Nathaniel Hawthorne
霍桑Nathaniel Hawthorne
作品特点：
描写社会和人性的阴暗面是霍桑作品的突出特点， 这与加尔文教关于人的“原罪”和“内在堕落”的 理论的影响是分不开的。 霍桑是心理小说的开创者，擅长剖析人的“内心”。 他着重探讨道德和罪恶的问题，主张通过善行和自 忏来洗刷罪恶、净化心灵，从而得到拯救。 然而霍桑并非全写黑暗，他在揭露社会罪恶和人的 劣根性的同时，对许多善良的主人公寄予极大的同 情。
Roger Chillingworth
Chillingworth’s Revenge
He is a scholar and uses his knowledge to disguise（伪装） himself as a doctor, intent on discovering and tormenting Hester's anonymous lover.
Little Pearl, who's born with a false charge, grows up innocent and lively with no restraint. She is destined to live a happy life .
一个出生就被冠以无须有罪名的小珍珠，她天真活泼不畏
The Scarlet Letter
——character analysis
L
I
D
LOADING LOADING
Hester
A
Dimmesdale
G
Chillingworth
Peal
Hester Prynne
Hester Prynne
Crime(犯罪 →Atonement(赎罪 →Renascence(重生) ↓ ↓ Rebel or Compromise About women’s right and freedom
纳撒尼尔·霍桑（NathanielHawthorne）的《通天铁路》
纳撒尼尔•霍桑（Nathaniel Hawthorne）的《通天铁路》这篇附加的小故事是纳撒尼尔•霍桑于1852年在一本名为《雪景和其他故事新编》中发表的。
霍桑，19世纪最伟大的美国作家，以一部经典的英语散文集约翰.班扬John Bunyan 的《天路历程》The Pilgrim’s Progress中的一篇的形式写了《通天铁路》。
约翰.班扬（1628－1688）是一名英国清教徒传教士和作家。
他写了《天路历程》中大部分的文章，但因为在清教徒革命和奥利弗.克伦威尔（Oliver Cromwell）统治结束后随之而来的斯图亚特王朝的复辟时期拒绝使自己顺应官方的英国国教而被投入监狱。
《天路历程》是一部精心制作的宗教寓言。
在寓言中，主角，基督徒，抛弃了他在毁灭之城的生活开始了一段漫长、艰辛的旅途，决心到达天国之城。
他徒步旅行，肩上背负着重担（象征着原罪）。
他穿越了失望沼泽，经由柴门逃离了毁灭之城，经受了许多偏离通往天国之城的正确路线、动摇他信念的诱惑。
陪伴着基督徒的旅途，一位老于世故的先生试图劝阻他，而且由于福音传道者和广心先生的严厉干预，他数次获得了拯救。
他们指引迷茫的基督徒回到通往天国城的道路。
他克服了山峰高耸的困难挑战，用手中的剑打败了残暴的亚玻伦（Apollyon）（精神怀疑的恶魔），穿越了死亡阴影的峡谷，然后在空虚之城停留了一段时间。
在那里基督徒参观了集市和空虚集市的商业中心（以17世纪英格兰的大型夏季商业集市为模型），而那里也有一个同伴。
信徒，见证了一个殉教者的结局。
最终，基督徒成功地避开了托非特（地狱）之火，到达了以色列的土地。
在他渡过死亡河，然后进入天国城之前，这是一个令人愉快的休憩之地。
霍桑的叙事形式代表了一种更新的19世纪中期受班扬影响的美国视角和流行故事。
通天铁路The Celestial Railroad不久前，穿过梦幻的大门，我访问了世界驰名的“灭亡城”所在地，得知最近，一些热心公益的居民出力，在这座人口稠密兴旺发达的城市与“天城”之间，修筑了一条铁路，遂兴致大发。
美国文学 霍桑介绍Nathaniel Hawthorne
3. Psycho-analysis
◇ Psychological truth was more important than actual truth. ◇ Explored the complexity of human psychology through the characters’ inner struggle
3. Human Isolation（人之孤独）
◇ Human beings are born to be lonely.They defend their pride and selfishness for different reasons. A character is in a state of isolation because of self-cause, or societal cause, or a combination of both.
2.Morality and Sin（道德
& 罪恶）
◇ Man will get punished one way or another for his sin but can also be saved by his gooddeeds and self- improvement. ◇ One has to work and strive against temptation in order to win salvation(拯救). There could be no magic carriage which would enable one to reach heaven without toil or trouble.
