CCNA中英文词汇对照解析
CCNA专业英文词汇全集4
FragmentFree (无碎片)----- 读入一个帧的数据部分以确保不出现碎片的LAN交换机类型。有时称为修正的直通 (modified cut-through)。
FRAS 帧中继接人支持 (Frame Relay Access Support)-----Cisco IOS软件的一个特性，它使SDLC、以太网、令牌环和帧中继连接的IBM设备能与帧中继网络上的其他IBM机构链接。参见FRAD。
frequency (频率) 单位时间交流信号的周期数，以赫兹 (周期每秒)测量。
fragmentation (分段)-----在不能支持大数据包尺寸的中间网络介质上发送数据时，故意将数据包分段成小块的过程。
FragmentFree (无碎片)----- 读入一个帧的数据部分以确保不出现碎片的LAN交换机类型。有时称为修正的直通 (modified cut-through)。
frame types (帧类型)----- LAN中用来确定如何将一个帧放在本地网络上。以太网提供四种不同的帧类型。它们相互不兼容，所以，为了两台主机通信，它们必须使用相同的帧类型。
frameing (组帧)----- OSI模型数据链路层上的封装。它称为组帧是因为数据包是用报头和报尾封装的
fallback (后退)---- ATM网络中，这个机制用来觅得一条路径，如果它不能用常规方法找到一条的话。该设备放松对某个特性的要求 (如延迟)，试图找到一条满足某组最重要的需求的路径。
Fast Ethernet (快速以太网)--BaseT快十倍，而保留像MAC机制、MTU和帧格式之类的性质。这些类似使得现有的lOBaseT应用和管理工具能用于快速以太网网络。快速以太网是基于IEEE802.3规范的一个扩展 (IEEE 802.3U)。对比Ethemnet。参见lOOBaseT、IOOBaseTX和IEEE。
生物信息学主要英文术语及释义
生物信息学主要英文术语及释义生物信息学主要英文术语及释义Abstract Abstract Syntax Syntax Syntax Notation Notation Notation (ASN.l)(ASN.l)（NCBI 发展的许多程序，如显示蛋白质三维结构的Cn3D等所使用的内部格式）等所使用的内部格式） A A language language language that that that is is is used used used to to to describe describe describe structured structured structured data data data types types types formally, formally, formally, Within Within Within bioinformatits,it bioinformatits,it bioinformatits,it has has been been used used used by by by the the the National National National Center Center Center for for for Biotechnology Biotechnology Biotechnology Information Information Information to to to encode encode encode sequences, sequences, sequences, maps, maps, taxonomic information, molecular structures, and biographical information in such a way that it can be easily accessed and exchanged by computer software. Accession number （记录号）（记录号）A unique identifier that is assigned to a single database entry for a DNA or protein sequence. Affine gap penalty （一种设置空位罚分策略）（一种设置空位罚分策略）（一种设置空位罚分策略） A gap penalty score that is a linear function of gap length, consisting of a gap opening penalty and a a gap gap gap extension extension extension penalty penalty penalty multiplied multiplied multiplied by by by the the the length length length of of of the the the gap. gap. gap. Using Using Using this this this penalty penalty penalty scheme scheme scheme greatly greatly enhances enhances the the the performance performance performance of of of dynamic dynamic dynamic programming programming programming methods methods methods for for for sequence sequence sequence alignment. alignment. alignment. See See See also also Gap penalty. Algorithm （算法）（算法）A A systematic systematic systematic procedure procedure procedure for solving for solving a a problem problem problem in in in a a a finite finite finite number number number of of of steps, steps, steps, typically typically typically involving involving involving a a repetition of operations. Once specified, an algorithm can be written in a computer language and run as a program. Alignment （联配/比对/联配）联配）Refers to the procedure of comparing two or more sequences by looking for a series of individual characters or character patterns that are in the same order in the sequences. Of the two types of alignment, alignment, local local local and and and global, global, global, a a a local local local alignment alignment alignment is is is generally generally generally the the the most most most useful. useful. useful. See See See also also also Local Local Local and and Global alignments. Alignment score （联配/比对/联配值）联配值）An algorithmically computed score based on the number of matches, substitutions, insertions, and deletions deletions (gaps) (gaps) (gaps) within within within an an an alignment. alignment. alignment. Scores Scores Scores for for for matches matches matches and and and substitutions substitutions substitutions Are Are Are derived derived derived from from from a a scoring scoring matrix matrix matrix such such such as as as the the the BLOSUM BLOSUM BLOSUM and and and P AM P AM matrices matrices matrices for for for proteins, proteins, proteins, and and and aftine aftine aftine gap gap gap penalties penalties suitable for the matrix are chosen. Alignment scores are in log odds units, often bit units (log to the the base base base 2). 2). 2). Higher Higher Higher scores scores scores denote denote denote better better better alignments. alignments. alignments. See See See also also also Similarity Similarity Similarity score, score, score, Distance Distance Distance in in sequence analysis. Alphabet （字母表）（字母表）The total number of symbols in a sequence-4 for DNA sequences and 20 for protein sequences. Annotation （注释）（注释）The The prediction prediction prediction of of of genes genes genes in in in a a a genome, genome, genome, including including including the the the location location location of of of protein-encoding protein-encoding protein-encoding genes, genes, genes, the the sequence of the encoded proteins, anysignificantmatches to other Proteins of known function, and the location of RNA-encoding genes. Predictions are based on gene models; e.g., hidden Markov models models of of of introns introns introns and and and exons exons exons in in in proteins proteins proteins encoding encoding encoding genes, genes, genes, and and and models models models of of of secondary secondary secondary structure structure structure in in RNA. Anonymous FTP （匿名FTP ）When a FTP service allows anyone to log in, it is said to provide anonymous FTP ser-vice. A user can can log log log in in in to to to an an an anonymous anonymous anonymous FTP FTP FTP server server server by by by typing typing typing anonymous anonymous anonymous as as the the user name user name and and his E-mail his E-mail address as a password. Most Web browsers now negotiate anonymous FTP logon without asking the user for a user name and password. See also FTP. ASCII The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) encodes unaccented letters a-z, A-Z, A-Z, the the the numbers numbers numbers O-9, O-9, O-9, most most most punctuation punctuation punctuation marks, marks, marks, space, space, space, and and and a a a set set set of of of control control control characters characters characters such such such as as carriage carriage return return return and and and tab. tab. tab. ASCII ASCII ASCII specifies specifies specifies 128 128 128 characters characters characters that that that are are are mapped mapped mapped to to to the the the values values values O-127. O-127. ASCII ASCII tiles tiles tiles are are are commonly commonly commonly called called called plain plain plain text, text, text, meaning meaning meaning that that that they they they only only only encode encode encode text text text without without without extra extra markup. BAC clone （细菌人工染色体克隆）（细菌人工染色体克隆）Bacterial Bacterial artificial artificial artificial chromosome chromosome chromosome vector vector vector carrying carrying carrying a a a genomic genomic genomic DNA DNA DNA insert, insert, insert, typically typically typically 100100100––200 200 kb. kb. Most of the large-insert clones sequenced in the project were BAC clones. Back-propagation （反向传输）（反向传输）When training feed-forward neural networks, a back-propagation algorithm can be used to modify the network weights. After each training input pattern is fed through the network, the network’s output output is is is compared compared compared with with with the the the desired desired desired output output output and and and the the the amount amount amount of of of error error error is is is calculated. calculated. calculated. This This This error error error is is back-propagated through the network by using an error function to correct the network weights. See also Feed-forward neural network. Baum-Welch algorithm （Baum-Welch 算法）算法）An expectation maximization algorithm that is used to train hidden Markov models. Baye ’s rule （贝叶斯法则）（贝叶斯法则）Forms Forms the the the basis basis basis of of of conditional conditional conditional probability probability probability by by by calculating calculating calculating the the the likelihood likelihood likelihood of of of an an an event event event occurring occurring based on the history of the event and relevant background information. In terms of two parameters A and B, the theorem is stated in an equation: The condition-al probability of A, given B, P(AIB), is is equal equal equal to to to the the the probability probability probability of of of A, P(A), A, P(A), times times the the the conditional conditional conditional probability probability probability of of of B, B, B, given given given A, P(BIA), A, P(BIA), divided by the probability of B, P(B). P(A) is the historical or prior distribution value of A, P(BIA) is a new prediction for B for a particular value of A, and P(B) is the sum of the newly predicted values for B. P(AIB) is a posterior probability, representing a new prediction for A given the prior knowledge of A and the newly discovered relationships between A and B. Bayesian analysis （贝叶斯分析）（贝叶斯分析）A A statistical statistical statistical procedure procedure procedure used used used to to to estimate estimate estimate parameters parameters parameters of of of an an an underlyingdistribution underlyingdistribution underlyingdistribution based based based on on on an an observed distribution. See a lso Baye’s rule.Biochips （生物芯片）（生物芯片）Miniaturized arrays of large numbers of molecular substrates, often oligonucleotides, in a defined pattern. They are also called DNA microarrays and microchips. Bioinformatics （生物信息学）（生物信息学）The merger of biotechnology and information technology with the goal of revealing new insights and and principles principles principles in in in biology. biology. biology. /The /The /The discipline discipline discipline of of of obtaining obtaining obtaining information information information about about about genomic genomic genomic or or or protein protein sequence sequence data. data. data. This This This may may may involve involve involve similarity similarity similarity searches searches searches of of of databases, databases, databases, comparing comparing comparing your your your unidentified unidentified sequence sequence to to to the the the sequences sequences sequences in in in a a a database, database, database, or or or making making making predictions predictions predictions about about about the the the sequence sequence sequence based based based on on current current knowledge knowledge knowledge of of of similar similar similar sequences. sequences. sequences. Databases Databases Databases are are are frequently frequently frequently made made made publically publically publically available available through the Internet, or locally at your institution. Bit score （二进制值/ Bit 值）值）The value S' is derived from the raw alignment score S in which the statistical properties of the scoring system used have been taken into account. Because bit scores have been normalized with respect respect to to to the the the scoring scoring scoring system, system, system, they they they can can can be be be used used used to to to compare compare compare alignment alignment alignment scores scores scores from from from different different searches. Bit units From information theory, a bit denotes the amount of information required to distinguish between two two equally equally equally likely likely likely possibilities. possibilities. possibilities. The The The number number number of of of bits bits bits of of of information, information, information, AJ, AJ, AJ, required required required to to to convey convey convey a a message that has A4 possibilities is log2 M = N bits. BLAST （基本局部联配搜索工具，一种主要数据库搜索程序）（基本局部联配搜索工具，一种主要数据库搜索程序）Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. A set of programs, used to perform fast similarity searches. Nucleotide sequences can be compared with nucleotide sequences in a database using BLASTN, for for example. example. example. Complex Complex Complex statistics statistics statistics are are are applied applied applied to to to judge judge judge the the the significance significance significance of of of each each each match. match. match. Reported Reported sequences may be homologous to, or related to the query sequence. The BLASTP program is used to search a protein database for a match against a query protein sequence. There are several other flavours of BLAST. BLAST2 is a newer release of BLAST. Allows for insertions or deletions in the sequences being aligned. Gapped alignments may be more biologically significant. Block （蛋白质家族中保守区域的组块）（蛋白质家族中保守区域的组块）Conserved Conserved ungapped ungapped ungapped patterns patterns patterns approximately approximately approximately 3-60 3-60 3-60 amino amino amino acids acids acids in in in length length length in in in a a a set set set of of of related related proteins. BLOSUM matrices （模块替换矩阵，一种主要替换矩阵）（模块替换矩阵，一种主要替换矩阵）An alternative to PAM tables, BLOSUM tables were derived using local multiple alignments of more distantly related sequences than were used for the PAM matrix. These are used to assess the similarity of sequences when performing alignments. Boltzmann distribution （Boltzmann 分布）分布）Describes Describes the the the number number number of of of molecules molecules