美国银行Q2净利40亿美元 同比增63%超市场预期
虎鲸百科
虎鲸
编辑
虎鲸（学名：Orcinus orca），虎鲸属，是一种大型齿鲸，海豚科动物，原则上可视作一种鲸鱼，一种海豚。
其中大西洋2型、南极A型虎鲸以鲸类甚至蓝鲸为主要食物，远洋型虎鲸以鲨鱼为主要食物，是当之无愧的海中霸王。
身长可达8-10米，体重9吨左右，头部略圆，具有不明显的喙；背鳍高而直立，弯曲长达1米；身体黑、白两色。
两翼骨远隔开。
颞窝大。
下颌骨相对较短。
在上、下颌每齿列有10-12枚圆锥形的齿。
嘴巴细长，牙齿锋利，性情凶猛，善于进攻猎物。
虎鲸在野外的寿命可达80-90年，但在人类圈养的情况下平均寿命只有20-30年。
虎鲸是一种极高智商的动物，情感丰富的不下于灵长类动物，语言系统强大，拥有动物中极少的方言，甚至会利用音调嘲讽捕猎失败的同类，拥有高度的社会性，长期圈养离开父母或者子女的虎鲸会患上肉体疾病外的精神疾病，比如抑郁症。
虎鲸攻击人的事件只有个位数，野生虎鲸没有，有详细可靠记录仅有一例，Tilikum：一只被人为长期虐待30多年的圈养虎鲸。
虎鲸是一种高度社会化的动物，有一些群体组成的家族是动物界中最稳定的家族。
虎鲸的一些复杂社会行为，捕猎技巧，和声音交流，被认为是虎鲸拥有自己的文化的证据。
分布于几乎所有的海洋区域，从赤道到极地水域。
水温或深度没有限制其范围。
分布延伸到许多封闭或半封闭的海域，如地中海、鄂霍次克海、加利福尼亚湾、墨西哥湾、红海和波斯湾。
美国Eaton公司PL7型号微型电路保护器产品说明书
Protective Devices Miniature Circuit Breakers PL7Catalog1.1Protective DevicesMiniature Circuit Breakers PL7• H igh-quality miniature circuit breakers for commercial and residential applications • Contact position indicator red - green • Guide for secure terminal connection • 3-position DIN rail clip, permits removal from existing busbar system• C omprehensive range of accessories can be mounted subsequently • Rated currents up to 63 A • Tripping characteristics B, C, D• R ated breaking capacity 10 kA according to IEC/EN 60898-1DescriptionSG06511Rated current I n (A)TypeDesignationArticle No.Units perpackageSG064111PL7-B1/21650796/602PL7-B2/21650836/603PL7-B3/21650856/604PL7-B4/21650866/606PL7-B6/22627616/6010PL7-B10/22627626/6013PL7-B13/22627646/6016PL7-B16/22627656/6020PL7-B20/22627666/6025PL7-B25/22627676/6032PL7-B32/22627686/6040PL7-B40/22627696/6050PL7-B50/22633506/6063PL7-B63/22633516/602-poleSG065111PL7-B1/31651124/402PL7-B2/31651164/403PL7-B3/31651184/404PL7-B4/31167094/406PL7-B6/32633864/4010PL7-B10/32633874/4013PL7-B13/32633884/4016PL7-B16/32633894/4020PL7-B20/32633904/4025PL7-B25/32633914/4032PL7-B32/32633924/4040PL7-B40/32633934/4050PL7-B50/32634004/4063PL7-B63/32634014/403-poleRated currentI n (A)TypeDesignationArticle No.Units perpackage10 kA, Characteristic BSG062111PL7-B1/116505212/1202PL7-B2/126483912/1203PL7-B3/116505512/1204PL7-B4/126485012/1206PL7-B6/126267312/12010PL7-B10/126267412/12013PL7-B13/126267512/12016PL7-B16/126267612/12020PL7-B20/126267712/12025PL7-B25/126267812/12032PL7-B32/126267912/12040PL7-B40/126269012/12050PL7-B50/126269112/12063PL7-B63/126269212/1201-poleSG063111PL7-B1/1N1652148/802PL7-B2/1N1652188/803PL7-B3/1N1652208/804PL7-B4/1N1652218/806PL7-B6/1N2627278/8010PL7-B10/1N2627288/8013PL7-B13/1N2627298/8016PL7-B16/1N2627408/8020PL7-B20/1N2627418/8025PL7-B25/1N2627428/8032PL7-B32/1N2627438/801+N-poleRated current I n (A)TypeDesignationArticle No.Units perpackage10 kA, Characteristic CSG062111PL7-C1/126269712/1202PL7-C2/126269912/1203PL7-C3/116506312/1204PL7-C4/126270012/1206PL7-C6/126270112/12010PL7-C10/126270212/12013PL7-C13/126270312/12016PL7-C16/126270412/12020PL7-C20/126270512/12025PL7-C25/126270612/12032PL7-C32/126270712/12040PL7-C40/126270812/12050PL7-C50/126270912/12063PL7-C63/126271012/1201-poleSG063111PL7-C1/1N1652308/802PL7-C2/1N2627448/803PL7-C3/1N1652358/804PL7-C4/1N2627458/806PL7-C6/1N2627468/8010PL7-C10/1N2627478/8013PL7-C13/1N2627488/8016PL7-C16/1N2627498/8020PL7-C20/1N2627508/8025PL7-C25/1N2627518/8032PL7-C32/1N2627528/801+N-poleRated currentI n (A)TypeDesignationArticle No.Units perpackageSG067111PL7-B1/3N1652513/302PL7-B2/3N1652553/303PL7-B3/3N1652573/304PL7-B4/3N1652583/306PL7-B6/3N2639823/3010PL7-B10/3N2639833/3013PL7-B13/3N2639843/3016PL7-B16/3N2639853/3020PL7-B20/3N2639863/3025PL7-B25/3N2639873/3032PL7-B32/3N2639883/3040PL7-B40/3N2639893/3050PL7-B50/3N2639903/3063PL7-B63/3N2639913/303+N-poleSG066111PL7-B1/41651463/302PL7-B2/41651533/303PL7-B3/41651573/304PL7-B4/41651593/306PL7-B6/41651633/3010PL7-B10/41651473/3013PL7-B13/41651493/3016PL7-B16/41651513/3020PL7-B20/41651543/3025PL7-B25/41651553/3032PL7-B32/41651583/3040PL7-B40/41651603/3050PL7-B50/41651623/3063PL7-B63/41651643/304-poleRated current I n (A)TypeDesignationArticle No.Units perpackageSG067111PL7-C1/3N1652673/302PL7-C2/3N1652713/303PL7-C3/3N1652733/304PL7-C4/3N1652743/306PL7-C6/3N2639923/3010PL7-C10/3N2639933/3013PL7-C13/3N2639943/3016PL7-C16/3N2639953/3020PL7-C20/3N2639963/3025PL7-C25/3N2639973/3032PL7-C32/3N2639983/3040PL7-C40/3N2639993/3050PL7-C50/3N2640003/3063PL7-C63/3N2640013/303+N-poleSG066111PL7-C1/41651723/302PL7-C2/41651783/303PL7-C3/41651823/304PL7-C4/41651843/306PL7-C6/41651883/3010PL7-C10/41651733/3013PL7-C13/41651753/3016PL7-C16/41073293/3020PL7-C20/41651793/3025PL7-C25/41651803/3032PL7-C32/41651833/3040PL7-C40/41651853/3050PL7-C50/41651873/3063PL7-C63/41651893/304-poleRated currentI n (A)TypeDesignationArticle No.Units perpackageSG064111PL7-C1/22633536/602PL7-C2/22633546/603PL7-C3/21650986/604PL7-C4/22633556/606PL7-C6/22633566/6010PL7-C10/22633576/6013PL7-C13/22633586/6016PL7-C16/22633596/6020PL7-C20/22633606/6025PL7-C25/22633616/6032PL7-C32/22633626/6040PL7-C40/22633636/6050PL7-C50/22633646/6063PL7-C63/22633656/602-poleSG065111PL7-C1/32634034/402PL7-C2/32634044/403PL7-C3/31651304/404PL7-C4/32634054/406PL7-C6/32634064/4010PL7-C10/32634074/4013PL7-C13/32634084/4016PL7-C16/32634094/4020PL7-C20/32634104/4025PL7-C25/32634114/4032PL7-C32/32634124/4040PL7-C40/32634134/4050PL7-C50/32634144/4063PL7-C63/32634154/403-poleSG064111PL7-D1/21081846/602PL7-D2/22633666/603PL7-D3/21081856/604PL7-D4/22633676/606PL7-D6/22633686/6010PL7-D10/22633696/6013PL7-D13/22633806/6016PL7-D16/22633816/6020PL7-D20/22633826/6025PL7-D25/22633836/6032PL7-D32/22633846/6040PL7-D40/22633856/602-pole Rated current I n (A)TypeDesignationArticle No.Units per package10 kA, Characteristic DSG062111PL7-D1/116507112/1202PL7-D2/126271112/1203PL7-D3/116507412/1204PL7-D4/126271212/1206PL7-D6/126271312/12010PL7-D10/126271412/12013PL7-D13/126271512/12016PL7-D16/126271612/12020PL7-D20/126271712/12025PL7-D25/126271812/12032PL7-D32/126271912/12040PL7-D40/126272012/1201-pole SG063111PL7-D1/1N 1652418/802PL7-D2/1N 2627538/803PL7-D3/1N 1652468/804PL7-D4/1N 2627548/806PL7-D6/1N 2627558/8010PL7-D10/1N 2627568/8013PL7-D13/1N 2627578/8016PL7-D16/1N 2627588/8020PL7-D20/1N 2627598/8025PL7-D25/1N2627608/801+N-pole SG066111PL7-D1/41651943/302PL7-D2/41652013/303PL7-D3/41652053/304PL7-D4/41652073/306PL7-D6/41652103/3010PL7-D10/41651953/3013PL7-D13/41651973/3016PL7-D16/41651993/3020PL7-D20/41652023/3025PL7-D25/41652033/3032PL7-D32/41652063/3040PL7-D40/41652083/304-pole Rated current I n (A)TypeDesignationArticle No.Units perpackageSG065111PL7-D1/31651364/402PL7-D2/32634164/403PL7-D3/31651414/404PL7-D4/32634174/406PL7-D6/32634184/4010PL7-D10/32634194/4013PL7-D13/32634204/4016PL7-D16/32634214/4020PL7-D20/32634224/4025PL7-D25/32634234/4032PL7-D32/32634244/4040PL7-D40/32634254/403-pole SG067111PL7-D1/3N 1652803/302PL7-D2/3N 1652843/303PL7-D3/3N 1652863/304PL7-D4/3N 1652873/306PL7-D6/3N 2640023/3010PL7-D10/3N 2640033/3013PL7-D13/3N 2640043/3016PL7-D16/3N 2640053/3020PL7-D20/3N 2640063/3025PL7-D25/3N 2640073/3032PL7-D32/3N 2640083/3040PL7-D40/3N2640093/303+N-poleSpecifications | Miniature Circuit Breakers PL7Description• High selectivity between MCB and back-up fuse due to low let-throughenergy• Compatible with standard busbar• T win-purpose terminal (lift/open-mouthed) above and below• B usbar positioning optionally above or below• M eets the requirements of insulation co-ordination, distance between con-tacts ³ 4 mm, for secure isolation• S uitable for applications up to 48 V DC (use PL7-DC for higher DC voltages)Accessories:Auxiliary switch for subsequent installation ZP-IHK286052ZP-WHK286053 Tripping signal switch for subsequent installation ZP-NHK248437 Remote control and automatic switching device Z-FW/LP248296Shunt trip release ZP-ASA/..248438, 248439 Undervoltage release Z-USA/..248288-248291 Additional terminal 35 mm2BB-UL-TEPA/35169823 Switching interlock Z-IS/SPE-1TE274418Technical DataPL7ElectricalDesign according toCurrent test marks as printed onto the deviceIEC/EN 60898-1Rated voltage U n AC: 230/400 VDC: 48 V (per pole, max. 2 poles)Rated frequency50/60 HzRated breaking capacity according to IEC/EN 60898-1I cn10 kACharacteristic B, C, DBack-up fuse max. 125 A gLSelectivity class3Rated impulse withstand voltage U imp 4 kV (1.2/50 μs)Enduranceelectrical components³ 10,000 switching operationsmechanical components³ 20,000 switching operationsLine voltage connection at will (above/below)MechanicalFrame size45 mmDevice height80 mmDevice width17.5 mm per pole (1MU)26.3 mm: device 1P+N (1.5MU)Mounting quick fastening with 3 lock-in positions on DIN rail IEC/EN 60715 Degree of protection IP20Upper and lower terminals open-mouthed/lift terminalsTerminal protection finger and hand touch safe, DGUV VS3, EN 50274Terminal capacity1-25 mm2(1p+N, 1,5TE)1-25 mm2 / 1-2x10 mm2 (N)Terminal torque2-2.4 Nm(1p+N, 1,5TE)2-2.4 Nm / 1.2-1.5 Nm (N)Busbar thickness 0.8 - 2 mm (except N 0.5MU)Mounting independent of positionOperation temperature -25°C to +75°CStorage- and transport temperature -40°C up to +75°CConnection diagrams1-pole 1+N-pole (1.5MU) 2-pole3-pole 3+N-poleDimensions (mm)3P3P+N453P17,526,31P3P+N4P80Tripping Characteristics (IEC/EN 60898-1)Tripping characteristic B Tripping characteristic C Tripping characteristic DTRIPPING CURRENTEffect of the Ambient Temperature on Thermal Tripping Behaviour Effect of Power FrequencyEffect of power frequency on the tripping behaviour I MA of the quick releaseLoad Capacity of Series Connected Miniature Circuit BreakersPower frequency f [Hz]162/35060100200300400I MA (f)/I MA (50 Hz) [%]91100101106115134141Adjusted rated current values according to the ambient temperatureNumber of devices (n) 1-poleThe use of the products in networks with other frequencies than 50/60 Hz is in the customer’s responsibility.Let-through Energy PL7Let-through Energy PL7, Characteristic B, 1-poleLet-through Energy PL7, Characteristic C, 1-poleLet-through Energy PL7, Characteristic D, 1-poleProspective short-circuit current [A]L e t t h r o u g h e n e r g y I 2t [A 2 s e c ]Prospective short-circuit current [A]L e t t h r o u g h e n e r g y I 2t [A 2 s e c ]Prospective short-circuit current [A]L e t t h r o u g h e n e r g y I 2t [A 2 s e c ]Short-circuit Selectivity PL7 towards DII-DIV fuse linkIn case of short-circuit, there is selectivity between the miniature circuit breakers PL7 and the upstream fuses up to the specified values of the selectivity limit current I s [kA] (i. e. in case of short-circuit currents I ks under I s only the MCB will trip, in case of short-circuit currents above this value both protective devices will respond).*) basically in accordance with EN 60898-1 D.5.2.bShort-circuit selectivity Characteristic B towards fuse link DII-DIV *)Short-circuit selectivity Characteristic C towards fuse link DII-DIV *)Short-circuit selectivity Characteristic D towards fuse link DII-DIV *)1) Selectivity limit current I sunder 0.5 kA2) S electivity limit current I s = rated breaking capacity I cn of the MCBDarker areas: no selectivity PL7DII-DIV gL/gG I n [A]10162025355063801002<0.51)<0.51)0.8 1.610.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)4<0.51)<0.51)0.6 1.0 3.610.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)5<0.51)1)2)2)PL7DII-DIV gL/gG I n [A]10162025355063801000.75 1.010.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)1.0<0.51) 1.210.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)1.6<0.51)<0.51) 1.0 2.210.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)2<0.51)<0.51)0.8 1.610.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)4<0.51)<0.51)0.60.8 1.8 3.69.710.02)10.02)5<0.51)1)2)2)PL7DII-DIV gL/gG I n [A]10162025355063801001)1)2)2)2)Short-circuit Selectivity PL7 towards D01-D03 fuse linkIn case of short-circuit, there is selectivity between the miniature circuit breakers PL7 and the upstream fuses up to the specified values of the selectivity limit current I s [kA] (i. e. in case of short-circuit currents I ks under I s only the MCB will trip, in case of short-circuit currents above this value both protective devices will respond).