Major works
• 1837-1842: Twice-Told Tales 《故事重述》 • 1846: Mosses from an Old Manse 《古宅青苔》 • 1850: The Scarlet Letter《红字》 • 1851: The House of the Seven Gables 《带七个尖角阁的房子》 • 1852: The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》
nathanielhawthorne作者、写作风格及代表作简介
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) was born in a family with a long puritan tradition. He had an ambition to be a writer. In 1821, he went to Bowdoin College, where he had Henry Wadsworth Longfellow as a classmate. He also developed a friendship with Franklin Pierce who was to be the 14th . President. After graduation, he began to pursue his literary career. While, his first attempt at novel writing, a book about his school life, proved to be a failure. His Twice-Told Tales in 1837 and Mosses from an Old Manse in 1846 brought him no great fame either. It was The Scarlet Letter which brought fame and fortune. He tried to evoke emotional sympathy for the heroine, and he got more influence of European literature.As a romantic writer, his themes are the consequences of pride, selfishness, and secret guilty; the conflict between lighthearted and somber attitude toward life; the impingement of past upon the present; the rutility of comprehensive social reforms; the impossibility of eradicating sin from the human heart; alienation and solitude; nature and natural impulses; unconscious fantasy and dream. His style is writing with romance—the predestined form of American narrative; with a strong fairytale element; the use of imagination; the supernatural with the actual; symbols and setting; narrative interest, ease in transition, coherence, and complexity; soft, flowing, and almost feminine; light touch, somber observation; ambiguity; giving the reader many ways to interpret the story.The Scarlet Letter is his famous work. The story is simple but very moving. The central event is sin—adultery. It is set in the 17th century. It talks about the heroine Hester Prynne betrays her husband to have an illicit sexual relations with a young clergyman. Bearing on other people's disgusting, Hester makes a positive response the Scarlet Letter A. She does her best to reestablish her fellowship with her neighbors on a new, honest basis and finally wins their love and admiration. The Scarlet Letter is an elaboration of a fact which the author took out of the life of the Puritan past. It is not a praise of a Hester Prynne sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when sinned against. The way in which Hawthorne wrote The Scarlet Letter suggests that American Romanticism adapted itself to American Puritan moralism.。
红字-The-Scarlet-Letter-霍桑
Background17th CenturyBoston, Massachusetts, New England colonyPuritan 清教徒:Puritans believed God and Satan were present in everyone’s soul. They were constantly fighting against each other. They believed that the relationship of an individual to the community was an important concern.Antinomian 唯信仰论者：主张基督徒可以废弃道德，依靠信仰来拯救灵魂。Quaker 教友派：靠内心意识指引的教派Witch 巫女
The Scarlet Letter
Nathanig
Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑
1804年7月4日—1864年5月19日
Fanshawe (1825，《范肖》）Twice-Told Tales （1837，《故事重述》）Mosses From an Old Manse (1846,《古屋青苔》)The Scarlet Letter(1850,《红字》）House of the Seven Gables (1851,《七个尖角阁的房子》)The Blithedale Romance (1852,《福谷传奇》)The Marble Faun (1857,《玉石雕像》)
Roger Chillingworth
Roger Chillingworth is a man deficient in human warmth. His twisted, stooped, deformed shoulders mirror his distorted soul. He is interested in revenge, not justice, and he seeks the deliberate destruction of others rather than a redress of wrongs. His desire to hurt others stands in contrast to Hester and Dimmesdale’s sin.
Nathaniel Hawthorne1804-1864
写作手法
1.象征
《红字》中象征运用最突出的是红字“ A ”。红 A 字以不同的形 式出现代表不同的意义 . 开始时，海斯特因犯通奸罪 Adult 受到 清教的惩罚，戴红A字以警示众人。随故事发展，海斯特处处积 德行善，使“A”字在人心中变成能干able的标志。最后，海斯 特以德赢得人们的尊重，使A字成为天使angel的象征。
Roger Chillingworth is Hester's husband.(The real devil.)
Pearl is the illegitimate daughter of Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale. She is an act of passion and love, the living manifestation of Hester's sin and a symbol of the product of the act of adultery.
