学术英语(医学)教师版Unit6课文翻译
学术英语医学Unit1-3-7-9课文翻译
学术英语unit1,unit3,unit4,unit9课文翻译 Unit 1 Text A神经过载与千头万绪的医生患者经常抱怨自己的医生不会聆听他们的诉说。
虽然可能会有那么几个医生确实充耳不闻,但是大多数医生通情达理,还是能够感同身受的人。
我就纳闷为什么即使这些医生似乎成为批评的牺牲品。
我常常想这个问题的成因是不是就是医生所受的神经过载。
有时我感觉像变戏法,大脑千头万绪,事无巨细,不能挂一漏万。
如果病人冷不丁提个要求,即使所提要求十分中肯,也会让我那内心脆弱的平衡乱作一团,就像井然有序同时演出三台节目的大马戏场突然间崩塌了一样。
有一天,我算过一次常规就诊过程中我脑子里有多少想法在翻腾,试图据此弄清楚为了完满完成一项工作,一个医生的脑海机灵转动,需要处理多少个细节。
奥索里奥夫人 56 岁,是我的病人。
她有点超重。
她的糖尿病和高血压一直控制良好,恰到好处。
她的胆固醇偏高,但并没有服用任何药物。
她锻炼不够多,最后一次 DEXA 骨密度检测显示她的骨质变得有点疏松。
尽管她一直没有爽约,按时看病,并能按时做血液化验,但是她形容自己的生活还有压力。
总的说来,她健康良好,在医疗实践中很可能被描述为一个普通患者,并非过于复杂。
以下是整个 20 分钟看病的过程中我脑海中闪过的念头。
她做了血液化验,这是好事。
血糖好点了。
胆固醇不是很好。
可能需要考虑开始服用他汀类药物。
她的肝酶正常吗?她的体重有点增加。
我需要和她谈谈每天吃五种蔬果、每天步行 30 分钟的事。
糖尿病:她早上的血糖水平和晚上的比对结果如何?她最近是否和营养师谈过?她是否看过眼科医生?足科医生呢?她的血压还好,但不是很好。
我是不是应该再加一种降血压的药?药片多了是否让她困惑?更好地控制血压的益处和她可能什么药都不吃带来的风险孰重孰轻?骨密度 DEXA 扫描显示她的骨质有点疏松。
我是否应该让她服用二磷酸盐,因为这可以预防骨质疏松症?而我现在又要给她加一种药丸,而这种药需要详细说明。
医药英语教程第六单元课文翻译
Principles of pharmacology药理学原理An understanding of the principles of pharmacology forms a key component in the study of medicine.对药理学原理的理解是医学研究的一个重要组成部分。
From the Greek pharmacology,pharmacology is the branch of medical science that deals with the mechanism of actions,uses,harmful effects and outcomes of drugs on animals and humans.it examines the way in which drugs produce both beneficial and adverse side effects on the body.从希腊药理学,药理学是医学科学的一个分支,研究药物对动物和人类的作用、用途、有害影响和结果的机制。
它检查了药物对身体产生有益和有害副作用的方式。
Students of pharmacology look at the way in which the biochemical,physiological and psychological processes in health and disease are affected by drugs. When we talk about drugs,we are referring to biologically active compounds that change the state of the functioning of the body and improve health in some way-by relieving pain,calming the patient or eliminating infection,for example. We are also concerned with enhancing the way in which drugs are tested,so that they can eventually give greater benefit in the treatment of disease.药理学的学者们研究健康和疾病的生化、生理和心理过程受到药物影响的方式。
学术英语(医学)Unit1~4课文翻译
Unit 1 Text A神经过载与千头万绪的医生患者经常抱怨自己的医生不会聆听他们的诉说。
虽然可能会有那么几个医生确实充耳不闻,但是大多数医生通情达理,还是能够感同身受的人。
我就纳闷为什么即使这些医生似乎成为批评的牺牲品。
我常常想这个问题的成因是不是就是医生所受的神经过载。
有时我感觉像变戏法,大脑千头万绪,事无巨细,不能挂一漏万。
如果病人冷不丁提个要求,即使所提要求十分中肯,也会让我那内心脆弱的平衡乱作一团,就像井然有序同时演出三台节目的大马戏场突然间崩塌了一样。
有一天,我算过一次常规就诊过程中我脑子里有多少想法在翻腾,试图据此弄清楚为了完满完成一项工作,一个医生的脑海机灵转动,需要处理多少个细节。
奥索里奥夫人 56 岁,是我的病人。
她有点超重。
她的糖尿病和高血压一直控制良好,恰到好处。
她的胆固醇偏高,但并没有服用任何药物。
她锻炼不够多,最后一次 DEXA 骨密度检测显示她的骨质变得有点疏松。
尽管她一直没有爽约,按时看病,并能按时做血液化验,但是她形容自己的生活还有压力。
总的说来,她健康良好,在医疗实践中很可能被描述为一个普通患者,并非过于复杂。
以下是整个 20 分钟看病的过程中我脑海中闪过的念头。
她做了血液化验,这是好事。
血糖好点了。
胆固醇不是很好。
可能需要考虑开始服用他汀类药物。
她的肝酶正常吗?她的体重有点增加。
我需要和她谈谈每天吃五种蔬果、每天步行 30 分钟的事。
糖尿病:她早上的血糖水平和晚上的比对结果如何?她最近是否和营养师谈过?她是否看过眼科医生?足科医生呢?她的血压还好,但不是很好。
我是不是应该再加一种降血压的药?药片多了是否让她困惑?更好地控制血压的益处和她可能什么药都不吃带来的风险孰重孰轻?骨密度 DEXA 扫描显示她的骨质有点疏松。
我是否应该让她服用二磷酸盐,因为这可以预防骨质疏松症?而我现在又要给她加一种药丸,而这种药需要详细说明。
也许留到下一次再说吧?她家里的情况怎么样呢?她现在是否有常见的生活压力?亦或她有可能有抑郁症或焦虑症?有没有时间让她做个抑郁问卷调查呢?健康保养:她最后一次乳房 X 光检查是什么时候做的?子宫颈抹片呢? 50 岁之后是否做过结肠镜检查?过去 10 年间她是否注射过破伤风加强疫苗?她是否符合接种肺炎疫苗的条件?奥索里奥夫人打断了我的思路,告诉我过去的几个月里她一直背痛。
学术英语——医学Unit 6整理
Unit 6 Life and MedicineDeath is an unavoidable and natural part of the life cycle. Medical advances and value changes have increased and acceptability of palliative care and hospice care, which can be provided to critically ill patients at home, hospitals or nursing homes.Text AUseful expressions●George and those closest to him had previouslydecided that, no matter what, the doctor should try to do everything medically possible to extend George’s life.●So, when George needed care, he went to ahospital, where doctors and nurses areavailable around-the-clock.Useful expressions●临终之际/生命垂危之时/生命终了之时/弥留之际at the end of life●生命垂危的人/临终者/弥留之际的人the dying person●临终看护end-of-life care●根据需要/按需as neededUseful expressions●home nurse●visiting nurses● a hospital bed●bedside commode●health insurance●hospital discharge planner●social worker●Area Agency on AgingUseful expressions●Recently, the term palliative care has come tomean more than just treating symptoms.e.g. Gradually, he has come to know his mistake.●…palliative care now often refers to acomprehensive approach to improving thequality of life for people who are living withpotentially fatal diseases. Signpost LanguageGiving examples●For example,...● A good example of this is...●As an illustration,...●To give you an example,...●…is a case in point.●Such as…Vocabulary Testnursing________ homes (养老院)___________care(临终关怀)congestive heart _________(充血性心衰) available________________ (24小时随叫随到)________ care unit (冠心病监护室)to ________ to treatment (对治疗有反应)skilled nursing ________ (专业护理机构)_________care(生命终末期护理)_________ care (舒适护理)hospicefailurearound the clockcoronaryrespondfacilityend-of-lifecomforthospital _________ planner (出院计划专员) symptom ___________ (症状护理)__________care(姑息疗法)__________illness(绝症)chronic obstructive __________ disease慢性阻塞性肺病____________treatment (实验性治疗)spiritual ________ (精神顾问)__________ all treatment (终止所有治疗)to go through _________(经历透析)dischargecarepalliativefatalpulmonaryexperimentaladvisorsdiscontinuedialysisWords to be remembered in Unit 61.personalized2.palliative3.anemia4.potentially5.multidisciplinary6.counselor7.veteran8.eligible9.transition10.pulmonary11. curative12. dialysis13. columnist14. articulate15. anticipation16. stubborn17. stumbling18. obstructive19. obstruction20. exhale幻灯片1021. in vitro22. fertilization23. obstetrician24. symposium25. ethics26. anthropology27. reproductive28. coax29. mammal30. sperm31. high profile32. infertility33. infertile34. visionary35. make sense36. permanent37. by no means38. terminal39. abnormality40. be free of。