*) basically in accordance with EN 60898-1 D.5.2.bShort-circuit selectivity Characteristic B towards fuse link D01-D03*)Short-circuit selectivity Characteristic C towards fuse link D01-D03*)Short-circuit selectivity Characteristic D towards fuse link D01-D03*)1) Selectivity limit current I sunder 0.5 kA2) S electivity limit current I s = rated breaking capacity I cn of the MCBDarker areas: no selectivityPL7DII-DIV gL/gG I n [A]10162025355063801002<0.51)<0.51)0.6 1.010.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)4<0.51)1)2)2)2)2)PL7DII-DIV gL/gG I n [A]10162025355063801000.75<0.51)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)1.0<0.51)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)1.6<0.51)0.50.60.910.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)2<0.51)<0.51)0.50.710.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)4<0.51)1)1)2)2)PL7DII-DIV gL/gG1.16Protective DevicesMiniature Circuit Breakers PL7 - T echnical DataShort-circuit Selectivity PL7 towards NH-00 fuse linkIn case of short-circuit, there is selectivity between the miniature circuit breakers PL7 and the upstream fuses up to the specified values of the selectivity limit current I s [kA] (i. e. in case of short-circuit currents I ks under I s only the MCB will trip, in case of short-circuit currents above this value both protective devices will respond).*) basically in accordance with EN 60898-1 D.5.2.bShort-circuit selectivity Characteristic B towards fuse link NH-00*)Short-circuit selectivity Characteristic C towards fuse link NH-00*)Short-circuit selectivity Characteristic D towards fuse link NH-00*)1) Selectivity limit current I sunder 0.5 kA2) S electivity limit current I s = rated breaking capacity I cn of the MCBDarker areas: no selectivityPL7NH-00 gL/gG I n [A]1620253235405063801001251602<0.51)0.5 1.0 2.510.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)4<0.51)<0.51)0.8 1.3 2.3 4.310.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)5<0.51)<0.51)0.7 1.1 1.6 2.2 3.6 4.88.910.02)10.02)10.02)6<0.51)<0.51)0.7 1.1 1.5 2.0 3.3 4.37.610.02)10.02)10.02)8<0.51)1)2)2)2)PL7NH-00 gL/gGI n [A]1620253235405063801001251600.7510.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)1.00.910.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)1.6<0.51)0.6 1.3 4.210.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)2<0.51)0.6 1.0 2.510.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)10.02)4<0.51)<0.51)0.7 1.0 1.5 2.1 3.6 5.010.010.02)10.02)10.02)5<0.51)<0.51)0.60.8 1.2 1.7 2.8 3.88.710.02)10.02)10.02)6<0.51)<0.51)0.50.8 1.2 1.5 2.5 3.3 5.710.02)10.02)10.02)8<0.51)1)2)2)2)PL7NH-00 gL/gG I n [A]1620253235405063801001251604<0.51)<0.51)0.71.0 1.62.23.8 5.210.010.02)10.02)10.02)EatonEMEA Headquarters Route de la Longeraie 71110 Morges, Switzerland © 2022 EatonAll Rights ReservedPublication No. CA019068EN Article number 302783-MK 9010238178571Eaton Industries (Austria) GmbH Scheydgasse 421210 Vienna AustriaFollow us on social media to get the latest product and support information.Eaton is a registered trademark.All other trademarks are property To contact us please visit https:///contacts For technical questions please contact your local Eaton team.Changes to the products, to the information contained in thisdocument, and to prices are reserved; as are errors and omissions.Only order confirmations and technical documentation by Eaton is binding. 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电子产品说明书
ElettrologiaCircuiti a corrente continua e alternataCarica e scarica di un condensatoreMISURAZIONE DEI TEMPI DI CARICA E SCARICAUE3050105 09/16 JöS/UDFig. 1: Apparecchio di carica e scarica in funzione con coppia condensatore/resistenza esterna (sinistra) e interna (destra)BASI GENERALIIn un circuito a corrente continua, attraverso un conden-satore passa corrente solo durante l'accensione o lo spe-gnimento. Tramite la corrente, il condensatore viene cari-cato all'accensione, fino al raggiungimento della tensione applicata, e scaricato allo spegnimento, finché la tensione non ha raggiunto lo zero.Per un circuito a corrente continua con capacità C , resistenza R e tensione continua U 0 vale all'accensione(1) 0()(1)t U t U e -τ=⋅- e allo spegnimento(2) 0()t U t U e-τ=⋅con la costante di tempo(3) R C τ=⋅.Per verificare tale correlazione, nell'esperimento vengono mi-surati i tempi necessari al raggiungimento delle tensioni di con-fronto predefinite. Il cronometro viene pertanto avviato con la fase di carica o scarica e successivamente arrestato per mezzo di un comparatore non appena la tensione di confronto risulta raggiunta. La misurazione di diverse tensioni di confronto con-sente di analizzare punto per punto la curva di carica e scarica. Interessante dal punto di vista pratico è anche il tempo(4) 5%ln(5%)3t R C R C =-⋅⋅≈⋅⋅,in cui la tensione del condensatore in fase di scarica raggiungeil 5% del valore di default U0 e in fase di carica raggiunge il 95% del valore finale U0. Tramite la misurazione di t5% è possibile monitorare ad es. i parametri R e C.ELENCO DEGLI STRUMENTI1 Apparecchio di carica e di scarica@230V 1017781 (U10800-230) o1 Apparecchio di carica e di scarica@115V 1017780 (U10800-115) 1 Condensatore 1000 µF, 16 V,P2W191009957 1017806 (U333106)1 Resistenza 10 kΩ, 0,5 W,P2W19 1012922 (U333030) Ulteriormente consigliato:1 Multimetro digitale P1035 1002781 (U11806)MESSA IN FUNZIONE∙Collegare l'apparecchio di carica e scarica alla rete tramite l'alimentatore a spina fornito in dotazione.AVVERTENZE GENERALINelle posizioni INTERN 1, INTERN 2 o INTERN 3 il condensa-tore interno è collegato ai jack di ingresso per la capacità esterna. I condensatori interno ed esterno sono in questo caso collegati in parallelo.∙Per le misurazioni sulle coppie RC interne non collegare capacità esterne.Il tempo di carica e scarica misurato è influenzato da tempi di rimbalzo, amplificati da una mano insicura nel ruotare il com-mutatore di funzione.∙Ruotare il commutatore di funzione in maniera spedita.∙Per una determinazione più precisa del tempo, ripetere ciascuna misurazione almeno tre volte e ricavare il valore medio.∙Scegliere coppie R/C esterne con costante di tempo 4sR C⋅>.ESECUZIONEMisurazione su coppie condensatore/resistenza interne∙Rimuovere resistenze e condensatori esterni.∙Portare il selettore su INTERN 1, INTERN 2 o INTERN 3. Misurazione su coppie condensatore/resistenza esterne ∙Inserire resistenza e condensatore esterni.∙Portare il selettore su EXTERN.Misurazione del tempo di carica t C∙Portare il commutatore di funzione in posizione CHARGE – STOP. ∙Impostare l'interruttore passo-passo sul valore desiderato. ∙Premere brevemente il tasto RESET per azzerare il conta-tore digitale.∙Portare il commutatore di funzione in posizione CHARGE – START per avviare la carica e la misurazione del tempo. ∙Prendere nota del tempo misurato non appena il contatore si arresta.Misurazione del tempo di scarica t DC∙Procedere come per la curva di carica portando tuttavia il commutatore di funzione rispettivamente in posizione DI-SCHARGE – STOP e DISCHARGE – START. Determinazione del tempo t5%Il tempo t5% può essere determinato con una misurazione sia della carica sia della scarica (v. spiegazioni in merito all'equa-zione (4)). Una maggiore precisione è ottenibile mediante la determinazione della media delle due misurazioni:∙Misurare il tempo di carica t C, 5% per 9,5 V.∙Misurare il tempo di scarica t CC, 5% per 0,5 V.∙Calcolare la media (t C, 5% + t CC, 5%) / 2 = t5% .Registrazione della curva di carica∙Regolare l'interruttore passo-passo per tensione di con-fronto su 0,5 V e determinare il tempo di carica come indi-cato in "Misurazione del tempo di carica".∙Per misurare il valore successivo, girare l'interruttore passo-passo avanti di un livello e ripetere tutte le opera-zioni.Registrazione della curva di scarica∙Regolare l'interruttore passo-passo per tensione di con-fronto su 9,5 V e determinare il tempo di scarica come in-dicato in "Misurazione del tempo di scarica".∙Per misurare il valore successivo, girare l'interruttore passo-passo avanti di un livello e ripetere tutte le opera-zioni.Determinazione della capacità esterna/interna e delle resi-stenze interne∙Portare il selettore per coppia R/C in successione su IN-TERN 1, INTERN 2 e INTERN 3 e misurare rispettiva-mente tre volte i tempi t C, 5% e t CC, 5%, come descritto sopra.Riportare i valori nella Tab. 5 e determinare il tempo t5%. ∙Inserire il condensatore esterno. Portare il selettore per coppia R/C ad es. su INTERN 3 e misurare rispettiva-mente tre volte i tempi t C, 5% e t CC, 5%, come descritto sopra.Riportare i valori nella Tab. 5 e determinare il tempo t5%. ∙Inserire inoltre la resistenza esterna. Portare il selettore per coppia R/C su EXTERN e misurare rispettivamente tre volte i tempi t C, 5% e t CC, 5%, come descritto sopra. Riportarei valori nella Tab. 5 e determinare il tempo t5%.ESEMPIO DI MISURAZIONETab. 1: Tempi di carica e scarica della coppia R/C interna 1.Tab. 2:Tempi di carica e scarica della coppia R/C interna 2.Tab. 3: Tempi di carica e scarica della coppia R/C interna 3.Tab. 4:Tempi di carica e scarica della coppia R/C esterna.Tab. 5: T empi di carica e scarica t C,5% e t CC,5% delle tre coppie R/C interne, della coppia R/C interna 3 con collegamento in paral-lelo al condensatore esterno, della coppia R/C esterna e tempi t 5% derivanti dalla determinazione della media.3B Scientific GmbH, Rudorffweg 8, 21031 Amburgo, Germania,ANALISIRegistrazione delle curve di carica e scarica ∙Registrare graficamente le tensioni impostate U C rispetto ai tempi di carica e scarica misurati t C e t CC (Tab. 1 – 4).Le Figg. 2 e 3 mostrano in modo esemplare le curve di carica e scarica relative alla coppia R/C interna 3. L'andamento espo-nenziale previsto in base alle equazioni (1) e (2) risulta confer-mato.Determinazione della capacità esterna/interna e delle resi-stenze interneCon resistenza esterna nota R ext = 10 k Ω (tolleranza 5%), la capacità esterna C ext viene calcolata in base a (4) dal tempo t 5% = t 5%, ext (Tab. 5):(5) 5%,ext ext ext35,4s1180F 3310k t C R ===μ⋅⋅Ω.Tale valore corrisponde, nell'ambito di tolleranza specificato pari a 20%, con il valore nominale 1000 μF.Per i tempi t 5% determinati per la coppia R/C interne 3 con e senza collegamento al condensatore esterno, vale in base all'equazione (4):(6) 5%,3int,3int 3t R C =⋅⋅ e(7) ()5%,3ext int,3int ext 3t R C C =⋅⋅+.Fig. 2: Curva di carica della coppia RC interna 3 La divisione dell'equazione (7) per l'equazione (6) e l'inseri-mento dei tempi da Tab. 5 dà:(8)5%,3int ext 5%,3ext 5%,364,1s1180F 98,5s 64,1s 2199Ft C C t t =⋅=μ⋅--=μ.Tale valore corrisponde, nell'ambito di tolleranza specificato pari a 10%, con il valore nominale 2000 μF.Infine, le tre resistenze interne ancora ignote R int, i si ottengono dai rispettivi tempi di carica e scarica (Tab. 5) e dalla capacità interna determinata in precedenza C int :(9) 5%,int, i int3i t R C =⋅ mit i = 1, 2, 3Ne deriva:(10) int, 114,0s212232199FR ==Ω⋅μ.(11) int, 232,4s491132199FR ==Ω⋅μ.(12) int, 364,1s971732199FR ==Ω⋅μ.I valori coincidono con i valori nominali 2,2 k Ω, 5,1 k Ω e 10 k Ω.Fig. 3: Curva di scarica della coppia RC interna 3U / V t/ sU / V t / s。
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认证与质量保证................................................................................................................................................... 1 保固服务 .............................................................................................................................................................. 1 保证限制 .............................................................................................................................................................. 1 安全标志 .............................................................................................................................................................. 1 安全注意事项 ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 环境条件 .............................................................................................................................................................. 2 法规标记 .............................................................................................................................................................. 3 废弃电子电器设备指令（WEEE）.................................................................................................................... 3 符合性信息 .......................................................................................................................................................... 3