molecules that that that have have have energies energies energies above above above a a a certain certain certain level, level, level, based based based on on on the the Boltzmann gas constant and the absolute temperature.Boltzmann probability function(Boltzmann 概率函数) See Boltzmann distribution. Bootstrap analysis A method for testing how well a particular data set fits a model. For example, the validity of the branch branch arrangement arrangement arrangement in in in a a a predicted predicted predicted phylogenetic phylogenetic phylogenetic tree tree tree can can can be be be tested tested tested by by by resampling resampling resampling columns columns columns in in in a a multiple multiple sequence sequence sequence alignment alignment alignment to to to create create create many many many new new new alignments. alignments. alignments. The The The appearance appearance appearance of of of a a a particular particular branch in trees generated from these resampled sequences can then be measured. Alternatively, a sequence sequence may may may be be be left left left out out out of of of an an an analysis analysis analysis to to to deter-mine deter-mine deter-mine how how how much much much the the the sequence sequence sequence influences influences influences the the results of an analysis. Branch length （分支长度）（分支长度）In sequence analysis, the number of sequence changes along a particular branch of a phylogenetic tree. CDS or cds （编码序列）（编码序列）（编码序列） Coding sequence. Chebyshe, d inequality The probability that a random variable exceeds its mean is less than or equal to the square of 1 over the number of standard deviations from the mean. Clone （克隆）（克隆）Population of identical cells or molecules (e.g. DNA), derived from a single ancestor. Cloning V ector （克隆载体）（克隆载体）A molecule that carries a foreign gene into a host, and allows/facilitates the multiplication of that gene in a host. When sequencing a gene that has been cloned using a cloning vector (rather than by by PCR), PCR), PCR), care care care should should should be be be taken taken taken not not not to to to include include include the the the cloning cloning cloning vector vector vector sequence sequence sequence when when when performing performing similarity searches. Plasmids, cosmids, phagemids, Y ACs and PACs are example types of cloning vectors. Cluster analysis （聚类分析）（聚类分析） A method for grouping together a set of objects that are most similar from a larger group of related objects. The relationships are based on some criterion of similarity or difference. For sequences, a similarity or distance score or a statistical evaluation of those scores is used. Cobbler A single sequence that represents the most conserved regions in a multiple sequence alignment. The BLOCKS server uses the cobbler sequence to perform a database similarity search as a way to reach sequences that are more divergent than would be found using the single sequences in the alignment for searches. Coding system (neural networks) Regarding Regarding neural neural neural networks, networks, networks, a a a coding coding coding system system system needs needs needs to to to be be be designed designed designed for for for representing representing representing input input input and and output. output. The The The level level level of of of success success success found found found when when when training training training the the the model model model will will will be be be partially partially partially dependent dependent dependent on on on the the quality of the coding system chosen. Codon usageAnalysis of the codons used in a particular gene or organism. COG （直系同源簇）（直系同源簇）Clusters of orthologous groups in a set of groups of related sequences in microorganism and yeast (S. cerevisiae). These groups are found by whole proteome comparisons and include orthologs and paralogs. See also Orthologs and Paralogs. Comparative genomics （比较基因组学）（比较基因组学）A comparison of gene numbers, gene locations, and biological functions of genes in the genomes of diverse organisms, one objective being to identify groups of genes that play a unique biological role in a particular organism. Complexity (of an algorithm)（算法的复杂性）（算法的复杂性）Describes the number of steps required by the algorithm to solve a problem as a function of the amount of data; for example, the length of sequences to be aligned. Conditional probability （条件概率）（条件概率）The The probability probability probability of of of a a a particular particular particular result result result (or (or (or of of of a a a particular particular particular value value value of of of a a a variable) variable) variable) given given given one one one or or or more more events or conditions (or values of other variables). Conservation （保守）（保守）Changes at a specific position of an amino acid or (less commonly, DNA) sequence that preserve the physico-chemical properties of the original residue. Consensus （一致序列）（一致序列）A A single single single sequence sequence sequence that that that represents, represents, represents, at at at each each each subsequent subsequent subsequent position, position, position, the the the variation variation variation found found found within within corresponding columns of a multiple sequence alignment. Context-free grammars A A recursive recursive recursive set set set of of of production production production rules rules rules for for for generating generating generating patterns patterns patterns of of of strings. strings. strings. These These These consist consist consist of of of a a a set set set of of terminal characters that are used to create strings, a set of nonterminal symbols that correspond to rules and act as placeholders for patterns that can be generated using terminal characters, a set of rules for replacing nonterminal symbols with terminal characters, and a start symbol. Contig （序列重叠群/拼接序列）拼接序列）A A set set set of of of clones clones clones that that that can can can be be be assembled assembled assembled into into into a a a linear linear linear order. order. order. A A A DNA DNA DNA sequence sequence sequence that that that overlaps overlaps overlaps with with another contig. The full set of overlapping sequences (contigs) can be put together to obtain the sequence for a long region of DNA that cannot be sequenced in one run in a sequencing assay. Important in genetic mapping at the molecular level. CORBA （国际对象管理协作组制定的使OOP 对象与网络接口统一起来的一套跨计算机、操作系统、程序语言和网络的共同标准）作系统、程序语言和网络的共同标准）The The Common Common Common Object Object Object Request Request Request Broker Broker Broker Architecture Architecture Architecture (CORBA) (CORBA) (CORBA) is is is an an an open open open industry industry industry standard standard standard for for working working with with with distributed distributed distributed objects, objects, objects, developed developed developed by by by the the the Object Object Object Management Management Management Group. CORBA allows Group. CORBA allows the interconnection of objects and applications regardless of computer language, machine architecture, or geographic location of the computers. Correlation coefficient （相关系数）（相关系数）A numerical measure, falling between - 1 and 1, of the degree of the linear relationship between two variables. A positive value indicates a direct relationship, a negative negative value value value indicates indicates indicates an an an inverse inverse inverse relationship, relationship, relationship, and and and the the the distance distance distance of of of the the the value value value away away away from from from zero zero indicates the strength of the relationship. A value near zero indicates no relationship between the variables. Covariation (in sequences)（共变）（共变）Coincident change at two or more sequence positions in related sequences that may influence the secondary structures of RNA or protein molecules. Coverage (or depth) （覆盖率（覆盖率/厚度）厚度）The average number of times a nucleotide is represented by a high-quality base in a collection of random raw sequence. Operationally, a 'high-quality base' is defined as one with an accuracy of at least 99% (corresponding to a PHRED score of at least 20). Database （数据库）（数据库）A A computerized computerized computerized storehouse storehouse storehouse of of of data data data that that that provides provides provides a a a standardized standardized standardized way way way for for for locating, locating, locating, adding, adding, removing, and changing data. See also Object-oriented database, Relational database. Dendogram A form of a tree that lists the compared objects (e.g., sequences or genes in a microarray analysis) in a vertical order and joins related ones by levels of branches extending to one side of the list. Depth （厚度）（厚度）See coverage Dirichlet mixtures Defined Defined as as as the the the conjugational conjugational conjugational prior prior prior of of of a a a multinomial multinomial multinomial distribution. distribution. distribution. One One One use use use is is is for for for predicting predicting predicting the the expected expected pattern pattern pattern of of of amino amino amino acid acid acid variation variation variation found found found in in in the the the match match match state state state of of of a a a hid-den hid-den hid-den Markov Markov Markov model model (representing one column of a multiple sequence alignment of proteins), based on prior distributions found in conserved protein domains (blocks). Distance in sequence analysis （序列距离）（序列距离）The number of observed changes in an optimal alignment of two sequences, usually not counting gaps. DNA Sequencing （DNA 测序）测序）The The experimental experimental experimental process process process of of of determining determining determining the the the nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide sequence sequence sequence of of of a a a region region region of of of DNA. DNA. DNA. This This This is is done by labelling each nucleotide (A, C, G or T) with either a radioactive or fluorescent marker which which identifies identifies identifies it. it. it. There There There are are are several several several methods methods methods of of of applying applying applying this this this technology, technology, each each with with with their their advantages and disadvantages. For more information, refer to a current text book. High throughput laboratories laboratories frequently frequently frequently use use use automated automated automated sequencers, sequencers, sequencers, which which which are are are capable capable capable of of of rapidly rapidly rapidly reading reading reading large large numbers of templates. Sometimes, the sequences may be generated more quickly than they can be characterised. Domain （功能域）（功能域）A A discrete discrete discrete portion portion portion of of of a a a protein protein protein assumed assumed assumed to to to fold fold fold independently independently independently of of of the the the rest rest rest of of of the the the protein protein protein and and possessing its own function.Dot matrix （点标矩阵图）（点标矩阵图）Dot matrix diagrams provide a graphical method for comparing two sequences. One sequence is written horizontally across the top of the graph and the other along the left-hand side. Dots are placed within the graph at the intersection of the same letter appearing in both sequences. A series of diagonal lines in the graph indicate regions of alignment. The matrix may be filtered to reveal the the most-alike most-alike most-alike regions regions regions by by by scoring scoring scoring a a a minimal minimal minimal threshold threshold threshold number number number of of of matches matches matches within within within a a a sequence sequence window. Draft genome sequence （基因组序列草图）（基因组序列草图）（基因组序列草图） The sequence produced by combining the information from the individual sequenced clones (by creating merged sequence contigs and then employing linking information to create scaffolds) and positioning the sequence along the physical map of the chromosomes. DUST （一种低复杂性区段过滤程序）（一种低复杂性区段过滤程序）A program for filtering low complexity regions from nucleic acid sequences. Dynamic programming （动态规划法）（动态规划法）A dynamic programming algorithm solves a problem by combining solutions to sub-problems that are computed once and saved in a table or matrix. Dynamic programming is typically used when a problem has many possible solutions and an optimal one needs to be found. This algorithm is used for producing sequence alignments, given a scoring system for sequence comparisons. EMBL （欧洲分子生物学实验室，EMBL 数据库是主要公共核酸序列数据库之一）数据库是主要公共核酸序列数据库之一）European Molecular Biology Laboratories. Maintain the EMBL database, one of the major public sequence databases. EMBnet （欧洲分子生物学网络）（欧洲分子生物学网络）European European Molecular Molecular Molecular Biology Biology Biology Network: Network: Network: / / was was established established established in in in 1988, 1988, 1988, and and provides provides services services services including including including local local local molecular molecular molecular databases databases databases and and and software software software for for for molecular molecular molecular biologists biologists biologists in in Europe. There are several large outposts