医学英语教程-生物医学Unit6A课文翻译
医学英语教程-生物医学Unit 6 Reading AThe Kidney and Its Working Unit肾及其工作单位For many diners, eating tender, pale green shoots of asparagus is a pleasurable springtime event, but the gastronomic experience has a peculiar sequel:The next time they urinate ,even if just 20 minutes after eating, they notice the characteristic scent of asparagus. A chemical in the food crosses the gut ,enters the bloodstream, is filtered out by the kidneys, and appears in the urine with amazing speed. Actually, the chemical is acted on no faster than any other compound. The kidneys are simply marvels at processing body fluids and filtering out the urea; the sodium ,potassium ,or chloride ions ;and the glucose, water ,and other materials that need to be excreted. The key to a kidney's rapid functioning lies in its complicated internal structure and in the effcient plumbing system of which it is a part.对许多用餐者来说,吃到浅绿鲜嫩的芦笋是春季的一大享受,但享用完这种美食后会有一个奇特的后续:即使饭后仅20分钟,人们便会在上厕所时注意到尿液中有芦笋特殊的气味。
医学学术英语(医学)课文翻译以及课后问题答案
Unit11、Some factors that may lead to the complaint:·Neuron overload·Patients* high expectations·Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patient and the doctor2、Mrs. Osorio’s condition:·A 56-year-old woman·Somewhat overweight·Reasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertension·Cholesterol on the high side without any medications for it·Not enough exercises she should take·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan3、Good things:·Blood tests done·Glucose a little better·Her blood pressure a little better but not so great Bad things:·Cholesterol not so great·Her weight a little up·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan 44、The situation:·The author was in a moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts about Mrs. Osorio’s conditions and trying to resolve them all before the clock ran down.·Mrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as compared to her conditions.·Mrs. Osorio seemed to care only about her “innocent —and completely justified —request”:the form signed by her doctor.·The doctor tried to or at least pretended to pay attention to the patient while completing documentation.5、Similarities:·In computer multitasking, a microprocessor actually performs only one task ata time. Like microprocessors, we human beings carft actually concentrate ontwo thoughts at the same exact time. Multitasking is just an illusion both in computers and human beings.Differences:·The concept of multitasking originated in computer science.·At best, human beings can juggle only a handful of thoughts in a multitasking manner, but computers can do much better.·The more thoughts human beings juggle, the less human beings are able to attune fully to any given thought, but computers can do much better.6、·7 medical issues to consider·5 separate thoughts, at least, for each issue·7 x 5 = 35 thoughts·10 patients that afternoon·35 x 10 = 350 thoughts·5 residents under the authors supervision·4 patients seen by each resident·10 thoughts, at least, generated from each patient·5 x 4 x 10 = anther 200 thoughts·350 + 200 = 550 thoughts to be handled in total·If the doctor does a good job juggling 98% of the time, that still leaves about10 thoughts that might get lost in the process.7、Possible solutions:·Computer-generated reminders·Case managers·Ancillary services·The simplest solution: timeUnit21、The author implies:• Peoples inadequate consciousness about the consequence of neglecting the re- emerging infectious diseases·Unjustifiability of peoples complacency about the prevention and control of the infectious diseases·Unfinished war against infectious diseases2、Victory declarations:·Surgeon General William Stewart's hyperbolic statement of closing “the book on infectious disease”.·A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccines·The thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost overWhat followed ever since:·Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and Ebola·Comeback of the old afflictions:» Diphtheria in the former Soviet Union» TB in urban centers like New York City» Rising Group A streptococcal conditions like scarlet fever·The fear of a powerful new flu strain sweeping the world3、Elaborate on the joined battle:·WHO established a new division devoted to worldwide surveillance and control of emerging disease in October 1995.