酒店翻译
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青鱼 # herring
青鱼肝 # Herring liver
鲭鱼 # mackerel
秋刀鱼 # saury
秋蛤蜊 # Autumn clams
肉螺 # meat Snail
三文鱼 # salmon
沙丁鱼 # sardine
沙蛤蜊 # Sand clam
午餐鱼 # Lunch Fish
虾 # shrimp
虾干 # Dried shrimp
虾虎 # goby
虾酱 # Shrimp paste
虾米 # Dried Small shrimp
虾脑 # Shrimp brain
虾脑酱 # Shrimp brain sauce
田螺 # snails
甜虾 # Sweet shrimp
头 # head
文蛤 # clam
文蛤丸 # Clam ball
乌鳢 # Snakehead
海尔电子控制器产品说明书
Typical Applications• Off-road, Construction/Agricultural vehicles • Material handling equipment • Articulating, scissor, and bucket lift controls• Outdoor industrial equipment• Lift gate controlsSpecificationsUL ELECTRICAL RATINGS: UL 61058-1MAINTAINED FUNCTIONS: 15A GP, 277VAC 50/60Hz T85 15(4)A, 277VAC 50/60Hz T85 1/2 hp, 125VAC 50/60Hz T85 1 hp, 250VAC 50/60Hz T85MOMENTARY FUNCTIONS: 10A GP, 277VAC 50/60Hz T85 10(4)A, 277VAC 50/60Hz T85 1/4hp, 125VAC 50/60Hz T85 1/2 hp, 250VAC 50/60Hz T85ELECTRICAL LIFE: 10,000 cycles DC ELECTRICAL RATINGS: Resistive Loads ALL FUNCTIONS: Up to 25A, 24VDC 0.75A, 125VDC0.5A, 250VDC MAINTAINED FUNCTIONS: 15A, 28VDC MOMENTARY FUNCTIONS: 10A, 28VDCDIELECTRIC STRENGTH: 2500V min. initial (terminal to toggle)INSULATION RESISTANCE: 1000 MΩ min. initialCONTACT RESISTANCE: 50 mΩ max. initial(terminal to toggle)OPERATING AND STORAGE TEMPERATURE: -40°C to +85°C IP RATINGS: IP66/IP68 VersatileTogglePT SeriesSealed Power Toggle SwitchFeatures/Benefits • IP66/IP68 versatile rating to withstand harsh outdoor environments, intense, wet weather, wind blown rain, dirt• U L 61058-1 certified has global acceptancewith no additional testing needed• Integrated panel seal for extraprotection• Superior oil and fuel resistance• High strength, heat resistant housingdesigned for demanding applications subject-ed to vibration and harsh conditions MaterialsCASE: Thermoset ACTUATOR: Stainless Steel PIVOT PIN: Stainless Steel BUSHING: Zinc Die Cast SEAL: SiliconeMOVEABLE CONTACT(S): Copper alloy, silver plated BUTTON: Silver CadmiumTERMINALS: Brass for Quick connect, silver platedbrass for solder and screw terminalsHARDWARE: Hex nut & locking ring: brass, nickel plated Screws: brass Lock washer: brass, nickel plated PACKAGING: TraysBuild-A-SwitchTo order, simply select desired option from each category and place in the appropriate box. Available options areshown and described on pages F-53 thru F-56. For additional options not shown in catalog, consult Customer Service Center.N E WT o g g l eDimensions are shown: mmSpecifications and dimensions subject to change22 Mar 2210FLATS21.324.332.315PT SeriesSealed Power Toggle SwitchE WToggleDimensions are shown: Inches (mm)Specifications and dimensions subject to change22 Mar 22PT SeriesSealed Power Toggle SwitchS STANDARDTERMINALSS SCREW TERMINALQ QUICK CONNECTE WT o g gleDimensions are shown: Inches (mm)Specifications and dimensions subject to change22 Mar 22PT SeriesSealed Power Toggle SwitchesZSOLDER TERMINAL SPE WMOUNTING HARDWAREPART NO.700302202 NIICKEL PLATED Note: Standard hardware shipped with each switch is 1 pc eachPART NO.707100201 NIICKEL PLATED PART NO.707200201 NIICKEL PLATED WITH KEYWAY。
大学英语四级700高频单词带音标
大学英语四级700高频单词带音标alter /’?:lt?/ v. 改变,改动,变更1.burst / b?:st/ vi. n.突然发生,爆裂2.dispose / dis’p?uz/ vi. 除掉,处置,解决,处理(of)3.blast / blɑ:st/ n. 爆炸,气流vi. 炸,炸掉4.consume / k?n’sju:m/ v.消耗,耗尽5.split / split/ v.劈开,割裂,分裂 a.裂开的6.spill / spil/ v. 溢出,溅出,倒出7.slip /slip/ v. 滑动,滑落,忽略8.slide /slaid/ v. 滑动,滑落n. 滑动,滑面; 幻灯片9.spit /spit/ v. 吐(唾液等);唾弃10.bacteria /b?k ‘ti?ri?/ n. 细菌11. breed /bri:d/ n. 种,品种v. 繁殖,产仔12. budget /b?‘d?it/ n.预算v.编预算,作安排13.candidate / ‘k?ndidit/ n. 候选人14.campus / ‘k?mp?s/ n. (大学)校园15.liberal / ‘lib?r?l/ n.开明人士adj.慷慨的,大方的16. transform /tr?ns ‘f?:m/ v.转变,变革;变换17.transmit / ‘tr?nsimit/ v.传播,播送;传递18.transplant /tr?ns ‘pla:nt/ v. 移植19.transport /tr?ns ‘p?:t/ vt. 运输,运送n. 运输,运输工具20. shift /?ift/ v. 转移,转动;转变21.vary / ‘v?ri/ v. 变化,改变;使多样化22.vanish / ‘v?ni?/ vi. 消灭,消失,不见23.swallow / ‘sw?l?u/ v.吞下,咽下n.燕子24. suspicion /s?s ‘pi??n/ n. 怀疑,疑心25. suspicous /s?s ‘pi??s/ adj.怀疑的,可疑的26. mild /maild/ adj. 温暖的,温和的;温柔的,味淡的27.tender / ‘tend?/ adj. 温柔的;脆弱的28.nuisance / ‘nju:s?ns/ n. 损害,妨害,讨厌(的人或事)29.insignificanct / 7insig ‘nifis?nt/ adj.无意义的,无足轻重的;无价值的30.accelerate /?k ‘sel? reit/ v. 加速,促进31.absolute / ‘?bs?lu:t/ v. adj. 绝对的,无条件的;完全的32.boundary / ‘baund?ri/ n. 分界线,边界33. brake /breik/ n. 刹车,制动器v.刹车34.catalog / ‘k?t?l?g/ n.目录(册) v.编目35. vague /veig/ adj. 模糊的,不明确的36. vain /vein/ n. 徒劳,白费37.extinct /iks ‘ti?kt/ adj. 灭绝的,熄灭的38.extraordinary / iks’tr?:din?ri/ adj. 不平常的,特别的,非凡的39.extreme /iks iks’tri:m/ adj.极度的,极端的n. 极端,过分40.agent / ‘eid?int/ n. 代理人,代理商;动因,原因41.alcohol / ‘?lk?h?l/ n. 酒精,含酒精的饮料42. appeal /?‘pi:./ vi./n. 呼吁,恳求43. appreciate / ?’pri:?ieit/vt.重视,赏识,欣赏44. approve /?’pru:v/ v.赞成,同意,批准45.stimulate / ‘stimjuleit/ vt. 刺激,鼓励46. acquire/ ?’kwai?/ vt.取得,获得;学到47. accomplish/ ?’k?mpli?/ vt.完成,到达;实行/doc/e811334674.html,work / ‘netw?:k/ n. 网状物;广播网,电视网;网络49. tide/taid/ n.潮汐;潮流50.tidy/ ‘taidi/ adj.整洁的,整齐的51. trace /treis/ vt.追踪,找到n.痕迹,踪迹52.torture/ ‘t?:t??/ n./vt. 拷打,折磨53.wander/ ‘w?nd?/ vi.漫游,闲逛54. wax/w?ks/ n.蜡55. weave/wi:v/ v.织,编56.preserve /pri ‘z?:v/ v.保护,保存,保持,维持57. abuse/?‘bju:z/ v.滥用,虐待;谩骂58.academic /?k ‘demik/ adj.学术的; 高等院校的;研究院的59. academy / ?’k?d?mi/ n.(高等)专科院校;学会60.battery /’’b?t?ri/ 电池(组)61. barrie r /’b?ri?/ 障碍;棚栏62. cargo /’ka:g?u/ (船/飞机等装载的) 货物63. career /k?’ri?/ 生涯,职业64.vessel /’ves?l/ 船舶;容器,器皿;血管65.vertical /’v?:tik?l/ 垂直的66. oblige /?b’laid?/ 迫使,责成;使感激67. obscure /?bs’kju/ 阴暗,模糊68.extent /iks’tent/ 程度,范围;大小,限度69.exterior /iks’ti?ri?/ 外部,外表 a.外部的,外表的70.external /eks’t?n?l/ a.外部的,外表的,外面的71.petrol /’petr?l/n.汽油72.petroleum /pi’tr?uli?m/ n.石油73.delay /di’lei/ vt./n推迟,延误,耽搁.74.decay /di’kei/ vi.腐烂,腐朽75.decent /’dis?nt/ a.像样的,体面的76. route /ru:t/ n. 路;路线;航线77. ruin /ruin/ v.毁坏,破坏n.毁灭[pl.]废墟78. sake /seik/ n.缘故,理由79. satellite /s?t?’lait/ n.卫星80. scale /skeil/ n.大小,规模;等级;刻度81.temple /’templ/n.庙宇82.tedious /’tidi?s/a.乏味的,单调的83. tend/tend/ vi.易于,趋向84.tendency /’tend?nci/ n.趋向,趋势85.ultimate /’?ltimeit/ ａ极端的,最大的,最终的n. 极端86.undergo /’?nd?g?u/ v. 经历,遭受87. abundant /?’b?nd?nt/ a. 丰富的,充裕的,大量的88. adopt /?’d?pt/v.收养;采用;采纳89. adapt /?’d?pt/ v.适应,适合;改编,改写vt.使适应90.bachelor /’b?t?il?/ n.学士,学士学位91. casua l /’k??ju?l/ a.偶然的,碰巧的92. trap /tr?p/ n.陷阱,圈套v. 设陷阱捕捉93.vacant /’v?k?nt/ a. 空的,未占用的94.vacuum /’v?kju?m/n. 真空,真空吸尘器95.oral /’?r?l/ a.口头的,口述的,口的96.optics /’?ptiks/ n. (单/复数同形)光学/doc/e811334674.html,an /’?:g?n/n. 器官,风琴98.excess /ik’ses/n. 过分,过量,过剩99.expel /iks’pel/v. 驱逐,开除,赶出100.e xpend /iks’pend/ v.消费101.e xpenditure /iks’pendit?i?/ n. 支出,消费;经费102.e xpense /iks’pens/ n.开销,费用103.e xpensive /iks’pensiv/a.价格高的104.e xpand /iks’p?nd/ v.扩大,扩张;发展,膨胀105.e xpansion /iks’p?ndi??n/ n. 扩大,扩充;发展,膨胀106.p rivate/’praiveit/ a. 个人的,私人的107.i ndividual /indi’vidju?l/ a.个别的,单独的n.个人,个体108.p ersonal/’p?:sn?l/ a. 个人的,私人的;亲自的109.p ersonnel /p?:s?’nel/ n. [总称]人员,员工;人事部门110.t he Pacific Ocean 太平洋111.t he ?tlantic Ocean 大西洋112.t he ?rctic Ocean北冰洋113.t he ?ntarctic Ocean南冰洋114.g rant /gr?nt/v.授予,同意,准予115.g rand /gr?nd/a.宏伟的,壮丽的,重大的116.i nvade /in’veid/ v.侵入,侵略,侵袭117.a cid/’eisid/ n. 酸,酸性物质 a. 酸的;尖刻的118.a cknowledge /?k’n?lid?/ v.承认;致谢119.b alcony /’b?lk?ni/ n. 阳台120.c alculate /k?lkjuleit/ vt.计算121.c alendar /’k?lind?/ n.日历,月历122.o ptimistic /7?pti’mistik/ a. 乐观的123.o ptional /’?p??n?l/ a. 可以选择的,非强制的124.o utstanding /aut’st?ndi?/a. 杰出的,突出的,显著的125.e xport /’eksp?:t/ n. 出口v. 出口,输出126.i mport /’imp?:t/n.进口v. 进口, 输入127.i mpose /im’p?uz/ vt. 把......强加给(on);采用,利用128.r eligion /ri’lid??n/ n.宗教129.r eligious /ri’lid??s/ adj.宗教的130.v ictim /’viktim/n.牺牲品,受害者131.v ideo /’vidi?u/n. 电视,视频 a. 电视的,录像的132.v ideotape/’vidi?uteip/n.录像磁带v.把…录在录像带上133.o ffend /?’fend/ v.冒犯,触犯134.b other /’b?e?/ v.打搅,麻烦135.i nterfere /7int?’fi?/v.干涉,干扰,妨碍136.i nternal /7in’t?:n?l/ a. 内部的,国内的137.b eforehand /bi’f?:h?nd/ ad.预先,事先138.r acial /’rei??l/ a.人种的,种族的139.r adiation /7reidi’ei??n/ n.放射物,辐射140.r adical /’r?dik?l/ a.根本的,激进的141.r ange /reind?/n. 幅度,范围v. (在某范围内)变动142.w onder /’w?nd?/v.想知道,对...感到疑问n. 惊奇,奇迹143.i solate /’ais?leit/ vt.使隔离,使孤立144.i ssue /’isju:/ n.问题,争论点;发行,(报刊)一期145.h ollow /’h?l?u/ a. 空的,中空的,空虚的146.h ook /huk/ n. 钩vt. 钩住147.a dequate /’?dikwit/ a.适当的;足够的148.a dhere /?d’hi?/ vi. 粘附,附着;遵守,坚持149.b an /b?n/ vt. 取缔,禁止150.c aptu re /’c?pt??/ vt. 俘虏,捕获151.v alid/’v?lid/ a. 有效的,有根据的;正当的152.v alley /’v?li/ n.山谷.峡谷153.c onsistent/k?n’sist?nt/ a. 坚固的;一致的,始终如一的154.c ontinuous /k?n’tinju?s/a. 继续的,连续(不断)的155.c ontinual /k?n’tinju?l/ a. 不断的,频繁的156.e xplode /iks’pl?ud/ v. 报摘;爆发;激增157.e xploit /iks’pl?it/ v. 剥削;利用,开采158.e xplore /iks’pl?:/v.勘探159.e xplosion /iks’pl?u??n/ n. 爆炸;爆发;激增160.e xplosive /iks’pl?usiv/ a. 爆炸的;极易引起争论的161.r emote /ri’m?ut/a. 遥远的,偏远的162.r emoval /ri’mu:v?l/ n. 除去,消除163.r ender /’rend?/ vt.使得,致使164.p recaution /pri’k?:??n/ n.预防,防备,警惕165.i dle /’aidl/ a. 懒惰的,无所事事的166.i dentify /ai’d entifai/ vt. 认出,鉴定167.i dentity /ai’dentiti/ n. 身份;个性,特性168.p overty /’p?v?:ti/ n.贫穷169.r esistant /ri’zist?nt/ a. (to) 抵抗的,抗......的,耐......的170.r esolve /ri’z?lv/ vt. 解决;决定,决意171.b arrel /’b?r?l/ n.桶172.b argain /’bɑ:^in/n. 便宜货vi. 讨价还价173.c oarse /k?:s/ a. 粗的,粗糙的,粗劣的174.c oach /k?ut?/ n. 教练;长途公共汽车175.c ode/k?ud/ n. 准则,法规,密码176.c oil /k?il/ n. 线圈v. 卷,盘绕177.a dult/ ‘?d?lt/ n. 成年人178.a dvertise /’?dv?taIz/ v. 为......做广告179.a dvertisement /?d’v?:tism?nt/ n.广告180.a gency /’eid??nsi/ n.代理商,经销商181.f ocus /’f?k?s/v. (使)聚集n. 焦点,中心,聚焦182.f orbid /’f?:bid/vt.不许,禁止183.d ebate /di’b eit/v./n. 辩论,争论184.d ebt/det/ n. 欠债185.d ecade /de’keid/ n. 十年186.e nclose /in’kl?uz/ vt. 围住; 把.....装入信封187.e ncounter /in’kaunt?/ vt./n. 遭遇,遭到188.g lobe /gl?ub/ n. 地球,世界;地球仪189.g lobal /’gl?ubl/ adj. 全球的;总的190.s can /sk?n/ vt. 细看;扫描,浏览191.s candal /’sk?nd?l/ n. 丑事,丑闻192.s ignificance /sig’nifis?nt/ n. 意义;重要性193.s ubsequent /’s?bsikw?nt/ adj. 随后的,后来的194.v irtual /’v?:tju?l/ a. 实际上的,事实上的195.v irtue /’v?:tju:/ n. 美德,优点196.o rient /’?:ri?nt/ vt. 使适应, (to, toward)使朝向n.东方197.p ortion /’p?:t??n/ n. 一部分198.t arget /’ta:git/ n. 目标,耙子vt.瞄准199.p ortable /’p?:t?bl/ adj. 手提式的200.d ecline /dik’lain/ v. 拒绝,谢绝;下降201.i llusion /i’lu:??n/ n.错觉202.l ikelihood /’laiklihud/ n. 可能,可能性203.s tripe /straip/ n.条纹204.e mphasize /emf?’saiz/vt. 强调,着重205.e motion /i’m?u??n/ n.情感,感情206.e motional /i’m?u??n?l/ adj.感情的,情绪(上)的207.a wful /’?:ful/ adj. 极坏的,威严的,可怕的208.a wkward /’?:kw?d/ adj. 笨拙的,棘手的209.c lue/klu:/ n. 线索,提示210.c ollision/k?’li??n/ n. 碰撞,冲突211.d evice /di’vais/n.装置,设备212.i nevitable /in’evit?bl/ adj.不可避免的213.n aval /’neiv?l/ adj. 海军的214.n avigation /neivi’geit??n/ n.航行215.n ecessity /ni’sesiti/ n.必需品;必要性216.p revious/’privi?s/ adj. 先前的,以前的217.p rovision /pr?’vi??n/ n. [pl.] 给养,口粮;准备,设备,装置218.p ursue /p?’sju:/ vt. 追逐;追求;从事,进行219.s tale /steil/ adj.不新鲜的, 陈腐的220.s ubstitute /’s?bstitjut/n.代用品vt.代替221.d eserve /di’z?:v/ vt.应受,应得,值得222.d iscrimination /discrimi’neit??n/ n.歧视;辩别力223.p rofes sional /pr?’fet??n/adj. 专门的,职业的224.s ecure /si’kju?/ adj. 安全的,可靠的vt. 获得,得到225.s cratch /skr?t?/ n./v. 抓,搔,扒226.t alent /’t?l?nt/ n. 才能,天资;人才227.i nsurance /in’?u?r?ns/ n. 保险,保险费228.i nsure /in’?u?/vt. 给…..保险,保证,确保229.n evertheless /’nev?eilis/adv. 仍然,然而,不过230.n eutral /’nju:tru?l/ adj. 中立的,中性的231.s pot/sp?t/ n. 地点;斑点vt. 认出,发现;玷污232.s pray /sprei/ v. 喷,(使)溅散233.m edium /’mi:dj?m/ adj. 中等的,适中的n. 媒介物,新闻媒介234.m edia /’mi:dj?/ n. 新闻传媒235.a uxiliary /?:^’zilj?ri/ adj. 辅助的,备用的236.a utomatic /?:t?u’m?tid/ adj. 自动的237.c ompete/k?m’pi:t/ vi. 竞争,比赛238.c ompetent /’k?mpit?nt/ adj. 有能力的,能胜任的239.c ompetition /k?mpi’tit??n/ n. 竞争, 比赛240.d istribute /distri’bju(:)t/ vt. 分发241.d isturb /dis’t?:b/ vt. 打搅,妨碍242.i nfer /in’f?:/ v. 推论,推断243.i ntegrate/’intigreit/ v. (into, with)(使)成为一体,(使)合并244.m oist /m?ist/ adj. 潮湿245.m oisture/’m?ist??/ n.潮湿246.p romote/pr?’m?ut/ vt. 促进;提升247.r egion /’rid?i?n/n. 地区;范围;幅度248.r eg ister /’red?ist?/ v./n. 登记,注册249.s table /’steibl/ adj. 稳定的250.s ophisticated/s?fisti’keit/ adj. 老于世故的,老练的;很复杂的251.s plendid/’splendid/ adj. 极好的,壮丽的,辉煌的252.c ancel /’k?ns?l/ vt. 