of EMBnet, including EXPASY . Entropy （熵）（熵）From information theory, a measure of the unpredictable nature of a set of possible elements. The higher the level of variation within the set, the higher the entropy. Erdos and Renyi law In a toss of a “fair” coin, the number of heads in a row that can be expected is the logarithm of the number of tosses to the base 2. The law may be generalized for more than two possible outcomes by changing the base of the logarithm to the number of out-comes. This law was used to analyze the number of matches and mismatches that can be expected between random sequences as a basis for scoring the statistical significance of a sequence alignment. EST （表达序列标签的缩写）（表达序列标签的缩写）See Expressed Sequence Tag Expect value (E)（E 值）值）E E value. value. value. The The The number number number of of of different different different alignents alignents alignents with with with scores scores scores equivalent equivalent equivalent to to to or or or better better better than than than S S S that that that are are expected to occur in a database search by chance. The lower the E value, the more significant the score. In a database similarity search, the probability that an alignment score as good as the one found between a query sequence and a database sequence would be found in as many comparisons between random sequences as was done to find the matching sequence. In other types of sequence analysis, E has a similar meaning. Expectation maximization (sequence analysis) An algorithm for locating similar sequence patterns in a set of sequences. A guessed alignment of the sequences is first used to generate an expected scoring matrix representing the distribution of sequence characters in each column of the alignment, this pattern is matched to each sequence, and and the the the scoring scoring scoring matrix matrix matrix values values values are are are then then then updated updated updated to to to maximize maximize maximize the the the alignment alignment alignment of of of the the the matrix matrix matrix to to to the the sequences. The procedure is repeated until there is no further improvement. Exon （外显子）（外显子）。
CCNA英文单词
sound card 声卡
subnetwork mask 子网掩码
system unit系统单元
terabyte TB 1000吉字节
terabits per second Tbit/s 1000吉比特每秒
TCP/IT internet协议 传输控制协议
USB通用串行总线
keyboard port 键盘接口
logical connection 逻辑连接
megabit Mb 兆比特
megbayte MB兆字节
megabits per second Mbit/s 兆比特每秒
megabyte per second MB/S兆字节每秒
MAC address 介质访问控制地址
dispersion色散
direct sequence spread spectrum DSSS顺序扩展
electronic industries association EIA电子工业协会
electromagnetic interference EMI电磁干扰
frequency hopping spread spectrum FHSS跳频扩展
fiber optic cable光缆
frequency modulation FM 调频
institute of electrical and electronic engineers IEEE电气与电子工程师协会
impedance阻抗
media介质
modal dispersion模式色散
Character特性
Characteristic特征
光纤通信英文版常见中英对照单词表
AAbsorption coefficient 吸收系数ac alternating current 交变电流交流Acoustic phonon 声学声子Active component 有源器件AM amplitude modulation 幅度调制AM，FM，PM：幅度/频率/相位调制AON all-optical network 全光网络AOTF acoustic optic tunable filter 声光调制器APD avalanche photodiode 雪崩二极管AR coatings antireflection coatings 抗反膜ASE amplified spontaneous emission 放大自发辐射ASK amplitude shift keying 幅移键控ASK/FSK/PSK 幅/频/相移键控ATM asynchronous transfer mode 异步转移模式Attenuation coefficient 衰减系数Attenuator 衰减器Auger recombination：俄歇复合AWG arrayed-waveguide grating 阵列波导光栅BBand gap：带隙Band pass filter 带通滤波器Beam divergence 光束发散BER bit error rate 误码率BER：误码率BH buried heterojunction 掩埋异质结Binary representation 二进制表示方法Binary 二进制Birefringence 双折射Birefringence双折射Bitrate-distance product 比特距离的乘积Block diagram 原理图Boltzman statistics：玻尔兹曼统计分布BPF band pass filter 带通滤波器Bragg condition 布拉格条件Bragg diffraction 布拉格衍射Brillouin scattering 布里渊散射Brillouin shift 布里渊频移Broad area 宽面Buried heterostructure 掩埋异质结CC3 cleaved-coupled cavity 解理耦合腔Carrier lifetime：载流子寿命CATV common antenna cable television 有线电视CDM code division multiplexing 码分复用Characteristics temperature 特征温度Chirp 啁啾Chirped Gaussian pulse 啁啾高斯脉冲Chromatic dispersion 色度色散Chromatic dispersion 色度色散Cladding layer：包层Cladding 包层CNR carrier to noise ratio 载噪比Conduction band：导带Confinement factor 限制因子Connector 连接头Core cladding interface 纤芯包层界面Core-cladding interface 芯层和包层界面Coupled cavity 耦合腔CPFSK continuous-phase frequency-shift keying 连续相位频移键控Cross-phase modulation 交叉相位调制Cross-talk 串音CSO Composite second order 复合二阶CSRZ：载波抑制归零码Cutoff condition 截止条件CVD chemical vapour deposition 化学汽相沉积CW continuous wave 连续波Cylindrical preform：预制棒DDBR distributed Bragg reflector 分布布拉格反射DBR: distributed Bragg reflector 分布式布拉格反射器dc direct current 直流DCF dispersion compensating fiber 色散补偿光纤Depressed-cladding fiber: 凹陷包层光纤DFB distributed feedback 分布反馈DFB: Distributed Feedback 分布式反馈Differential gain 微分增益Differential quantum efficiency 微分量子效率Differential-dispersion parameter：微分色散参数Diffusion 扩散Digital hierarchy 数字体系DIP dual in line package 双列直插Direct bandgap：直接带隙Directional coupler 定向耦合器Dispersion compensation fiber：色散补偿光纤Dispersion decreasing fiber：色散渐减光纤Dispersion parameter：色散参数Dispersion shifted fiber 色散位移光纤Dispersion slope 色散斜率Dispersion slope：色散斜率Dispersion-flatten fiber：色散平坦光纤Dispersion-shifted fiber：色散位移光纤Double heterojunction 双异质结Double heterostructure：双异质结Doubly clad：双包层DPSK differential phase-shift keying 差分相移键控Driving circuit 驱动电路Dry fiber 无水光纤DSF dispersion shift fiber 色散位移光纤DWDM dense wavelength divisionmultiplexing/multiplexer密集波分复用/器DWDM: dense wavelength division multiplexing密集波分复用E~GEDFA erbium doped fiber amplifier 掺铒光纤激光器Edge emitting LED 边发射LEDEdge-emitting 边发射Effective index 有效折射率Eigenvalue equation 本征值方程Elastic scattering 弹性散射Electron-hole pairs 电子空穴对Electron-hole recombination 电子空穴复合Electron-hole recombination：电子空穴复合Electrostriction 电致伸缩效应Ethernet 以太网External cavity 外腔External quantum efficiency 外量子效率Extinction ratio 消光比Eye diagram 眼图FBG fiber-bragg grating 光纤布拉格光栅FDDI fiber distributed data interface 光纤数据分配接口FDM frequency division multiplexing频分复用FDM：频分复用Fermi level 费米能级Fermi level：费米能级Fermi-Dirac distribution：费米狄拉克分布FET field effect transistor 场效应管Fiber Manufacturing：光纤制作Field radius 模场半径Filter 滤波器Flame hydrolysis 火焰裂解FM frequency modulation 频率调制Forward-biased ：正向偏置FP Fabry Perot 法布里-珀落Free spectral range 自由光谱范围Free－space communication 自由空间光通信系统Fresnel transmissivity 菲涅耳透射率Front end 前端Furnace 熔炉FWHM full width at half maximum 半高全宽FWHM: 半高全宽FWM four-wave mixing 四波混频Gain coefficient 增益系数Gain coupled 增益耦合Gain-guided semiconductor laser 增益波导半导体激光器Germania 锗GIOF graded index optical fiber 渐变折射率分布Graded-index fiber 渐变折射率光纤Group index 群折射率GVD group-velocity dispersion 群速度色散GVD: 群速度色散H~LHBT heterojunction-bipolar transistor异质结双极晶体管HDTV high definition television 高清晰度电视Heavy doping：重掺杂Heavy-duty cable 重型光缆Heterodyne 外差Heterojunction：异质结HFC hybrid fiber-coaxial 混合光纤/电缆Higher-order dispersion 高阶色散Highpass filter 高通滤波器Homodyne 零差Homojunction：同质结IC integrated circuit 集成电路IM/DD intensity modulation with direct detection 强度调制直接探测IM/DD: 强度调制/直接探测IMD intermodulation distortion 交互调制失真Impulse 冲激Impurity 杂质Index-guided 折射率导引Indirect bandgap：非直接带隙Inelastic scattering 非弹性散射Inhomogeneous非均匀的Inline amplifier 在线放大器Intensity noise 强度噪声Intermodal dispersion：模间色散Intermode dispersion 模间色散Internal quantum efficiency：内量子效率Intramodal dispersion: 模内色散Intramode dispersion 模内色散Intrinsic absorption 本征吸收ISDN integrated services digital network 综合业务数字网ISI intersymbol interference 码间干扰Isotropic 各向同性Jacket 涂层Jitter 抖动Junction：结Kinetic energy：动能Lambertian source 朗伯光源LAN local-area network 局域网Large effective-area fiber 大有效面积发光Laser threshold 激光阈值Laser 激光器Lateral mode 侧模Lateral 侧向Lattice constant：晶格常数Launched power 发射功率LD laser diode 激光二极管LD：激光二极管LED light emitting diode 发光二极管LED: 发光二极管L-I light current 光电关系Light-duty cable 轻型光缆Linewidth enhancement factor 线宽加强因子Linewidth enhancement factor 线宽增强因子Linewidth 线宽Longitudinal mode 纵模Longitudinal model 纵模Lowpass filter 低通滤波器LPE liquid phase epitaxy 液相外延LPE：液相外延M~NMacrobending 宏弯MAN metropolitan-area network 城域网Material dispersion 材料色散Material dispersion：材料色散Maxwell’s equations 麦克斯韦方程组MBE molecular beam epitaxy 分子束外延MBE：分子束外延MCVD Modified chemical vapor deposition改进的化学汽相沉积MCVD：改进的化学汽相沉积Meridional rays 子午光线Microbending 微弯Mie scattering 米氏散射MOCVD metal-organic chemical vapor deposition金属有机物化学汽相沉积MOCVD：改进的化学汽相沉积Modal dispersion 模式色散Mode index 模式折射率Modulation format 调制格式Modulator 调制器MONET Multiwavelength optical network 多波长光网络MPEG motion-picture entertainment group视频动画专家小组MPN mode-partition noise 模式分配噪声MQW multiquantum well 多量子阱MQW: 多量子阱MSK minimum-shift keying 最小频偏键控MSR mode-suppression ratio 模式分配噪声MSR: Mode suppression ratio 模式抑制比Multimode fiber 多模光纤MZ mach-Zehnder 马赫泽德NA numerical aperture 数值孔径Near infrared 近红外NEP noise-equivalent power 等效噪声功率NF noise figure 噪声指数Nonradiative recombination 非辐射复合Nonradiative recombination：非辐射复合Normalized frequency 归一化频率NRZ non-return to zero 非归零NRZ：非归零码NSE nonlinear Schrodinger equation 非线性薛定额方程Numerical aperture 数值孔径Nyquist criterion 奈奎斯特准则O P QOC optical carrier 光载波OEIC opto-electronic integrated circuit 光电集成电路OOK on-off keying 开关键控OOK：通断键控OPC optical phase conjugation 光相位共轭Optical mode 光模式Optical phase conjugation 光相位共轭Optical soliton 光孤子Optical switch 光开关Optical transmitter 光发射机Optical transmitter：光发射机OTDM optical time-division multiplexing 光时分复用OVD outside-vapor deposition 轴外汽相沉积OVD：轴外汽相沉积OXC optical cross-connect 光交叉连接Packaging 封装Packet switch 分组交换Parabolic-index fiber 抛物线折射率分布光纤Passive component 无源器件PCM pulse-code modulation 脉冲编码调制PCM：脉冲编码调制PCVD：等离子体化学汽相沉积PDF probability density function 概率密度函数PDM polarization-division multiplexing 偏振复用PDM：脉冲宽度调制Phase-matching condition 相位匹配条件Phase-shifted DFB laser 相移DFB激光器Photon lifetime 光子寿命PMD 偏振模色散Polarization controller 偏振控制器Polarization mode dispersion：偏振模色散Polarization 偏振PON passive optical network 无源接入网Population inversion：粒子数反转Power amplifier 功率放大器Power-conversion efficiency 功率转换效率PPM：脉冲位置调制Preamplifer 前置放大器PSK phase-shift keying 相移键控Pulse broadening 脉冲展宽Quantization noise 量化噪声Quantum efficiency 量子效率Quantum limit 量子极限Quantum limited 量子极限Quantum noise 量子噪声RRA raman amplifier 喇曼放大器Raman scattering 喇曼散射Rate equation 速率方程Rayleigh scattering 瑞丽散射Rayleigh scattering 瑞利散射Receiver sensitivity 接收机灵敏度Receiver 接收机Refractive index 折射率Regenerator 再生器Repeater spacing 中继距离Resonant cavity 谐振腔Responsibility 响应度Responsivity 响应度Ridge waveguide laser 脊波导激光器Ridge waveguide 脊波导RIN relative intensity noise 相对强度噪声RMS root-mean-square 均方根RZ return-to-zero 归零RZ: 归零码SSAGCM separate absorption, grading, charge, and multiplication吸收渐变电荷倍增区分离APD的一种SAGM separate absorption and multiplication吸收渐变倍增区分离APD的一种SAM separate absorption and multiplication吸收倍增区分离APD的一种Sampling theorem 抽样定理SBS 受激布里渊散射SBS stimulated Brillouin scattering 受激布里渊散射SCM subcarrier multiplexing 副载波复用SDH synchronous digital hierarchy 同步数字体系SDH：同步数字体系Self-phase modulation 自相位调制Sellmeier equation：塞米尔方程Sensitivity degradation 灵敏度劣化Sensitivity 灵敏度Shot noise 散粒噪声Shot noise 散粒噪声Single-mode condition 单模条件Sintering ：烧结SIOF step index optical fiber 阶跃折射率分布SLA/SOA semiconductor laser/optical amplifier 半导体光放大器SLM single longitudinal mode 单纵模SLM: Single Longitudinal mode单纵模Slope efficiency 斜率效率SNR signal-to-noise ratio 信噪比Soliton 孤子SONET synchronized optical network 同步光网络SONET：同步光网络Spectral density：光谱密度Spontaneous emission：自发辐射Spontaneous-emission factor 自发辐射因子SRS 受激喇曼散射SRS stimulated Raman scattering 受激喇曼散射Step-index fiber 阶跃折射率光纤Stimulated absorption：受激吸收Stimulated emission：受激发射STM synchronous transport module 同步转移模块STM：同步转移模块Stripe geometry semiconductor laser 条形激光器Stripe geometry 条形STS synchronous transport signal 同步转移信号Submarine transmission system 海底传输系统Substrate:衬底Superstructure grating 超结构光栅Surface emitting LED 表面发射LEDSurface recombination：表面复合Surface-emitting 表面发射TTCP/IP transmission control protocol/internet protocol传输控制协议/互联网协议TDM time-division multiplexing 时分复用TDM：时分复用TE transverse electric 横电模Ternary and quaternary compound：三元系和四元系化合物Thermal equilibrium：热平衡Thermal noise 热噪声Thermal noise 热噪声Threshold current 阈值电流Timing jitter 时间抖动TM transverse magnetic 横磁Total internal reflection 全内反射Transceiver module 收发模块Transmitter 发射机Transverse 横向Transverse mode 横模TW traveling wave 行波U ~ ZVAD vapor-axial epitaxy 轴向汽相沉积VAD：轴向沉积Valence band：价带VCSEL vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser垂直腔表面发射激光器VCSEL: vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers 垂直腔表面发射激光器VPE vapor-phase epitaxy 汽相沉积VPE：汽相外延VSB vestigial sideband 残留边带Wall-plug efficiency 电光转换效率WAN wide-area network 广域网Waveguide dispersion 波导色散Waveguide dispersion：波导色散Waveguide imperfection 波导不完善WDMA wavelength-division multiple access 波分复用接入系统WGA waveguide-grating router 波导光栅路由器White noise 白噪声XPM cross-phase modulation 交叉相位调制YIG yttrium iron garnet 钇铁石榴石晶体Zero-dispersion wavelength 零色散波长Zero-dispersion wavelength：零色散波长。
CCNA考试题库中英文翻译版及答案
CCNA考试题库中英文翻译版及答案．A. The area of overlap of the two cells represents a basic service set (BSS).A. 两个 cells的overlap的区域描述了一个basic service setB. The network diagram represents an extended service set (ESS).B. 网络描述了一个extended service setC. Access points in each cell must be configured to use channel 1.C. 再每个CELL中的AP必须被配置成使用channel 1D. The area of overlap must be less than 10% of the area to ensure connectivity.D. 为了确保连通性,重叠区域必须小于10%E. The two APs should be configured to operate on different channels.E. 两个访问点应该被配置成工作在不同的频道Answer: BE6. The command frame-relay map ip 10.121.16.8 102 broadcast was entered on the router.Which ofthe following statements is true concerning this command?6.路由器上输入命令frame-relay map ip 10.121.16.8 102 broadcast，以下选项正确的是?A. This command should be executed from the global configuration mode.A.该命令应该在全局配置模式下被执行B. The IP address 10.121.16.8 is the local router port used to forward data.B.IP地址10.121.16.8是本地路由器用来转发数据的接口C. 102 is the remote DLCI that will receive the information.C.102是远端的DLCI它将接受信息。