·CDC launched a prevention strategy in 1994.·Congress raised fund from $6.7 million in 1995 to $26 million in 1997.4、The borders are meaningless to pathogenic microbes, which can travel from one country to another remote country in a very short time.5、TB:·Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal places for TB spread·Emerging of drug-resistant strain or even multi-drug-resistant strain·A ride on the HIV w^on by attacking the immunocompromisedGroup A strep:·A change in virulence·Mutation in the exterior of the bacteriumFlu:Constant changes in its coat (surface antigens) and resultant changes in its level of virulence6、Examples:·Experiment in England is seeing the waning immunity because of no vaccination.·Du e to poor vaccination efforts, the diphtheria situation in the former Soviet Union is serious. '• The vaccination rates are dropping in some American cities, and it will lead to more diphtheria and whooping cough.7、The four areas of focus:·The need for surveillance·Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field ·Appropriate prevention and control·Strong public health infrastructure8、The infectious diseases such as TB, flu, diphtheria and scarlet fever will never really go away, and the war against them will never end.Unit31、Terry's life before·She loved practicing Tae Kwon Do·She loved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled combat of tournaments.·She competed nationally, even won bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Games.·She attended medical school, practiced as an internal medicine resident, and became an academic general internist.·She got married and got a son and a daughter.2、The symptoms of MS and autoimmune disease:·Loss of stamina and strength·Problems with balance·Bouts of horrific facial pain·Dips in visual acuity3、Terry did the following before she self-experimented:·She started injections.·She adopted many pharmacotherapies.·She began her own study of literature:» She read articles on websites such as PubMed.» She searched for articles testing new MS drugs in animal models.»She turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types —dementia,Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Lou Gehrig's disease.»She relearned basic sciences such as cellular physiology, biochemistry, and neurophysiology.4、Approaches Terry mainly used:·Self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports on animal models·Self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation which is not an approved treatment for MS·Online search to identify the sources of micronutrients and having a new diet ·Reduction of food allergies and toxic load5、Cases mentioned in the text:·Increased mercury stores in the brains of people with dental fillings·High levels of the herbicide atrazine in private wells in Iowa·The strong association between pesticide exposure and neurodegeneration ·The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms involving metabolism of sulfur and/or B vitamins·Inefficient clearing of toxins6、With 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, andautoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than the genes, we can take many health problems and the health care crisis under our control, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load.Unit41、Two concepts:·Complementary medicine refers to the use of conventional therapies together with alternative treatments such as using acupuncture in addition to usual care to help lessen pain. Complementary and alternative medicine is shortened as CAM.·Alternative medicine refers to healing treatments that are not part of conventional therapies —like acupuncture, massage therapy, or herbal medicine. They are called so because people used to consider practices like these outside the mainstream.2·TCM does not require advanced, complicated, and in most cases, expensive facilities.·TCM employs needles, cups, coins, to mention but a few.·Most procedures and operations of TCM are noninvasive.·The substances used as medicine are raw herbs or abstracts from them, and they are indeed all natural, from nature.·TCM has been practiced as long as the Chinese history, so the efficiency i s proven and ensured.