取消,废除253.v ariable /’v??ri?bl/ adj. 易变的, 可变的254.p rospect/’pr?spekt/ n. 前景,前途;景象255.p rosperity /pr?s’per iti/n. 兴旺,繁荣256.a spect /’?spekt/ n. 方面;朝向;面貌257.c ope/k?up/ vi. (with) (成功地)应付,处理258.c ore/k?;/ n. 果心, 核心259.m aintain/mei’tein/ vt. 维持,保持;坚持,主张260.d iscipline /’disiplin/ n.纪律;惩罚;学科261.m ainland /’meinl?nd/ n. 大陆262.d omestic /d?’mestik/adj. 本国的, 国内的;家用的;家庭的263.c onstant/k?n’tein/ adj. 不变的,恒定的n. 常数264.c liff/klif/ n. 悬崖,峭壁265.a uthority /?:’θ?riti/ n. 权威;当局266.a udio /’audi?u/ adj. 听觉267.a ttitude /’?titju:d/ n. 态度268.c ommunity /k?’mju:niti/ n. 社区,社会269.c ommit /k?’mit/vt. 犯(错误,罪行等),干(坏事等)270.c omment /k?’ment/ n./vt. 评论271.d istinguish /dis’ti?gwi?/ vt. 区分,辨别272.d is tress /’distres/ n. 痛苦,悲伤vt.使痛苦273.f acility /f?’siliti/ n. (pl.) 设备,设施;便利,方便274.f aculty /’f?k?lti/ n. 能力,技能;系,学科,学院;全体教员275.m ixture /’mikst??/ n.混合;混合物276.m ood /mu:d/ n. 心情,情绪;语气277.m oral /’m?:r?l/ adj. 道德上的,有道德的278.p rominent /’pr?min?nt/ adj. 突出的279.s ubstance /’s?bst?ns/ n. 物质;实质280.s ubstantial /s?b’st?n??l/ adj. 可观的;牢固的;实质的281.p rompt /pr?mpt/ vt. 促使adj. 敏捷的,及时的282.v ivid /’vivid/ adj. 生动的283.v ocabulary /v?’k?bjul?ri/ n. 词汇(量);词汇表284.v enture /’vent??/ n. 风险投资,风险项目v. 冒险;取于285.v ersion/’’v?:??n/ n. 版本,译本;说法286.w aist /weist/ n. 腰,腰部287.y awn /j?:n/ vi. 打哈欠288.y ield /ji:ld/ vi. (to) 屈服于;让出,放弃n. 产量289.z one /z?un/ n.地区,区域290.s trategy /’str?tid?i/ n.战略,策略291.s trategic/str?’ti:d?ik/ adj. 战略(上)的,关键的292.t ense /tens/ adj. 紧张的v. 拉紧n.时态293.t ension /’ten??n/ n.紧张(状态),张力294.a venue /’?vinju:/ n. 林荫道,大街295.a vailable /?’veil?bl/ adj. 现成可用的;可以得到的296.c omparable /k?m’p??/ adj. (with, to)可比较的,类似的297.c omparative /k?m’p?r?tive/adj.比较的,相对的298.d ash /d??/ vi. 猛冲,飞奔299.d ata/’deit?/ n. 数据,资料300.d ive/daiv/ vi. 跳水,潜水301.d iverse /dai’v?:s/ adj.不痛的,多种多样的302.e ntitle /in’taitl/vt.给.....权利,给....资格303.r egulate /’regjuleit/ v t. 管理,调节304.r elease /ri’li:s/vt./n. 释放,排放;解释解脱305.e xagg erate/ig’z?d??reit/ v. 夸大,夸张306.e vil /’ivil/ adj. 邪恶的,坏的307.s hrink /?ri?k/ vi.起皱,收缩;退缩308.s ubtract /’s?bstr?kt/ v. 减(去) 309.s uburb /’s?b?:b/ n.市郊310.s ubway /’s?bwei/ n.地铁311.s urvey /’s?:vei/ n./vt. 调查,勘测312.w ealthy /’welθi/ adj.富裕的313.a djust /?’d??st/ v. 调整,调节314.a ttach /?’t?t?/vt. 系,贴;使附属315.p rofit/’pr?fit/ n.利润,益处;v. 有益于,有利于316.p rofitable /’pr?fit?bl/ adj. 有利可图的317.s lope /sl?up/ n. 斜坡,斜面318.r einforce /’reinf?:s/ vt. 加强,增强319.r eject /ri’d?ekt/ vt. 拒绝320.f atal /’feit?l/ adj.致命的;重大的321.f ate /feit/ n.命运322.h u mble /’h?mbl/ adj. 谦逊的;谦虚的323.i llegal /i’li:g?l/ adj. 不合法的,非法的324.a ward /?’w?:D/ vt. 授予,判给n.奖品,奖金325.a ware /?’w??/ adj. 知道的,明白的326.c olumn /’k?l?m/ n.柱,圆柱;栏,专栏327.c omedy /’k?midi/ n.喜剧328.d umb /d?m/ adj. 哑的;沉默的329.d ump /d?mp/ vt.倾卸,倾倒330.d eaf/def/ adj.聋的;不愿听的331.d ecorate /’dek?reit/ vt.装饰,装潢332.p rincipal /’prinsip?l/ adj. 最重要的n.负责人,校长333.p rinciple /’prinsipl/ n.原则,原理334.p rior /’prai?/ adj. (to)优先的,在前的335.p riority /’prai?ti/ n.优先,重点336.p rohibit /pr?’hibit/ vt.禁止,不准337.r emarkable /ri’ma:k?bl/ adj. 值得注意的,异常的,非凡的338.r emedy /’remidi/ n./vt. 补救,医治,治疗339.r epetition /repi’ti??n/ n.重复,反复340.v ain /vein/ n.徒劳的,无效的341.u ndertake /’?nd?teik/ vt.承担,着手做;同意,答应342.u nique /ju:’ni:k/ adj.惟一的,独特的343.o bstacle /’?b’st?kl/ n.障碍(物),妨碍344.o dd/?d/adj. 奇特的,古怪的;奇数的345.o mit /?u’mit/vt.省略346.o pponent /?’p?un?nt/n.敌手,对手347.o pportunity /?p?’tjuniti/n.机会,时机348.o rchestra /’?:kistr?/ n.管弦乐队349.s emester/si’mest?/ n.学期;半年350.s emiconductor /’semik?n’d?kt?/ n.半导体351.s eminar/semi’na:/ n.研讨会352.t erminal/’t?:min?l/ adj. 末端的,极限的n. 终点353.t erritory /’terit?ri/ n.领土354.a pproximate/?’pr?ksimeit/ adj. 大概的,大约v. 近似355.a rbitrary/’a:bitr?ri/ adj. 随意的,未断的356.a rchitect/’a:kiteckt/ n.建筑师357.a rchitecture /a:ki’tekt??/ n.建筑学358.b iology /bai’?l?d?i/ n.生物学359.g eography /d?i’?gr?fi/ n.地理(学) 360.g eology/d?i’?l?d?i/ 地质学361.g eometry /d?i’?mitri/ n. 几何(学)362.a rithmetic /ariθ’metik/ n.算术363.a lgebra /’?ld?ibr?/ n.代数364.e ntertainment /ent?’teim?nt/ n.娱乐,招待,款待365.e nthusia sm /in’θju:zi?z?m/ n.热情,热心366.e ntry /’entri/ n. 进入,.入口处;参赛的人(或物)367.e nvironment /in’vai?r?nm?nt/ n.环境368.e pisode /’epis?ud/ n. 插曲,片段(电视剧中的)集369.e quation/i’qwei??n/ n. 方程(式) 370.r estrain /’restrein/ vt.阻止,抑制371.r estraint /’restreint/ n.抑制,限制372.r esume /’rezjum/ v. (中断后)重新开始373.s evere /si’vi?/ adj. 严重的374.s exual /’seksju?l/ adj. 性的375.s implicity /’simplisiti/ n. 简单;朴素376.s implify/’simplifai/ vt.简化377.s orrow /’s?r?u/ n.悲哀,悲痛378.s tuff /st?f/ n.原料,材料vt. 塞进,塞满379.t emporary /’temp?r?ri/ adj.暂时的,临时的380.t emptation /temp’tei??n/ n.诱惑,引诱381.t error /’ter?/ n.恐怖382.t hrust /θr?st/ v.挤,推,插383.t reaty /’treti/ n.条约,协定384.a rise /?’raiz/ vi. 产生,出现,发生;起身385.a rouse /?’rauz/ vt.引起,激起;唤醒386.b urden /’b?:d?n/ n.负担,重担387.b ureau /’bjur?u/ n.局,办事处388.m arvelous /’ma:v?l?s/ adj.奇迹般的,惊人的389.m assive /’m?siv/ adj.大的,大量的,大快的390.m ature /m?’tju?/ adj.成熟的391.m aximum /’m?ksim?m/ adj. 最高的,最大的392.m inimum /’minim?m/ adj. 最小的,最低的393.n onsense /’n?ns?ns/ n.胡说394.n uclear /’njukli?/ adj.核子的,核能的395.n ucleus /’njukli?s/ n.核396.r etail /ri’teil/ v./n./adj. 零售397.r etain /ri’tein/ vt. 保留,保持398.r estrict /ris’trikt/ vt.限制,约束399.s p onsor /’sp?ns?/ n.发起者,主办者vt. 发起,主办,资助400.s pur/sp?:/ n./vt. 刺激,激励401.t riumph/’trai?mf/ n.胜利,成功402.t uition /tju’i??n/ n.学费403.t wist /twist/ vt.使缠绕;转动;扭歪404.u ndergraduate /7?nd?’gr?djueit/ n.大学肄业生405.u niversal /7ju:ni’v?:s?l/ adj. 普遍的,通用的;宇宙的406.u niverse/’ju:niv?:s/ n. 宇宙407.v ia /’vai?/ prep. 经由,经过,通过408.v ibrate /’vaibreit/ v.振动,摇摆409.v oluntary /’v?l?nt?ri/ adj.自愿的410.v olunteer /v?l?n’ti?/ n.志愿者v.自愿(做)411.v ote/v?ut/ v.选举n.投票412.w agon /’w?g?n/ n.四轮马车,铁路货车413.a ppoint /?’p?int/ vt. 任命,委派414.a pproach /?p’r?ut?/ v.靠近,接近n.途径,方式415.a ppropriate/?’pr?prieit/ adj.适当的416.b unch /b?nt?/ n.群,伙;束,串417.b undle /’b?ndl/ n.捆,包,束vt. 收集,归拢418.c eremony /’ser?m?ni/n.典礼,仪式419.c haos /’kei?s/ n.混乱,紊乱420.d iscount/’diskaunt/ n.(价格)折扣421.d isplay /dis’plei/ vf./n. 陈列,展览422.e quivalent /i’kwiv?l?nt/ adj. 相等的n. 相等物423.e rect /i’rekt/ adj. 竖直的v. 建造,竖立424.f ax /f?ks/ n./vt. 传真425.f ertile /’f?:tail/ adj. 肥沃的;多产的426.f ertilizer /’f?:tilaiz/ n. 肥料427.g rateful /’greitful/ adj. 感激的428.g ratitude/’gr?titjut/ n.感激429.h orror /’h?:r?/ n.恐怖430.h orrible /’h?:r?bl/ adj. 恐怖的431.I nternet /’int?net/ n. 国际互联网,因特网432.i nterpret/’int?prit/ v.翻译,解释433.i nterpretation /int?pri’teit??n/ n.解释,说明434.j ungle /’d??ngl/ n.丛林,密林435.k not /n?t/ n. 结vt. 把....打成结436.l eak /li:k/ v. 漏,渗出437.l ean/li:n/ vi. 倾斜,倚,靠438.l eap/li:p/ vi.跳跃439.m odify /’m?difai/ vt.修改440.n ylon /’nail?n/ n.尼龙441.o nion /’?nj?n/ n.洋葱442.p owder /’paud?/ n.粉末443.a pplicable /?’plaik?bl/ adj. 可应用的,适当的444.a pplicant /’?plik?nt/ n.申请人445.b readth /bredθ/ n.宽度446.c onservation/k?ns?:’vei??n/ n. 保存,保护447.c onservative /k?n’s?:v?tiv/ adj. 保守的448.p aralle l /’p?r?lel/ n.平行线;可相比拟的事物449.p assion /’pn/ n. 激情,热情450.p assive /’p?siv/adj. 被动的,消极的451.p at /p?t/ v./n. 轻拍,轻打452.p eak /pi:k/ n.山峰,顶点453.p henomenon/fi’n?min?n/ n. 现象454.r eluctant/ri’l?kt?nt/ adj. 不情愿的,勉强的455.r ely/ri’lai/ vi. (on, upon) 依赖,指望456.r elevant /’rel?v?nt/ adj. 有关的,切题的457.r eliable /ri’lai?bl/ adj.可靠的458.r elief /ri’li:f/ n.轻松,宽慰;减轻459.r eputation/repju’tei??n/ n. 名气,声誉460.r escue /’reskju/ vt./n. 营救461.t riangle /’trai??gl/ n.三角(形) 462.s equence /’sikwins/ n. 连续;顺序463.s hallow /’??l?u/ adj. 浅的464.s hiver /’?ilv?:/ vi./n. 发抖465.s hrug /?r?g/ v./n. 耸肩466.s ignature /sig’neit??/ n.签名467.s incere /’sinsi?/ adj. 诚挚的,真诚的468.u tility /ju:’tiliti/ n. 功用,效用469.u tilize /ju:ti’laiz/ vt.利用470.u tter /’?t?/ vt. 说出adj. 完全的,彻底的471.v ariation /v?ri’ei??n/n. 变化,变动472.v ehicle /vi:ikl/ n. 交通工具,车辆473.a pplause/?’pl?:z/ n. 鼓掌,掌声474.a ppliance /’?plik?ns/ n.器具,器械475.c onsent /’k?ns?nt/ n. 准许,同意vi.(to) 准许,同意476.c onquer /’k??k?/ vt.征服477.d efect /di’fekt/ n. 缺点,缺陷478.d elicate /d eli’kei t/ adj. 易碎的;娇弱的;精美的479.e volve /i’v?lv/ v. 演变480.e volution /ev?’lu:??n/ n. 演变,进化481.f rown /fr?:n/ v./n. 皱眉482.f rustrate /’fr?streit/ vt. 使沮丧483.g uarantee /g?r?n’ti:/ vt./n. 保证484.g uilty /’gilti/ adj. 那就得;有罪的485.j ealous /’jel?s/ adj. 嫉妒的486.j eans /d?i:n/ n. 牛仔裤487.l iquor /’iik?/ n. 酒,烈性酒488.l iter/litre/li:t?/ n. 升489.m odest /’m?dist/ adj. 谦虚的490.m olecule /’m?likju:l/ n. 分子491.o rbit /?:bit/ n. 轨道v. (绕......)做轨道运行492.p articipate /pa:’tisipeit/ v. (in) 参与,参加493.p article /’pa:tikl/ n. 微粒494.p articularly /p?’tikjul?li/ ad. 特别,尤其495.r espond /’risp?nd/ vi. 回答,答复;反应496.r esponse/risp?ns/ n. 回答,答复;反应497.s ensitive/’sensitive/ adj. 敏感的,灵敏的498.t remble /’trembl/ vi. 颤抖499.t remendous /tri’mend?s/ adj. 巨大的;精彩的500.t rend /trend/ n. 趋向,倾向501.t rial /trail/ n. 审讯;试验502.a pparent/?’p?r?nt/ adj. 显然的,明白的503.a ppetite /?pi’tait/ n. 胃口;欲望504.d eposit /di’p?sit/ n. 存款,定金v.存放,储蓄505.d eputy /’depjuti/ n.副职,代表506.d erive /di’raiv/ vt. 取得,得到;(from)起源于507.d escend /di’send/ v.下来,下降508.m issile /’misail/n.导弹509.m ission /’mi??n/ n. 使命;代表团510.m ist /mist/ n.薄雾511.n oticeable /’n?utisbl/ adj. 显而易见的512.n otify /’n?utifai/ vt. 通知,告别513.n otion /’n?u??n/ n.概念;意图,想法514.r esemble /ri’zembl/ vt. 像,类似于515.r eveal /ri’vi:l/ vt. 揭露516.r evenue /’revinju/ n.收入,岁入;税收517.s helter /’?elt?/ n. 掩蔽处;住所518.s hield /?i:ld/ n.防护物,盾vt. 保护,防护519.v ital /’vait?l/ adj. 重要的;致命的,生命的520.v itally /’vait?li/ ad. 极度,非常;致命地521.u rban /’?:b?n/adj.城市的522.u rge /?:d?/ vi. 鼓励,激励523.u rgent /’?:d??nt/ adj. 急迫的,紧急的524.u sage /’ju:sid?/ n. 使用,用法525.v iolent /’vai?l?nt/ adj. 强暴的526.v iolet /’vai?lit/ adj. 紫色的527.w eed /wi:d/ n.杂草,野草528.w elfare /’welf??/ n. 福利529.w hatsoever /w?ts?u’ev?/ ad. (用于否定句)任何530.w hereas /w??r’?s/ conj. 然而,但是,尽管531.e ssential/i’sen??l/ adj. 必不可少的;本质的532.e stimate /’estimeit/ n./vt. 估计,评估533.e xceed /ik’si:d/ vt. 超过,超出534.e xceedingly /ik’si:di?li/ ad. 非常,极其535.e xclaim /iks’kleim/ v. 呼喊,大声说536.e xclude /iks’klu:d/ vt. 把...排斥在外,不包括537.e xclusive /iks’klu:siv/ adj. 独有的,排他的538.e xcursion /iks’k?:??n/ n. 远足539.f lash /f??/ vi. 闪光,闪耀540.f lee/fli:/ vi. 逃走541.f lexible /’fleks?bl/ adj. 易弯曲的542.f lock /fl?k/ n. 羊群,(鸟兽等)一群;一伙人543.h ardware /’ha:dw??/ n. 五金器具544.h armony /’ha:m?ni/ n. 和谐,融洽545.h aste /heist/ n. 急速,急忙546.h atred /’heitrid/ n. 憎恶,憎恨547.i ncident /’insid?nt/ n.事件,事变548.i ndex /’indeks/ n.索引,标志549.i n fant /’inf?nt/n.婴儿550.i nfect /in’fekt/ v. 传染551.i nferior /in’fi?ri?/ adj. 劣等的,次的,下级的552.i nfinite /’infinit/adj.无限的553.i ngredient /in’gridi?nt/ n. 组成部分554.i nhabitant /in’h?bit?nt/ n. 居民555.j ail /d?eil/ n.监狱556.j am/j?m/ n.果酱;拥挤,堵塞557.j ewel/’d?u:?l/ n.宝石558.j oint /d??int/ adj. 连接的;共同的559.j unior /’d?uni?/ adj. 年少的;资历较浅的560.l aser /’leis?/ n.激光561.l aunch /l?:nt?/ vt.发动,发起562.l uxury /’l?k??ri/ n. 奢侈;奢侈品563.m agnet /’m?gni t/ n. 磁铁,磁体564.f emale /’fimeil/ adj. 女性的,雌的565.m anual /’m?nju?l/ adj.用手的,手工做的n. 手册566.m anufacture /m?nju’f?kt??/ vt./n.制造,加工567.m arine /m?’ri:n/ adj.海的;海产的568.m utual /’mju:t?u?l/ adj.相互的569.n aked /’neikid/ adj.裸露的570.n egative /’neg?tiv/ adj. 否定的,消极的571.n eglect /nig’lekt/ vt.忽视,忽略572.o rigin /’?rid?in/ n.起源,出身573.o val/’?uv?l/ adj. 椭圆形的n.椭圆形574.o utset /’autset/ n.开始,开端575.p resumably /pri’zju:m?b?li/ adv.大概,可能576.p revail /pri’veil/ vi. 流行,盛行577.q uit /kwit/ v.停止578.q uotation /kw?u’tei??n/ n. 引文,引语579.r ecreation /re’kriei??n/ n.娱乐活动580.r ecruit /ri’kru:t/ vt. 招募,吸收(新成员)581.r ival /’raiv?l/ n.竞争对手,敌手582.s huttle /’??tl/ n.梭子;航天飞机583.s kim /skim/ vt. 搬(去),掠过;浏览584.s ketch /sket?/ n.草图;梗概585.s lender /’slend?/ adj. 苗条的,修长的586.t heme /θi:m/ n.主题587.t extile /’tekstail/ n.纺织品588.t ropical /’tr?ptik?l/ adj.热带的,炎热的589.k neel /ni:l/ vi. 跪590.l abel /’leibl/ n. 标签591.m erchant /’m?:t??nt/ n.商人592.m ere /mi?/ adj.仅仅的,只不过的;纯粹的593.n uisance/’nju:is?ns/ n. 令人讨厌的东西(或人)594.n umerous /’nju:m?r?s/ adj.众多的,许多的595.p arade /’p?reid/ n.游行v.列队行进596.p ants /p?nts/n. 长裤;内裤597.p artial/’pa:?i?l/ adj.部分的598.p assport /’pa:sp?:t/ n.护照599.p rescribe /pris’kraib/ vt.开药方,吩咐采用....疗法600.p rimitive /’primitiv/ adj.原始的,早期的601.r idge /rid?/ n.脊,山脊,梗602.r idiculous /ri’dikjul?s/ adj.可笑的,荒谬的603.r igid /’rid?id/adj.严格的,僵硬的604.w ithstand /’wiest?nd/ vt.经受,遭受605.w itness /’witnis/ n.目击者;证据vt.注意到;证明606.w ithdraw /’wiedr?:/ v. 收回,撤销607.s lippery /’slip?ri/ adj.滑的608.s mash /sm??/ vt.粉碎,打烂609.s nap /sn?p/ n./vt. 打断,拉断;快照610.s oftware /’s?ftw??/ n.软件611.s olar /’s?ul?/ adj.太阳的612.l unar /’lju:n?/ adj.月的,月球的613.s ubmerge /s?b’m?:d?/ vi. 潜入水中614.t imber /’timb?/ n.木材,原木615.t issue /’tisju:/ n.组织;薄纱,手巾纸616.t itle /’taitl/ n.题目,标题617.t one/t?un/ n.音调,语气618.d rift/drif/ vi.漂流,漂619.d rip /drip/ n.滴620.d urable /’dju?r?bl/ adj. 耐用的,持久的621.d uration /dju’r?i??n/n. 持续,持续期间622.d usk /d?sk/ n.黄昏,薄暮623.l eather /’lee?/ n.皮革624.l egislation /led?is’lei??n/ n.法律,法规;立法625.l eisure /’le??:/ n.闲暇,悠闲626.l oose /lu:s/ adj.松的,宽松的627.e arnest /’?:nist/adj.认真的,诚挚的628.e arthquake /’?:θkweik/n.地震629.e cho /’ek?u/ n.回音,回声630.e laborate /i’l?b?r?t/ adj.精心设计的,复杂的631.e lastic /i’l?stik/ n.橡皮圈(带) adj.有弹性的632.e lbow /’elb?u/ n.肘633.e lectron /i’lektr?n/ n.电子634.v ol cano /v?l’kein?u/n.火山635.v olume /’v?lju:m/ n.卷,册;体积,容量636.f atigue /f?’ti:g/ n.疲劳,劳累637.f aulty /’f?:lti/ adj.有错误的,有缺点的638.f avorable /’feiv?r?bl/ adj. 称赞的;有利的,顺利的639.f avorite /’feiv?rit/ adj. 特别喜欢的n.喜爱的人或物640.g allery /’g?l?ri/ n.画廊641.g allon /’g?l?n/ n.加伦642.g ap /g?p/ n.间隔,差距643.g arbage /’ga:bid?/ n.垃圾,废物644.g aze /geiz/ v.凝视,注视645.g ear/gi?/ n.齿轮,传动装置646.g ene /d?i:n/ n.基因647.l est /lest/ conj. 惟恐,免得648.l iable /’lai?bl/ adj. 可能的,大概的;(to)易于.....的649.l iberal /’lib?r?l/ adj.自由的,慷慨的650.l iberty /’lib?:ti/n.自由651.l icense /’lais?ns/ n.驾照652.m oisture/’m?ist??/ n.潮湿653.m otivate/’m?utiveit/vt.激励,激发654.m otive/’m?utiv/ n.动机,目的655.g enerate /’d?en?reit/vt.生成,产生(光/热/电)656.g enius /’d?i:ni?s/ n.天才,天赋657.g enuine /’d?enjuin/ adj.真的,真诚的658.g asoline /’g?s?li:n/ n.汽油659.g erm /d??:m/ n.微生物,细菌660.g esture /’d?est??/ n. 姿势,手势661.g iant /d?aint/adj.巨大的n.巨人,巨物662.g limpse /glimps/ n.一瞥,一看663.g lory /’gl?:ri/ n.光荣,荣誉664.g lorious /’gl?:ri?s/ adj.极好的,光荣的665.g olf /g?ulf/ n.高尔夫球运动666.h ydrogen /’haidr?ud??n/n.氢667.o xygen /’?ksid??n/ n.氧668.h ostile/’h?stail/ adj.敌对的,敌意的669.h ousehold /’haush?uld/ n.家庭,户670.h ook /hu:k/ n.钩671.h oly /’h?uli/ adj.神圣的,圣洁的672.h int /hint/ n.暗示,示意673.h esitate /’heziteit/ v.犹豫674.h ighlight /’hailait/ vt.强调,突出675.h ence /hens/ adv.因此,所以;今后,从此676.h erd /h?:d/ n.兽群,牧群。