生化英汉互译-名词解释
肽peptide 糖异生gluconeogenesis甘油三酯triglyceride 信号肽signal peptide磷脂phospholipid 翻译translation胆固醇cholesterol 遗传密码genetic codon脂蛋白lipoprotein 生物转化biotransformation脂肪酸fatty acid 胆汁酸bile acid乳糜微粒chylomicra CM 蛋白激酶protein kinase PK酮体ketone bodies 结构域domain极低密度脂蛋白very low density lipoprotein 变性denaturation低密度脂蛋白low density lipoprotein 碱基base高密度脂蛋白high density lipoprotein 双螺旋double helix转氨基作用transamination 酶enzyme关键酶key enzyme 核酶ribozyme半保留复制semiconservative replication 酶原zymogen端粒telomere 同工酶isoenzyme逆转录酶reverse transcriptase 变构调节allosteric编码链coding strand 共价修饰调节covalent modification 外显子exon 呼吸链respiratory chain内含子intron 氧化磷酸化oxidative phosphorylation 剪接cleavage splicing 葡萄糖glucose启动子promoter 反密码子anticodon有氧氧化aerobic oxidation 脂类lipids糖酵解glycolysis 柠檬酸循环citrate cycle三羧酸循环tricarboxylic acid cycle 糖原glycogen磷酸戊糖途径pentose phosphate pathway 血糖blood sugar生化名词解释1、结构域：指一些较大的蛋白质分子，其三级结构中具有两个或多个在空间上可明显区别的局部区域。
(2021年整理)药剂学词汇中英文对照
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1-NEP N-乙基吡咯酮1-NMP N—甲基吡咯酮2G—β—CYD 二葡糖基－β－环糊精2—HP—β—CYD 2－羟丙基－β－环糊精5-NCP 5-羧基吡咯酮5-NMP 5-甲基吡咯酮Accelerated testing 加速试验Acrylic acid resin 丙烯酸树酯Active targeting preparation 主动靶向制剂Adersive dispersion—type TTS 粘胶分散型TTS Adhersive strength 粘附力Adhesion 粘附性Adhesives 粘合剂Aerosil 微粉硅胶Aerosol 气雾剂Aerosol of micropowders for inspiration 吸入粉雾剂Aethylis oleas 油酸乙酯Agglomerate 聚结物Aggregation 聚集Air suspension 空气悬浮法Alarm clock 闹钟Alcohol 乙醇All-trans 全反式Alterntae addition method 两相交替加入法Amebocyte lysate 变形细胞溶解物Amorphous forms 无定型Angle of repose 休止角Antiadherent 抗粘剂Antioxidants 抗氧剂Antisepesis 防腐Apparent solubility 表现溶解度Aprotinin 抑酞酶Aquacoat 乙基纤维素水分散体Aromatic waters 芳香水剂Arrhenius 方程阿仑尼乌斯方程Ascabin 苯甲酸酯Aseptic technique 无菌操作法Azone 氮酮Azone 氮酮Ball mill 球磨机Base adsorption 基质吸附率Bases 基质Beeswax 蜂蜡Bending 弯曲力BHA 叔丁基对羟基茴香醚BHT 二叔丁基对甲酚Bioavailability 生物利用度Biochemical approach 生物学方法Biopharmaceutics 生物药剂学Biotechnology 生物技术Bond学说中等粉碎（粒径）Bound water 结合水分Breakage (Bk）脆碎度Brij 泽、聚氧乙烯脂肪醇醚Brij 聚氧乙烯脂肪醇醚Buccal tablets 颊额片Bulk density 松密度Bulk density 松密度、堆密度Burst effect 突释效应CA 醋酸纤维素CAB 醋酸纤维素丁酸酯Cabomer 羟基乙烯共聚物Caking 结饼CAP 醋酸纤维素酞酸酯CAP 邻苯二甲酸醋酸纤维素CAP 邻苯二甲酸醋酸纤维素CAP 邻苯二甲酸醋酸纤维素CAP 邻苯二甲酸醋酸纤维素Capillary state 毛细管状Capsules 胶囊剂Carbomer 卡波姆、羧基乙烯共聚物Carbopol 卡波普Carbopol 934 卡波普Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium 羟甲基纤维素钠Carboxymethyl starch sodium CMS-Na羧甲基淀粉纳Carboxymethylcellulose sodium CMC—Na羧甲基纤维素纳CAT 醋酸纤维素苯三酸酯CD 圆二色谱法Cellulose acetate （CA) 醋酸纤维素Cellulose acetate phthalate （CAP) 醋酸纤维素酞酸醋Central composite design （CCD）星点设计Cera aseptical pro osse bone wax 骨蜡Ceramide 神经酰胺Cetomacrogol 聚乙二醇与十六醇缩合Chemical approach 化学方法Chewable tablets 咀嚼片Chitin 壳多糖Chitosan 壳聚糖Chronopathology 时辰病理学Chronopharmacology 时辰药理学Clausius—Clapeyron方程克劳修斯－克拉珀龙方程Clinical pharmaceutics 临床药剂学Cloud point 对聚氧乙烯型非离子表面活性剂CMC—Na 羧甲基纤维素纳CMC—Na 羧甲基纤维素纳CMC-Na 羟甲基纤维素CMEC 羧甲乙纤维素CMS 羧甲基淀粉CMS—Na 羧甲基淀粉钠Coadminiatration of skin Meta Inh 皮肤代谢抑制剂的合用Coadministraition of chem。
CCNA第三学期中英文对照练习6
1请参见图示。
下列哪三种说法正确描述了图中所示的网络设计？（选择三项。
）136Refer to the exhibit. Which three statements describe the network design shown in the exhibit?此设计不易扩展。
This design will not scale easily.路由器将VLAN合并到单个广播域内。
The router merges the VLANs into a single broadcast domain.此设计使用了一些不必使用的交换机端口或路由器端口。
This design uses more switch and router ports than are necessary.此设计超出了交换机可连接的VLAN的最大数量。
This design exceeds the maximum number of VLANs that can be attached to a switch.此设计需要在交换机与路由器之间的链路上使用ISL或802.1q协议。
This design requires the use of the ISL or 802.1q protocol on the links between the switch and the router.如果交换机与路由器之间的物理接口可以正常工作，则不同VLAN中的设备可通过路由器通信。
If the physical interfaces between the switch and router are operational, the devices on the different VLANs can communicate through the router.2、某路由器有两个快速以太网接口，需要连接到本地网络中的四个VLAN。
在不降低网络必要性能的情况下，如何才能使用数量最少的物理接口达到此要求？1A router has two FastEthernet interfaces and needs to connect to four VLANs in the local network. How can this be accomplished using the fewest number of physical interfaces without unnecessarily decreasing network performance?实施单臂路由器配置。
CCNA专业英文词汇
CCNA专业英文词汇全集(1—4)CCNA专业英文词汇全集(1)10BaseT-----原始IEEE802.3标准的一部分，1OBaseT是1OMb/s基带以太网规范，它使用两对双绞电缆(3类、4类或5类)，一对用于发送数据另一对用于接收数据。
1OBaseT 每段的距离限制约为100米。
参见Ethernet和IEEE 802.3。
1OOBaseT-----基于IEEE 802.3U标准，1OOBaseT是使用UTP接线的基带快速以太网规范。
当没有通信量出现时。
1OOBaseT在网络上发送链接脉冲(比1OBaseT中使用的包含更多信息)。
参见10BaseT、Fast Ethernet和IEEE 802.3。
100BaseTX-----基于IEEE 802.3U标准，100BaseTX是使用两对UTP或STP接线的10OMb/S基带快速以太网规范。
第一对线接收数据;第二对线发送数据。
为确保正确的信号定时，一个100BaseTX网段不能超过100米长。
A&B bit signaling (A和B比特信令)-----用于T-1传输设备，有时称为"第24信道信令"。
在这一方案中，每个T-1于信道使用每个第六帧的一个比特来发送监控信令信息。
AAA-----身份验证(Authentication)、授权(Authorization)和统计(Accounting)Cisco开发的一个提供网络安全的系统。
奏见authentication。
authorization和accountingAAL ATM适应层-----数据链路层的一个与服务有关的子层，数据链路层从其他应用程序接受数据并将其带人ATM层的48字节有效负载段中。
CS和SAR是AAL的两个子层。
当前，ITU-T建议的四种AAL是AAL1、AAL2、AAL3/4和AAL5。
AAL由它们使用的源-目的地定时所区分，无论它们是CBR或VBR, 也无论它们是用于面向连接的或无连接模式的数据传输。
CCNA词汇
Unit One Network Fundamentals 网络基础Lesson l Computer NetworkingNew Words and ExpressionsNetworking n．联网，网络Link n．连接，链接Device n．设备Communication n．通信，通信，交流Resource n.资源Printer n．打印机Scanner n．扫描仪Modem n．调制解调器Access n．访问，访问权限V．访问，接入，使用Interconnect v．使互相连接Cable n．电缆Coaxia1 adj．同轴的Fiber n．纤维，光纤Opticsn．光学Wireless adj.无线的Effectively adv．有效地Layout n．布局，设计，安排Topology n．拓扑结构Star n．星，恒星Hub n．集线器Mesh ，n．网状物；网，网格Hybrid n．混合，混合物，杂种Ring n．环，环形物Specialize V·使专业化，使专门化Specialized adj．专门的，专业的Protocol n．协议Suite n．组件，族，群，套房Multiple adj．多重的，多种的，多样的Telnet n．远程登录协议Stack n，堆栈Unique adj．唯一的，独特的Flexibility n．灵活性Involve v.包含，涉及，使陷于Install V．安装Configure V．配置Ethernet n．以太网Connector n．连接器Router n．连接器Switch n．交换机，交换器，开关Bridge n．网桥Transceiver n．收发器Terminal adj．终端的n．终端机Server n．服务器Gateway n．网关Centralized adj．集中的Domain n．域，域名Controller n．控制器Logon n．注册，登录Authentication n．认证，验证Storage n．存储Intranet n．内联网Extranet n．外联网Radio wave 声波Coaxial cable 同轴电缆Operating system 操作系统Abbreviations(缩写)CD (Compact Disk) 光盘DVD (Digital Video Disk) 数字化视频光盘UTP (Unshielded Twisted Paired) 非屏蔽双绞线STP(Shielded TwistedPaired) 屏蔽双绞线TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) 传输控制协议IP (lnternetProtocol) 互联网协议SMTP ( Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) 简单邮件传输协议FTP (File Transfer Protocol) 文件传输协议DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration Protrotocol) 动态主机配置协议LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) 轻量级目录访问协议PPP(Point-to-Point Protocol) 点对点通信协议LAN (LocalArea Network) 局域网WAN ( Wide Area Network) 广域网DNS (Domain Name Service) 域名服务Lesson 2 Network TopologyNew Words and ExpressionsSchematic adj．概要的，图解的Arrangement n．安排，排列，布置Node n．节点Geometry n．几何学，几何体，几何Define v．定义，详细说明Physical adj外在的，物理的，有形的，实体的，自然的Logical adj．逻辑的，合理的Signal n．信号Configuration n．配Transmission n．传输，传递Identical adj．相同的，同样的Medium n．媒介Endpoint n．端点，终接点Backbone n．主干网络，支柱，骨干Virtually adv．几乎，事实上，实际上Simultaneously adv.同时地Terminate v．终接，结束Terminator n．终接器Impedance n．阻抗Dissipate v．驱散Absorb v．吸收Propagate v．传播Interference n．干涉，干扰Degradation n．减弱，递减Pedpheral adj．外围的Converge v．聚集，聚合Circular adj．圆形的，循环的Practical adj．实际的，实用的Complex adj．复杂的Hierarchy n．层次，层次结构Hierarchical adj．分层的，等级的Symmetrical adj．对称的Refer to A as B 将A称为BLay out 排列，布置Refer to 指的是，参考，涉及Be attached to 附属于，连接Be composed of 由……组成Peripheral device 外围设备Hybrid Topology 混合拓扑结构Bus Topology 总线拓扑结构Star Topology 星状拓扑结构Ring Topology 环状拓扑结构Mesh Topology 网状拓扑结构Lesson 3 The OSI Reference Model New Words and ExpressionsRelease v．发布Layer n．层Abstract adj．抽象的Primary adj．主要的Objective n．目标Accelerate v．促进，加速Vendor n．销售商，供应商Relate v．使有联系，关联Illustrate v．阐明，举例说明，图解Facilitate v．促进，使有帮助，便于Standardization n．标准化Parameter n．参数，系数Invoke v．调用Deactivate v．撤销，使无效Synchronization n．同步，同时性Switch v．转换，交换Maintain V．维护Terminate v，终接，结束Transparent adj．透明的Recovery n．恢复Session n．会话Transformation v．转换，转化Interface n．接口，界面Encryption n．加密，加密术Compresslon n．压缩Reformat v．改换格式，重定格式Voltage swing 电压摆幅Data frame 数据帧Bit stream 比特流，位流Physicallayer 物理层Data link layer 数据链路层Network layer 网络层Transport layer 传输层Session layer 会话层Presentation layer 表示层Application layer 应用层Lesson 4 The TCP/IP Reference Moclel New Words and ExpresstonsOrigmate v．起源于Investigative adj．调查的，研究的Original adj．最初的Subnet n．子网Intact adj．完整的Function v．运行，起作用Datagram n．数据报Underlying adj．在下面的，潜在的Addressing n．寻址，定址Constraint n．约束，限制Encompass v．包含，包括Rational adj．合理的，理性的Encapsulation n．封装，包装Scheme n．方案，计划Convert v．转变，转化Mapping n．绘图，制图Appropriate adj．适当的，恰当的Equivalent adj.．等同的，相等的Peer n．对等，同龄人Interaction n．互相作用，交互作用Port n．端口Comply with 遵守，依照，按照Packet switching 分组交换Intemet protocol suite 互联网协议族Access protocol 接入协议Application layer 应用层Internet layer 互联网层Transport layer 传输层Network access layer 网络接入层AbbreviationsDoD (Department of Defense) 国防部ARPA ( Advanced Research Projects Agency) 高级研究规划局HTTP ( Hyper Text Transport Protocol)超文本传输协议SMTP ( Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)简单邮件传输协议FTP (File Transfer Protocol) 文件传输协议TCP ( Transmission Control Protocol) 传输控制协议POP (Post Office Protocol) 邮局协议OSI (Open System Interconnect Reference Model) 开放式系统互连参考模型Unit Two Basic Definitions ln Data Networks 数据网络中的基本术语Lesson 5 Network MathNew Words and ExpressionsBinary adj．二进制的Format n．格式Represent v．代表Component n．元件，组件Volt n．伏特Decimal adj．十进制的Byte n．字节Digit n．数字，数位Numerical adj．数值的，数字的Value n．值Power n．幂Placeholder n．占位符Evolve v．进化，演化Counting n．计数，计算Sequence n．序列，顺序Transition n．转换，转变，过渡Hexadecimal adj ．十六进制的Shorthand n．速记Otherwise adv.否则Memory n．内存Database n．数据库Prefix n．前缀Respectively adv．各自地，分别地Metric unit 计量单位Electrical potential 电势Figure out 计算出，算出，猜出Except for 除了，除了以外Tend to 倾向于，易于，常常Mix up 混淆AbbreviationsKB（Kilobyte）千字节，1 024字节MB（Megabyte）兆字节GB （Gigabyte）吉（10亿）字节：10亿位组Lesson 6 IP Addressing and IP Address Classes Addressing n．寻址Identifier n．标志符Segment n．段，部分Reserve v．保留，储备，预约Multicast n．多路广播，多路传送Assign v．分配，指定，指派Octet n．八位字节Gateway n．网关Scope n．范围Default n，默认Property n．属性Tabn．标签Range n．范围Medium-sized adj．中等规模的Portion n．部分By default 默认Subnet mask 子网掩码Web server 网络服务器Consist of 组成，构成AbbreviationsDNS (Domain Name Server) 域名服务器DHCP ( Dynamic host configuration protocol) 动态主机配置协议Lesson7 LANNew Words and ExpressionsCriterion n．标准Classify v．分类Restrict v．限制，限定，约束Bounded adj．有限的，有界限的Simplify v．简化Microsecond n．微秒Nanosecond n．纳秒Predominant adj．支配的，主导的，主要的Frequency n．频率Accommodate v．使适应，容纳Multiple adj．许多的，多重的Collision n．冲突Detection n．检测Coaxial adj．同轴的Diameter n．直径Migrate v．迁移，移动Flexible adj．灵活的Implementation n．实现，完成Concentrate v．集中Frame n．帧Disrupt v．使中断，破坏Half-duplex adj．半双工传输的Subsequent adj．后来的，随后的Significant adj．重要的，重大的Congested adj．拥挤的，堵塞的Minimize v．使最小化Full-duplex adj．全双工传输的Robust adj．强大的Bandwidth n．带宽Capacity n．容量Infrastructure n．基础设施Minimal adj．最小的，最低的Fiber-optic adj．光学的Blur v．使模糊不清Initially adv．最初Correspond with 符合，一致In advance 预先，提前In turn 依次，轮流，反过来Result in 导致，引起Current Ethemet 电流以太网Ethemet-based networks 基于以太网的网络Fiber-optic media technologies 光纤媒体技术Fiber-optic cable 光纤电缆AbbreviationsPAN (PersonalArea Network) 个人区域网络LAN (LocalAreaNetwork) 局域网MAN ( Metropolitan Area Network) 城域网CSMA/CD (CollisionDetection) 冲突检测WAN (Wide Area Networks) 大区域计算机网UTP ( Unshielded Twisted Paired) 非屏蔽双绞线Lesson8 WANNew Words and ExpressionsIntelligent adj．智能的Complexity n．复杂性Scale n．规模Extend v．延伸，扩大Continuous adj．连续不断的Combinatjon n．结合，组合Architecture n．架构，建筑Quantized adj．量化的Regulate v，调节，规定Predestined adj．注定的，预定的Integration．集成，结合Superhighway n．高速公路Router n．路由器Routing n．路由选择Mechanism n．机制，机械装置Identical adj．完全相同的，同一的Distribution n．分配Packet n．数据包，信息Leased adj．专用的Specific adj．具体的，明确的Superior adj．上好的，优秀的Secure adj.安全的Security n．安全Error-free adj．无误的，无差错的Dial-up n．拨号Dynamic adj．动态的Slice v．分割Irrespective of 不论，不管Congestion n，拥塞，拥挤Synchronous adj．同步的，同时的Platform n．平台Mobilc adj．移动的Immense adj．巨大的Wield v．使用，行使Coupled with 加上，与相结合Service packet 服务包Circuit switching 电路交换Packet switching 包交换Frame relay 帧中继Leased line 专线Circuit switching 线路交换，线路转接Packet switching 包交换技术Cell relay 信元中继Wireless WAN 无线广域网Lesson 9 NIC and HubNew Words and ExpressionsMaximum adj．最大的，最高的，最大限度的Repeater n．中继器Bridge n，网桥Hubn．集线器Gateway n．网关Regenerate v．再生Analog adj．模拟的Attenuation n．衰减Distort v．扭曲Forward v．转接Chipset n．芯片组Fragment v．使成碎片Format v．使格式化Header n．头部Trailer n．尾部Hard-coded adj．硬件编码的Buffer n．缓冲，缓冲区，缓冲器Context n．环境，语境Mlcroprocessor n．微处理器Relieve n．缓解，减轻Routine adj．常规的，日常的Embed v．嵌入，使嵌入Multi-port adj．多端口的Concentrator n．集中器Accommodate v．容纳，适应Rudimentary adj．初步的Circuit board 电路板Expansion slot 扩展槽Header and trailer 头标和尾标Collapsed backbone 折叠主干Buffer memory 超高速缓沖存储器Lesson10 BridgeNew Words and ExpressionsBridge n．网桥Exceed v．超越，超过Buffer n．缓冲器，缓沖区Forward v．转发Congest v．拥塞，拥挤Congestion n．拥塞Inherent adj．固有的，内在的Sunplicity n．简单单，简单性Cascade v，级联，串联Contemporary adj．当代的Simultaneous adj．同时的Cut-through n．直通式Matrix n．矩阵Propagation n．传描，传输Ultimately adv．最终，最后Fragmcnt-free n．碎片隔离Eliminate v．消除，排除Output n．输出Filter v．过滤Complexity n，复杂性Resume v．重新开始，恢复Intemal adj．内部的Store-and-forwardn．存储并转发As appropriate 酌情，视情况而定Cut-Through Switch 直通式交换Store and Forward Switch 存储和转发交换Fragment Free Switch 碎片自由开关OSI Reference e Model Layer 开放系统互连参参考模型层MAC ( Multi-Access Computer)多路存取计算机Lesson 11 Router and GatewayNew Words and ExpressionsDisparate adj．不同的，不相干的Typicajly adv．通常地，有代表性地Stark adj．完全的Payload n．有效负载，有效负荷Thereby adv．从而，因此，借此Aggregate n．总计，集合体Redunda ncy n．备份，冗余Susceptible adj．易受影响的Catastrophic adj．灾难性的Identification n．认同，识别Subset n．子集，子设备Altemate adj．交替的，轮流的Accomplish v．完成Midrange n．中型机Mainframe n．大型机Proprietary adj．专有的Latency n．延迟Bottleneck n．瓶颈Invoke v．调用Collision n．冲突Domain n．域Be equivalent to 等同于相当于Impose on 施加影响于In terms of 就…而言In effect 事实上Collision domain 冲突域Broadcast domain 广播域Lesson 12 VLAN。