·Ongoing research around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi have shed light on some of the theories and practices of TCM3、It may be used as an adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a comprehensive management program for a number of conditions: post-operative and chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, post-operative dental pain, addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma.4、A well-justified NO:·More intense research to uncover additional areas for the use of acupuncture ·Higher adoption of acupuncture as a common therapeutic modality not only in treatment but also in prevention of disease and promotion of wellness ·Exploration and perfection of innovative methods of acupuncture point stimulation with technological advancement·Improved understanding of neuroscience and other aspects of human physiology and function by basic research on acupuncture·Greater interest by stakeholders·An increasing number of physician acupuncturists5、·Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance:» Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patient» Correct selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulas·Digression from either of the above guidence will lead to misuses of herbs, and will result in complications in patient6、·Randomized controlled trialsAdvantages:»Elimination of the potential bias in the allocation of participants to the intervention group or control group» Tendency to produce comparable groups» Guaranteed validity of statistical tests of significanceLimitations:» Difficulty in generalizing the results obtained from the selected sampling to the population as a whole» A poor choice for research where temporal factors are anissue»Extremely heavy resources, requiring very large samplegroups• Quasi-experimentsAdvantages:» Control group comparisons possible» Reduced threats to external validity as natural environments do notsuffer the same problems of artificiality as compared to awell-controlled laboratory setting.» Generalizations of the findings to be made about population since quasiexperiments are natural experimentsLimitations:» Potential for non-equivalent groups as quasi-experimental designsdo not use random sampling in constructing experimental and controlgroups.» Potential for low internal validity as a result of not using random sampling methods to construct the experimental and control groups• Cohort studiesAdvantages:»Clear indication of the temporal sequence between exposure andoutcome» Particular use for evaluating the effects of rare or unusual exposure» Ability to examine multiple outcomes of a single risk factorLimitations:» Larger, longer, and more expensive» Prone to certain types of bias» Not practical for rare outcomes• Case-control studiesAdvantages:»The only feasible method in the case of rare diseases and those with long periods between exposure and outcome»Time and cost effective with relatively fewer subjects as compared to other observational methodsLimitations:» Unable to provide the same level of evidence as randomized controlled trials as it is observational in nature» Difficult to establish the timeline of exposure to disease outcome• “N=1” trialsAdvantages» Easy to manage» InexpensiveLimitations:» Findings difficult to be generalized to the whole population» Weakest evidence due to the number of the subject7、• Synthesis of evidence is completely dependent on:» The completeness of the literature search (unavailable for foreign studies) » The accuracy of evaluation·There are situations in which no answer can be found for the questions of interest in RCTs and database analyses.·There's the requirement of using less stringent information rather than “hard data”8、·Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine in society·Research and education·Political, economic, and social factorsUnit51、·Dis-ease refers to the imbalance arising from:» Continuous stress» Pain» Hardships·Disease is a health crisis ascribable to various dis-eases.·Prompting elimination of dis-eases can alleviate some diseases.2、·Wellness is a state involving every aspect of our being: body, mind and spirit.·Manifestations of a healthy person:» Energy and vitality» A certain zip in gait» A warm feeling of peace of heart seen through behavior3、·Constant messages, positive and negative,are sent to our mind about the health of our body.·Physical symptoms are suppressed by people who go through life on automatic pilot.·Being well equals to being disease- or illness-free in the minds of them. ·They confused wellness with an absence of symptoms.4、·People's minds are infected by spin:» Half-truth» Fearful fictions» Blatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceit·Spin is a result of unconscious living.·The kind of falseness is pandemic.5·Our body intelligence is suppressed or dormant from a lack of use.·There are tremendous amount of stress on a daily basis.·Our bodies are easily ignored for years because of a lack of recreation time. ·Limiting, self-defeating and even self-destructive behaviors undermine our wellbeing and keep them from achieving our full potential.6·We grow more reluctant to take risks.·We lose the ability to feel and acknowledge our deepest feelings and the courage to speak our truth.