另一个象征是Chillingworth。小说中真正意义上的恶魔。 最初，他是个无辜的受害者，得到大家的同情。但他预谋 了邪恶的复仇计划，最终成为真正的罪人。残疾的身体是 他残缺灵魂的象征。
写作手法
2.对比 红字》大量地运用了对比反衬的艺术手法，所以，美著名 艺术评论家哈里莱文说“霍桑的艺术是建立在反衬的基础 上的。”（Harry Levin said that, “Hawthorne's art is established on the basis of the contrast”. 3 心理描写 细致入微的心理描写是《红字》的又一重要特色，霍桑在 刻画人物心理时很注重环境的描写，常以景衬物（set off the objects by scenery）、以物托情（express fillings by describing objects ）、情景交融（scene blend).
Nathaniel Hawthorne (霍桑)
Hawthorne’s Writing Style
• A man of literary craftsmanship, extraordinary in • The use of symbol: symbols serve as a weapon to attack reality. It can be found everywhere in his writing. • Revelation of characters’ psychology: he is good at exploring the complexity of human psychology. There isn’t much physical movement going on in his works • The use of supernatural mixed with the actual
• His stories are parable(allegory)——to teach a lesson • Use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty——multiple point of view
Hawthorne’s major works
Байду номын сангаас
• 2) he was convinced that romance was the best form to describe America • The poverty of materials+the avoidance of offending the puritan taste—— romances rather than novels to tell the truth and satirize and yet not the offend
霍桑Nathaniel-Hawthorne
Psychological and physical struggle
About human’s nature and sociality
eg. When Hester tells him Chillingworth is her husband, he is not brave to face and overcome it, but to sink down on the ground, and burry his face in his hands, he throws his burden upon Hester. “I am powerless to go! ….Lost as my own soul is, I would still do what I may for other human souls! I dare not quit my post…
小说以两百多年前的殖民地时期的美洲为背景，围绕 着四个主人公之间的爱恨、善恶、惩罚与报复而展 开，同时揭露了19世纪资本主义发展时代的美国社 会法典的残酷、宗教的欺骗和道德的虚伪。
the scarlet letter
main characters:
Hester Prynne 海斯特· 白兰(a woman with the scarlet letter A on her dress）
father:died when he was only four mother:relied on relatives in rearing the
children a family with long puritan tradition brought up by his uncle he graduated from bowdoin college in 1842
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑。
19世纪前半期美国最伟大的小说家。
其代表作品有：短篇小说集《古宅青苔》、《重讲一遍的故事》等，长篇小说《红字》、《带七个尖顶的阁楼》、《福谷传奇》、《玉石人像》等。
这些都是世界文学史上不可多得的经典名著。
描写社会和人性的阴暗面是霍桑作品的突出特点，这与加尔文教关于人的“原罪”和“内在堕落”的理论的影响是分不开的。
霍桑是心理小说的开创者，擅长剖析人的“内心”。
他着重探讨道德和罪恶的问题，主张通过善行和自忏来洗刷罪恶、净化心灵，从而得到拯救。
然而霍桑并非全写黑暗，他在揭露社会罪恶和人的劣根性的同时，对许多善良的主人公寄予极大的同情。
正如他的朋友、伟大作家麦尔维尔）（Herman Melville）所指出的，霍桑的黑暗使在这黑暗中不停前进的黎明显得更加明亮。
霍桑对美国文学的发展做出了很大的贡献。
他对亨利·詹姆斯、福克纳及马拉默德等后代作家的影响是显而易见的。
霍桑的作品想象丰富、结构严谨。
他除了进行心理分析与描写外，还运用了象征主义手法。
他的构思精巧的意象，增添了作品的浪漫色彩，加深了寓意。
但他的作品中也不乏神秘晦涩之处。
苔》、《重讲一遍的故事》等，长篇小说《红字》、《带七个尖顶的阁楼》、《福谷传奇》、《玉石人像》等。
这些都是世界文学史上不可多得的经典名著。
《红字》19世纪美国浪漫主义作家霍桑的长篇小说。
发表于1850年。
《红字》讲述了发生在北美殖民时期的恋爱悲剧。
女主人公海丝特·白兰嫁给了医生奇灵渥斯，他们之间却没有爱情。
在孤独中白兰与牧师丁梅斯代尔相恋并生下女儿珠儿。
白兰被当众惩罚，戴上标志“通奸”的红色A字示众。
然而白兰坚贞不屈，拒不说出孩子的父亲。
小说惯用象征手法，人物、情节和语言都颇具主观想象色彩，在描写中又常把人的心理活动和直觉放在首位。
因此，它不仅是美国浪漫主义小说的代表作，同时也被称作是美国心理分析小说的开创篇。
美国早期文学家-U08-Nathaniel Hawthorne
Nathaniel Hawthorne
(July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864)
Hawthorne published several short stories in various periodicals which he collected in 1837 as Twice-Told Tales (尽人皆知的故事). The next year, he became engaged to Sophia Peabody. Before marrying Peabody in 1842, Hawthorne worked at a Custom House and joined Brook Farm, a transcendentalist community. The couple moved to the old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts, later moving to Salem, the Berkshires, then to the Wayside in Concord.