临床专业术语英中文对照
专业术语英中文对照TTP： time-to-progression 疾病进展时间SAE： severity Adverse Event严重不良事件AE： Adverse Event不良事件SOP： Standard Operating Procedure 标准操作规程CRF： Case Report form病例报告表DLT：剂量限制毒性MTD：最大耐受剂量KPS： Karnofsky Performance Status行为状态评分CR： complete response完全缓解PR： partial response部分缓解SD：病情稳定PD： progressive disease病情进展CTC：常用药物毒性标准IEC： independent ethics committee 独立伦理委员会IRB ： institutional review board 伦理委员会CRA：临床研究助理CRO： Contract Research Organization合同研究组织DFS： Disease Free Survival无病生存期OS：〔Overall Survival总生存时间IC： Informed consent 知情同意ADR： Adverse Drug Reaction不良反应GAP：Good Agricultural Practice 中药材种植管理规范GCP：Good Clinical Practice 药物临床试验质量管理规范GLP：Good Laboratory Practice 药品实验室管理规范GMP：Good Manufacturing Practice 药品生产质量管理规范GSP：Good Supply Practice 药品经营质量管理规范GUP：Good Use Practice 药品使用质量管理规范PI ：Principal investigator主要研究者CI： Co-inveatigator合作研究者SI ：Sub-investigator 助理研究者COI ：Coordinating investigtor协调研究者DGMP：医疗器械生产质量管理规范ICF： Informed consent form知情同意书RCT ： randomized controlled trial, 随机对照试验NRCCT： non-randomized concurrent controlled trial, 非随机同期对照试验EBM： evidence-based medicine循证医学RCD：randomized cross-over disgn随机交*对照试验HCT： historial control trial, 历史对照研究RECIST： Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors. 实体瘤疗效反应的评价标准QC： Quality Control质量控制UADR： Unexpected Adverse Drug Reaction,非预期药物不良反应1 / 6Active control AC 阳性对照,活性对照Adverse drug reactive ADR药物不良反应Audit 稽查Bias 偏差blank Control 空白对照Blinding /asking盲法Case history病历Clinical trial临床试验Clinical trial application, CTA 临床试验申请Clinical trial exemption, CTX 临床试验免责Clinical trial protocol, CTP临床试验方案Clinical trial/study report临床试验报告Co-investigator合作研究者Comparison对照Compliance/obedience依从性Computer-assisted trial design CATD计算机辅助试验设计Coordinating committee协调委员会Cross-over study 交叉研究Documentation文件Dose-reaction relation 剂量-反应关系double blinding 双盲electronic data capture/processing电子数据采集/处理系统endpoint criteria/ measurement 终点指标exclusion criteria排除标准generic drug通用名药health economic evaluation, HEV健康经济学评价hypothesis testing 假设检验inclusion criteria 入选标准information gathering 信息收集initial meeting 启动会议inspection视察/检查intention to treat 意向治疗interactive voice response system, IVRS 互动式语音应答系统international conference on harmonization 国际协调会议investigational new drug,IND新药临床研究marketing approval/ authorization 上市许可证new chemical entity新化学实体new drug application, NDA新药申请optional titration随意滴定patient file病人档案placebo安慰剂principle investigator, PI主要研究者product license, PL 产品许可证protocol amendment 方案补正quality assurance, QA 质量保证quality assurance unit, QAU 质量保证部门quality control,QC质量控制randomization随机化run in 准备期sample size 样本量,样本大小seriousness严重性severity 严重程度site audit试验机构稽查source data/source document, SD原始数据source data verification, SDV原始数据核准statistical analysis plan, SAP统计分析计划subject diary受试者日记subject enrollment 受试者筛选subject enrollment log受试者入选表subject identification code, SIC受试者识别代码subject recruitment受试者招募subject screening log受试者筛选表trial error试验误差trial master file试验总文件unexpected adverse event, UAE 预料外不良反应variability变异visual analogy scale直观类比打分法vulnerable subject弱势受试者wash-out 清洗期well-being福利,健康。
生物信息学主要英文术语及释义（续完）
⽣物信息学主要英⽂术语及释义（续完）These substitutions may be found in an amino acid substitution matrix such as the Dayhoff PAM and Henikoff BLOSUM matrices. Columns in the alignment that include gaps are not scored in the calculation. Perceptron（感知器，模拟⼈类视神经控制系统的图形识别机) A neural network in which input and output states are directly connected without intervening hidden layers. PHRED （⼀种⼴泛应⽤的原始序列分析程序，可以对序列的各个碱基进⾏识别和质量评价） A widely used computer program that analyses raw sequence to produce a 'base call' with an associated 'quality score' for each position in the sequence. A PHRED quality score of X corresponds to an error probability of approximately 10-X/10. Thus, a PHRED quality score of30 corresponds to 99.9% accuracy for the base call in the raw read. PHRAP （⼀种⼴泛应⽤的原始序列组装程序） A widely used computer program that assembles raw sequence into sequence contigs and assigns to each position in the sequence an associated 'quality score', on the basis of the PHRED scores of the raw sequence reads. A PHRAP quality score of X corresponds to an error probability of approximately 10-X/10. Thus, a PHRAP quality score of 30 corresponds to 99.9% accuracy for a base in the assembled sequence. Phylogenetic studies（系统发育研究） PIR （主要蛋⽩质序列数据库之⼀，翻译⾃GenBank） A database of translated GenBank nucleotide sequences. PIR is a redundant (see Redundancy) protein sequence database. The database is divided into four categories: PIR1 - Classified and annotated. PIR2 - Annotated. PIR3 -Unverified. PIR4 - Unencoded or untranslated. Poisson distribution（帕松分布） Used to predict the occurrence of infrequent events over a long period of time 143or when there are a large number of trials. In sequence analysis, it is used to calculate the chance that one pair of a large number of pairs of unrelated sequences may give a high local alignment score. Position-specific scoring matrix (PSSM)（特定位点记分矩阵，PSI-BLAST等搜索程序使⽤） The PSSM gives the log-odds score for finding a particular matching amino acid in a target sequence. Represents the variation found in the columns of an alignment of a set of related sequences. Each subsequent matrix column corresponds to the next column in the alignment and each row corresponds to a particular sequence character (one of four bases in DNA sequences or 20 amino acids in protein sequences). Matrix values are log odds scores obtained by dividing the counts of the residue in the alignment, dividing by the expected number of counts based on sequence composition, and converting the ratio to a log score. The matrix is moved along sequences to find similar regions by adding the matching log odds scores and looking for high values. There is no allowance for gaps. Also called a weight matrix or scoring matrix. Posterior (Bayesian analysis) A conditional probability based on prior knowledge and newly uated relationships among variables using Bayes rule. See also Bayes rule. Prior (Bayesian analysis) The expected distribution of a variable based on previous data. Profile（分布型） A matrix representation of a conserved region in a multiple sequence alignment that allows for gaps in the alignment. The rows include scores for matching sequential columns of the alignment to a test sequence. The columns include substitution scores for amino acids and gap penalties. See also PSSM. Profile hidden Markov model（分布型隐马尔可夫模型） A hidden Markov model of a conserved region in a multiple sequence alignment that includes gaps and may be used to search new sequences for similarity to the aligned sequences. Proteome（蛋⽩质组） The entire collection of proteins that are encoded by the genome of an organism. Initially the proteome is estimated by gene prediction and annotation methods but eventually will be revised as more information on the sequence of the expressed genes is obtained. Proteomics （蛋⽩质组学） Systematic analysis of protein expression_r of normal and diseased tissues that involves the separation, identification and characterization of all of the proteins in an organism. Pseudocounts Small number of counts that is added to the columns of a scoring matrix to increase the variability either to avoid zero counts or to add more variation than was found in the sequences used to produce the matrix. 144PSI-BLAST （BLAST系列程序之⼀） Position-Specific Iterative BLAST. An iterative search using the BLAST algorithm. A profile is built after the initial search, which is then used in subsequent searches. The process may be repeated, if desired with new sequences found in each cycle used to refine the profile. Details can be found in this discussion of PSI-BLAST. (Altschul et al.) PSSM （特定位点记分矩阵） See position-specific scoring matrix and profile. Public sequence databases （公共序列数据库，指GenBank、EMBL和DDBJ） The three coordinated international sequence databases: GenBank, the EMBL data library and DDBJ. Q20 (Quality score 20) A quality score of > or = 20 indicates that there is less than a 1 in 100 chance that the base call is incorrect. These are consequently high-quality bases. Specifically, the quality value "q" assigned to a basecall is defined as: q = -10 x log10(p) where p is the estimated error probability for that basecall. Note that high quality values correspond to low error probabilities, and conversely. Quality trimming This is an algorithm which uses a sliding window of 50 bases and trims from the 5' end of the read followed by the 3' end. With each window, the number of low quality (10 or less) bases is determined. If more than 5 bases are below the threshold quality, the window is incremented by one base and the process is repeated. When the low quality test fails, the position where it stopped is recorded. The parameters for window length low quality threshold and number of low quality bases tolerated are fixed. The positions of the 5' and 3' boundaries of the quality region are noted in the plot of quality values presented in the" Chromatogram Details" report. Query （待查序列/搜索序列） The input sequence (or other type of search term) with which all of the entries in a database are to be compared. Radiation hybrid (RH) map （辐射杂交图谱） A genome map in which STSs are positioned relative to one another on the basis of the frequency with which they are separated by radiation-induced breaks. The frequency is assayed by analysing a panel of human–hamster hybrid cell lines, each produced by lethally irradiating human cells and fusing them with recipient hamster cells such that each carries a collection of human chromosomal fragments. The unit of distance is centirays (cR), denoting a 1% chanceof a break occuring between two loci Raw Score （初值，指最初得到的联配值S） The score of an alignment, S, calculated as the sum of substitution and gap scores. Substitution scores are given by a look-up table (see PAM, BLOSUM). Gap scores are typically calculated as the sum of G, the gap opening penalty 145and L, the gap extension penalty. For a gap of length n, the gap cost would be G+Ln. The choice of gap costs, G and L is empirical, but it is customary to choose a high value for G (10-15)and a low value for L (1-2). Raw sequence （原始序列/读胶序列） Individual unassembled sequence reads, produced by sequencing of clones containing DNA inserts. Receiver operator characteristic The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve describes the probability that a test will correctly declare the condition present against the probability that the test will declare the condition present when actually absent. This is shown through a graph of the tesls sensitivity against one minus the test specificity for different possible threshold values. Redundancy （冗余） The presence of more than one identical item represents redundancy. In bioinformatics, the term is used with reference to the sequences in a sequence database. If a database is described as being redundant, more than one identical (redundant) sequence may be found. If the database is said to be non-redundant (nr), the database managers have attempted to reduce the redundancy. The term is ambiguous with reference to genetics, and as such, the degree of non-redundancy varies according to the database manager's interpretation of the term. One can argue whether or not two alleles of a locus defines the limit of redundancy, or whether the same locus in different, closely related organisms constitutes redundency. Non-redundant databases are, in some ways, superior, but are less complete. These factors should be taken into consideration when selecting a database to search. Regular expression_rs This computational tool provides a method for expressing the variations found in a set of related sequences including a range of choices at one position, insertions, repeats, and so on. For example, these expression_rs are used to characterize variations found in protein domains in the PROSITE catalog. Regularization A set of techniques for reducing data overfitting when training a model. See also Overfitting. Relational database（关系数据库）Organizes information into tables where each column represents the fields of informa-tion that can be stored in a single record. Each row in the table corresponds to a single record. A single database can have many tables and a query language is used to access the data. See also Object-oriented database. Scaffold （⽀架，由序列重叠群拼接⽽成） The result of connecting contigs by linking information from paired-end reads from plasmids, paired-end reads from BACs, known messenger RNAs or other sources. The contigs in a scaffold are ordered and oriented with respect to one another. 