·We continue to deny and repress our feelings to protect ourselves. ·Fear, denial and disconnection from our bodies and feelings become an unconscious, self-protective habit, a kind of default response to life.7·A multi-faceted process:» Looking for roots of and resolutions for the issues in different dimensions » Building our wellness toolbox slowly» Picturing our whole state of being·Attention to the little stuff:» Examining our lives honestly and setting clear intentions to change» Striving to maintain a balance of our mind, body and spirit» Taking small steps in the way to perceive and resolve conflict8·Try to awaken and evolve in order to live more consciously.·Get in touch with our genuine feelings and emotions.·Come to terms with the toxic emotionsUnit61、In the past, most people died at home. But now, more and more people arecared in hospitals and nursing homes at their end of life, which of course brings a new set of questions to consider.2、·Sixty-four years old with a history of congestive heart failure·Deciding to do everything medically possible to extend his life·Availability of around-the-clock medical services and a full range of treatment choices, tests, and other medical care·Relaxed visiting hours, and personal items from home3、Availability of around-the-clock medical resources, including doctors, nurses,and facility.4、·Taking on a job which is big physically, emotionally, and financially·Hiring a home nurse for additional help·Arranging for services (such as visiting nurses) and special equipment (like a hospital bed or bedside commode)5、·Health insurance·Planning by a professional, such as a hospital discharge plaimer or a social worker·Help from local governmental agencies·Doctor's supervision at home6、·Traditionally, it is only about symptom care.·Recently, it is a comprehensive approach to improving the quality of life for people who are living with potentially fatal diseases.7、·Stopping treatment specifically aimed at curing an illness equals discontinuing all treatment.·Choosing a hospice is a permanent decision.Unit71、·A dying patient·Decision whether to withdraw life-support machines and medication and start comfort measures·The family's refusal to make any decision or withdraw any treatments2、·The doctor as exclusive decision-maker·The patient as participant with little say in the final choice3、·Respect for the patient, especially the patient s autonomy·Patient-centered care·The patient as decision-maker based on the information provided by the doctor4、·Patients are forced to make decisions they never want to.·Patients, at least a large majority of them, prefer their doctors to make final decisions.·Shifting responsibility of decision-making to patients will bring about more stress to patients and their families, especially when the best option for the patient is uncertain.5、Doctors are very much cautious about committing some kind of ethicaltransgression.6、·Shouldering responsibility together with the patient may be better than having the patient make decisions on their own.·Balancing between paternalism and respect for patients autonomy constitutes a large part of medical practice.Unit81、·Research:An activity to test hypothesis, to permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge·Practice:Interventions solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success·Blurred distinction:»Cooccurrence of research and practice like in research designed to evaluate a therapy» Notable departures from standard practice being called “experimental”with the terms “experimenta l”and “research” carelessly defined2、·Autonomy:Individuals treated as autonomous agents .·Protection:Persons with diminished autonomy entitled to protection·A case in point:Prisoners involved in research3·“Do no harm” as the primary principle·Maximization of possible benefits and minimization of possible harms . ·Balance between benefits and potential risks involved in every step of seeding the benefits4、·“Do no harm” as a fundamental principle of medical ethics·Extension of it to the realm of research by Claude Bernard·Benefits and risks as a set “duet” in both medical practice and research5、·Unreasonable denial of entitled benefit and unduly imposed burden:Enrolment of patients in new drug trial: Who should be enrolled and who should not?·Equal treatment of equals:Determining factors of equality: age, sex, severity of the condition, financial status, social status6、·Definition:The opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them ·Application:» A process rather than signing a written form» Adequate information as the premise» A well-informed decision as the expected result7、·Requirements for consent as entailed by the principle of respect for persons ·Risk/benefit assessment as entailed by the principle of beneficence·More requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justice: » At the individual level: fairness» At the social level: distinction between classesUnit 1 Text A神经过载与千头万绪的医生患者经常抱怨自己的医生不会聆听他们的诉说。