Nathaniel Hawthorne
(July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864)
Hawthorne was buried on what is now known as "Authors' Ridge” in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord, Massachusetts. Pallbearers included Longfellow, Emerson, Holmes, Alcott, James Thomas Fields, and Edwin Percy Whipple.
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Nathaniel Hawthorne作者、写作风格及代表作简介
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) was born in a family with a long puritan tradition. He had an ambition to be a writer. In 1821, he went to Bowdoin College, where he had Henry Wadsworth Longfellow as a classmate. He also developed a friendship with Franklin Pierce who was to be the 14th U.S. President. After graduation, he began to pursue his literary career. While, his first attempt at novel writing, a book about his school life, proved to be a failure. His Twice-Told Tales in 1837 and Mosses from an Old Manse in 1846 brought him no great fame either. It was The Scarlet Letter which brought fame and fortune. He tried to evoke emotional sympathy for the heroine, and he got more influence of European literature.As a romantic writer, his themes are the consequences of pride, selfishness, and secret guilty; the conflict between lighthearted and somber attitude toward life; the impingement of past upon the present; the rutility of comprehensive social reforms; the impossibility of eradicating sin from the human heart; alienation and solitude; nature and natural impulses; unconscious fantasy and dream. His style is writing with romance—the predestined form of American narrative; with a strong fairytale element; the use of imagination; the supernatural with the actual; symbols and setting; narrative interest, ease in transition, coherence, and complexity; soft, flowing, and almost feminine; light touch, somber observation; ambiguity; giving the reader many ways to interpret the story.The Scarlet Letter is his famous work. The story is simple but very moving. The central event is sin—adultery. It is set in the 17th century. It talks about the heroine Hester Prynne betrays her husband to have an illicit sexual relations with a young clergyman. Bearing on other people's disgusting, Hester makes a positive response the Scarlet Letter A. She does her best to reestablish her fellowship with her neighbors on a new, honest basis and finally wins their love and admiration. The Scarlet Letter is an elaboration of a fact which the author took out of the life of the Puritan past. It is not a praise of a Hester Prynne sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when sinned against. The way in which Hawthorne wrote The Scarlet Letter suggests that American Romanticism adapted itself to American Puritan moralism.。
霍桑Nathaniel Hawthorne 个人简介
The Minister’s Black Veil
分析胡珀教长带黑面纱的原因： 1. 始终是个迷,也许像故事暗示的那样，他曾经犯下某 种罪孽，为给自己赎罪而带上黑面纱。 2. 为芸芸教众们赎罪。世间所有的人都带有与生俱来 的罪孽，而且每个人都设法隐藏它，因此是不可饶恕 的。 3. 他的清教主义的罪恶观使他的双眼蒙上一层黑纱。 4. 以一种似乎自相矛盾的方式抗议人们缺乏坦率、存 有隔膜、缺乏同情心及友爱之心。
Masterpiece The Scarlet Letter
1850 《红字》 Novel The House of the Seven Gables 1851 《带有七个尖角阁的房子》 Novel The Blithedale Romance 1852 《福谷传奇》
Children’s book True Stories from History and Biography 1851 《真实的历史和人物传奇故事》 Wonder Book for Girls and Boys 1851 《奇异的书》 Tanglewood Tales for Girls and Boys 1853《丛林传说》 Collection of short stories The Snow-Image, and Other Twice-Told Tales 《雪影和其它重讲一遍故事》 1852 Novel The Marble Faun 1860《玉石雕像》 Novel Our Old Home 1863《我们的老家》
He was hired in 1839 as a weigher and gauger at the Boston
Custom House. He joined the transcendentalist utopian community at Brook Farm in 1841. While on a tour of the White Mountains, Hawthorne died in his sleep on May 19, 1864, in Plymouth, New Hampshire.