146 Scoring matrix（记分矩阵） See Position-specific scoring matrix. SEG （⼀种蛋⽩质程序低复杂性区段过滤程序） A program for filtering low complexity regions in amino acid sequences. Residues that have been masked are represented as "X" in an alignment. SEG filtering is performed by default in the blastp subroutine of BLAST 2.0. (Wootton and Federhen) Selectivity (in database similarity searches)（数据库相似性搜索的选择准确性） The ability of a search method to locate members of a protein family without making a false-positive classification of members of other families. Sensitivity (in database similarity searches)（数据库相似性搜索的灵敏性） The ability of a search method to locate as many members of a protein family as possi-ble, including distant members of limited sequence similarity. Sequence Tagged Site （序列标签位点） Short cDNA sequences of regions that have been physically mapped. STSs provide unique landmarks, or identifiers, throughout the genome. Useful as a framework for further sequencing. Significance（显著⽔平） A significant result is one that has not simply occurred by chance, and therefore is prob-ably true. Significance levels show how likely a result is due to chance, expressed as a probability. In sequence analysis, the significance of an alignment score may be calcu-lated as the chance that such a score would be found between random or unrelated sequences. See Expect value. Similarity score (sequence alignment) （相似性值） Similarity means the extent to which nucleotide or protein sequences are related. The extent of similarity between two sequences can be based on percent sequence identity and/or conservation. In BLAST similarity refers to a positive matrix score. The sum of the number of identical matches and conservative (high scoring) substitu-tions in a sequence alignment divided by the total number of aligned sequence charac-ters. Gaps are usually ignored. Simulated annealing A search algorithm that attempts to solve the problem of finding global extrema. The algorithm was inspired by the physical cooling process of metals and the freezing process in liquids where atoms slow down in movement and line up to form a crystal. The algorithm traverses the energy levels of a function, always accepting energy levels that are smaller than previous ones, but sometimes accepting energy levels that are greater, according to the Boltzmann probability distribution. Single-linkage cluster analysis An analysis of a group of related objects, e.g., similar proteins in different genomes to identify both close and more distant relationships, represented on a tree or dendogram. The method joins the most closely related pairs by the neighbor-joining algorithm by representing these pairs as outer branches on 147the tree. More distant objects are then pro-gressively added to lower tree branches. The method is also used to predict phylogenet-ic relationships by distance methods. See also Hierarchical clustering, Neighbor-joining method. Smith-Waterman algorithm（Smith-Waterman算法） Uses dynamic programming to find local alignments between sequences. The key fea-ture is that all negative scores calculated in the dynamic programming matrix are changed to zero in order to avoid extending poorly scoring alignments and to assist in identifying local alignments starting and stopping anywhere with the matrix. SNP （单核苷酸多态性） Single nucleotide polymorphism, or a single nucleotide position in the genome sequence for which two or more alternative alleles are present at appreciable frequency (traditionally, at least 1%) in the human population. Space or time complexity（时间或空间复杂性） An algorithms complexity is the maximum amount of computer memory or time required for the number of algorithmic steps to solve a problem. Specificity (in database similarity searches)（数据库相似性搜索的特异性） The ability of a search method to locate members of one protein family, including dis-tantly related members. SSR （简单序列重复） Simple sequence repeat, a sequence consisting largely of a tandem repeat of a specific k-mer (such as (CA)15). Many SSRs are polymorphic and have been widely used in genetic mapping. Stochastic context-free grammar A formal representation of groups of symbols in different parts of a sequence; i.e., not in the same context. An example is complementary regions in RNA that will form sec-ondary structures. The stochastic feature introduces variability into such regions. Stringency Refers to the minimum number of matches required within a window. See also Filtering. STS （序列标签位点的缩写） See Sequence Tagged Site Substitution （替换） The presence of a non-identical amino acid at a given position in an alignment. If the aligned residues have similar physico-chemical properties the substitution is said to be "conservative". Substitution Matrix （替换矩阵） A substitution matrix containing values proportional to the probability that amino acid i mutates into amino acid j for all pairs of amino acids. such matrices are constructed by assembling a large and diverse sample of verified pairwise alignments of amino acids. If the sample is large enough to be statistically significant, the resulting matrices should reflect the true probabilities of mutations occuring through a period of evolution. 148Sum of pairs method Sums the substitution scores of all possible pair-wise combinations of sequence charac-ters in one column of a multiple sequence alignment. SWISS-PROT （主要蛋⽩质序列数据库之⼀） A non-redundant (See Redundancy) protein sequence database. Thoroughly annotated and cross referenced. A subdivision is TrEMBL. Synteny The presence of a set of homologous genes in the same order on two genomes. Threading In protein structure prediction, the aligning of the sequence of a protein of unknown structure with a known three-dimensional structure to determine whether the amino acid sequence is spatially and chemically compatible with that structure. TrEMBL （蛋⽩质数据库之⼀，翻译⾃EMBL） A protein sequence database of Translated EMBL nucleotide sequences. Uncertainty（不确定性） From information theory, a logarithmic measure of the average number of choices that must be made for identification purposes. See also Information content. Unified Modeling Language (UML) A standard sanctioned by the Object Management Group that provides a formal nota-tion for describing object-oriented design. UniGene （⼈类基因数据库之⼀） Database of unique human genes, at NCBI. Entries are selected by near identical presence in GenBank and dbEST databases. The clusters of sequences produced are considered to represent a single gene. Unitary Matrix （⼀元矩阵） Also known as Identity Matrix.A scoring system in which only identical characters receive a positive score. URL（统⼀资源定位符） Uniform resource locator. Viterbi algorithm Calculates the optimal path of a sequence through a hidden Markov model of sequences using a dynamic programming algorithm. Weight matrix See Position-specifc scoring matrix.。
CCNA专业英语词汇
CCNA专业英文词汇集data circuit-terminating equipment (数据电路终接设备)----- DCE用来间DTE设备提供定时。
data compression (数据压缩)----- 参见compression。
data direct VCC (数据直接VCC)----- ATM中两个LEG之间建立的一个双向点到点虚拟控制连接(VCC)，是由Phase 1 LAN仿真定义的三个数据连接之一。
因为数据直接VCC并不保证QoS,它们通常被留做UBR和ABR连接。
对比control distribute VCC和control direct VCC。
data encapsulation (数据封装)----- 一个协议中的信息在另一个协议的数据部分中被包装或包含的过程。
在OSI参考模型中，数据向下流过协议栈时，每一层封装紧接它的上一层。
data frame (数据帧)----- OSI参考模型数据链路层上的协议数据单元封装。
从网络层封装数据包并为在网络介质上传输准备数据。
datagram (数据报)----- 作为网络层单元无需预先建立虚电路并在介质上传输的一个信息的逻辑集合。
IP数据报已经成为因特网的主要的信息单元。
在OSI参考模型的各层，术语信元(cell)、帧(frame)、报文(message)和段(segment)也定义这些逻辑信息分组。
Data Link Control layer (数据链路控制层)----- SNA体系结构模型的第2层，它负责在给定的物理链路上传输数据并相当于OSI参考模型的数据链路层。
Data Link layer (数据链路层)----- OSI参考模型的第2层，它确保数据通过物理链路的可靠传输，主要涉及物理寻址、线路规程、网络拓扑、出错通知、帧的有序交付及流控。
IEEE 已进一步分割这一层为MAC子层和LLC子层。
也称为链路层。
可与SNA模型的数据链路控制层相比。
病毒学术语中英文对照
A single- generation study 单项包括两代(生殖毒性)的研究 Acentric fragment 无着丝点片段Acridine orange 吖啶橙 Active metabolite 活性代谢产物 Additional test 附加试验 Adduct 加合物 ADME 吸引、分布、代谢、排泄 Administration period 给药期 Advers effect 不良反应 Against humanized proteins serum antibodies 抗人源蛋白血清抗体 Aginal smear 阴道涂片 Air righting reflex 空中翻正反射 Alkylating electrophilic cernter 浣化亲电子中心Allele 基因突变产生的遗传因子 Allergic reactions 过敏性反应(变应性反应) Altenative validated test 有效替代试验 Altered growth 生长改变 Ammoniun sulphide staining of the uterus 子宫硫化胺染色 Analogue 类似物(同系物) Analogue series of substance 同系物Analytical method 分析方法 Anaphase 分裂后期 Aneuploidy 非整倍体 Aneuploidy inducer 非整倍体诱导剂 Antigenic specificity 抗原特异性Art and ethical standards 技术和伦理标准Assessment of genotoxicity 遗传毒性评价 AUC 曲线下面积Auditory startle reflex 惊愕反射(听觉惊跳反射) Autoimmune 自身免疫 Autoradiographic assessment 放射自显影评价Autoradiography 放射自显影 Bacterial mutagenicity test 细菌致突变试验 Bacterial reverse mutation test 细菌回复突变试验 Bacterial strains 菌株 Bacterial test organisms 微生物试验菌 Base pairs 碱基对Base set of strains 基本菌株 Base substitution 碱基置换 Bioanalytical method 生物学分析方法 Bioavailability 生物利用度 Biological method 生物学意义Biotechnological products 生物技术产品 Biotechnoloty-derived pharmaceuticals 生物技术药物 Body burden 机体负担 Bone marrow cell 骨髓细胞 Bouin's fixation 包氏液固定Breakage of chromatid 染色单体断裂 Brealage of chromosome 染色体断裂 Bridging character 桥梁作用 C(time) 一定剂量、某一时间的浓度 Carcinogen 致癌物质Carcinogenesis 致癌性 Carcinogenic hazard 致癌性危害 Carcinogenicity bioassay 致癌性生物检测 Carcinogenicity potential of chemical 化合物的潜在致癌性 Carcinoginicity (oncogenicity) 致癌(致瘤) Cardiovascular 心血管 Case-by-case 个例 Cell proliferation 细胞增殖 Cell cultures 细胞培养 Cell line 细胞系 Cell membrane lipid 细胞膜脂质层 Cell replication system 细胞复制系统 Cell suspension 细胞悬液 Cell-mediated immunity 细胞介导的免疫 Cellular therapy 细胞治疗 Central nervous systems 中枢神经系统 Cerebral spinal fluid 脑脊液 Chemical nature 化学性质 Chinese hamster V79 cell 中国仓鼠V79细胞Chromatide 染色单体 Chromosomal aberration 染色体畸变 Chromosomal damage 染色体损伤 Chromosomal integrity 染色体完整性 Chronic toxicity testing 慢性毒性试验 Classfical biotransformation studies 经典的生物转化试验 Clastogen 染色体断裂剂 Clastogenic 致染色体断裂的 Clinical indication 临床适应证 Cloning efficiency 克隆形成率Closure of the hard palate 硬腭闭合 Cmax 峰浓度 Colony sizing 集落大小 Comparative trial 对比试验Complement binding 补体结合 Completely novel compound 全新化合物 Compound bearing structural alerts 结构可疑化合物 Concentration threshold 阈浓度 Concomitant toxicokinetics 相伴毒代动力学 Continuous treatment 连续接触 Corpora lutea 黄体 Corpora lutea count 黄体数 Cross-linking agent 交联剂 Culture condition 培养条件 Culture confluency 培养克隆率 Culture confluenty 培养融合 Culture medium 培养基 Cytogenetic change 细胞遗传学改变 Cytogenetic evaluation 细胞遗传学评价 Cytokines 细胞因子 Cytotoxicity 细胞毒Degradation 降解 Deletion 缺失 Descriptive statistics 描述性统计 Detection of bacterial mutagen 细菌诱变剂检测 Detection of clastogen 染色体断裂剂检测 Determination of metabolites 测定代谢产物 Developmental toxicity 发育毒性Direct genetic damage 直接遗传损伤 Distribution 分布DNA adduct DNA加合物DNA damage DNA损伤DNA repair DNA 修复DNA strand breaks DNA链断裂 Dose escalation 剂量递增 Dose dependence 剂量依赖关系 Dose level 剂量水平 Dose-limiting toxicity 剂量限制性毒性 Dose-raging studies 剂量范围研究 Dose-relatived mutagenicity 剂量相关性诱变性 Dose-related 剂量相关Dose-relatived cytotoxicity 剂量相关性细胞毒性 Dose-relatived genotoxic activity 剂量相关性遗传毒性 Dose-response curve 剂量-反应曲线 Dosing route 给药途径Embryo-fetal toxicity 胚胎-胎仔毒性 Endogenous components 内源性物质 Endogenous gene 内源性基因Endonuclease 核酸内切酶 Emdpmiclease release from lysosomes 溶酶体释放核酸内切酶End-point 终点 Epitope 抗原决定部位 Error prone repair 易错性修复 Escalation 递增Escherichia coli strain 大肠杆菌菌株 Escherichia coli 大肠杆菌Evaluation of test result 试验结果评价 Exaggerated pharmacological response 超常增强的药理作用 Exposure assessment 接触剂量评价 Exposure period 接解期 External metabolizing system 体外代谢系统F1-animals 子一代动物 False positive result 假阳性结果 Fecundity 多产 Fertility studies 生育力研究 Fetal abnormalities 胎仔异常 Fetal and neonatal parameters 胎仔和仔鼠的生长发育参数 Fetal development and growth 肿仔发育和生长 Fetal period 胎仔期 Fetotoxicity 胎仔毒性First pass testing 一期试验Fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) 原位荧光分子杂交 Foetuses 胎仔 Formulation 制剂 Frameshift mutation 移码突变 Frameshite point mutation 移码点突变 Free-standing 独立Fresh dissection technique 新鲜切片技术 Funtional deficits 切能缺陷 Functional test 功能试验 Functional indices 功能性指标 Fusion proteins融合蛋白 Gametes 配子 Gender of animals 动物性别 Gender-specific drug 性别专一性药物Gene knockout 基因剔除 Gene therapy 基因治疗 Gene mutation 基因突变 Genetic 遗传Genetic change 遗传学改变 Genetic damage 遗传学损伤 Genetic endpoint 遗传终点Genetic toxicity 遗传毒性 Genotoxic activity 遗传毒性作用 Genotoxic carcinogen 遗传毒性致癌剂 Genotoxic effect 遗传毒性效应 Genotoxic hazard 遗传毒性危害 Genotoxic potential 潜在遗传毒性 Genotoxic rodent carcinogen 啮齿类动物遗传毒性致癌剂 Genotoxicity 遗传毒性 Genotoxicity test 遗传毒性试验 Genotoxicity test battery 毒性试验组合 Genotoxycity evaluation 遗传毒性评价 Germ cell mutagen 生殖细胞诱变剂 Germ line mutation 生殖系统突变 GLP 临床前研究质量管理规范 Gross chromosomal damage 染色体大损伤 Gross evaluation of placenta 胎盘的大体评价 Growth factors 生长因子 Haemotoxylin staining 苏木素染色 Half-life 半衰期 Hematopoietic cells 造血细胞 Heptachlor 七氯化合物 Heritable 遗传 Heritable defect 遗传缺陷 Heritable disease 遗传性疾病 Heritable effect 遗传效应High concentration 高浓度Histologic appearance of reproductive organ 生殖器官的组织学表现 Histopathological chang 组织病理学改变 Homologous proteins 同系蛋白 Homologous series 同系 Host cell 宿主细胞 Human subjects 人体 Human carcinogen 人类致癌剂Human lymphoblastoid TH6cell 人成淋巴TK6细胞 Human mutagen 人类致突变剂 Humoral immunity 体液免疫 Immature erythrocyte 未成熟红细胞Immediate and latent effect 速发和迟发效应 Immunogenicity 免疫原性 Immunopathological effects 免疫病理反应immunotoxicity 免疫毒性 Implantation 着床 Implantation sites 着床部位 In vitro 体外 In vitro test 体外试验 In vivo 体内 In vivo test 体风试验Incidence of polyploidy cell 多倍体细胞发生率 Incisor eruption 