经济学人杂志
功能对等理论视角下财经新闻英汉翻译研究——以《经济学人》为例
功能对等理论视角下财经新闻英汉翻译研究——以《经济学人》为例一、引言当今世界，经济全球化不断深入，各国在政治、经济等领域交流日益密切，了解国际市场、掌握国际经济形势成为广大群众一大诉求，因此英语财经类新闻的翻译显得尤为重要。
《经济学人》作为一本财经类杂志，具有较高的国际知名度，其新闻报道兼具权威性与实效性，该杂志的准确翻译可成为了解国际金融信息的高质量渠道之一。
奈达的功能对等理论强调信息的准确传递和强调读者反应，即在准确传递信息的基础上，原文读者与译文读者应有一致的阅读体验。
文章以功能对等理论为基础，试图探讨财经类新闻在翻译中如何实现原文与译文读者取得一致的阅读体验。
二、功能对等理论动态对等的概念是尤金•奈达于20 世纪60 年代在《翻译科学探索》一书中提出的。
动态对等指出，译者不能仅仅关注源语与目的语间的对应关系，而该关注一种动态的关系，即目的语读者和目的语信息间的关系应与源语读者和源语信息间的关系保持一致[1]。
后来，为避免公众对“动态”一词的误解，在《从一种语言到另一种语言》一书中，奈达将动态对等替换为功能对等，进一步完善了理论内容[2]。
功能对等理论强调读者反应，即目的语读者对译文的阅读反应需与源语读者对源语的阅读反应保持基本一致，这就要求译文与原文在功能上达到最贴近的对等。
然而，在翻译实践中译者不可避免地会遇到无法跨越的障碍，例如源语中的文化表述、语言形式等很难再现，根据功能对等理论，这时应首先保证信息的准确传递，即最自然的对等。
可见，功能对等理论的两大核心即是信息的准确传递与读者反应[3]。
国内对功能对等理论的研究与应用涉及广泛，包括新闻、广告、文学、影视字幕等诸多翻译领域。
而新闻具有面向大众、真实准确、及时简明的特点，因此新闻翻译应具有更高的可读性与交际性。
财经类新闻同时具有专业性与民生性，二者的对立统一关系需要译者在翻译中更需要坚持功能对等，以最大限度让目的语读者获得与源语读者相同的阅读体验。
大学英语四级强化智慧树知到答案章节测试2023年哈尔滨理工大学
第一章测试1.《卫报》(The Guardian)是（）的全国性综合内容日报。
A:美国B:澳大利亚C:加拿大D:英国答案:D2.《新闻周刊》是（）时政杂志中因评论优秀而获得荣誉最多的周刊。
A:加拿大B:英国C:澳大利亚D:美国答案:D3.《大西洋月刊》是（）最受尊敬的杂志之一。
A:美国B:英国C:加拿大D:澳大利亚答案:A4.着重财经新闻报道的是（）。
A:《纽约时报》B:《华盛顿邮报》C:《洛杉矶时报》D:《华尔街日报》答案:D5.被称为“灰色女士”(The Gray Lady)的是（）。
A:《华尔街日报》B:《洛杉矶时报》C:《华盛顿邮报》D:《纽约时报》答案:D6.大学英语四级笔试每年的考试时间是六月和十二月。
（）A:错B:对答案:B7.大学英语四级考试听力部分包括短对话。
（）A:错B:对答案:A8.《经济学人》是一份，由纽约经济学人报纸有限公司出版的杂志。
（）A:对B:错答案:B9.《洛杉矶时报》（Los Angles Times）是美国西部最大的对开日报。
（）A:错B:对答案:B10.《华盛顿邮报》(The Washington Post)，是美国华盛顿最大、最老的报纸。
（）A:错B:对答案:B第二章测试1.If the physical, psychological and environmental demands on workers （）their capabilities, hazards arise.A:succeedB:precedeC:exceedD:proceed答案:C2.If you don’t （） what may happen, you will find yourself at a loss whensomething crops up.A:anticipateB:perceiveC:conceiveD:deceive答案:A3.But a new study suggests that constant instant messaging (IM’ing) andtexting among teens may also provide benefits, particularly for those who are （）.A:revertedB:reversedC:introvertedD:controverted答案:C4.Emailing the neuroscientist and memory researcher Jim McGaugh one day,she （） that she could recall every day of her life since the age of 12.A:reclaimedB:claimedC:exclaimedD:proclaimed答案:B5.The program will offer patients several bags of food （） for their condition,along with intensive training in how to cook it.A:describedB:scribedC:prescribedD:inscribed答案:C6.Elaborate既是形容词也是动词。
《经济学人》杂志原版英文(The Economist整理版4-5)
Digest Of The. Economist. 2006(4-5)Hot to trotA new service hopes to do for texting what Skype did for voice callsTALK is cheap—particularly since the appearance of voice-over-internet services such as Skype. Such services, which make possible very cheap (or even free) calls by routing part or all of each call over the internet, have forced traditional telecoms firms to cut their prices. And now the same thing could be about to happen to mobilephone text messages, following the launch this week of Hotxt, a British start-up.Users download the Hotxt software to their handsets, just as they would a game or a ringtone. They choose a user name, and can then exchange as many messages as they like with other Hotxt users for £1 ($1.75) per week. The messages are sent as data packets across the internet, rather than being routed through operators' textmessaging infrastructure. As a result, users pay only a tiny data-transport charge, typically of a penny or so per message. Since text messages typically cost 10p, this is a big saving—particularly for the cost-conscious teenagers at whom the service is aimed.Most teenagers in Britain, and elsewhere in Europe, pay for their mobile phones on a “pre-paid” basis, rather than having a monthly contract with a regular bill. Pre-paid tariffs are far more expensive: bundles of free texts and other special deals, which can reduce the