Nathaniel Hawthorne 2013
Trial of an accused witch in Salem
塞勒姆女巫审判案
• Then came 1692. In January of that year, two young girls living in the household of the Reverend Samuel Parris of Salem Village began experiencing strange fits. • The doctor identified witchcraft as the cause. • After weeks of questioning, the girls named Tituba, Parris's female Indian slave, and two local women as the witches who were tormenting them.
Nathaniel Hawthorne
His ancestral burden: Hawthorne was “burdened by the misdeeds of notorious Puritan ancestors” William Hathorne: One of Hawthorne’s ancesters, he migrated to America with the Puritans in 1630. “ History records that William Hathorne once ordered that a burglar be branded with a B on his forehead” Persecuted Quakers 以严刑著称 John Hathorne (son of William Hathorne): Nathaniel’s great-grandfather 曾祖父 “was a prosecuting . . . magistrate at the infamous 1692 witch trials in Salem . . .”
(6)NathanielHawthorne(可编辑修改word版)
Nathaniel HawthorneIn the period of Transcendentalism, there existed three interrogating powers who oppose Emerson’s optimistic ideas. They were Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville and Edgar Allan Poe. Among them, Hawthorne had exerted a great influence on the following transcendentalists.●Nathaniel Hawthorne is a 19th century American novelist and short story writer. ●He is the most ambivalent writer, a consummate romantic in American l iterature.Life●Hawthorne was born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts.●He was born in a prestigious New England family closely related with Puritanchurch.➢His ancestors attended the persecution of people belonging to different churches, such as Quakers.➢One of his ancestors, John Hawthorne, had took the position of a presiding magistrate in the Salem witch trials. (塞勒姆女巫审判案)The influence of his ancestors on his thoughts●His awareness of his ancestors’ misdeeds formed the “blackness of H awthorne”When he was born, his family declined. He was aware of his ancestors’ misdeeds and thus “blackness of Hawthorne” formed.➢He thought that the reason of his family’s decline is his ancestors’ misdeeds.➢And he didn’t agree with the optimism held by Transcendentalists towards human nature. He wrote lots of works on everlasting evil side in human nature.College●He graduated from Bowdoin College. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Mr.Pierce, the future American president were his classmates.After graduation, he lived in seclusion and wrote.●Later, he worked in the Boston Custom House.●After Pierce became president, he was asked to be the consul in Liverpool andItaly.●The appearance of The Scarlet Letter in 1850 makes him become famous as thegreatest writer then living and the first great American writer of fiction.Aesthetics●Attitude towards Emersonian Transcendentalism➢Like Emerson, Hawthorne thinks that man’s eyes should pierce the veil of surfaces to discover the human nature.➢For Hawthorne, as for Emerson, external reality, nature, objects, tangible forms are merely symbols of a deeper, more inward, ultimately spiritual reality, and Hawthorne’s language, like Emerson’s, is an attempt to extract the secret meaning from reality.➢But while for Emerson, the result of such a quest is nearly always positive, a joyous revelation. However, for Hawthorne, it is far more frequently a revelation of evil, of death in life, of the mystery and ambiguity surrounding us.●Black vision of human nature➢All his life, Hawthorne seems to be haunted by his sense of sin and evil in life.Reading his tales and romances, one cannot but be overwhelmed by the “black”vision which these works reveal. Evil exists in the human heart as is evident in the short story.✧Young Goodman Brown《年轻人古德曼•布朗》: everyone possesses some evil secret as tales. (介绍下小说大概)✧The Minister’s Black Veil《牧师的黑面纱》: everyone seems to cover up his innermost “evil” in the way the minister tries to convince his people with his black veil. (介绍下小说大概)✧The Birthmark《胎记》: evil seems to be man’s birthmark.Hawthorne’s works are full of symbolic meanings. He is certainly at his best when writing about evil. It illustrates to some extent the influence that the Calvinist doctrine of “original sin” and total depravity had upon his mind. It also explains Hawthorne’s aloofness from Emersonian Transcendentalist optimism and his skepticism about it.