门齿萌发 Independent test 独立试验 Individual fetal body weight 单个胎仔体重 Induced and spontaneous models of disease 诱发或自发的疾病模型Inducer of micronuclei 微核诱导剂 Inhalation 吸入 Inhibitor of DNA metabolism DNA代谢抑制剂 Intact animals 完整动物(整体动物) Internal control 内对照 Interphase nuclei 分裂间期细胞核 Intra-and inter-individual 个体与个体间 Isolated organs 离休器官Juvenile animal studies 未成年动物研究 Kinetic profile 动力学特点 Kinetics 动力学 Lactation 授乳、哺乳Large deletion event 大缺失事件 Late embryo loss 后期胚胎丢失 Level of safety 安全水平Libido 性欲 Life threatering 危及生命 Lipophilic compound 亲脂性化合物 Litter size 每窝胎仔数目 Live and deal conceptuese 活胎和死胎 Live offspring at birth 出生时存活的子代Local tolerance studies 局部耐受性研究 Local toxicity 局部毒性 Locu 位点 Long-termcarcinogenicity study 长期致癌性研究Loss of the tk gene tk基因缺失Major organ formation 主要器官形成 Male fertility 雄性生育力 Male fertility assessment 雄性生育力评价Mammalian sells 哺乳动物细胞 Mammalian species 哺乳类动物 Mammalian sell mutation test 哺乳动物细胞致突变试验 Marketing approval 上市许可 Maternal animal 亲代动物Mating behavior 交配行为 Mating period 交配期 Mating ratio 交配比例 Matrices 基质Maximum tolerated dose(MTD) 最大耐受剂量 Mechanism of genotoxicity 遗传毒性机制Mechanistic investigation 机制研究 Metabolic activation 代谢活化 Metabolic activation pathway 代谢活化途径 Metabolic activation system 代谢活化系统 Metabolism 代谢Metabolites profile 代谢物的概况 Metaphase 中期 Metaphase analysis 分裂中期相分析Metaphase cell 分裂中期相细胞 Micronucleus 微核 Micronucleus formation 微核形成Microtitre 微滴定 Mictotitre method 微滴定法 mimicking 模拟 Mitotic index 有丝分裂指数Molecular characterization 分子特性 Molecular technique 分子技术 Monitor 监测Monoclonal antibodies 单克隆抗体 Non-toxic compound 无毒化合物 Mouse lymphoma L5178Y cell 小鼠淋巴瘤L5178Y细胞 Mouse lymphoma tk assay 小鼠淋巴溜tk检测Mutagen 诱变原 Mutagenic carcinogen 诱变性致癌剂 Mutagenic potential of chemical 化合物的潜在致突变性 Mutant colony 突变体集落 Mutation 突变 Mutation induction in transgenes 转基因诱导突变Necropsy(macroscopic examination) 解剖(大体检查) Negative control 阴性对照 Negative result 阴性结果 Newcleated 有核 Non rodent 非啮齿类Non-clinical 非临床 Non-genotoxic carcinogen 非遗传毒性致癌剂 Non-genotoxic mechanism 非遗传毒性机制 Non-human primate 非人灵长类 Non-linear 非线性 No-toxic-effect dose level 无毒性反应剂量水平 Nucleated bone marrow cell 有核骨髓细胞 Nucleoside analogue 核苷酸同系物 Number of live and dead implantation 宫内活胎和死胎数 Numerical chromosomal aberration 染色体数目畸变 Numerical chromosome changes 染色体数目改变Oligonucleotide grugs 寡核苷酸药物 One ,twe,three generation studies 一、二、三子代研究Paraffine embedding 石蜡包埋 Parameter 参数 Parent compound 母体化合物 Parenteral 非肠道 Particulate material 颗粒物 Peripheral blood erythrocyte 外周血红细胞Pharmacodynamic effects 药效作用 Pharmacodynamics 药效学(药效动力学) Pharmacokinetic 药代动力学 Phenylene diamine 苯二胺 Physical development 身体发育 Physiological stress 生理应激 Pilot studies 前期研究 Pinna unfolding 耳廓张开 Plasmid 质粒 Plasminogen activators 纤维蛋白溶解酶原激活因子 Ploidy 整倍体 Point mutation 点突变 Polychromaticerythrocyte 嗜多染色红细胞 Polycyclic hydrocarbon 多环芳烃 Polymer 聚合物 Polyploidy cell 多倍体细胞 Polyploidy 多倍体 Polyploidy induction 多倍体诱导 Poorly soluble compound 难溶化合物 Positive control 阳性对照 Positive result 阳性结果 Post meiotic stages 减数分裂后期 Post-approval 批准后 Postcoital time frame 交配后日期Postimplantation deaths 着床后死亡 Postnatal deaths 出生后死亡 Postweaning development and growth 断奶后发育和生长 Potential 潜在性 Potential immunogenecity 潜在免疫原性Potential target organs for toxicity 潜在毒性靶器官Pre-and post-natal development study 围产期的发育研究 Pre-and postweaning survival and growth 断奶前后的存少和生长 Precipitate 沉淀期 Precision 精密度 Preclinical safety evaluation 临床前安全性评价 Predetermined criteria 预定标准 Prediction of carcinogenicity 致癌性预测Pregnant and lactation animals 怀孕与哺乳期动物 Preimplantation stages of the embryo 胚胎着床前期 Preliminary studies 预试验 Pre-screening 预筛选 Prevalence of abnormalities 异常情况的普遍程度 Primary active entity 主要活性实体 Priority selection 优先选择 Pro-drug 前体药物 Protocol modification 试验方案修改 Quantification of mutant 突变体定量 Racemate 消旋体 Radiolabeled proteins 放射性同位素标记蛋白 Radiolabelled compounds 放性性同位素标记化合物 Range-finding test 范围确定试验 Rate of preimplantation deaths 着床关死亡率 Rational study design 合理的试验设计 Receptor properties 受体性质 Recombinant DNA proteins DNA重组蛋白Recombinant DNA technology DNA重组技术 Recombination 重组 Recombinant plasma factors 重组血浆因子 Reduction in the number of revertants 回复突变数的减少 Relative plating efficiency 相对接种效率 Relative suspension growth 相对悬浮生长率 Relative total growth 相对总生长率 Relevant animal species 相关动物种属 Relevant dose 相关剂量Relevant factor 相关因素 Repeated-dose toxicity studies 重复剂量毒性研究 Reproductive toxicity 生殖毒性 Reproductive/developmental toxicity 生殖/发育毒性 Reverse mutation 回复突变 Reversibility 可恢复性(可逆性) Risk assessment 危险度评价 Rodent hematopoietic cell 啮齿类动物造血细胞 Route of administration 给药途径 Routine testing 常规试验S9-mix constituent S9混合液成分 Safeguards 安全监测 Safety pharmacology 安全药理学Safety margin 安全范围 Salmonella typhimurium 鼠伤寒沙门菌 Sampling time 采样时间Satellite groups 卫星组 Saturation of absorption 吸收饱和 Sensory functions and reflexes 感觉功能和反射Short term toxicity 短期毒性Short or medium-term carcinogenicity study 短或中期致癌性研究 Short treatment 短期处理 Sighting studies 预试验 Singledose(acute)toxicity 单剂量(急性)毒性 Single study design 单一研究设计 Site-specific targeted delivery 定位靶向释放 Small colony 小集落 Small colony mutant 小集落突变体Soft agar method 软琼脂法 Soluble genotoxic impurity 可溶性遗传毒性杂质 Solvent control 溶剂对照 Somatic cell 体细胞 Somatic cell test 体细胞试验 Species 种属 Specificity 特异性 Species specificity 种属特异性 Spindle apparatus 纺缍体 Stages of reproduction 生殖阶段Standard battery of test 标准试验组合Standard 3-test battery 标准三项试验组合 Standard battery 标准组合 Standard battery system 标准组合系统 Standard procedure 标准规程Standard protocol 标准试验方案Standard set of strains 标准菌株组Standard set of tests 标准试验组 Standard test battery 标准试验组合 Statistical evaluation 统计学评价 Steady-state levels 稳态浓度 Step-by-step 逐步 Stepwise process 阶梯式程序 Strain 品系 Structural changes 结构改变 Structural chromosomal aberration 染色体结构畸变 Subgroups 亚组Supravital staining 体外活动染色 Surface righting reflex 平面翻正反射 Survival 存活率suspension 悬浮物 Systemic exposure 全面接触 Target organs 靶器官 Target cell 靶细胞Target histidine genes 组氨酸目的基因 Target tissue 靶组织Target tissue exposure 靶组织接触 Teratogenic response 致畸胎反应 Terminal sacrifice 终末期处死 Test of carcinogenicity 致癌试验 Test approach 试验方法Test battery approach 试验组合方法 Test compound 受试物 Test model 试验模型 Test strategy 试验策略 Test systems 试验系统 Tester strain 试验菌株 Therapeutic 治疗 Therapeutic confirmatory 疗效确定 Therapeutic exploratory 疗效探索Therapeutic indication 治疗适应证 Time course 时程 Timing conventions 分段计时方法Tissue cross-reactivity 组织交叉反应 Tissue distribution 组织分布 Tissue exposure 组织接触Tissue uptake 组织吸收 Tk locus tk位点 Top concentration 最高浓度 Topical 局部的Topoisomerase inhibitor 拓朴异构酶抑制剂 Total erythrocyte 总红细胞Total litter loss 整窝丢失 Toxicity to reproduction 生殖毒性 Toxicokinetics 毒代动力学(毒物代谢动力学) Transgene 转基因 Transgenic animals 转基因动物 Transgenic plants 转基因植物Translocation 移位 Treatment regimen 实施方案 Tubal transport 输卵管运输 Tumor induction 肿瘤诱导 Tumor response 肿瘤反应 Tumor-related gene 肿瘤相关基因 Two or three phase approach 分段(二段或三段)研究 Two study design 分段(两段)研究设计Ovulation rate 排卵率 Unbound concentration 未结合浓度 Unexpected finding 非预期结果Unscheduled DNA synthesis(UDS) 程序外DNA合成 Unstable epoxide 不稳定过氧代物Whole blood 全血。
2013 CCNA英语词汇(音标)
2013 CCNA英语单词总汇Carrier['kæriə]载体Access 通路访问Accomplish [ə'kʌmpliʃ]完成实现Accordance [ə'kɔ:dəns]一致的Account [ə'kaunt]账号Active 活动、激活Additionally [ə'diʃənli]加上Adequate ['ædikwit]适当的Administrative [əd'ministrətiv]管理Advantage [əd'vɑ:ntidʒ]有优势利益Aggregation [,æɡri'ɡeiʃən]集合Algorithm ['ælɡəriðəm]算法Allocate ['æləukeit]分配Application [,æpli'keiʃən]请求Apply [ə'plai]申请应用Assign [ə'sain]分配指派Asynchronous[ei'siŋkrənəs]异步不同Automatic [,ɔ:tə'mætik]自动的Autonomous [ɔ:'tɔnəməs]自治的Authentication [ɔ:,θenti'keiʃən]认证、鉴别Authorization [,ɔ:θərai'zeiʃən]授权Attenuation [ə,tenju'eiʃən]衰减Architecture ['ɑ:kitektʃə]体系、结构、建筑学Auxiliary [ɔ:ɡ'ziljəri]辅助的Available [ə'veiləbl]可用到的Avoid [ə'vɔid]避免、消除Backup备份Balance['bæləns]平衡Bandwidth['bændwidθ]带宽Belong[bi'lɔŋ]属于Benefit['benifit]利益Block[blɔk]妨碍阻塞Boundary['baundəri]边界Branch[brɑ:ntʃ]分支Bridge网桥Broadband['brɔ:dbænd]宽带Binary ['bainəri]二进制Broadcast广播Buffer['bʌfə]缓冲器Bundle['bʌndl]捆包Cable 电缆Calculate['kælkjuleit]考虑计划Capability[,keipə'biləti]性能Capacity[kə'pæsəti]容量Card卡片Carrier ['kæriə]载体Case案例Catalyst['kætəlist]催化剂Cell单元Central['sentrəl]中心Certification[,sə:tifi'keiʃən]证明Channel信道Character['kærəktə]特性Characteristic[,kærəktə'ristik]特征Circuit['sə:kit]电路Circumstance['sə:kəmstəns]环境详情Collision[kə'liʒən]冲突Combination[,kɔmbi'neiʃən]联合Command[kə'mɑ:nd]命令Commit[kə'mit]提交Communication[kə,mju:ni'keiʃən]通讯Compare[kəm'pεə]比较Complain[kəm'plein]抱怨Complexity[kəm'pleksiti]复杂Component[kəm'pəunənt]组成Composite['kɔmpəzit]复合物Compress[kəm'pres]压缩Compression[kəm'preʃən]密集Concept['kɔnsept]概念Configuration[kən,fiɡju'reiʃən]配置Configure[kən'fiɡə]设定Confine[kən'fain]限制Congestion[kən'dʒestʃən]拥塞Connectivity[,kɔnek'tivəti]连通性Connector[kə'nektə]连接器Conserve[kən'sə:v]保存Consider[kən'sidə]考虑Consist[kən'sist]由-组成Console[kən'səul]控制台Continuous[kən'tinjuəs]连续的Contiguous[kən'tiɡjuəs]临近Continuous[kən'tinjuəs]连续的Contrast[kən'trɑ:st]对比Controller[kən'trəulə]管理员控制器Convergence[kən'və:dʒəns]集中、汇聚Convention[kən'venʃən]协定Corporate['kɔ:pərit]共同Cost[kɔst]成本Count[kaunt]计算计数Create[kri'eit]造成引起Crossover['krɔ:s,əuvə]交叉（线）Cycle['saikl]周期Database数据库Debug调试Decimal['desiməl]十进制Decrease[di'kri:s]减少backbone ['bækbəun]骨干Deduce[di'dju:s]推论Default默认Define[di'fain]定义Delivery[di'livəri]发送Demand[di'mɑ:nd]要求Deny[di'nai]拒绝Depend[di'pend]依靠Describe[di'skraib]描写Destination[,desti'neiʃən]目的地Diagram['daiəɡræm]图表Dialog['daiəlɔɡ]会话Direction[di'rekʃən]方向Discontinuous[,diskən'tinjuəs]不连续Discover[dis'kʌvə]发现Distinction[dis'tiŋkʃən]差别Divide[di'vaid]划分Domain[dəu'mein]域Dramatically[drə'mætikəli]戏剧的Duplex['dju:pleks]双方Dynamic[dai'næmik]动态Electronic[,ilek'trɔnik]电子Electromagnetic[i,lektrəumæɡ'netik]电磁Enable能够Encapsulation[in,-kæpsə'leiʃən]封装Encryption[in'kripʃən]加密Enhance[in'hɑ:ns]提高增加Enlarge[in'lɑ:dʒ]扩大放大Ensure[in'ʃuə]保证Enterprise['entəpraiz]事业计划Environment[in'vaiərənmənt]环境外界Equate[i'kweit]相等Event[i'vent]事变结果Establish[i'stæbliʃ]建立Execute['eksikju:t]执行Exhibit[iɡ'zibit]展示Experience[ik'spiəriəns]经验Extend[ik'stend]扩充Factor['fæktə]因素Failure['feiljə]失败故障Feasible['fi:zəbl]可行的Feature['fi:tʃə]特征Filter[filtə]过滤Flood[flʌd]泛洪Forward['fɔ:wəd]转发Frame [freim]桢Frequently['fri:kwəntli]周期、频繁Function['fʌŋkʃən]功能Gateway['ɡeitwei]网关Hardware硬件Hierarchical[,haiə'rɑ:kikəl]分等级Hub集线器Ignore[iɡ'nɔ:]忽视Image['imidʒ]图象Impact['impækt]冲突Inbound入站Increase[in'kri:s]增大Input输入Instability[,instə'biləti]不稳定Instruction [in'strʌkʃən]指令、命令Integrity [in'teɡrəti]完整Interrupt [,intə'rʌpt]中断Internal[in'tə:nəl]内在Interference[,intə'fiərəns]干扰Invalid['invəli:d]不正确Inverse['invə:s]反转Issue['iʃju:]发布Legitimate[li'dʒitimət]合法Link连接Local['ləukəl]本地Logical ['lɔdʒikəl]逻辑Loopback回路Maintain[mein'tein]维持Memory['meməri]存储Modify['mɔdifai]更改Module['mɔdju:l]模块Multipoint['mʌltipɔint]多点的Multiplexing ['mʌltipleksiŋ]多路复用技术Negotiate[ni'ɡəuʃieit]商议Neighbor['neibə]邻居Normal['nɔ:məl]正常Obtain[əb'tein]获得Obviously['ɔbviəsli]明显的Occur[ə'kə:]出现Operational[,ɔpə'reiʃənəl]操作Outbound['autbaund]外传Output输出Parameter[pə'ræmitə]参数Parity['pæriti]奇偶Participate[pɑ:'tisipeit]参与Parallel ['pærəlel]平行、并行Passive['pæsiv]被动Perform[pə'fɔ:m]完成任务Performance [pə'fɔ:məns]性能Permission[pə'miʃən]允许Permit[pə'mit]通行许可Platform['plætfɔ:m]平台Plug[plʌɡ]进入Poison['pɔizən]毒化Port端口Prefer[pri'fə:]优于Prevent[pri'vent]防止Primary['praiməri]主要的Priority[prai'ɔrəti]优先Private['praivit]私人Prohibit[prəu'hibit]禁止Protocol['prəutəkɔl]协议Provider[prəu'vaidə]供给者Proxy['prɔksi]代理服务器Purpose['pə:pəs]目的Quantity['kwɔntəti]数量Query['kwiəri]疑问Queue [kju:]队列Range[reindʒ]排列Reachable['ri:tʃəbl]可达成的Reboot重启Recognize['rekəɡnaiz]认可Redistribute[,ri:di'stribju:t]重新分配Reduce[ri'dju:s]减少Reference['refərəns]涉及Regard[ri'ɡɑ:d]关心Relay['ri:lei]转播、中继Release[ri'li:s]释放Reliable[ri'laiəbl]可靠Remain[ri'mein]剩余Remote[ri'məut]远程Repeater[ri'pi:tə]中继器Replace[ri'pleis]取代Require[ri'kwaiə]命令Respond[ri'spɔnd]回答Retransmit[,ri:trænz'mit]转发中继Reverse[ri'və:s]相反Revert[ri'və:t]回复Rollover['rəul,əuvə]反转（线）Router['rautə]路由器Scalability[,skeilə'biliti]可量测Scheme[ski:m]安排计划Secondary ['sekəndəri]第二的Secret['si:krit]密码Security[si'kjuəriti]安全Segment['seɡmənt]段节Separate['sepəreit]分开Serial['siəriəl]连续的Session['seʃən]会话Shortage ['ʃɔ:tidʒ]不足Significance [siɡ'nifikəns]重要的Similar['similə]类似Simultaneous[,siməl'teiniəs]同时发生Single ['siŋɡl]单一的Storage ['stɔridʒ]存储Slot [slɔt]槽Software软件Source [sɔ:s]来源Specific [spi'sifik]细节Specify ['spesəfai]详细说明Split [split]分割Stability [stə'biliti]稳定性Standard ['stændəd]规格标准Statement ['steitmənt]声明Static ['stætik]静态Storm [stɔ:m]风暴Straight-through [streit][θru:]直连Structure ['strʌktʃə]结构Subnet ['sʌbnet]子网Summarization [,sʌmərai'zeiʃən]摘要Summary ['sʌməri]总的Superior [sju:'piriə]上级Switch交换机Suppression [sə'preʃən]抑制Suspend [sə'spend]延缓Synchronous ['siŋkrənəs]同步Symptom ['simptəm]症状System系统Tag标签Target ['tɑ:ɡit]目标Temporary ['tempərəri]暂时Terminal ['tə:minəl]终端Technology [tek'nɔlədʒi]技术Terminate ['tə:mineit]结束终止Topology [təu'pɔlədʒi]拓扑Track [træk]途径追踪Traffic['træfik]交通Translation[træns'leiʃən]翻译Transport[træns'pɔ:t]传输Trigger['triɡə]引发Troubleshoot['trʌblʃu:t]故障检测Trunk主干Type类型模范Unequal[,ʌn'i:kwəl]不同Utilization[,ju:tilai'zeiʃən]利用Valid['vælid]有效的正确的Value['vælju:]价值Variable['vεəriəbl]变量Vector['vektə]矢量Verification[,verifi'keiʃən]确认、核实Verify['verifai]校验Version['və:ʃən]版本Via['vaiə]通过、经由Virtual['və:tʃuəl]虚的Troubleshooting['trʌbl,ʃu:tiŋ]排错Physical['fizikəl]物理Ethernet['i:θə,net]以太网Token ring['təukən][riŋ]令排环Frame relay侦中继Definitions['definiʃənz]定义Spantree 生成树Although [ɔ:l'ðəu] 尽管Privileged ['privilidʒd]特权Engineer [,endʒi'niə]工程师Wireless ['waiəlis]无线Wiring ['waiəriŋ]布线Cryptographic [,kriptə'ɡræfik]加密Coaxial ['kəu'æksəl]同轴电缆Lifecycle ['laif,saikl]生存周期Integrated ['intiɡreitid]集成、综合Specification [,spesifi'keiʃən]规范Embedding [im'bediŋ]嵌入Automatic [,ɔ:tə'mætik]自动Procedure [prə'si:dʒə]程序Response [ri'spɔns]响应Layer ['leiə]层Subscriber[səb'skraibə]签订用户Asymmetric [,æsi'metrik]非对称Converter [kən'və:tə]转换器Analog ['ænəlɔɡ]模拟Allocation [,æləu'keiʃən]分配Cyclic ['saiklik]循环Redundancy [ri'dʌndənsi]冗余Detection [di'tekʃən]检测Constant ['kɔnstənt]不变的Copper ['kɔpə]铜Distributed [di'stribjutid]分布式Division [di'viʒən]分割Variation[,vεəri'eiʃən]变化的Delay [di'lei]延迟Tolerance ['tɔlərəns]极值Ratio ['reiʃiəu]比率Certificate [sə'tifikeit]证书Revocation[,revə'keiʃən]撤销Combined[kəm'baind]联合、组合Multiplexer ['mʌltipleksə]多路复用、多路器Spread [spred] 传播Spectrum ['spektrəm]频谱Equipment [i'kwipmənt]设备Location [ləu'keiʃən]位置Differential [,difə'renʃəl]差分Distant['distənt]距离Frequency['frikwənsi]频率Spectrum ['spektrəm]光谱，频谱Global ['ɡləubəl]全局、全球Policy ['pɔlisi]策略Hyper['haipə]超Parallel ['pærəlel]并行Coax[kəuks]同轴电缆Interior[in'tiəriə]内部Tunneling['tʌnəliŋ]通道、隧道Distribution[,distri'bju:ʃən]分布、分配Rate[reit]比率、速度。
