管道（PIP）和集束管道，如图4所示。
单壁管道是最普通的，在海洋和岸上都有广泛的多用途应用。它能用于输出、油田生产/测试、注水 等。
管中管和集束管道系统的主要特征是管道具有同心的内管和外管。内管或套管内的管道运输生产的流 体并且绝热，同时外管（或承载/外套管管道）提供机械保护。
许多最近在北海和墨西哥湾发现的高温高压（HP/HT）的油藏使用管中管和集束管道系统作为现有平 台海底回接管道的一部分，特别是在有很高的绝热要求时。不仅油藏条件越来越苛刻，管道的绝热要求可 以预防在产品沿管道冷却时蜡状物和水合物的形成。这种类型的生产管道也广泛地用于中国海域，如渤海 湾。
不管海洋油田开发采用何种浮式方案，都需要使用管道/生产管线和立管，它们是海洋基础结构的关 键组成部分。管道和立管是深水开发比较复杂的方面，如图2所示。
SubseaPiping
Friction Loss Calculation
• The results of the Moody chart can also be described by the Colebrook Formula:
0.25
{ ( ) } fDARCY =
2
log10 éë( / D) / 3.7 + 2.51/ Re
Internal Pressure Design
• Pipe wall thickness is primarily driven by the need for pressure containment
• Design for internal pressure is based on consideration of hoop stress in pipe wall
Hydraulic Design
• Hydrocarbons for transport may be – Liquid (incompressible: straightforward to analyse) – Gas (compressible & properties vary along pipe:
P
df
t = PD
2 HOOP
R
f
F
F
Calculation of Hoop Stress
• Pipeline Design Codes usually have an equation for calculating the pipe wall thickness which is similar in form to this
Platform, Pipeline and Subsea Technology 403
卡斯马中国附录的补充内容(一)
卡斯马中国附录的补充内容(一)卡斯马中国附录的补充内容简介本文是对卡斯马中国附录的补充内容进行阐述，旨在进一步丰富读者对卡斯马中国的了解。
卡斯马中国的背景•卡斯马公司介绍：卡斯马是一家全球知名的市场调研公司，成立于XX年，在全球范围内提供市场调研和咨询服务，帮助企业制定战略决策、优化业务流程等。
•卡斯马中国发展历程：卡斯马中国成立于XX年，是卡斯马公司在中国设立的子公司，致力于为中国企业和跨国公司提供专业的市场调研和咨询服务。
补充内容一：卡斯马中国的业务领域扩展•业务领域扩展1：除了传统的市场调研服务，卡斯马中国还开展了更多领域的业务，如品牌咨询、消费者洞察、数据分析等。
•业务领域扩展2：卡斯马中国与数字营销公司合作，提供全方位的数字营销策略和解决方案。
•业务领域扩展3：卡斯马中国与新兴科技企业合作，致力于研究人工智能、大数据等领域的市场趋势和商机。
补充内容二：卡斯马中国的客户案例与成就•客户案例1：卡斯马中国为某知名汽车品牌进行了市场调研，帮助其发现潜在消费者需求，推出了一款备受欢迎的新车型，取得了较好的销售成绩。
•客户案例2：卡斯马中国为某快消品公司分析了市场竞争对手的销售策略，帮助其制定了更好的市场推广方案，大大提升了产品销量。
•客户案例3：卡斯马中国为某电子科技公司提供了市场咨询服务，帮助其在市场中抢占先机，成为业内领导者。
补充内容三：卡斯马中国的专家团队和研究资源•专家团队介绍：卡斯马中国拥有一支由市场调研专家、行业分析师、数据科学家等组成的专业团队，具备丰富的行业经验和深入的洞察力。
•研究资源：卡斯马中国与多家权威机构和研究机构建立了紧密的合作关系，拥有丰富的研究资源和数据库，为客户提供准确、可靠的数据支持。
结语通过这些补充内容，我们可以更全面地了解卡斯马中国在市场调研和咨询服务领域的业务扩展、客户案例和专家团队，进一步认识卡斯马中国在中国市场的影响力和成就。
FPSO英文展示
Summary
5
• A floating vessel
• Offshore oil and gas industry
The LNG FPSO
天 津 大
学
Tianjin University
Conclusion
6
• A large structure • Oil and natural gas
The types of floating systems
Tianjin University
Mechanisms
2
How does a FPSO keep on station?
• Mooring and station-keeping systems
The mechanisms of FPSO
天 津 大 学
Tianjin University
Mechanisms
FPSO Crystal Ocean
天 津 大
学
Tianjin University
The types of floating systems
• • FSO, Floating Storage and Offloading FPSO, Floating Production, Storage and Offloading
Risers：a vertical pipe in a FPSO
天 津 大
学
Tianjin University
Mechanisms
2
How does a FPSO keep on station? How does a FPSO recover oil and gas?