医学学术英语课文翻译
医学学术英语课文翻译医学英语文献选读课文译文及部分参考答案Unit1 中医能否治好姚明的伤?1 NBA超级巨星姚明决定回中国寻求传统中医方法治疗他的应力性骨折,这一决定使医生和中医专家们就中医疗法是否有效争论不休。
2 这位27岁,7.6英尺高的休斯顿火箭队全明星中锋,因为左脚的应力性骨折被迫退出了这个赛季。
特别是在连接脚踝和脚掌的足舟骨上有一道裂缝。
3 姚明在上个月初进行了手术,手术时植入了一颗固定骨骼的钢钉。
施行手术的医生表示,手术十分成功。
姚明术后一旦能行走,将会进行积极的康复治疗。
4 这项手术通常需要4个月的术后休息。
但似乎姚明也想借助传统中医方法(中医是一种包括针灸和草药在内的医学体系)加快治疗进度。
周五,美联社报道称姚明已经回到了他的祖国,和中国顶级的中医专家进行了探讨。
5 一些美国医生,比如位于华盛顿特区的乔治・华盛顿大学中的整形外科医生---Robert.J.Neviaser,对这种额外的举动是否会有任何益处表示怀疑。
6 “我很清楚没有任何已知的科学证据表明,中医疗法能对应力性骨折有明显的效果。
”Neviaser说,“我们不太了解针灸,他的价值似乎在对手术麻醉的一种替代,但没有任何数据表明它对医治骨折有好处。
”7 但有些中医专家声称,尽管没有文献证据证明,但中医的方法似乎可以成功的解决姚明的伤痛。
8 “这么做毫无问题,如果我是姚明我也会这样做的。
因为传统西方医学中,除了被动地恢复也没有什么好的办法来治疗应力性骨折。
”Raymond Chang博士说,他是位于纽约的“中西药研究院”的院长。
9 “尽管只凭经验没有研究,传统中医在这种情况下是有用的,作为我们中国人所受教育的一部分,在几乎所有中国人的眼里,它是常见的,且享有盛誉,姚明选择这种疗法实在正常不过。
”Chang博士补充道。
10 应力性骨折十分疼痛,并且难以治愈。
11 和其他骨折不同,应力性骨折并不是一下子发生的。
相反,它是承重骨中脆弱的部分在机械性应力反复作用的的产物,比如那些足部骨骼。
学术英语unit 6译文
第六单元Passage A译文课外活动诚然,学校生活颇为有趣。
但机遇也来自你在校外所致力于的活动。
那可能是在体育队中活动,在乐队中表演,做志愿工作或者兼职工作。
这些会给你带来什么呢?你会同志趣相投的人共同探索自己在体育、创造力、社会、政治以及事业方面的兴趣。
你会找到朋友,通过尝试不同的事情你会交往到与你并不相识却志趣相投的人。
学校关注你课堂内外的生活,这真的是一个好消息。
是的,学业排在首位,但你的活动展示了你更多的部分。
除了展示你的兴趣之外,通过课外活动,还能看出你能否1)为某事做出有意义的贡献;2)长期致力于一项活动;3)管理自己的时间,安排优先要做的事情。
学校并不一定支持什么活动都参加的学生。
“我们关注学生对学业外的一项活动专心致志,迸发激情,我们关注深度,而不是广度。
”大学社团主任南希·特希尔解释说。
学校没有必须从事的课外活动的一览表,他们希望看到你独立的一面和一贯的专注及责任感。
在学校找到活动很容易。
能弄清楚参加多少活动才是挑战。
这里有几个窍门:1)当你找到喜欢的事情,坚持去做。
2)不要担心成为俱乐部主席或队长。
关键是你是否做了有意义的事情,台前或幕后。
很多学校,社区和宗教组织都会给你发现自己兴趣和天赋的机会。
你有很多机会去尝试不同的事情。
如果你兴趣广泛,时间充裕,那就在多个领域尝试活动。
例如,为校报写文章的同时在动物保护组织做志愿者。
你可以加入俱乐部,例如拉美俱乐部或犹太俱乐部,从拥有共同背景的学生那里获得支持。
俱乐部或小组也能让你遇到与自己不同的人。
很多青年活动把不同的人们聚在一起,消除人与人之间的隔阂。
马克,住在华盛顿特区的大四学生,对于这一点有深刻的体会。
他通过参加志愿者小组,用棒球帮助了接受特殊教育的孩子和伤残儿童与正常孩子一起活动。
加入俱乐部或团队最基本的理由就是让你有事可做,不必总是盯着墙壁,四处游荡,整个下午都在睡觉。
参加活动的人不容易染上吸烟和喝酒等坏习惯。
参加课外活动也在其他方面对你有益。
学术英语医学课文翻译医学英语课文翻译unit1-7
学术英语医学课文翻译医学英语课文翻译unit1-7导读:就爱阅读网友为您分享以下“医学英语课文翻译unit1-7”的资讯,希望对您有所帮助,感谢您对的支持!Unit1肺和肾的功能肺的血管系统肺从两个血管系统----支气管循环系统和肺循环系统获得血液供应。
它的营养血液来自于支气管循环系统,流向肺部除肺泡外的所有组织,因为支气管循环系统始于主动脉及上肋间动脉,接受大约1%的心输出量。
大约三分之一的支气管循环的静脉输出流入全身静脉,然后回到右心房。
剩余的输出流入肺静脉,并在心脏最小静脉的作用下,在正常情况下,以1%-2%的量自右向左分流。
肺动脉系统沿着气道从肺门向外周延伸,向下连接下段气道(直径大约2毫米)的动脉,它们壁薄且富有弹性。
从这儿开始,动脉成肌肉化发展,直至其达到30微米,此时肌层消失。
因为这些小肌肉动脉起着积极控制肺部血流分布的作用,所以大部分动脉压降产生在这些小肌肉动脉中。
肺小动脉将血液排空,送入广泛分布的毛细血管网,进入肺静脉。
肺静脉的壁很薄,它们最终在肺门处与动脉和支气管汇合,出肺进入左心房。
肾结构成分人类肾脏在解剖学上位于腹膜后隙,与下胸椎和上腰椎平行。
每个成年人的肾脏大约重150克,长、宽、厚分别为12厘米、6厘米以及3厘米。
肾脏的冠状部分分为/由两个明确的区域(组成)。
外周部的皮质大约1厘米厚,深部的髓质由几个肾锥体构成。
这些锥体状结构的底部位于皮髓质结合处。
锥体的顶部伸入肾门,称为肾**。
每个肾**被一个肾小盏包裹。
肾小盏与肾大盏相聚组成肾盂。
经肾**流出的尿液汇集在肾盂,通过输尿管排入膀胱。
由主动脉分支出来的肾总动脉为两肾输送血液。
肾总动脉通常分为两个主侧支,这两个侧支又进一步分为叶动脉,为肾脏上、中、下区域供应血液。
当这些血管进入肾实质,变成叶间动脉通向肾皮质时,(这些血管)又进一步细分。
细分后的更小血管在皮髓质结合处成为竖支--弓状动脉。
从弓状动脉伸出的叶间动脉进入皮质。
学术英语unit6“临终关怀”相关知识、文章缩写版与文章大概
首先介绍,在生命尽头的关爱有几种形式?Asked where they would like to spend their last days, most people always say at home, surrounded by people they love. In real life, though, only one in five achieves that. More than 30% die in a nursing home, where almost no one wants to be, and over half end up in a hospital, often in an intensive-care unit, heavily sedated and attached to life-saving equipment until their doctors give up the battle.【参考资料:有at hospitals and nursing homes,有at home,有hospice(临终关怀服务)。
】然后开始重点阐述“临终关怀”:一、什么是“临终关怀”服务的对象&目的?Hospice care is a system of care that helps those with an incurable illness(对象)to focus on making the most of whatever time is left(目的). They offer a range of support, often alongside active treatment for an illness. The focus of modern hospice care is on helping people to live well until they die. Dying in a hospice care can bring families(对象)peace and allow a closeness which isn't always possible at home.【参考资料:临终关怀(palliative care = hospice care = terminal care)并非是一种治愈疗法,而是一种专注于在患者在将要逝世前的几个星期甚至几个月的时间内,减轻其疾病的症状、延缓疾病发展的医疗护理。
最新学术英语医学Unit1,3,7,9课文翻译
学术英语unit1,unit3,unit4,unit9课文翻译Unit 1 Text A神经过载与千头万绪的医生患者经常抱怨自己的医生不会聆听他们的诉说。
虽然可能会有那么几个医生确实充耳不闻,但是大多数医生通情达理,还是能够感同身受的人。
我就纳闷为什么即使这些医生似乎成为批评的牺牲品。
我常常想这个问题的成因是不是就是医生所受的神经过载。
有时我感觉像变戏法,大脑千头万绪,事无巨细,不能挂一漏万。
如果病人冷不丁提个要求,即使所提要求十分中肯,也会让我那内心脆弱的平衡乱作一团,就像井然有序同时演出三台节目的大马戏场突然间崩塌了一样。
有一天,我算过一次常规就诊过程中我脑子里有多少想法在翻腾,试图据此弄清楚为了完满完成一项工作,一个医生的脑海机灵转动,需要处理多少个细节。
奥索里奥夫人 56 岁,是我的病人。
她有点超重。
她的糖尿病和高血压一直控制良好,恰到好处。
她的胆固醇偏高,但并没有服用任何药物。
她锻炼不够多,最后一次DEXA 骨密度检测显示她的骨质变得有点疏松。
尽管她一直没有爽约,按时看病,并能按时做血液化验,但是她形容自己的生活还有压力。
总的说来,她健康良好,在医疗实践中很可能被描述为一个普通患者,并非过于复杂。
以下是整个 20 分钟看病的过程中我脑海中闪过的念头。
她做了血液化验,这是好事。
血糖好点了。
胆固醇不是很好。
可能需要考虑开始服用他汀类药物。
她的肝酶正常吗?她的体重有点增加。
我需要和她谈谈每天吃五种蔬果、每天步行30 分钟的事。
糖尿病:她早上的血糖水平和晚上的比对结果如何?她最近是否和营养师谈过?她是否看过眼科医生?足科医生呢?她的血压还好,但不是很好。
我是不是应该再加一种降血压的药?药片多了是否让她困惑?更好地控制血压的益处和她可能什么药都不吃带来的风险孰重孰轻?骨密度 DEXA 扫描显示她的骨质有点疏松。
我是否应该让她服用二磷酸盐,因为这可以预防骨质疏松症?而我现在又要给她加一种药丸,而这种药需要详细说明。
学术综合英语Unit6课文A译文及文后词汇练习答案
Before Reading
Reading Comprehension
Detailed ReadinRg -C-V_ACfte1r Reading
Vocabulary Development
Translation
C. From the list given below, choose the word which is closest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase in each sentence. Change the form where necessary.