Spears Schedule 40 PVC
40-2-0604Performance Engineered & TestedSPEARS ® Schedule 40 PVC fi tting designs combine years of proven experience with computer generated stress analysis to yield the optimum physical structure and performance for each fi tting. Material reinforcement is uniformly placed in stress concentration areas for sub stantially improved pressure handling capab ility. Resulting products are subjected to numerous verifi cation tests to assure the very best PVC fi ttings available.Full 1/4" Through 12" Availability Spears ® comprehensive line of PVC fi ttings offers a variety of injection molded confi gurations in Schedule 40 sizes 1/4"through 12" conforming to ASTM D 2466.Exceptional Chemical & Corrosion ResistanceUnlike metal, PVC fi ttings never rust, scale, or pit, and will provide many years of maintenance-free service and extended system life.High Temperature Ratings PVC thermoplastic can handle fl uids at service temperatures up to 140°F (60°C), allowing a wide range of process applications, including corrosive fl uids.Lower Installation CostsSubstantially lower material costs than steel alloys or lined steel, combined with lighter weight and ease of installation, can reduce installation costs by as much as 60% over conventional metal systems.PROGRESSIVE PRODUCTS FROM SPEARS ® INNOV ATION & TECHNOLOGYVisit our web site: Higher Flow CapacitySmooth interior walls result in lower pressure loss and highervolume than conventional metal fi ttings.Additional Fabricated Confi gurations through 36"Extra large, hard-to-fi nd, and custom confi gurations arefabricated from NSF Certified pipe. Fittings are engineered and tested to provide full pressure handling capabilities accordingto Spears ® specifi cations.PVC ValvesSPEARS ® PVC Valve products are available for totalsystem compatibility and uniformity; see SPEARS ®THERMOPLASTIC V ALVES PRODUCT GUIDE & ENGINEERING SPECIFICATIONS (V-4).Advanced Design Specialty FittingsSpears ® wide range of innovative, improved products include numerous metal-to-plastic transition fi ttings and unions withSpears ® patented special reinforced (SR) plastic threads.Sample Engineering Specifi cationsAll PVC Sche dule 40 fi ttings shall be produce d by Spe ars ®Manufacturing Company from PVC Type I cell classifi cation 12454, conforming to ASTM D 1784. All inje ction molde d PVC Schedule 40 fi ttings shall be Certifi ed for potable water se rvice by NSF Inte rnational and manufacture d in strict compliance to ASTM D 2466. All fabricated fi ttings shall beproduced in accordance with Spears ® General Specifi cationsfor Fabricated Fittings.PACIFIC SOUTHWEST1 Gateway Ct . Suite APVC Thermoplastic Pipe Temperature Pressure De-RatingNOT FOR USE WITH COMPRESSED AIR OR GASSpears ® Manufacturing Company DOES N OT RECOMMEND the use of thermoplastic piping products for systems to transport or store compressed air or gases, or the testing of thermoplastic piping systems with compressed air or gases in above and below ground locations. The use of our product in compressed air or gas systems automatically voids any warranty for such products, and its use against our recommendation is entirely the responsibility and liability of the installer.WARNING: DO N OT USE COMPRESSEDAIR OR GAS TO TEST AN Y PVC OR CPVCTHERMOPLASTIC PIPI N G PRODUCT OR SYSTEM, A N D DO N OT USE DEVICES PROPELLED BY COMPRESSED AIR OR GAS TO CLEAR SYSTEMS. THESE PRACTICES MAY RESULT IN EXPLOSIVE FRAGMEN TATION OF SYSTEM PIPIN G COMPON EN TS CAUSIN G SERIOUS OR FATAL BODILY INJURY .PVC Chemical ResistancePVC is generally inert to most mineral acids, bases, salts and paraffi nic hydrocarbon solutions. For more information on PVC chemical resistance refer to the Chemical Resistance of Rigid Vinyls Based on Immersion Test, published by the GEON ® Company.To determine the maximum internal pressure rating at an elevated temperature, simply multiply the pipe pressure rating at 73°F by the percentage specifi ed for the desired temperature.System OperatingTemperature °F (°C)73(23)80(27)90(32)100(38)110(43)120(49)130(54)140(60)PVC100%90%75%62%50%40%30%22%NOTE: Valves, Unions and Specialty Products have different elevated temperature ratings than pipe.PVC Basic Physical PropertiesPropertiesASTMTest Method PVCMechanical Properties, 73°FSpecifi c Gravity, g/cm 3 D 792 1.41Tensile Strength, psi D 6387,200Modulus of Elasticity, psi D 638440,000Compressive Strength, psi D 6959,000Flexural Strength, psi D 79013,200Izod Impact, notched, ft-lb/inD 256.65Thermal PropertiesHeat Defl ection Temperature, °F at 66 psi D 648165Thermal Conductivity, BTU/hr/sq ft/°F/in C 177 1.2Coeffi cient of Linear Expansion, in/in/°FD 696 3.1 X 105FlammabilityLimiting Oxygen Index, % D 286343UL 94 rating94V-0Other PropertiesWater Absorption, % 24 hr. D 570.05Industry Standard Color White / Dark GrayASTM Cell Classifi cation D 178412454NSF Potable Water ApprovedYes。
MPI TITAN RF Probe Selection Guide
MPI Probe Selection GuideWith a critical understanding of the numerous measurement challenges associated with today’s RF ap-plications, MPI Corporation has developed TITAN™ RF Probes, a product series specifically optimized for these complex applications centered upon the requirements of advanced RF customers.TITAN™ Probes provide the latest in technology and manufacturing advancements within the field of RF testing. They are derived from the technology transfer that accompanied the acquisition of Allstron, then significantly enhanced by MPI’s highly experienced RF testing team and subsequently produced utilizing MPI’s world class MEMS technology. Precisely manufactured, the TITAN™ Probes include matched 50 Ohm MEMS contact tips with improved probe electrical characteristics which allow the realization of unmat -ched calibration results over a wide frequency range. The patented protrusion tip design enables small passivation window bond pad probing, while significantly reducing probe skate thus providing the out -standing contact repeatability required in today’s extreme measurement environments. TITAN TM Probes with all their features are accompanied by a truly affordable price.The TITAN™ Probe series are available in single-ended and dual tip configurations, with pitch range from 50 micron to 1250 micron and frequencies from 26 GHz to 110 GHz. TITAN™ RF Probes are the ideal choice for on-wafer S-parameter measurements of RF, mm-wave devices and circuits up to 110 GHz as well as for the characterization of RF power devices requiring up to 10 Watts of continuous power. Finally, customers can benefit from both long product life and unbeatable cost of ownership which they have desired foryears.Unique design of the MEMS coplanar contacttip of the TITAN™ probe series.DC-needle-alike visibility of the contact point and the minimal paddamage due to the unique design of the tipAC2-2 Thru S11 Repeatability. Semi-Automated System.-100-80-60-40-200 S 11 E r r o r M a g n i t u d e (d B )Frequency (GHz)Another advantage of the TITAN™ probe is its superior contact repeatability, which is comparable with the entire system trace noise when measured on the semi-automated system and on gold contact pads.CROSSTALKCrosstalk of TITAN™ probes on the short and the bare ceramic open standard of 150 micron spacing compared to conventional 110 GHz probe technologies. Results are corrected by the multiline TRL calibration. All probes are of GSG configuration and 100 micron pitch.-80-60-40-200Crosstalk on Open. Multiline TRL Calibration.M a g (S21) (d B )Frequency (GHz)-80-60-40-200Crosstalk on Short. Multiline TRL Calibration.M a g (S21) (d B )Frequency (GHz)The maximal probe c ontac t repeatability error of the c alibrate S11-parameter of the AC2-2 thru standard by T110 probes. Semi-automated system. Ten contact circles.Cantilever needle material Ni alloy Body materialAl alloy Contact pressure @2 mils overtravel 20 g Lifetime, touchdowns> 1,000,000Ground and signal alignment error [1]± 3 µm [1]Planarity error [1] ± 3 µm [1]Contact footprint width < 30 µm Contact resistance on Au < 3 mΩThermal range-60 to 175 °CMechanical CharacteristicsAC2-2 Thru S21 Repeatability. Manual TS50 System.-100-80-60-40-200S 21 E r r o r M a g n i t u d e (d B )Frequency (GHz)MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICSThe maximal probe c ontac t repeatability error of the c alibrate S21-parameter of the AC2-2 thru standard by T50 probes. Manual probe system TS50.26 GHZ PROBES FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONSUnderstanding customer needs to reduce the cost of development and product testing for the high competitive wireless application market, MPI offers low-cost yet high-performance RF probes. The specifically developed SMA connector and its outstanding transmission of electro-magnetic waves through the probe design make these probes suitable for applications frequencies up to 26 GHz. The available pitch range is from 50 micron to 1250 micron with GS/SG and GSG probe tip configurations. TITAN™ 26 GHz probes are the ideal choice for measurement needs when developing components for WiFi, Bluetooth, and 3G/4G commercial wireless applications as well as for student education.Characteristic Impedance 50 ΩFrequency rangeDC to 26 GHz Insertion loss (GSG configuration)1< 0.4 dB Return loss (GSG configuration)1> 16 dB DC current ≤ 1 A DC voltage ≤ 100 V RF power, @10 GHz≤ 5 WTypical Electrical Characteristics26 GHz Probe Model: T26Connector SMAPitch range50 µm to 1250 µm Standard pitch step from 50 µm to 450 µm from 500 µm to 1250 µm25 µm step 50 µm stepAvailable for 90 µm pitch Tip configurations GSG, GS, SG Connector angleV-Style: 90-degree A-Style: 45-degreeMechanical CharacteristicsT26 probe, A-Style of the connectorTypical Electrical Characteristics: 26 GHz GSG probe, 250 micron pitchPROBES FOR DEVICE AND IC CHARACTERIZATION UP TO 110 GHZTITAN™ probes realize a unique combination of the micro-coaxial cable based probe technology and MEMS fabricated probe tip. A perfectly matched characteristic impedance of the coplanar probe tips and optimized signal transmission across the entire probe down to the pads of the device under test (DUT) result in excellent probe electrical characteristics. At the same time, the unique design of the probe tip provides minimal probe forward skate on any type of pad metallization material, therefo -re achieving accurate and repeatable measurement up to 110 GHz. TITAN™ probes are suitable for probing on small pads with long probe lifetime and low cost of ownership.The TITAN™ probe family contains dual probes for engineering and design debug of RF and mm-wave IC’s as well as high-end mm-wave range probes for S-parameter characterization up to 110 GHz for modeling of high-performance microwave devices.Characteristic Impedance 50 ΩFrequency rangeDC to 40 GHz Insertion loss (GSG configuration)1< 0.6 dB Return loss (GSG configuration)1> 18 dB DC current ≤ 1 A DC voltage ≤ 100 V RF power, @10 GHz≤ 5 WTypical Electrical Characteristics40 GHz Probe Model: T40Connector K (2.92 mm)Pitch range50 µm to 500 µmStandard pitch step For GSG configuration:from 50 µm to 450 µm from 500 µm to 800 µmFor GS/SG configuration:from 50 µm to 450 µm 25 µm step 50 µm stepAvailable for 90 µm pitch25 µm stepAvailable for 90/500 µm pitch Tip configurations GSG, GS, SG Connector angleV-Style: 90-degree A-Style: 45-degreeMechanical CharacteristicsTypical Electrical Characteristics: 40 GHz GSG probe, 150 micron pitchT40 probe, A-Style of the connectorCharacteristic Impedance50 ΩFrequency range DC to 50 GHz Insertion loss (GSG configuration)1< 0.6 dB Return loss (GSG configuration)1> 17 dBDC current≤ 1 ADC voltage≤ 100 VRF power, @10 GHz≤ 5 W Typical Electrical Characteristics Connector Q (2.4 mm)Pitch range50 µm to 250 µm Standard pitch stepFor GSG configuration: from 50 µm to 450 µm For GS/SG configuration: from 50 µm to 450 µm 25 µm stepAvailable for 90/500/550 µm pitch 25 µm stepAvailable for 90/500 µm pitchTip configurations GSG, GS, SG Connector angle V-Style: 90-degreeA-Style: 45-degreeMechanical CharacteristicsT50 probe, A-Style of the connectorTypical Electrical Characteristics: 50 GHz GSG probe, 150 micron pitchCharacteristic Impedance50 ΩFrequency range DC to 67 GHz Insertion loss (GSG configuration)1< 0.8 dB Return loss (GSG configuration)1> 16 dBDC current≤ 1 ADC voltage≤ 100 VRF power, @10 GHz≤ 5 W Typical Electrical Characteristics Connector V (1.85 mm)Pitch range50 µm to 250 µm Standard pitch stepFor GSG configuration: from 50 µm to 400 µm For GS/SG configuration: from 50 µm to 250 µm 25 µm step Available for 90 µm pitch25 µm step Available for 90 µm pitchTip configurations GSG Connector angle V-Style: 90-degreeA-Style: 45-degreeMechanical CharacteristicsT67 probe, A-Style of the connectorTypical Electrical Characteristics: 67 GHz GSG probe, 100 micron pitchCharacteristic Impedance 50 ΩFrequency rangeDC to 110 GHz Insertion loss (GSG configuration)1< 1.2 dB Return loss (GSG configuration)1> 14 dB DC current ≤ 1 A DC voltage ≤ 100 V RF power, @10 GHz≤ 5 WTypical Electrical CharacteristicsMechanical CharacteristicsTypical Electrical Characteristics: 110 GHz GSG probe, 100 micron pitchT110 probe, A-Style of the connectorCharacteristic impedance50 ΩFrequency range DC to 220 GHz Insertion loss (GSG configuration)1< 5 dB Connector end return loss(GSG configuration)1> 9 dBTip end return loss(GSG configuration)1> 13 dBDC current≤ 1.5 ADC voltage≤ 50 V Typical Electrical CharacteristicsConnector Broadband interface Pitch range50/75/90/100/125 µm Temperature range -40 ~ 150 ºC Contact width15 µmquadrant compatible(allowing corner pads)Yes recommended pad size20 µm x 20 µm recommended OT (overtravel)15 µmcontact resistance(on Al at 20 ºC using 15 µm OT)< 45 mΩlifetime touchdowns(on Al at 20 ºC using 15 µm OT)> 200,000Mechanical CharacteristicsT220 probe, broadband interface Typical Performance (at 20 ºC for 100 µm pitch)BODY DIMENSIONS PROBES Single-Ended V-StyleT220 GHz Probe1.161.1628.328437.455.6512.5527.73Single-Ended A-StyleCALIBRATION SUBSTRATESAC-series of calibration standard substrates offers up to 26 standard sets for wafer-level SOL T, LRM probe-tip cali -bration for GS/SG and GSG probes. Five coplanar lines provide the broadband reference multiline TRL calibration as well as accurate verification of conventional methods. Right-angled reciprocal elements are added to support the SOLR calibration of the system with the right-angled configuration of RF probes. A calibration substrate for wide-pitch probes is also available.Material Alumina Elements designCoplanarSupported calibration methods SOLT, LRM, SOLR, TRL and multiline TRL Thickness 635 µmSizeAC2-2 : 16.5 x 12.5 mm AC3 : 16.5 x 12.5 mm AC5 : 22.5 x 15 mm Effective velocity factor @20 GHz0.45Nominal line characteristic impedance @20 GHz 50 ΩNominal resistance of the load 50 ΩTypical load trimming accuracy error ± 0.3 %Open standardAu pads on substrate Calibration verification elements Yes Ruler scale 0 to 3 mm Ruler step size100 µmCalibration substrate AC2-2Probe Configuration GSGSupported probe pitch100 to 250 µm Number of SOL T standard groups 26Number of verification and calibration lines5Calibration substrate AC-3Probe Configuration GS/SG Supported probe pitch50 to 250 µm Number of SOL T standard groups 26Number of verification and calibration lines5Calibration substrate AC-5Probe Configuration GSG, GS/SG Supported probe pitch250 to 1250 µm Number of SOL T standard groups GSG : 7GS : 7SG : 7Open standardOn bare ceramic Number of verification and calibration linesGSG : 2GS : 1Typical characteristics of the coplanar line standard of AC2-2 calibration substrate measured using T110-GSG100 probes, and methods recommended by the National Institute of Standard and Technologies [2, 3].2468(d B /c m )F requency (G Hz)α-6-4-202I m a g (Z 0) ()F requency (G Hz)AC2-2 W#006 and T110A-GSG100Ω2.202.222.242.262.282.30 (u n i t l e s s )F requency (G Hz)β/βо4045505560R e a l (Z 0) ()F requency (G Hz)ΩTypical Electrical CharacteristicsMPI QAlibria® RF CALIBRATION SOFTWAREMPI QAlibria® RF calibration software has been designed to simplify complex and tedious RF system calibration tasks. By implementing a progressive disclosure methodology and realizing intuitive touch operation, QAlibria® provides crisp and clear guidance to the RF calibration process, minimizing con-figuration mistakes and helping to obtain accurate calibration results in fastest time. In addition, its concept of multiple GUI’s offers full access to all configuration settings and tweaks for advanced users. QAlibria® offers industry standard and advanced calibration methods. Furthermore, QAlibria® is integrated with the NIST StatistiCal™ calibration packages, ensuring easy access to the NIST mul-tiline TRL metrology-level calibration and uncertainty analysis.MPI Qalibria® supports a multi-language GUI, eliminating any evitable operation risks and inconvenience.SpecificationsRF AND MICROWAVE CABLESMPI offers an excellent selection of flexible cables and acces-sories for RF and mm-wave measurement applications forcomplete RF probe system integration.CablesHigh-quality cable assemblies with SMA and 3.5 mm connectorsprovide the best value for money, completing the entry-level RFsystems for measurement applications up to 26 GHz. Phase stab-le high-end flexible cable assemblies with high-precision 2.92, 2.4, 1.85 and 1 mm connectors guarantee high stability, accuracy and repeatability of the calibration and measurement for DC applications up to 110 GHz.MPI offers these cable assemblies in two standard lengths of 120 and 80 cm, matching the probe system’s footprint and the location of the VNA.Cables Ordering InformationMRC-18SMA-MF-80018 GHz SMA flex cable SMA (male) - SMA (female), 80 cmMRC-18SMA-MF-120018 GHz SMA flex cable SMA (male) - SMA (female), 120 cmMRC-26SMA-MF-80026 GHz SMA flex cable SMA (male) - SMA (female), 80 cmMRC-26SMA-MF-120026 GHz SMA flex cable SMA (male) - SMA (female), 120 cmMRC-40K-MF-80040 GHz flex cable 2.92 mm (K) connector, male-female, 80 cm longMRC-40K-MF-120040 GHz flex cable 2.92 mm (K) connector, male-female, 120 cm longMRC-50Q-MF-80050 GHz flex cable 2.4 mm (Q) connector, male-female , 80 cm longMRC-50Q-MF-120050 GHz flex cable 2.4 mm (Q) connector, male-female , 120 cm longMRC-67V-MF-80067 GHz flex cable 1.85 mm (V) connector, male-female, 80 cm longMRC-67V-MF-120067 GHz flex cable 1.85 mm (V) connector, male-female, 120 cm longMMC-40K-MF-80040 GHz precision flex cable 2.92 mm (K) connector, male-female, 80 cm long MMC-40K-MF-120040 GHz precision flex cable 2.92 mm (K) connector, male-female, 120 cm long MMC-50Q-MF-80050 GHz precision flex cable 2.4 mm (Q) connector, male-female , 80 cm long MMC-50Q-MF-120050 GHz precision flex cable 2.4 mm (Q) connector, male-female , 120 cm long MMC-67V-MF-80067 GHz precision flex cable 1.85 mm (V) connector, male-female, 80 cm long MMC-67V-MF-120067 GHz precision flex cable 1.85 mm (V) connector, male-female, 120 cm long MMC-110A-MF-250110 GHz precision flex cable 1 mm (A) connector, male-female, 25 cm longMPI Global PresenceDirect contact:Asia region: ****************************EMEA region: ******************************America region: ********************************MPI global presence: for your local support, please find the right contact here:/ast/support/local-support-worldwide© 2023 Copyright MPI Corporation. All rights reserved.[1] [2][3] REFERENCESParameter may vary depending upon tip configuration and pitch.R. B. Marks and D. F. Williams, "Characteristic impedance determination using propagation constant measu -rement," IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, vol. 1, pp. 141-143, June 1991.D. F. Williams and R. B. Marks, "Transmission line capacitance measurement," Microwave and Guided WaveLetters, IEEE, vol. 1, pp. 243-245, 1991.AdaptersHigh-In addition, high-quality RF and high-end mm-wave range adapters are offered to address challenges ofregular system reconfiguration and integration with different type of test instrumentation. MRA-NM-350F RF 11 GHz adapter N(male) - 3.5 (male), straight MRA-NM-350M RF 11 GHz adapter N(male) - 3.5 (female), straightMPA-350M-350F Precision 26 GHz adapter 3.5 mm (male) - 3.5 mm (female), straight MPA-350F-350F Precision 26 GHz adapter 3.5 mm (female) - 3.5 mm (female), straight MPA-350M-350M Precision 26 GHz adapter 3.5 mm (male) - 3.5 mm (male), straight MPA-292M-240F Precision 40 GHz adapter 2.92 mm (male) - 2.4 mm (female), straight MPA-292F-240M Precision 40 GHz adapter 2.92 mm (female) - 2.4 mm (male), straight MPA-292M-292F Precision 40 GHz adapter 2.92 mm (male) - 2.92 mm (female), straight MPA-292F-292F Precision 40 GHz adapter 2.92 mm (female) - 2.92 mm (female), straight MPA-292M-292M Precision 40 GHz adapter 2.92 mm (male) - 2.92 mm (male), straight MPA-240M-240F Precision 50 GHz adapter 2.4 mm (male) - 2.4 mm (female), straight MPA-240F-240F Precision 50 GHz adapter 2.4 mm (female) - 2.4 mm (female), straight MPA-240M-240M Precision 50 GHz adapter 2.4 mm (male) - 2.4 mm (male), straight MPA-185M-185F Precision 67 GHz adapter 1.85 mm (male) -1.85 mm (female), straight MPA-185F-185F Precision 67 GHz adapter 1.85 mm (female) -1.85 mm (female), straight MPA-185M-185M Precision 67 GHz adapter 1.85 mm (male) -1.85 mm (male), straight MPA-185M-100FPrecision 67 GHz adapter 1.85 mm (male) -1.00 mm (female), straightDisclaimer: TITAN Probe, QAlibria are trademarks of MPI Corporation, Taiwan. StatistiCal is a trademark of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Data subject to change without notice.。
人教版高中英语选修7Unit3 reading教学课件共84张
? blow-hole
? 呼吸孔；呼吸口；（隧道）通风口
? depth
?
[C, U]
深, 深度（从上至下的距离）
? the depth of the well, mine, box…
? the depth of their friendship
4. The killer whale protected James by __C___.
A. fighting the shark B. killing the shark C. preventing the shark going closer D. dragging him back
Discussion
crashes down in order to __A_.
A. give the whalers the information about a whale B. tell the whalers it is hungry C. help the whalers catch the whale D. inform the whalers to run away
? [C] 深处 the depths of the sea
? lip
? [C]
一片嘴唇
? the lower/upper lip 下[ 上]嘴唇
? She had a pencil between her lips.
Useful Expressions
A. Because they didn ' t need a dead whale B. Because they couldn ' t find the whale ' s body C. Because they knew that the dead whale wouldn ' t float up to the surface for around 24 hours. D. They had to do this because it was too late.