➢To Hawthorne sin will get punished. In fact, he was often troubled by the thought that the decline of his family’s fortunes had t o do with the sins of his ancestors.✧The House of the Seven Gables《七个尖角阁的房子》: the wrong-doing of onegeneration lives into the successive ones, and that evil will come out of evil though it may take many generations to happen. (介绍下小说大概good triumphs over evil, and love and reconciliation end an enmity)➢Hawthorne seems to be of the opinion that evil educates.✧The Marble Faun《玉石雕像》: man is better for the crime which brings aboutthe fall (介绍下小说大概)➢One source of evil in Hawthorne is overweening intellect. The tension between the head and the heart makes his writing enchanting. Hawthorne’s intellectual characters are usually villains, dreadful because they are devoid of fellow feeling.✧Hollingsworth in The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》, Chillingworth in TheScarlet Letter, and Dr. Rappaccini in “Rappaccini’s Daughter”《拉波希尼的女儿》（介绍小说大概）are but a few specimens of Hawthorne’s chilling, cold- blooded human animals.Hawthorne shows a negative attitude toward science. He believes that science will deprive a person’s humanity which he greatly reacts against.Theory of RomanceQ: What is Romance?Hawthorne’s theory of Romance is an ideal combination of facts and fancy, realistic details and fanciful things, or reality and imagination, to make the real look unreal, or the unreal real.Q: Why Hawthorne choose this kind of literary form?●Compared with old Europe, America has “no shadow, no antiquity, no mystery,no picturesque and gloomy wrong, nor anything but a commonplace prosperity, in broad and simple daylight” and can provide few creative materials for writers.●So Hawthorne took a great interest in history and antiquity, and tried to digout some useful material for wring in the history.●To him, these can inspire him to create works. He can connect the old agewith the present age. This implicates his purpose to criticize the present facts by old stories.●But for the purpose of Puritan prudence, Hawthorne adopted the creative formof romance which can allow him to choose his thinking and creative style without caring about the particular details. So he can find a combination between the “real world” and the “fairy-land” whe re the fact may meet with the imagination. Hawthorne’s greatness lies in that he can expose the darkness, satirize the evil and reveal the truth through he superficially temperate but essentially biting tone.Major Workscollections of short storiesTwice-Told Tales 《故事重述》Mosses from an Old Manse 《古宅青苔》major romances and novelsThe Scarlet Letter 《红字》The House of the Seven Gables 《七个尖角阁的房子》The Blithedale Romance 《福谷传奇》The Marble Faun 《玉石雕像》Short stories read as moral allegories influenced by his Puritan background The Birth Mark 《胎记》Rappaccini’s Daughter 《拉波希尼的女儿》TheMinister’s Black Veil 《牧师的面纱》YoungGoodman Brown 《年轻人古德曼•布朗》。
霍桑_红字作者及作品简介
The symbol serves as a weapon to attack reality. It can be found everywhere in his writing
to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty – multiple point of view
纳撒尼尔〃霍桑(1804—1864）是美国19世纪影响最大的浪 漫主义小说家和心理小说家。霍桑对当时美国社会道德论 丧和资产阶级的伪善不满，但是他又不想从根本上改变不 合理的社会制度，只谋求社会道德的改进，宣扬上帝，主 张道德的自我完善。 霍桑由于社会、家庭及自身的因素，形成了既为清教主义等 旧观念所萦绕，又抱有人道主义等美好理想的复杂的世界 观。他一方面摆脱不掉“原罪”、“赎罪”、“内省”、 “命定”之类的宗教迷信，但又从家族的负罪感出发，反 过来对清教的专制统治痛心疾首；他一方面接受了超验主 义哲学观，相信客观的物质世界只是某种隐蔽的神秘力量 的象征，又对当时风靡的“招魂”之类的巫术活动和科学 技术的新发明同样感到不可思议；他一方面对新生的合众 国满怀希望，但对社会上形形色色的腐化堕落及不平不公 的原因又十分费解，便只好到人性的爱与恨、善与恶中去 寻找答案。
Comments and Criticizes
Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote that "Nathaniel Hawthorne's reputation as a writer is a very pleasing fact, because his writing is not good for anything, and this is a tribute to the man” Henry James praised Hawthorne, saying, "The fine thing in Hawthorne is that he cared for the deeper psychology, and that, in his way, he tried to become familiar with it".