R-B-1.2 T10
我对美国的忧心也是双重的。美国的经济管理是如此松弛, 根本无法面对农业津贴与长期预算赤字。美国的科技虽然先进, 然而一般美国公立学校的数学与科学课程仅为二流。而美国人 民对外面世界没什么兴趣,这又与凭借着自强不息、冲劲与决 心而逐渐向世界舞台中央挺进的中国形成了对比。
R-B-1.2 T11
Translation
பைடு நூலகம்
3. economy, economic, economical, economically a. It might be more _e_c_o_n_o_m_i_c_al_ to buy the video, rather than renting it so many times. b. There were only two _e_c_o_n_o_m_y_ class seats left.
R-B-1.2 T7
我在开封一带漫游时,曾询问当地百姓为何当年的国 际交流中心竟能沉沦到这个地步,我得到的响应有不少是 对纽约的羡慕。一个男子告诉我他正设法付某人蛇团伙两 万五千美元,以便偷渡到美国。但是许多当地百姓却都强 调中国正在复兴,而且很快就能恢复它世界领导者的历史 角色。
学术英语综合Unit6 译文
第六单元数学Text A应用数学的新风向菲利普·J·戴维斯请将以下句子补充完整,“这是一个_______的时代?”你会怎么填?每个时代的作家不仅会在空格处填下自己的时代,还会选择过去的某个时代。
1947年,诗人W.H.奥登曾经写下,这是一个“焦虑的时代”。
大约在1970年,拥有占星信仰的作词人认为这是“宝瓶座的时代”,充满爱与人类的善意。
而最近,心理医生丹尼尔·弗里曼写下这是一个“偏执的时代”,到处充满了怀疑与监视器。
我们对这个问题的回答,取决于我们所经历的事情。
我认为,这是一个计算机的时代,或者更加严格地说,这是一个数学化的时代。
计算机占据主导地位,引领着这个时代的运行机制,而在每一个计算机程序中都会存在某种数学结构。
在当前这个时代,应用数学化给我们每个人都带来或好或坏或一般的影响。
而这些影响都需要一段时间才会显现。
如今数学的应用范围之广,以至于不只在一个科系里存在数学授课。
CAD/CAM (计算机辅助设计/计算机辅助制造)已经被运用到牙医学之中。
那么,牙医学的发展是否需要工程学的才能呢?工程学是否也要教授牙医技术?应用数学家或者计算机科学家的基本训练课程应该有哪些呢?这确实需要人们思考。
在我的职业生涯中,有相当一段时间是在所谓的“应用数学的传统科系”度过的。
这里的“传统”指的是这个科系强调的是作为物理现象模型的数学,或者在较小的程度上,通过数据来为社会现象塑造模型。
“传统”这个词也可以体现在这个科系中所教授的专业课程上。
例如,在我任教的布朗大学,应用数学系的研究生课程包括生物物理学模型,基因组学,运筹学,推论统计学,动力系统,以及流体动力学。
这种设置反映了半个世纪以来的变化,因为我们的科系曾是非常有名的固体力学研究中心,研究弹力,可塑性,流变学等等。
而“传统”这个词也可以体现在以下著名的词形变化序列中:描述预测比较再次修补描述但是在另外一种应用数学中运用的是另外一种模型:规定采用监管与社会评估重新制定规定此处有配定式数学的一些简单的例子,有只含数字的,也有非常复杂的系统:●高速公路上的速度限制●特殊职业的法定退休年龄●足球得分系统●决定大学权势等级的运算法则●用以决定抵押贷款实施的老的“分数系统”●美利坚合众国总统选举系统●国家税务系统●国家及国际金融系统类似的例子不胜枚举。
学术综合英语1-6课课文及翻译
Presenting a speech(做演讲)Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through在人类所有的创造中,语言也许是影响最为深远的。
我们用语言language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit来分享经验,表达(传递?)价值观,交换想法,传播知识,knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself.传承文化。
事实上,对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。
[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality butalso helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events].和通常所认为的不同的是,语言并不只是简单地反映现实,语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。
——语序的调整。
Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately.好的演讲者对语言很重视,也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。
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Unit 6 Text A
寻求临终护理
数十年前,大多数人在自己家中去世,但是医疗方面的进步已经改变了这一情况。
如今,大多数美国人在医院或是疗养院中度过生命的最终时光。
他们中有些人是为了治疗疾病进了医院,有些可能是选择长期住在疗养院。
越来越多的人在生命的尽头开始选择临终关怀。
死亡没有一个称得上“合适”的地点。
何况,我们死亡的地方,大多数情况下也并非我们可以决定的。
但如果有选择的机会,每个人及其家属,都应该考虑究竟怎样的临终护理最为适合,在哪里可以享受到这样的关怀,家人和朋友能否提供帮助,以及他们应该如何支付相应的费用。
医院及疗养院
64 岁的 George 有充血性心力衰竭病史。