The drawing of FPSO 天 津 大 学
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword Foreword to "Pipelines and Risers" Book Preface
v vii ix
PART I: Mechanical Design
Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Design Stages and Process 1.2.1 Design Stages 1.2.2 Design Process 1.3 Design Through Analysis (DTA) 1.4 Pipeline Design Analysis 1.4.1 General 1.4.2 Pipeline Stress Checks 1.4.3 Span Analysis 1.4.4 On-bottom Stability Analysis 1.4.5 Expansion Analysis 1.4.6 Buckling Analysis 1.4.7 Pipeline Installation 1.5 Pipeline Simulator 1.6 References Chapter 2 Wall-thickness and Material Grade Selection 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 General 2.1.2 Pipeline Design Codes 2.2 Material Grade Selection 2.2.1 General Principle 2.2.2 Fabrication, Installation and Operating Cost Considerations 2.2.3 Material Grade Optimization 2.3 Pressure Containment (hoop stress) Design 2.3.1 General 2.3.2 Hoop Stress Criterion of DNV (2000) 2.3.3 Hoop Stress Criterion of ABS (2000) 2.3.4 API RP1111 (1998) 2.4 Equivalent Stress Criterion 2.5 Hydrostatic Collapse 2.6 Wall Thickness and Length Design for Buckle Arresters 2.7 Buckle Arrester Spacing Design 2.8 References Chapter 3 Buckling/Collapse of Deepwater Metallic Pipes 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Pipe Capacity under Single Load 3.2.1 General 3.2.2 External Pressure 3.2.3 Bending Moment Capacity 3.2.4 Pure Bending 3.2.5 Pure Internal Pressure 3.2.6 Pure Tension 3.2.7 Pure Compression 3.3 Pipe Capacity under Couple Load 3.3.1 Combined Pressure and Axial Force 3.3.2 Combined External Pressure and Bending 3 3 3 3 6 9 11 11 11 13 14 17 17 19 21 24 25 25 25 25 26 26 27 28 28 28 29 30 31 33 34 36 37 39 41 41 42 42 43 46 48 48 48 48 49 49 50
Design
eraction I Method Breakout Forces m iround Pipes
•
83 83 83 83 84 85 86 86 87 88 89 89
89
ions Used in the Wave Simulators :rested Waves crested Waves ig and Inertia Forces t Forces lalysis of In-situ Behavior : Element Model blems
Contents
\xial Force and Bending :d Area in Compression the Fully Plastic Neutral Axis ment on versus Finite Element Results > Subjected to Single Loads i Subjected to Combined Loads d Strength Design /iceability Limit : Equivalent Stress Criteria Criteria for Pipeline ise ent Assessment nt Based on S-N Curves nt Based on Ae-N Curves eria train ; Field Joints Due to Coatings 51 52 53 54 58 58 59 59 61 65 67 67 68 69 69 69 70 74 74 75 77 77 77 78 78 79 79 80 80
89 89 90 91 95 95 95 99 100 101 101 102 102
CБайду номын сангаасntents
7.2.2 Dynamic Analysis Problems 7.3 Steps in an Analysis and Choice of Analysis Procedure 7.3.1 The Static Analysis Procedure 7.3.2 The Dynamic Analysis Procedure 7.4 Element Types Used in the Model 7.5 Non-linearity and Seabed Model 7.5.1 Material Model 7.5.2 Geometrical Non-linearity 7.5.3 Boundary Conditions 7.5.4 Seabed Model 7.6 Validation of the Finite Element Model 7.7 Dynamic Buckling Analysis 7.8 Cyclic In-place Behaviour during Shutdown Operations 7.9 References Chapter 8 Expansion, Axial Creeping, Upheaval/Lateral Buckling 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Expansion 8.2.1 General Principle 8.2.2 Single Flowlines 8.3 Axial Creeping of Flowlines Caused by Soil Ratcheting 8.3.1 General 8.3.2 Cyclic Soil/Pipe Interaction Model 8.3.3 Expansion of a "Long" Flowline with Free ends 8.3.4 In-situ Expansion Behavior of the Creeping Flowlines 8.4 Upheaval Buckling 8.4.1 General 8.4.2 Analysis of Up-lifts 8.4.3 Upheaval Movements 8.5 Lateral Buckling 8.5.1 General 8.5.2 Lateral Buckling of Straight Line on Flat Seabed 8.6 Interaction between Lateral and Upheaval Buckling 8.7 References Chapter 9 On-bottom Stability 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Force Balance: the Simplified Method 9.3 Acceptance Criteria 9.3.1 Allowable Lateral Displacement 9.3.2 Limit-state Strength Criteria 9.4 Special Purpose Program for Stability Analysis 9.4.1 General 9.4.2 PONDUS 9.4.3 PIPE 9.5 Use of FE Analysis for Intervention Design 9.5.1 Design Procedure 9.5.2 Seabed Intervention 9.5.3 Effect of Seabed Intervention 9.6 References Chapter 10 Vortex-induced Vibrations (VIV) and Fatigue 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Free-span VIV Analysis Procedure 10.2.1 Structural Analysis 10.2.2 Hydrodynamic Description 10.2.3 Soil Stiffness Analysis 10.2.4 Vibration Amplitude and Stress Range Analysis 10.2.5 Fatigue Model 10.3 Fatigue Design Criteria 10.3.1 Accumulated Fatigue Damage 10.3.2 S-N Curves
xiii
104 105 105 106 106 108 108 109 109 109 109 111 113 114 115 115 115 115 116 117 117 117 118 119 120 120 120 124 125 125 125 126 128 129 129 129 130 130 130 130 130 131 133 133 133 133 135 136 137 137 139 139 139 141 143 143 144 144 144