药学专业名词中英文对照
药学专业名词1-NEP N-乙基吡咯酮1-NMP N-甲基吡咯酮2G-β—CYD 二葡糖基－－环糊精2—HP—β—CYD 2－羟丙基－－环糊精5—NCP 5—羧基吡咯酮5—NMP 5-甲基吡咯酮Accelerated testing 加速试验Acrylic acid resin 丙烯酸树酯Active targeting preparation 主动靶向制剂Adersive dispersion—type TTS 粘胶分散型TTS Adhersive strength 粘附力Adhesion 粘附性Adhesives 粘合剂Aerosil 微粉硅胶Aerosol 气雾剂Aerosol of micropowders for inspiration 吸入粉雾剂Aethylis oleas 油酸乙酯Agglomerate 聚结物Aggregation 聚集Air suspension 空气悬浮法Alarm clock 闹钟Alcohol 乙醇All-trans 全反式Alterntae addition method 两相交替加入法Amebocyte lysate 变形细胞溶解物Amorphous forms 无定型Angle of repose 休止角Antiadherent 抗粘剂Antioxidants 抗氧剂Antisepesis 防腐Apparent solubility 表现溶解度Aprotinin 抑酞酶Aquacoat 乙基纤维素水分散体Aromatic waters 芳香水剂Arrhenius 方程阿仑尼乌斯方程Ascabin 苯甲酸酯Aseptic technique 无菌操作法Azone 氮酮Azone 氮酮Ball mill 球磨机Base adsorption 基质吸附率Bases 基质Beeswax 蜂蜡Bending 弯曲力BHA 叔丁基对羟基茴香醚BHT 二叔丁基对甲酚Bioavailability 生物利用度Biochemical approach 生物学方法Biopharmaceutics 生物药剂学Biotechnology 生物技术Bond学说中等粉碎（粒径）Bound water 结合水分Breakage (Bk）脆碎度Brij 泽、聚氧乙烯脂肪醇醚Brij 聚氧乙烯脂肪醇醚Buccal tablets 颊额片Bulk density 松密度Bulk density 松密度、堆密度Burst effect 突释效应CA 醋酸纤维素CAB 醋酸纤维素丁酸酯Cabomer 羟基乙烯共聚物Caking 结饼CAP 醋酸纤维素酞酸酯CAP 邻苯二甲酸醋酸纤维素CAP 邻苯二甲酸醋酸纤维素CAP 邻苯二甲酸醋酸纤维素CAP 邻苯二甲酸醋酸纤维素Capillary state 毛细管状Capsules 胶囊剂Carbomer 卡波姆、羧基乙烯共聚物Carbopol 卡波普Carbopol 934 卡波普Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium 羟甲基纤维素钠Carboxymethyl starch sodium CMS-Na羧甲基淀粉纳Carboxymethylcellulose sodium CMC-Na羧甲基纤维素纳CAT 醋酸纤维素苯三酸酯CD 圆二色谱法Cellulose acetate （CA）醋酸纤维素Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) 醋酸纤维素酞酸醋Central composite design (CCD）星点设计Cera aseptical pro osse bone wax 骨蜡Ceramide 神经酰胺Cetomacrogol 聚乙二醇与十六醇缩合Chemical approach 化学方法Chewable tablets 咀嚼片Chitin 壳多糖Chitosan 壳聚糖Chronopathology 时辰病理学Chronopharmacology 时辰药理学Clausius—Clapeyron方程克劳修斯－克拉珀龙方程Clinical pharmaceutics 临床药剂学Cloud point 对聚氧乙烯型非离子表面活性剂CMC-Na 羧甲基纤维素纳CMC—Na 羧甲基纤维素纳CMC-Na 羟甲基纤维素CMEC 羧甲乙纤维素CMS 羧甲基淀粉CMS-Na 羧甲基淀粉钠Coadminiatration of skin Meta Inh 皮肤代谢抑制剂的合用Coadministraition of chem。
医学英语基本词汇及汉语含义
医学英语基本词汇及汉语含义amino acid 氨基酸adrenergic receptor 肾上腺素(能)受体abdominal reflex 腹壁反射abdominal regions 腹部分区abdominal pressure 腹压abdominal pulse 腹主动脉搏动abortion 流产,坠胎Abrams’ heart reflex 艾布拉姆斯氏心反射,又称利维拉托(Livierato)反射。
刺激心前区皮肤引起心肌收缩,伴心浊音界缩小。
透视可见到心界缩小。
absolute temperature 绝对温度absorption 吸收acarid 螨accessory placenta 副胎盘accommodation of eye 眼调节acinar carcinoma 腺泡癌acne conglobata 聚会性痤疮[亦作conglobate acne]acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans 慢性萎缩性肢(端)皮炎active transport 主动转运acupuncture 针灸,针刺疗法acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis 急性出血性胰腺炎adaptation 适应adaptive enzyme 适应酶(inducible enzyme,induced enzyme诱导酶)adductor 内收肌adenosarcoma 腺肉瘤adnexitis (子宫)附件炎(=annexitis)adrenal cortex 肾上腺皮质adrenogenital syndrome 肾上腺性征异常征,肾上腺综合征,肾上腺生殖系综合征,伊森科-柯兴综合征aerosol 气雾剂,喷雾剂afferent loop syndrome 输入袢综合征agonist 激动剂,兴奋剂AIDS 艾滋病,爱滋病(Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 获得性免疫缺陷综合征)albinism 白化病,白化症allantois [胚] 尿囊,尿膜allele 等位基因allergy 过敏(症),变态反应alopecia areata 斑秃,斑形脱发,局限性脱发alveolar duct emphysema 肺泡管性气肿alveolar ventilation 肺泡通气,alveolarventilation-perfusion imbalance肺泡通气与血流比例失调Alzheimer’s disease 阿尔茨海默病,老年痴呆症,阿兹海默症amaurotic cat’s eye 黑蒙性猫眼amniocentesis 羊膜穿刺术ampullary aneurysm 壶腹状动脉瘤, 囊状动脉瘤anaphase (细胞分裂)后期anastomosis 吻合(术)anesthesia 麻醉(anaesthesia)aneurysm 动脉瘤(aneurism)angina pectoris 心绞痛angiogram 血管造影片angiosarcoma 血管肉瘤Angle’s classification of malocclusion 安格氏矫正分类法(malocclusion 错位咬合,咬合不正) anneal 退火(核酸经退火后能与互补的核酸结合)anomalous uterus 异常子宫anoxia 缺氧(症)anteflexion (尤指子宫)前屈antegrade urography 顺行尿路造影(术)anthracosilicosis 煤矽肺,炭末石末沉着病[亦作anthrasilicosis]antibiotic 抗生素antidepressant 抗抑郁剂(药)antigen 抗原antioncogene 抗癌基因aortic stenosis 主动脉瓣狭窄aperture diaphragm 光圈apex of heart 心尖(部位)Apgar score 阿普加(新生儿)评分appendix 阑尾arborvirus 虫媒病毒[蚊虫等节肢动物传染的病毒(脑炎、黄热病、登革热的病原体)]arches of the foot 足弓arcus aortae 主动脉弓areola 乳(房)晕, 色晕arterial arch of colon 结肠动脉弓arteriography 动脉造影术,动脉X线摄影,动脉搏描记法arteriovenous oxygen difference 动静脉氧差arthroplasty 关节成形术,关节造形术arthrosis 关节,关节病artificial pacemaker 人工(心脏)起搏器Ascaris lumbricoides 蛔虫ascending cervical artery 升颌动脉aspergilloma 曲霉菌球Aspergillus fumigatus 烟曲霉(菌)assisted reproductive technology ART,辅助生殖技术,人工生殖技术astigmatism 散光(亦作 astigmia);像散性,像散现象astrocyte (脑和脊髓的)星形胶质细胞,星形细胞atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化;动脉硬化[复数atheroscleroses ]atrial septal defect (心)房中隔缺损atrial flutter 心房扑动atrial fibrillation 心房纤颤,房颤,心房纤维性颤动atrioventricular valve 房室瓣atrophic gastritis 萎缩性胃炎audiogram 听力图,听力敏度图,听阈曲线auditory pathway 听觉传导通路auscultation 听诊(法)autoantibody 自身抗体autonomic nervous system 自主神经系统,植物性神经系统autoplastic graft (=autograft) 自体移植物,自体组织移接,自体嫁接axon reflex 轴突反射azotemia 氮质血症baby 婴儿background radiation 本底辐射,背景辐射bacteriophage 噬菌体bacterium 细菌,杆菌属[ 复数bacteria ]Baker’s cyst 贝克氏囊肿(膝部囊肿,腘窝囊肿)barbiturate 巴比妥类药物(用作中枢神经系统抑制或安眠的药),巴比妥酸盐Barre tt’s syndrome Barrett's syndrome is a condition in which the esophagus, the muscular tube that carries food and saliva fro m the mouth to the stomach, forms new types of cells on its surface that are similar to those normally found in the intest ine.base pair 碱基对basilar lamina 基底,颅底,头盖骨底部basilar vertebra 基椎,末腰椎basophilia 嗜碱性,嗜碱细胞增多bilaminar blastoderm 二层胚盘bile 胆汁Billroth’s operation I Billroth's operation I is an operation in which the pylorus is removed and the distal stomach is anastomos ed directly to the duodenum.The operation is most closely associated with Theodor Billroth, but was first described by Polish surgeon Ludwik Rydigier.birth canal 产道bisalbuminemia 双白蛋白血症,副白蛋白血症,是一种较少见的常染色体不完全显性遗传性病,表现为白蛋白呈异常双峰现象(两峰高度大致相等,一峰为正常白蛋白,另一峰为变异白蛋白)bivalve speculum 双瓣窥器blastoderm 胚盘,胚层block vertebrae 阻滞椎,块状椎blood-brain barrier 血脑屏障blood pressure 血压blood plasma 血浆blow-out fracture 爆裂性骨折(尤指眶底)Bowditch’s law 鲍迪奇氏定律(心肌刺激定律,神经不疲劳性)Bracht maneuver Bracht手法,a method of extraction of the aftercoming head(后出胎头) in breech presentation(臀先露).breathing 呼吸bronchial asthma 支气管哮喘bronchiolar carcinoma (细)支气管癌bronchiolitis (毛)细支气管炎bronchiole-alveolar carcinoma 细支气管-肺泡癌(起源于细支气管基底细胞或Ⅱ型肺泡细胞的恶性肿瘤) bronchogram 支气管造影片Bryant’s triangle 布莱恩特氏三角, 髂股三角burn 烧伤bypass 旁路,支路calcaneal tuber 跟结节calyx 盏,杯状结构capillary 毛细管capture-recapture method 【统计学】捕获-再捕获法,标记再捕法,捕捉—重捕方法carbon dioxide cycle 二氧化碳循环carcinoma 癌(在医学上专指由上皮组织来源的恶性肿瘤)carcinoma in situ 原位癌cardiac arrest 心搏停止,心脏停止跳动cardiac cycle 心动周期(从收缩经松弛再到下次收缩之全部过程)cardiomyopathy (尤指原发性的)心肌症cardiovascular system 心血管系统caries [单数复数同]龋齿,骨溃疡cavitas laryngis 喉腔CD4/CD8 count CD4/CD8计数cell 细胞,电池cell determination 细胞决定cell membrane 细胞膜cell marker 细胞标记物centroblast 生发中心母细胞cephalic presentation 头先露cerebellar cortex 小脑皮质,小脑皮层cerebellum 小脑cerebral hemorrhage (大)脑出血cerebral cortex 大脑皮层,小脑皮质cerebrospinal fluid 脑脊液chamber (身体或器官内的)室chemoreceptor 化学感受器(=chemoceptor)cholangiography 胆管造影术cholecystitis 胆囊炎cholelithiasis 胆石症,胆结石chondrosarcoma 软骨肉瘤chromosome aberration 染色体畸变chromosome 染色体chronic bronchitis 慢性支气管炎cilia 纤毛,[单数cilium]ciliated epithelium 纤毛上皮circadian 生理节奏的,昼夜节律的,24小时作用(或循环)的(指与地球24小时运转联系的新陈代谢、内分泌作用及睡眠等节奏有关的;此种节奏在高速宇宙航行中仍可能维持)circular anastomosis 环形吻合术circulus 圈;环 [复数circuli ]cirrhosis 硬化,肝硬化cisternal puncture 小脑延髓池穿刺cleavage 卵裂,分裂clinical epidemiology 临床流行病学clinical trial 临床试验(对一种新疗法的科学评估)cloning 克隆,无性繁殖closed chest massage 胸外心脏按摩Clostridium perfringens 产气荚膜梭菌,产气荚膜杆菌,产气荚膜梭状芽孢杆菌,是一种革兰氏阳性梭状杆菌,能产生芽孢,并能形成特殊荚膜的专性厌氧菌cloverleaf skull 头颅畸形coagulopathy 凝血障碍coarctate retina 紧压性视网膜cochlear duct 耳蜗管,蜗管中道cochlear implant 人工耳(蜗);耳蜗植入,耳蜗移植Cockayne’s syndrome 科凯恩综合征(特征为早老,视网膜退化,听力受损,皮肤光过敏)coenzyme A 辅酶 A [CoA]colon 结肠colony 菌落,集落color 颜色,脸色colposcopy 阴道镜comedo 粉刺,面疱[ 复数comedos或comedones ]Compton effect 康普顿效应(=Compton-Debye effect)computed tomography 计算机断层扫描(CT)conduction 传导conductive deafness 传导性失聪,传导性耳聋conduplicato corpore 胎体层迭cone 视锥(细胞)conization 锥形切除术conjoined twins 联胎,联体双胎,连体婴(= Siamese twins)conjugate 结合constipation 便秘consumption coagulopathy 消耗性凝血病contact lens (装在眼睑内的)隐形眼镜,接触透镜contact dermatitis 接触性皮炎contraction 收缩Coombs’test 抗人球蛋白试验,Coombs 试验,库姆试验coronary artery 冠状动脉coronary bypass 冠状动脉旁路手术,冠状动脉搭桥术costoclavicular syndrome 肋骨锁骨综合征,肋锁综合征(在锁骨与第一肋骨之间的间隙较小,在解剖上是一个弱点,其中通过到上肢的神经血管束。
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AIP ATM接口处理器 (ATM Interface Processor)-----支持AAL3/4和AAL5. Cisco 7000系列路由器的这个接口最小化UNI的性能瓶颈。参AAL3/4私AAL5。
algorithm (算法)-----用来解决一个问题的一组规则或过程。在网络中算法一般用来发现通信量从源到其目的地的最佳路由。
address mapping (地址映射)-----通过将网络地址从一种格式转换为另一种格式，这种方法允许不同的协议交替操作
address mask (地址掩码)-----一个位组合描述符，它识别一个地址的哪个部分代表网络或子网，哪个部分代表主机。有时简称为掩码。奏见subnet mask
accounting (统计)-----AAA中的三个组件之一。统计为安全模型提供审计和记录功能
acknowledgment (确认)-----从一个网络设备发送到另一个网络设备的验证，表明一个事件已经发生。 可缩写为ACK。对照NAK。
ACR 允许信元速率-----ATM论坛为管理ATM通信量定义的一个名称。利用拥塞控制措施动态控制， ACR在最小信元速率 (MCR)和峰值信元速率 (PCR)之间变化。参见MCR和PCR
AAL ATM适应层-----数据链路层的一个与服务有关的子层，数据链路层从其他应用程序接受数据并将其带人ATM层的48字节有效负载段中。CS和SAR是AAL的两个子层。当前，ITU-T建议的四种AAL是AAL1、AAL2、AAL3/4和AAL5。AAL由它们使用的源-目的地定时所区分，无论它们是CBR或VBR, 也无论它们是用于面向连接的或无连接模式的数据传输。参见AAL1、AAL2、AAL3/4、AAL5、AT和ATM layer
administrative distance (管理距离)-----0到255之间的一个数，它表示一条路由选择信息源的可信性值。该值越小，宪整性级别越高
administrative weight (管理加权)-----网络管理员对给定网络链路分级所指定的值。它是PTSP交换的四个链路度量之一，用来测试ATM网络资源的可靠性。
access link (接入链接)-----交换机使用的一种链接，是虚拟VAN (VLAN) 的一部分。干线链接从多个VLAN传送信息。
ccess list (访问表)-----路由器保存的一组测试条件，它确定网络上各种业务"感兴趣的通信量"往返于路由器。
access method (访问方法)-----网络设备获得网络访问权的万式。
access rate (接入速率)-----定义电路的带宽速率。例如，T-1电路的接人速率是1.544Mb/s。在帧中继和其他技术中，可以是部分T-1连接 (例如256kb/s)，但接人速率和时钟速率仍为I.544Mb/S
access server (接入服务器)-----即所谓的"网络接人服务器"，它是一个通信过程，通过网络和终端仿真软件将异步设备连接到--个LAN或WAN，提供所支持协议的同步或异步路由选择。
AM 幅度调制 (Amplitude modulation)-----由载波信号的幅度变化代表信息的一种调制方法。参见modulation。
AMI 交替传号反转 (Alternate Mark Inversion)-----T-1和E-1电路上的一种线路编码，每比特单元期间0用"01"表示，1交替朋"11"或"00"表示。发送设备必须在AMI中维持1的密度但又不独立于数据流。也称二进制代码的交替传号反转。对照B8ZS。参见ones density。
AAL5 ATM适应层5-----ITU-T建议的四种AAL之一，主要用于支持面间连接的VBR业务以传送经典的IP over ATM和LANE通信量。这个AAL的最简单推荐标准使用SEAL，提供较低的带宽开销和较简单的处理要求，但也提供减少的带宽和差错恢复能力。参见AAL
AARP AppleTalk地址解析协议-----在AppleTalk栈中的这个协议将数据链路地址映射为网络地址
ABM 异步平衡模式-----当两个站可以开始传输时，ABM是一种支持两站间对等的、点到点通信的HDLC(或其导出的一个协议)通信技术
ABR 区域边界路由器-----位于一个或多个OSPF区域边界的OSPF路由器，ABR被用来将OSPF区域连接到OSPF骨干区
access layer (接入层)-----Cisco三层分级模型中的一层。接人层使用户接人互联网络。
alignmenterror (对齐错误)-----以太网网络中出现的一种错误，其中收到的帧有额外的位，即一个数不可被8整除。对齐错误通常是冲突引起的帧损坏的结果。
all-routes explorer packet (全路由探测包)-----一个能够越过整个SRB网络的探测包，跟踪到一个给定目的地的所有可能路径。也称为全环探测包。参见explorer packet、local explorer packet和Spanning explorer packet。
CCNA为思科最基础的入门认证，其中，考试偏重网络概念和理论，对于初学者来说，不少专业英文术语难以理解，导致学员学习进度维难。CISCO系列认证的原版教材，专业词汇出现频率积高，考生只要熟悉本文，相信学习起来一定事半功倍。
10BaseT-----原始IEEE802.3标准的一部分，1OBaseT是1OMb/s基带以太网规范，它使用两对双绞电缆(3类、4类或5类)，一对用于发送数据另一对用于接收数据。1OBaseT每段的距离限制约为100米。参见Ethernet和IEEE 802.3。
ADSU ATM数据服务单元(ATM Data Service Unit)-----用于通过HSSI兼ng (通告)-----路由选择或服务更新以给定间隔被发送的过程，允许网络上的其他路由器维护一个现有可用路由的记录
AEP AppleTalk回应协议 (AppleTalk Echo Protocol)-----两个AppleTalk节点之间连通性的一种测试，其中一个节点发送一个包给另一个节点并在响应中接收回应或拷贝。
AAL1 ATM适应层1-----ITU-T建议的四种AAL之一，用于面向连接的、需要恒定比特率的时间敏感的业务，如同步通信量和未压缩的视频。奏见
AAL2 ATM适应层2-----ITU-T建议的四种AAL之一, 用于面向连接的、支持可变比特率的业务，如语音通信量参见AAL
AAL3/4 ATM适应层3/4-----ITU-T建议的四种AAL之一，支持面向连接的也支持无连接的链路。主要用于在ATM网络上发送SMDS数据包。参见AAL
bandwith on demand (BoD，按需带宽)----- 这一功能允许一个附加的B信道用于为一个特定连接增加可用带宽量。
baseband (基带)----- 网络技术的一个特性，它只使用一个载波频率。以太网就是一个例子。也称 "窄带"。对broadband。
amplitude (幅度)-----模拟或数字波形的最大值。
analog transmission (模拟传输)-----由信号幅度、频率和相位的不同组合表示信息的信号传送。
ANSI 美国国家标准协会 (American National Standards Institute)-----由美国公司、政府和其他志愿者成员组成的机构，它协调与标准相关的活动，批准美国国家标准并在国际标准组织中代表美国。ANSI帮助在通信、网络和各种技术领域创建国际和美国标准。它已为工程产品和技术发布丁13000多种标准，范围从螺丝罗纹到网络协议，包罗万象。ANSI是IEC和ISO的成员。
anycast-----一个ATM地址，它能由多个终端系统共享，允许请求被传送到一个提供特殊服务的节点。
AppleTalk-----Apple计算机公司为在Macintosh环境下的使用设计的通信协议组，当前有两个版本。早期的Phase 1协议支持一个物理网络，只有一个网络号驻留在一个区域中。稍后的Phase 2协议支持单个物理网络上的多个逻辑网络，允许网络存在于多个区域。参见zone。
backbone (骨干)----- 网络的基本部分，它提供发送到其他网络和从其他网络发起的通信量的主要路径。
back end (后端)----- 为前端提供服务的一个节点或软件程序。参见server。
bandwidth (带宽)----- 网络信号使用的最高和最低频率间的间隔。通常，它涉及一个网络协议或介质的额定吞吐能力。
1OOBaseT-----基于IEEE 802.3U标准，1OOBaseT是使用UTP接线的基带快速以太网规范。当没有通信量出现时。1OOBaseT在网络上发送链接脉冲 (比1OBaseT中使用的包含更多信息)。参见10BaseT、Fast Ethernet和IEEE 802.3。
100BaseTX-----基于IEEE 802.3U标准，100BaseTX是使用两对UTP或STP接线的10OMb/S基带快速以太网规范。第一对线接收数据;第二对线发送数据。为确保正确的信号定时，一个100BaseTX网段不能超过100米长。
active monitor (活动监视器)-----用来管理令牌环的机制。环上具有最高MAC地址的网络节点成为活动监视器并负责管理防止环路和确保令牌不丢失之类的任务。
address learnmng (地址学习)-----与透明网桥一起用于获悉互联网络上所有设备的硬件地址。然后交换机用已知硬件地址 (MAC)过滤该网络
address resolution (地址解析)-----用于解决计算机编址方案间差别的过程。地址解析一般定义一种方法来跟踪网络层 (第三层) 地址到数据链路层 (第二层) 地址。参见address mapping。