纳撒尼尔·霍桑作品《拉帕齐尼的女儿》与圣经的联系
纳撒尼尔·霍桑作品《拉帕齐尼的女儿》与圣经的联系发布时间：2021-04-22T10:36:23.800Z 来源：《教育学文摘》2021年第3期作者：卿瑜[导读] 纳撒尼尔·霍桑是十九世纪美国文学史上具有代表性的浪漫主义小说家卿瑜重庆工业职业技术学院ABSTRACT: Nathaniel Hawthorne was a representative romantic writer in the 19th century American literature, who was praised as “the first great novelist of American nation.” He was greatly affected by Calvinism believed that the “ Original Sin” was the source of evil. In his story Rappaccini’s Daughter, he exquisitely displayed his idea about evil in human nature. Also, many Biblical Similarities can be found in the story. The purpose of this paper is to introduce, compare, and discuss the story in order to find its close ties with the Holy Bible.KEY WORDS: Nathaniel Hawthorne, Original Sin, evil, Holy Bible摘要: 纳撒尼尔·霍桑是十九世纪美国文学史上具有代表性的浪漫主义小说家。
人们称赞他为“美国第一位伟大的小说家。
” 霍桑深受加尔文主义的影响认为“原罪”是人类恶性的根源。
美国文学 Nathaniel Hawthorne
Nathaniel Hawthorne (霍桑)1. Hawthorne’s Life Storya. born into the family of a sea captain, in Salem 塞勒姆b. When he was born, his family declined. He was aware of hisancestors' misdeeds and thus "blackness of Hawthorne" formed.He thought that the reason of his family's decline is hisancestors' misdeeds.His original family name was “Hathorne”.Why did he insert a “w”into his name:HathorneHawthorneT o escape the curse put on his family by his ancestorsHis ancestor John Hathorne had taken part in the famous Witchcraft T rials in Salem塞勒姆驱巫案•c. In 1821 he entered Bowdoin College and graduated in 1825 in•the class with Longfellow and Franklin Pierce, later•president of the United States.•d. Between 1825-1837, the twelve years were so-called•“seclusion”隐居, when he•lived in his mother’s Salem home to read widely and prepare•for his literary career•his first book is a collection of short stories Twice-told Tales 《故事新编》gained critical attention.•e. In 1841-1842, he stayed at Brook Farm and took part in the transcendental experiment and married Sophia Peabody, a transcendentalist------ the inspiration of The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》•f. After marriage, they lived in a house named Old Manse.•it was there, Hawthorne wrote his collection of short stories Mosses from an Old Manse«古宅青苔»•Lately, from 1839 to 1849, he worked in the US Custom office .海关•g. In 1853, After Pierce became president, he was asked to be the consul领事in Liverpool and Italy.•Italy is the setting of one of his novels---The Marble Faun《大理石雕像》•h. After 1860 Hawthorne lived in Concord and devoted his•remaining years to literature until he died suddenly while on• a trip to New Hampshire with his lifelong friend Pierce.2.Hawthorne’s Major Works1). Two collections of short stories:⏹Twice-told Tales 《故事新编》⏹Mosses from an Old Manse«古宅青苔»Short stories:Young Goodman Brown《小伙子古德曼·布朗》The Minister’s Black V eil《教长的黑面纱》The Birthmark 《胎记》2). Novels( 1) The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》(2) The House of the Seven Gables《七个尖角阁的房子》(3) The Marble Faun《大理石雕像》(4) The Scarlet Letter«红字»3. Hawthorne’s point of viewThe Blackness of Hawthorne▪Hawthorne is influenced by Puritanism deeply. He was not a Puritan himself, but he had Puritan ancestors who played an important role in his life and works.He was aware of the misdeeds of his Puritan ancestors, which led to his understanding of evil at the core of human life.▪Melville : “霍桑描写黑暗的巨大力量，是由于受到加尔文派交易关于与生俱来的堕落与原罪思想的影响。
英美文学欣赏资料-the scarlet letter2
“When
strangers looked curiously at the scarlet letter and none failed to do so, they branded it afresh into Hester’s soul.” A letter “A” but freshly green, instead of scarlet was created by her, showing how Hawthorne made a jest at the punishment Puritans put upon Hester. And the scarlet letter was also a toy to Pearl, something that she enjoyed. Hawthorne uses the scarlet letter to depict（描述） his feelings of the exaggerated（夸大的） emotions of the puritans and their overly dramatic punishments.
Representative works
• 《带有七个尖角阁的房子》（The House of the Seven Gables ） • 《福谷传奇》（The Blithedale Romance） • 《玉石人像》(The Marble Faun: Or, The Romance of Monte Beni） • 《红字》（The Scarlet Letter）
Nathaniel Hathorne was born in1804 in the city of Salem. He later changed his name to “Hawthorne”, adding a “w” to dissociate from relatives including John Hathorne, a judge during the Salem Witch Trials. Hawthorne attended Bowdoin College（博多因学院） , and was graduated in 1825; his classmates included future president Franklin Pierce and future poet Henry Longfellow.