cost of text messaging, are generally not available. For a teenager who sends seven messages a day, Hotxt can cut the cost of texting by 75%, saving £210 per year, says Doug Richard, the firm's co-founder. For really intensive text-messagers, the savings could be even bigger: Josh Dhaliwal of mobileYouth, a market-research firm, says that some teenagers—chiefly boys aged 15-16 and girls aged 14-15—are “supertexters” who send as many as 50 messages per day.While this sounds like good news for users, it could prove painful for mobile operators. Text-messaging accounts for around 20% of a typical operator's revenues. With margins on text messages in excess of 90%, texting also accounts for nearly half of an operator's profits. Mr Richard is confident that there is no legal way that operators can block his service; they could raisedata-transport costs, but that would undermine their own efforts to push new services. Hotxt plans to launch in other countries soon.“The challenge is getting that initial momentum,” says Mr Dhaliwal. Hotxt needs to persuade people to sign up, so that they will persuade their friends to sign up, and so on. Unlike Skype, Hotxt is not free, so users may be less inclined to give it a try. But as Skype has also shown, once a disruptive, low-cost communications service starts to spread, it can quickly become very big indeed. And that in turn can lead to lower prices, not just for its users, but for everyone.A discerning viewA new way of processing X-rays gives much clearer imagesX-RAYS are the mysterious phenomenon for which Wilhelm Röntgen was awarded the first Nobel prize in physics, in 1901. Since then, they have shed their mystery and found widespread use in medicine and industry, where they are used to revealthe inner properties of solid bodies.Some properties, however, are more easily discerned than others. Conventional Xray imaging relies on the fact that different materials absorb the radiation to different degrees. In a medical context, for example, bones absorb X-rays readily, and so show up white on an X-radiograph, which is a photographic negative. But Xrays are less good at discriminating between different forms of soft tissue, such as muscles, tendons, fat and blood vessels. That, however, could soon change. For Franz Pfeiffer of the Paul Scherrer Institute in Villigen, Switzerland, and his colleagues report, in the April edition of Nature Physics, that they have manipulated standard X-ray imaging techniques to show many more details of the inner body.The trick needed to discern this fine detail, according to Dr Pfeiffer, is a simple one. The researchers took advantage not only of how tissues absorb X-rays but also of how much they slow their passage. This slowing can be seen as changes in the phase of the radiation that emerges—in other words of the relative positions of the peaks and troughs of the waves of which X-rays are composed.Subtle changes in phase are easily picked up, so doctors can detect even small variations in the composition of the tissue under investigation, such as might be caused by the early stages of breast cancer. Indeed, this trick—known as phase-contrast imaging—is already used routinely in optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Until now, however, no one had thought to use it for medical X-radiography.To perform their trick, the researchers used a series of three devices called transmission gratings. They placed one between the source of the X-rays and the body under examination, and two between the body and the X-ray detector that forms the image. The first grating gathers information on the phases of the X-rays passing through it. The second and third work together to produce