Spin Columns产品说明
SPIN COLUMNSProduct Numbers S 1295, S 2045, S 2170, S 1420,S 0670, S 2295, S 0795, S 1545, S 3170, S 1670,S 0920, S 2420, S 3295, S 1045, S 1795, S 1170,and S 2670TECHNICAL BULLETINProduct DescriptionSpin Columns combine the economy and effectiveness of gel filtration with the speed and simplicity ofcentrifugation. They are designed to selectively remove contaminating molecules based on size. The spincolumns are offered in six gel matrix pore sizes to cover a wide range of applications. The highest sample recovery is observed when the molecule of interest is significantly larger than the spin column pore size.Conversely, the highest purity is achieved when the contaminants are significantly smaller than the spin column pore size. Procedures are provided forstandard and large capacity column purification. The Spin Columns are supplied in TE, STE, or DEPC-treated water, but can be re-equilibrated with a buffer of choice. All spin columns are autoclaved to inactivate nucleases. Columns supplied in DEPC-treated water must be equilibrated in a suitable buffer for maximum recovery and purification. Directions are provided for buffer replacement.It is recommended that a swinging bucket centrifuge be used in these procedures to allow the sample to pass through the column uniformly. The sample may by-pass the column matrix when a fixed-angle rotor is used, resulting in incomplete or inconsistentpurification. For easy handling, columns and fitted 2 ml collection tubes can be placed inside a 17 x 100 mm polypropylene tube before centrifugation.Table 1.Expected Recovery from Spin Columns Column Product NumberExpected RecoverySpin Column 10S 1295, S 2045Recover ≥ 80% of molecules 26 base pairs or larger Spin Column 30S 2170, S 1420, S 0670Recover ≥ 80% of molecules 76 base pairs or larger Spin Column 100S 2295, S 0795, S 1545Recover ≥ 80% of molecules 194 base pairs or larger Spin Column 200S 3170, S 1670, S 0920, S 2420Recover ≥ 80% of molecules 204 base pairs or larger Spin Column 400S 3295, S 1045, S 1795Recover ≥ 80% of molecules 872 base pairs or larger Spin Column 1000S 1170, S 2670Recover 50-80% of molecules 2,000 base pairs or larger Precautions and DisclaimerSpin columns are for laboratory use only; not for drug,household, or other uses. Warning statements are included on the label or in the components section of this bulletin where applicable. In addition, whenradioactive tracers are used, standard procedures for safely handling radioactive materials should be followed.Storage/StabilityStore at room temperature.Product InformationProcedureFor efficient recovery of the target molecules, the lower limit of the sample volume should be used (See Table 2). If the sample volume is less than the recommended range, add sufficient buffer to bring the volume up to the lower limit before loading on to the column. If the maximum recommended sample volume is exceeded, the trailing edge of the desired eluate can be contaminated with the leading edge of the smaller, obstructed molecules. Per cent recovery can be increased by centrifuging for a longer period of time; however, this may decrease the purity of the recovered DNA.If the small nucleic acid fragments to be removed from the sample are complementary to the sample or include complementary sequences (for example PCR primers and template), denature the sample by heating in a boiling water bath for ten minutes, followed by cooling on ice. This will denature complementary sequences and result in a more effective purification. Columns supplied in DEPC-treated water must be equilibrated (see Buffer Replacement Procedure) in a buffer to prevent the sample from binding to the column matrix. We recommend using STE and TE buffer for nucleic acid purifications. Other buffers may be used; however, their effectiveness must be determined empirically.Table 2.Recommended Sample VolumesColumn Type Standard Sample Volume Range Large Capacity Volume Range Spin Column 10 and 3025-50 µl50-120 µlSpin Column 10040-75 µl75-150 µlSpin Column 20040-75 µl100-200 µlSpin Column 40040-75 µl150-250 µlSpin Column 100070-100 µl250-350 µlProcedure1. Invert the spin column several times to suspendthe matrix uniformly.2. Hold the column upright, grasp the lowerbreakaway end between the thumb and forefinger, and break off. Place the lower end of the columninto one of the 2 ml collection tubes provided andlift off the top cap. Save the top cap and white end cap. Except when centrifuging, columns shouldremain in an upright position.3. Centrifuge the column for five minutes at 700 x g.The column matrix will appear semi-dry uponcompletion of this step because the equilibrationbuffer has been removed and the matrix bedcompacted.4. Remove the column and collection tube from therotor. Discard the collection tube containing theequilibration buffer.5. Place the column into a second collection tube.Carefully apply the sample to the center of the flat surface of the matrix bed. The sample should not flow along the inner wall of the column to ensuremaximum effectiveness. To monitor the loading of the sample onto the gel matrix, add 0.01% (w/v)Bromphenol Blue to the sample. The dye will beremoved from the sample with other smallmolecules during centrifugation.6. Centrifuge at 700 x g for five minutes.7. Remove the column and collection tube from therotor. Discard the spin column. The purifiedsample is in the bottom of the collection tube. Spin Column Buffer Replacement(Optional for columns equilibrated in TE or STE)1. Invert the spin column several times to suspendthe matrix uniformly.2. Hold the column upright, grasp the lowerbreakaway end between the thumb and forefinger, and break off. Place the lower end of the column into one of the 2 ml microcentrifuge tubes(standard capacity) or one of the sterile17 x 100 mm collection tubes provided and lift offthe top cap. Save the top cap and white end cap.Except when centrifuging, columns should remain in an upright position.3. Buffer that immediately collects in the 2 mlcollection tube should be discarded beforeproceeding. Reconnect the column to the samecollection tube.4. Centrifuge the column for three minutes at700 x g.5. The collected buffer should be discarded. Add 1ml of the desired buffer to a standard column or3 ml to a large capacity column. After addition ofthe desired buffer, replace both end caps andinvert the column several times to resuspend thegel matrix.6. Allow the buffer to drain through the column bygravity or centrifuge for three minutes at 700 x g.7. Remove the column from the collection tube,discard the buffer, and replace the column in thecollection tube. Apply the new buffer (do notresuspend the matrix) and centrifuge two moretimes.8. If the column is to be used immediately, removethe collected buffer and proceed with thepurification beginning with Step 3 of the SpinColumn Procedure.9. If the column is to be stored for later use, sodiumazide should be added to the buffer to preventbacterial growth. The equilibration buffer shouldhave a final concentration of 0.1% (w/v) sodiumazide. Add 0.7 ml of the buffer containing 0.1%(w/v) sodium azide to a standard capacity column or 2 ml to a large capacity column. Tightly replace the top cap and invert several times to resuspend the gel matrix. Store at 4 °C in an upright position.The columns should be washed twice prior to use, to remove sodium azide. Use 1 ml of equilibration buffer for a standard column or 3 ml ofequilibration buffer for a large capacity column.Note:The relationship between relative centrifugal force (RCF) and rpm for different centrifuge rotors:rpm = 1000 √RCF / (1.12r)orRCF = (rpm / 1000)2 x 1.12rRCF = relative centrifugal force in units of g (x g)r = rotor radius (in mm)rpm = revolutions per minuteExamples:i. Swinging bucket rotor: Beckmann Model TJ-6,r =125 mmrpm = 2236 results in RCF = 700 x gii. Fixed-angle rotor: Eppendorf Model 5415C, r = 50 mmrpm = 3536 results in RCF = 700 x gReferences1. Hagel, L. et al., J. Chromatography, 476, 329-344(1989).2. Porath, J., and Flodin, P., Nature, 183, 1657-1659(1959).3. Sambrook, J. et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning; ALaboratory Manual (2nd ed.) Cold Spring HarborLaboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 6.22-6.34,JWM/MAM 03/02Sigma brand products are sold through Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. warrants that its products conform to the information contained in this and other Sigma-Aldrich publications. Purchaser must determine the suitability of the product(s) for their particular use. Additional terms and conditions may apply. Please see reverse side ofthe invoice or packing slip.。
海洋生物
2020/8/18
12
鱈魚
• 鱈魚，又名鰵魚，是主要食用魚類之一。 特徵
• 體長，稍扁，體重300～750克。頭大，口大。側線明顯、 背鰭3個，臀鰭2個，各鰭均無硬棘，完全由鰭條組成。頭、 背及體側為灰褐色，並具不規則深褐色斑紋，腹面為灰白 色。胸絡淺黃色，其他各鱔均為灰色。 分佈於北太平洋。
2020/8/18
13
吳郭魚
• 吳郭魚原產於非洲，屬於慈鯛 科之熱帶魚類，全世界 共 有 100 多 種 ， 其 中 曾 被 人 們在 池 塘 養 殖 的 約 有 15 種 ， 由於吳郭魚對病害的抵抗力及環境的適應力很強，又屬 於 雜食性，所以很容易飼養。本省養殖吳郭魚已有多年的歷史。 吳 郭魚生長迅速，容易養殖，在本省養殖 6個月即可達於上市之體型。 他們能生活於純淡水中，亦能生活於含鹽分比海水還濃的水中，且對 溶氧較少之水有極強之適應性。
•
2020/8/18
7
小丑魚
• 小丑魚極具領域性，以母系社會為中心， 一株海葵中會有 3 -5 尾小丑魚居住，。
• 小丑魚食性為雜食偏肉食性，多以藻 類、小型浮游生物、小型無脊椎動物或海 葵壞死的組織為主食。
2020/8/18
8
海中變色龍---比目魚
• 比目魚是靠著眼睛來觀察其頭部四周環境的色調來決定它身體顏色的 變化。除了變色的本領外，比目魚長大後身體居然不是左右對稱。 比 目魚在小時候在海中浮游的仔魚時，還是正常的兩側對稱，大概過了 四十餘天。有一側的眼睛居然會隨著魚體的成長慢慢越過頭頂移到了 身體的另外一側，而變成兩眼位在同側的怪物 — 「比目」魚了。比 目魚除了隱身來保護自己外，還有一項絕招—毒線，所分泌的黏液中 的化學物質可以讓想攻擊它的鯊魚的上下頜麻痺閤不起來。
附表一食品添加物使用范围及限量
附表一食品添加物使用範圍及限量第（一）類防腐劑備註：1.罐頭一律禁止使用防腐劑，但因原料加工或製造技術關係，必須加入防腐劑者，應事先申請中央衛生主管機關核准後，始得使用。
2.同一食品依表列使用範圍規定混合使用防腐劑時，每一種防腐劑之使用量除以其用量標準所得之數值（即使用量／用量標準）總和不得大於1。
3.本表所稱「脫水水果」，包括以糖、鹽或其他調味料醃漬、脫水、乾燥或熬煮等加工方法製成之水果加工品。
本表所稱之食品名稱定義：1.「煮熟豆」係指經煮熟調味之豆類，包括豆餡。
2.「海藻醬類」係指以海藻或海苔為原料製成供佐餐用之醬菜。
3.「濃糖果漿」係指由天然果汁或乾果中抽取50％以上，添加入濃厚糖漿中,其總糖度應在50°Brix以上，可供稀釋飲用者。
4.「含果汁之碳酸飲料」係指含5％以上天然果汁之碳酸飲料。
5.「罐頭食品」係指在製造過程中，經過脫氣、密封、殺菌等步驟而能防止外界微生物之再污染且可達到保存目的之食品。
6. 本表為正面表列，非表列之食品品項，不得使用該食品添加物。
第（二）類殺菌劑備註：本表為正面表列，非表列之食品品項，不得使用該食品添加物。
第（三）類抗氧化劑備註：1.抗氧化劑混合使用時，每一種抗氧化劑之使用量除以其用量標準所得之數值（即使用量／用量標準）總和應不得大於1 。
2.本表為正面表列，非表列之食品品項，不得使用該食品添加物。
第（四）類漂白劑備註：1.本表所稱「脫水水果」，包括以糖、鹽或其他調味料醃漬、脫水、乾燥或熬煮等加工方法製成之水果加工品。
2.本表為正面表列，非表列之食品品項，不得使用該食品添加物。
備註：本表為正面表列，非表列之食品品項，不得使用該食品添加物。
備註：本表為正面表列，非表列之食品品項，不得使用該食品添加物。
第（七）類品質改良用、釀造用及食品製造用劑備註：本表為正面表列，非表列之食品品項，不得使用該食品添加物。
第（八）類營養添加劑。
鲸鱼怎么写英语
鲸鱼怎么写英语
英语是：cetacean.
adj. 鲸类的；鲸鱼的
n. 鲸鱼；鲸类动物
短语：
Institute of Cetacean Research 日本鲸类研究所 ; 日本鲸类研讨所 ; 鲸类研究所
Cetacean Festival 南非鲸鱼节
Cetacean morbillivirus virus 鲸
扩展资料
例句：
The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving.
它的`头骨也是没有气孔的，这是鲸类动物为潜水而作出的另一适应。
The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales.
它的头骨与鲸类相似，但它的下颚骨没有现代鲸鱼用来接收水下声音的、充满脂肪或油脂的扩充空间。
Cetacean experts do not expect whales to escape this slick completely.