一天晚上,他因为胸痛被送入医院。
他与他最亲近的人事先便已决定,在任何情况下都要让医生使用最大努力来延续他的生命。
所以当他需要相应的治疗时,他选择了医院,因为那里有全天候工作的医生和护士。
医院提供一整套的治疗、检查及其他医疗照护。
一旦George的心脏出现持续衰竭,医院的重症监护病房(ICU)或冠心病重症监护病房(CCU)就可以提供及时的救护。
尽管医院有相关的规定,在有些情况下执行具有一定的弹性。
如果George的医生认为他的病情并没有因为治疗有所好转,并濒临死亡,他的家属可以要求更加宽松的探视时间。
如果他的家属想从家中给他带一些私人物品,可以向工作人员询问物品的尺寸限制或是是否需要消毒。
不论George住在ICU、CCU还是两病床的病房,其家属都可以要求更多的私人空间。
在医院环境中,对临终病人来说,身边永远会有知道该如何照料他的医务人员。
这一点令病人及其家属得以安心。
已有越来越多的人在生命尽头的时候选择疗养院,因为在这里,护理人员是随叫随到的。
疗养院有时也被称为专业护理所,在临终护理方面有利有弊。
与医院不同,疗养院里并不是全天候都有医生在场。
然而,由于临终护理可以事先安
排,在病人濒临死亡时,不需要事先咨询医生而开展照护。
如果濒死病人已经在疗养院住了一段时间,家属很可能已经和护理人员建立了一定的关系,因而与医
院相比,这里的护理工作更具个性化。
如同在医院里一样,隐私也可能是个问题。
有需要的话,你可以询问是否可以安排更多与家人单独相处的时间。
家
对于需要临终护理的人来说,家可能是最熟悉的环境。
家属和朋友可以来去自由。
从精力、情感和经济的角度来说,居家护理对于家庭和朋友可以是一件艰巨的任务,但这样做也有好处,况且他们通常愿意承担这样的任务。
如果需要额外帮助,他们还可以选择雇用家庭护工。
为了在家中进行舒适护理,需要事先安排一些服务(如上门护士)和特殊设备(如病床和床边马桶)。
医疗保险也许只能支付由医生指定的服务和设备。
建议事先和医生商量哪些是病人在家中舒适护理所需要的。
如果临终的病人是从医院回到家里,有时医院的出院规划师,一般是社工,可以帮你做出院计划。
当地社区老龄机构也可能推荐其他渠道的帮助。
医生必须掌握患者在家的护理状况,他/她会安排新服务、调整治疗及按需开药。
为了使临终病人尽可能舒适,遵从医生的计划非常重要。
如果你认为一项治疗已经不再有用,应及时与医生沟通。
姑息治疗和临终关怀
医生为了希望治愈重症患者尽可能长时间提供治疗。
这些病人还会接受症状护理或姑息治疗。
例如,乔治伴随心力衰竭还有贫血症。
治疗贫血症可以改善一些困扰他的病症,也可以让他轻松做一些事情,比如自己穿衣服或者洗澡。
治疗贫血就是姑息治疗的一部分。
近来,姑息治疗这个词语不仅仅意味着治疗一些症状,在美国,如今姑息治疗常指那些提升患有致命疾病的人的生活质量的综合办法。
它为家庭成员提供支持,与临终关怀的概念非常类似。
在姑息治疗方案中,一个多学科健康护理小组与病人及其家属共同努力,为病人提供可能患有致命疾病所需要的任何支持,不管是医疗的、社会的、还
是情感上的。
根据需要,健康护理小组可以由医生、护士、治疗师、顾问和社工等人组成。
姑息治疗可以由医院、疗养院、姑息护理门诊、其他一些专业诊所或家庭提供。
联邦医疗保险可以支付一部分治疗和药物的费用,退伍军人可以通过退伍军
人事务部有资格享受姑息治疗。
私人医疗保险可能会支付一部分服务费用。
可以向医疗保险公司咨询相关的保险范围。
姑息治疗并不要求在绝症治疗与舒适护理之间做出抉择。
如果医生认为治疗对病人不起作用,并且病人只剩6个月的时间,这时就有两种选择。
一是将姑息治疗转换为临终关怀;二是继续姑息治疗,但侧重于舒适护理而不是医学治疗。
这就是杰克所面临的情形。
他从美国空军退役,70岁时被诊断患有慢性阻塞性肺部疾病。
随着疾病的进展,杰克的呼吸变得越来越困难,于是他希望尝试采用实验性治疗来缓解这种疾病。
杰克获得了由美国退伍军人卫生管理局所提供的姑息治疗。
在治疗肺部疾病的同时,他接受了舒适护理及战胜病魔所需要的情感支持。
该姑息治疗方案也在日常家庭事务及其他方面为杰克的妻子提供支持,更便于她在家照顾杰克。
有时,治愈性治疗可能不再有意义:它可能对患者没有任何帮助或者反而给患者带来不适。
临终关怀正是为这种情况而设置的。
准备接受临终关怀的患者明白,临床治疗已经不能治愈或缓解自己的病情。
在临终护理中,临终关怀类似于姑息疗法,它不仅为患者提供全方位的舒适护理,而且也为其家属提供帮助,但临终关怀并不进行治疗。
临终关怀是一种临终护理的方式,它并不局限于特定的场所。
它可以在两种环境下实施:一是在家里,一是在一些机构,如疗养院、医院,甚至是单独的临终关怀中心。
临终关怀汇聚了一个拥有特殊专业技能的团队,包括护士、医生、社工、牧师及经过培训的志愿者。
每个团队成员都与临终患者、照料人员及家属共同努力,为他们提供所需的医疗、情感及精神上的帮助。
团队中有成员会定期看望患者,并全天24小时保持电话联络,随时候命。
谨记一点:不进行针对于疾病的治疗并不代表放弃所有治疗。
以一个老年肿瘤患者为例。
如果医生觉得肿瘤对化疗不敏感,病人选择临终关怀,那么化疗会即刻停止,但其余治疗还将继续。
例如,如果此患者患有高血压,那他/她需要照常服用降压药。
临终关怀并不一定是最终决定。
比如,Delores 82岁的时候,发现她的肾功
能正在衰竭。
她觉得自己足够长寿,生活幸福,不愿进行透析治疗,于是她开始
接受临终关怀。
一周之后,她得知孙女怀孕的消息,随即改变主意,不再接受临终关怀,而是开始透析治疗,她希望有一天能够抱上自己的第一个重孙。
与Delores一样,现实幽默作家《华盛顿邮报》专栏作家Art Buchwald在81 岁时拒绝医生建议的透析治疗。
2006 年 2 月,他进入临终关怀中心,准备在几周内死于肾脏病。
但他的病情奇迹般地稳定下来。
当他确定死亡并没有迫近时,Art Buchwald 离开了临终关怀中心。
他在玛莎葡萄岛度过了整个夏天,并于 2007 年1月离开人世。