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Nathaniel Hawthorne ( 1806- 1864)
Teaching Plan
1. Introduction to Hawthorne 2. Plot and Conflict 3. Analysis of “The Minister’s Black Veil” a. plot sequence b. major conflict c. symbol analysis – the veil d. Irony e. Interpretation
Hawthorne’s Works
He is best known for the novel, The Scarlet Letter. Many readers also know him for his short stories, including "Young Goodman Brown," "The Minister's Black Veil," "The Birth-mark," "The Artist of the Beautiful.” Hawthorne wrote over 100 short stories and sketches, however, 16 of these are uncollected stories; the rest are in three collections: Twice-told Tales, Mosses from an Old Manse, and The Snow Image and Other Twice-told Tales.
Salem
Hawthorne and Salem
Salem was his place of birth, but the events of 1692 in Salem haunted him, especially as his great-grandfather was a judge in the witchcraft trials. Not long after his mother died, Hawthorne announced his wish to leave Salem, which he called "that abominable city," saying that he now had no reason to remain.
Elements of Fiction: Plot and Conflict
1. Plot: the sequence of episodes (events or incidents) of which the story is composed. The plot of a story usually develops along a conflict or a series of conflicts. 2. Conflict : a clash of actions, ideas, desires or wills. a. person against person. b. person against environment - external force, physical nature, society, or "fate.“ c. inner conflict: conflict with some element in one’s own nature. It may be physical, mental, emotional, or moral.
Conflicts in “The Minister’s Black Veil”
1. Conflict between Minister Hooper & his parishioners (P122, line 15) 2. Conflict between Minister Hooper & his fiancee, Elizabeth ( P123,Para 2 ) 3. Conflict between Minister Hooper and his colleague and friend, Mr. Clark (P129,the Last Para) 4. Inner conflict in Minister Hooper (P126, Line 18)
What effects does the veil have?
1. Giving a darkened aspect to all living &
inanimate things. (P.115) 2. Distancing Mr. Hooper from his parishioners. (P126) 3. Making the wearer a very efficient clergyman. (p.127)
Astonishment
Uneasiness & Fear
Pathos & Awe
Dislike
Funeral vs. Wedding
Appropriate Corpse shuddered Tender Celestial hopes Inappropriate /evil Dimmed light/cloud Cold, quivers Deathlike paleness
Hawthorne’s Birth Place
Hawthorne’s Life
He was born on July 4, 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts. He was injured in 1813 while he was playing ; and he reasons for his lengthy recovery may be psychological. He attended a boarding school in Stroudwater, Maine. From 1821 – 1825 he studied in Bowdoin College in Maine.
The symbolic meanings of the black veil
Secret sin/Sin To the parishioners, it is the symbol of a fearful secret between them and the minister. ( P122, Line 15) To the minister, it is a symbol of mourning over one’s secret Sin. ( P 124, Para 2) To the church authority, it is a stain on the reputation of a minister. ( P 129, the last para)
The major issue of these conflicts is whether he should wear a black veil.
The Parishioners’ Feelings about the Minister’s Black Veil
1. Astonishment and wonder (P115, Line 6) 2. Uneasiness (P116, Line 6) ) and fear (P117,Line 2) 3. Pathos and awe (P117,Line 18) 4. Dislike (126, Line 5)
What two possible explanations for wearing the veil do Minister Hooper and Elizabeth discuss? What reasons does Hooper give Elizabeth not to desert him? Who is capable to lift the veil, according to Mr. Hooper?
Part Two : ( P121, Para 2-P125, last but
one para ) Unsuccessful attempts to persuade the minister to remove the black veil Episode 4: The deputation’s attempt ( P121, Para 2- P122,Para 1) Episode 5 : His fiancee, Elizabeth’s attempt ( P122, Para 2-P125,last but one para)
Hawthorne’s Life
He married Sophia Peabody in 1842. The lived in Concord, but returned to Salem late in 1845, and in 1846 , took the position of Surveyor of the Port. In 1853, he became Consul in Liverpool, England. He had his last home at the Wayside in Concord. He was in failing health in his final years.
Part Three : ( P125, last para-P128, Para 1) Effects of the black veil on the minister Episode 6 : Bad effect of the black veil (P125, last para-P127,first para) Episode 7 : Good effect of the black veil ( P127, Para 2-P128,Para 1)