鲸类专家对于鲸鱼能完全逃离油污带不抱希望。
背英文字典的宝典-(全部以q字母开头的单词-共2页)之欧阳理创编
quack adj. 假的\nn. 鸭叫声;假行家\nv. 呱呱叫;大肆吹嘘quadrangle n. 四方院;四角形quadrant n. 象限仪quadruped adj. 四足的\nn. 四足动物quadruple adj. 四倍的;四部分的\nadv. 以四倍\nn. 四倍\nv. 使成四倍;成为四倍quagmire n. 困境;沼泽地quail n. 俏妞儿;鹑\nv. 害怕;衰败quaint adj. 古怪有趣的quake n. 颤抖;地震\nv. 颤抖;震动qualify v. 使合适;限制quality n. 品德;性质qualm n. 恶心;内疚;疑虑quandary n. 困惑不定的境地quantify v. 使量化;测定quantity n. 大量;量quarantine n. 隔离;隔离期\nv. 将...隔离;使孤立quarrel n. 争吵;方头凿\nv. 争吵quarry adj. 方形的\nn. 采石场;方形石\nv. 努力发掘quart n. 夸脱;第夸脱;第姿势quarter n. 四分之一;一刻钟quartet n. 四人组;四重奏quartz n. 石英quatrain n. 四行诗节quaver v. 声音颤抖quay n. 码头queasy adj. 呕吐的queen n. 酋长夫人;王后queer adj. 古怪的;可疑的\nn. 怪人;伪币\nv. 毁坏quench v. 扑灭;消除querulous adj. 抱怨的query n. 问号;问题\nv. 问;提出问题quest n. 探险;寻求\nv. 请求;寻求question n. 难题;问题\nv. 怀疑;问queue n. 辫子;排队\nv. 使排队;排队quibble n. 双关语\nv. 就...作狡辩;吹毛求疵quick adj. 聪敏的;快的\nadv. 紧身地;快\nn. 活肉quicken v. 点燃;加快quicklime n. 生石灰quicksand n. 流沙quickset n. 绿篱quid n. 一镑;钱quiescent adj. 静息的;静止的quiet adj. 安静的;寂静的\nn. 安静;安宁\nv. 确认;使安静quieten v. 使安静;安静下来quietude n. 安静quilt n. 被;被状物\nv. 将...缝入;缝被quinine n. 奎宁quintet n. 五个一组;五重奏quip n. 遁辞;妙语\nv. 俏皮地说;说俏皮话quire n. 帖;一刀quirk n. 巧合;怪僻quit v. 停止;放弃;离开quite adv. 很;完全quiver n. 颤抖;闪光;箭袋\nv. 使颤抖;闪光quiz n. 考查;智力竞赛\nv. 对....考查;戏弄quizzical adj. 探询的;戏弄的quoit n. 铁环\nv. 玩掷环套桩游戏quorum n. 法定人数quota n. 配额quotation n. 报价;引文quote n. 牌价;引号\nv. 报;引用quotient n. 份额;商。
100种青岛人身边的海洋生物
100种青岛人身边的海洋生物1. 海星 (Starfish)2. 海葵 (Sea anemone)3. 海胆 (Sea urchin)4. 海参 (Sea cucumber)5. 海带 (Kelp)6. 海草 (Seaweed)7. 海豚 (Dolphin)8. 海狮 (Seal)9. 海龟 (Sea turtle)10. 海鸥 (Seagull)11. 海鳗 (Moray eel)12. 海魔鬼鱼 (Devil fish)13. 海马 (Seahorse)14. 海蛇 (Sea snake)15. 海牛 (Manatee)16. 海象 (Walrus)17. 海豹 (Sealion)18. 海鸥 (Seagull)19. 海魔鬼鱼 (Devil fish)20. 海马 (Seahorse)21. 海蛇 (Sea snake)22. 海牛 (Manatee)23. 海象 (Walrus)24. 海豹 (Seal)25. 海龙 (Sea dragon)26. 海鲸 (Whale)27. 海豚 (Dolphin)28. 海鸟 (Seabird)29. 海鳄 (Crocodile)30. 海蛇 (Sea snake)31. 海龟 (Sea turtle)32. 海洋章鱼 (Octopus)33. 海螺 (Conch)34. 海参 (Sea cucumber)35. 海胆 (Sea urchin)36. 海鸥 (Seagull)37. 海马 (Seahorse)38. 海星 (Starfish)39. 海狮 (Seal)40. 海菊 (Sea anemone)41. 海绵 (Sponge)42. 海菜 (Seaweed)43. 海巴士 (Sea slug)45. 海牛 (Manatee)46. 海象 (Walrus)47. 海豹 (Sealion)48. 海马 (Seahorse)49. 海蜇 (Jellyfish)50. 海螺 (Shellfish)51. 海坛牡蛎 (Oyster)52. 海鲈鱼 (Sea bass)53. 海军鱼 (Mackerel)54. 海虾 (Shrimp)55. 海蟹 (Crab)56. 海蜘蛛 (Spider crab)57. 海蛤 (Clam)58. 海扇贝 (Scallop)59. 海蚌 (Mussel)60. 海兔 (Sea hare)61. 海蜗牛 (Snail)62. 海鲨 (Shark)63. 海豚 (Dolphin)64. 海水蛇 (Sea krait)65. 海马 (Seahorse)67. 海牛 (Manatee)68. 海象 (Walrus)69. 海豹 (Seal)70. 海狮 (Sealion)71. 海鸥 (Seagull)72. 海鸥 (Seagull)73. 海魔鬼鱼 (Devil fish)74. 海马 (Seahorse)75. 海蛇 (Sea snake)76. 海牛 (Manatee)77. 海象 (Walrus)78. 海豹 (Seal)79. 海龙 (Sea dragon)80. 海鲸 (Whale)81. 海豚 (Dolphin)82. 海鸟 (Seabird)83. 海鳄 (Crocodile)84. 海蛇 (Sea snake)85. 海龟 (Sea turtle)86. 海洋章鱼 (Octopus)87. 海螺 (Conch)88. 海参 (Sea cucumber)89. 海胆 (Sea urchin)90. 海鸥 (Seagull)91. 海马 (Seahorse)92. 海星 (Starfish)93. 海狮 (Seal)94. 海菊 (Sea anemone)95. 海绵 (Sponge)96. 海菜 (Seaweed)97. 海巴士 (Sea slug)98. 海龟 (Sea turtle)99. 海牛 (Manatee) 100. 海象 (Walrus)。
鳁鲸小介
鳁鲸鳁鲸（即大须鲸）哺乳动物，鲸的一种，外形像鱼，生活在海洋中。
鳁鲸在洄游时大多组成数只在一起的小群，有时小群相聚而成100只以上的大群。
它的食性很广，食物种类多达20余种，特别嗜食桡足类、磷虾等小型甲壳类动物，也吃鲱鱼、玉筋鱼、鳕鱼、六线鱼、秋刀鱼等鱼类，但不吃底栖生物。
胃中的食物重量可达150～200千克，每天所吃的食物约为900千克左右，为体重的4.43%。
游泳的速度很快，瞬时速度可以达到30海里，但不能持久。
它在深潜水时身体保持近似直挺的姿态，而不像蓝鲸那样将身体弯曲，尾鳍也不高举露出水面。
中文学名： 鳁鲸 拉丁学名： Balaenoptera borealis 别称： 大须鲸、塞鲸、鳕鲸 界： 动物界 门： 脊索动物门 亚门： 脊椎动物亚门 纲： 哺乳纲 亚纲： 真兽亚纲 目： 鲸目 亚目： 须鲸亚目 科： 须鲸科 属： 须鲸属分布范围分布于北太平洋、北大西洋和南极水域。
中国黄海、东海、南海偶有发现。
形态特征哺乳动物，鲸的一种，外形像鱼，生活在海洋中，体长可达18米。
体纺锤型，体表光滑无毛，背鳍小，身体背面黑色，腹部带白色。
无外耳廓，耳孔甚小。
前肢鳍状，后肢退化。
尾末端具水平尾鳍。
尾鳍宽大，缺刻深。
头部巨大，口裂长，在上颚两侧生有角质的鲸须。
外呼吸孔一对。
腹面褶沟有60～65条,最长终止于鳍肢基部与脐之间。
背部与体侧暗灰色,腹面白色,体侧与腹部常有寄生虫附着遗留下来的自斑,鳍肢和尾鳍的腹面为灰色。
鲸须每侧300～400片,须板为灰黑色,须毛白色，须板长大于宽的2倍。
南半球成体最大记录18.3米,北半球的比其小,平均体长雄性13.6米,雌性14.5米,成熟个体平均体重20～25吨。
生活习性不成群。
多单独或成对活动，有季节性短距洄游现象，在洄游中通常3～5头为一小群，有时形成数十头的群。
呼气时喷出的雾柱较稀薄低矮，高达4～5米，大潜水时不露出尾鳍。
单配偶，性成熟体长雄性12.8～13米，雌性13.3～13.6米，繁殖周期2～3年，交配与分娩都在暖水域进行，妊娠期11～12个月，多于冬季产仔，一般两年一胎，每产1胎，初生仔鲸体长4.5～4.8米，哺乳期6～7个月，离乳时体长8米，体重约3.8吨。
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美国银行Q2净利40亿美元同比增63%超市场预期美国银行17日公布的财报显示，受益于净息差、投资和经纪收入以及投行佣金等收入改善，同时由于运营开支下降，该行第二季度实现净利润40亿美元，合每股盈利32美分，同比增长63%，好于市场预期。
当季收入同比增长3.5%至230亿美元。
财报显示，美国银行第二季度净利息收入达到107.7亿美元，同比增长10%；非利息收入为121.8亿美元，同比下滑1.9%；信贷损失拨备为12亿美元，较去年同期的18亿美元有所下降。
分业务来看，当季美国银行消费者和企业银行部门实现盈利14亿美元，同比增长15%；消费地产服务部门出现9.37亿美元亏损，去年同期为亏损7.4亿美元；全球财富和投资管理部门实现盈利7.58亿美元，同比增长38%；全球银行部门实现盈利13亿美元，与去年同期基本持平；全球市场部门实现盈利9.6亿美元，较去年同期翻番。
美国银行首席执行官莫伊尼汉表示，随着消费者信心复苏以及企业更加强健，该行未来还拥有许多业务增长机会。
本文来源：中国证券报·中证网作者：杨博责任编辑：NF030 以下内容为繁体版美國銀行17日公佈的財報顯示，受益於凈息差、投資和經紀收入以及投行傭金等收入改善，同時由於運營開支下降，該行第二季度實現凈利潤40億美元，合每股盈利32美分，同比增長63%，好於市場預期。
當季收入同比增長3.5%至230億美元。
財報顯示，美國銀行第二季度凈利息收入達到107.7億美元，同比增長10%；非利息收入為121.8億美元，同比下滑1.9%；信貸損失撥備為12億美元，較去年同期的18億美元有所下降。
分業務來看，當季美國銀行消費者和企業銀行部門實現盈利14億美元，同比增長15%；消費地產服務部門出現9.37億美元虧損，去年同期為虧損7.4億美元；全球財富和投資管理部門實現盈利7.58億美元，同比增長38%；全球銀行部門實現盈利13億美元，與去年同期基本持平；全球市場部門實現盈利9.6億美元，較去年同期翻番。
美國銀行首席執行官莫伊尼漢表示，隨著消費者信心復蘇以及企業更加強健，該行未來還擁有許多業務增長機會。
本文來源：中國證券報·中證網作者：楊博責任編輯：NF030 贷款利率下限取消中小企业称“看得见够不着”利率市场化改革近期又迈出了重要的一大步。
7月19日，央行宣布取消贷款利率下限的管制。
央行相关负责人在答记者问时表示，全面放开贷款利率管制后，金融机构与客户自主协商定价的空间将进一步扩大，有利于促进金融机构采取差异化的定价策略，降低企业融资成本。
但是，江苏一家小微企业的企业主陈先生却对《每日经济新闻》记者表示，银行下浮贷款利率从来都是“看得见够不着”。
分析人士认为，贷款利率下限取消，象征意义重于实际。
在信贷资金紧张的情况下，只有大型的央企才能从银行拿到基准利率下浮的贷款，这只是进一步降低大型企业的融资成本。
不过，长期来看，还是利好小微企业融资。
“（对中小企业而言）短期中性，长期利好”，农业银行战略规划部研究员付兵涛认为。
贷款利率短期难降农行战略规划部研究员付兵涛在接受《每日经济新闻》记者采访时表示，利率市场化改革取消贷款利率下限是影响最小的，也是水到渠成、顺势而为的做法。
“因为，银行大客户的贷款下浮30%的都很少，包括大型的央企。
原来给了商业银行30%的权限他们都不全用，你给100%的权限影响也不大”，付兵涛解释称。
某股份制银行的高管也表示，近年来，随着利率市场化的推进，银行也在加强定价能力。
“我们银行贷款利率极少有下浮的，即时有也是和我们有全面战略合作的大客户，总行级别的战略合作伙伴利率下浮的空间也很小，绝对没到30%。
有的银行甚至声称其贷款没有一笔利率是下浮的。
”经济学家李迅雷也表示，这是央行对商行的“温柔一刀”。
贷款利率下限取消，象征意义重于实际。
2013年一季度的央行货币政策执行报告显示，今年3月，全国一般贷款中执行利率下浮的贷款占比仅为11.44%，比年初下降2.72个百分点；执行上浮利率的贷款占比为64.77%，比年初上升5.03个百分点。
招商证券认为，贷款利率下限放开短期不影响贷款定价。
从2012年放开贷款利率下限至7折以来，行业贷款利率下浮占比自2012年3季度开始基本稳定于11%左右，鲜有变化。
目前，银行贷款对社会而言仍是相对稀缺资源，预计贷款利率下限放开，贷款平均利率也不会下行。
国泰君安证券高级经济学家林采宜同样认为：“放开贷款利率下限只会是神仙打架，与小鬼无关”。
分析人士指出，目前金融机构的实际存贷利差情况也制约了贷款利率的整体下行空间。
目前在存款端利率未彻底放开的情况下，商业银行大量通过提高理财产品收益吸纳资金，据普益财富统计的今年上半年银行理财产品报告显示，2013年1～6月银行理财产品的平均收益为4.40%。
按照现行基准利率的0.7倍计算，贷款利率则为4.417％，已无存贷利差可言。
大型企业是受益者虽然目前很少企业能以贷款利率0.7倍价格从银行获得贷款，然而众多银行对于国有大型企业翘首以盼也是不争的事实。
某银行工作人员告诉《每日经济新闻》记者，能以基准利率0.7倍从银行获得贷款的多是优质企业，国有大型企业。
因为这些企业能够带给银行更多的存款和合作项目，而这类合作基本在大银行之间，小银行成本过高。
一位券商银行业分析人士认为，全面放开贷款利率管制这是一个好事，有利于通过市场化手段调节信贷资金流向。
但应警惕信贷资金在流入实体经济之时出现“马太效应”，议价能力强的大企业信贷成本越来越低，银行为了弥补利润反向又推高中小企业融资成本。
“银行对企业的贷款利率取决于竞争度和风险，银行想多收也不一定能收到，因为别的银行能给更低的利率就会造成客户流失。
”林采宜对此向《每日经济新闻》记者表示。
林采宜同时指出，能从银行低价获得贷款的“资金贩子”的套利空间会扩大。
“原来大客户和银行谈判时，最低的成本也要受下浮不超过30%的红线，现在政策拆解了这个底线后，谈判力量获得最大。
而市场的利率是由供求决定的，在供求不变的情况下他们获得的成本更低，套利的空间也就更大了。
”小微企业难享低利率/央行相关负责人表示，放开贷款利率将促使企业根据自身条件选择不同的融资渠道，随着企业越来越多地通过债券、股票等进行直接融资，不仅有利于发展直接融资市场，促进社会融资的多元化；也为金融机构增加小微企业贷款留出更大的空间，提高小微企业的信贷可获得性。
兴业证券宏观分析师高群山也对《每日经济新闻》记者表示，大企业可以发债，成本甚至是低于7%贷款利率的。
小微企业有可能得到更多的信贷资源，但短期内变化不会太明显。
对此，前述小微企业主陈先生却不乐观，认为目前下浮的银行贷款小微企业根本够不着。
陈先生对《每日经济新闻》记者表示：“银行对中小企业的贷款利率一般都是上浮的，在基准利率的基础上上浮30%都很常见。
即便如此，很多中小企业仍然贷不到款，只能转向民间市场，民间借贷的市场利率更是高得吓人，很多企业是借不到钱也不敢借钱。
”数据也佐证了陈先生所反映的问题。
某银行2012年年报显示，该行2012年小微企业贷款余额2122.18亿元人民币，比上年末增加437.63亿元人民币，增幅25.98%。
小微企业贷款平均利率为基准利率上浮15.83%，显著高于公司类贷款平均水平。
在付兵涛看来，取消贷款利率的下限，短期来看对中小企业的融资影响是中性的。
长期来看，是个利好消息。
大企业的贷款需求逐渐降低，越来越多的银行在增加给小微企业贷款，资金的供给增加了，小微企业获得贷款的机会增加，成本也会下来。
利率长期走势取决于流动性/在德意志银行董事总经理、大中华区首席经济学家马骏看来，放开贷款利率下限短期内对平均贷款利率不会有什么明显影响，因为目前的贷款利率绝大多数都在下限之上，下限基本没有约束力。
放开贷款利率下限管制的真正意义在于，今后如果央行对银行间市场注入较多的流动性，或下调存款准备金率，商业银行的贷款利率就有更大的下降空间，从而使央行的货币政策的传导更加顺畅。
海通国际首席经济学家胡一帆认为，取消贷款利率下限可以视为一种变相的贷款利率下调，中国经济在宏观与微观层面均下滑超过一年，目前迫切需要同时出台扶持性的财政与货币措施以推动经济复苏。
虽然贷款利率很难有实质性下降，但是企业贷款会相对容易一些。
一位述债券分析师表示，“从盈利角度来讲，小银行对大行不会造成太大冲击，但是小银行可能冲存款、贷款规模，抢大行的优质客户，这种情况出现后，小行面临两个问题，规模大仍要保证盈利。
”该分析师举例说，一家小银行之前只能做5亿元的规模，存款利率为4%，贷款利率为7%，可以赚3个百分点的利差，现在抢了一笔大企业5亿元的贷款，规模做到10亿，为大企业提供优惠，那么，大企业也会将一部分资金存入这家银行，大企业的5亿业务，利差可能只赚到2个点，小银行为了保证盈利不变，可能被迫将钱投入风险更高的中小型企业，从而对中小型企业融资有一定改善。
上述债券分析师进一步表示，如果信贷额度收紧，货币政策稳健，达到0.7倍贷款利率的银行会越来越少，反之，则有可能出现0.7倍以下的贷款。
本文来源：每日经济新闻作者：李玉敏张威以下内容为繁体版利率市場化改革近期又邁出瞭重要的一大步。
7月19日，央行宣佈取消貸款利率下限的管制。
央行相關負責人在答記者問時表示，全面放開貸款利率管制後，金融機構與客戶自主協商定價的空間將進一步擴大，有利於促進金融機構采取差異化的定價策略，降低企業融資成本。
但是，江蘇一傢小微企業的企業主陳先生卻對《每日經濟新聞》記者表示，銀行下浮貸款利率從來都是“看得見夠不著”。
分析人士認為，貸款利率下限取消，象征意義重於實際。
在信貸資金緊張的情況下，隻有大型的央企才能從銀行拿到基準利率下浮的貸款，這隻是進一步降低大型企業的融資成本。
不過，長期來看，還是利好小微企業融資。
“（對中小企業而言）短期中性，長期利好”，農業銀行戰略規劃部研究員付兵濤認為。
貸款利率短期難降農行戰略規劃部研究員付兵濤在接受《每日經濟新聞》記者采訪時表示，利率市場化改革取消貸款利率下限是影響最小的，也是水到渠成、順勢而為的做法。
“因為，銀行大客戶的貸款下浮30%的都很少，包括大型的央企。
原來給瞭商業銀行30%的權限他們都不全用，你給100%的權限影響也不大”，付兵濤解釋稱。
某股份制銀行的高管也表示，近年來，隨著利率市場化的推進，銀行也在加強定價能力。
“我們銀行貸款利率極少有下浮的，即時有也是和我們有全面戰略合作的大客戶，總行級別的戰略合作夥伴利率下浮的空間也很小，絕對沒到30%。
有的銀行甚至聲稱其貸款沒有一筆利率是下浮的。
”經濟學傢李迅雷也表示，這是央行對商行的“溫柔一刀”。
貸款利率下限取消，象征意義重於實際。
2013年一季度的央行貨幣政策執行報告顯示，今年3月，全國一般貸款中執行利率下浮的貸款占比僅為11.44%，比年初下降2.72個百分點；執行上浮利率的貸款占比為64.77%，比年初上升5.03個百分點。