thedetailed phase-contrasted image. The approach generates two separate images—the classic X-ray image and the phase-contrasted image—which can then be combined to produce a high-resolution picture.The researchers tested their technique on a Cardinal tetra, a tiny iridescent fish commonly found in fish tanks and aquariums. The conventional X-ray image showed the bones and the gut of the fish, while the phase-contrasted image showed details of the fins, the ear and the eye.Dr Pfeiffer's technique would thus appear to offer a way to get much greater detail for the same amount of radiation exposure. Moreover, since it uses standard hospital equipment, it should be easy to introduce into medical practice. X-rays may no longer be the stuff of Nobel prizes, but their usefulness may just have increased significantly.Here be dragonsWith luck, you may soon be able to buy a mythological petPAOLO FRIL, chairman and chief scientific officer of GeneDupe, based in San Melito, California, is a man with a dream. That dream is a dragon in every home.GeneDupe's business is biotech pets. Not for Dr Fril, though, the mundane cloning of dead moggies and pooches. He plans a range of entirely new animals—or, rather, of really quite old animals, with the twist that even when they did exist, it was only in the imagination.Making a mythical creature real is not easy. But GeneDupe's team of biologists and computer scientists reckon they are equal to the task. Their secret is a new field, which they call “virtual cell biology”.Biology and computing have a lot in common, since both are about processing information—in one case electronic; in the other, biochemical. Virtual cell biology aspires to make a software model of a cell that is accurate in every biochemical detail. That is possible because all animal cells use the same parts list—mitochondria for energy processing, the endoplasmic reticulum for making proteins, Golgi body for protein assembly, and so on.Armed with their virtual cell, GeneDupe's scientists can customise the result so that it belongs to a particular species, by loading it with a virtual copy of that animal's genome. Then, if the cell is also loaded with the right virtual molecules, it will behave like a fertilised egg, and start dividing and developing—first into an embryo, and ultimately into an adult.Because this “growth” is going on in a computer, it happens fast. Passing from egg to adult in one of GeneDupe's enormous Mythmaker computers takes less than a minute. And it is here that Charles Darwin gets a look in. With such a short generation time, GeneDupe's scientists can add a little evolution to their products.Each computer starts with a search image (dragon, unicorn, gryphon, etc), and the genome of the real animal most closely resembling it (a lizard for the dragon, a horse for the unicorn and, most taxingly, the spliced genomes of a lion and an eagle for the gryphon). The virtual genomes of these real animals are then tweaked by random electronic mutations. When they have matured, the virtual adults most closely resembling the targets are picked and cross-bred, while the others are culled.Using this rapid evolutionary process, GeneDupe's scientists have arrived at genomes for a range of mythological creatures—in a computer, at least. The next stage, on which they are just embarking, is to do it for real.This involves synthesising, with actual DNA, the genetic material that the computer models predict will produce the mythical creatures. The synthetic DNA is then inserted into a cell that has had its natural nucleus removed. The result, Dr Fril and his commercial backers hope, will be a real live dragon, unicorn or what have you.Tales of the unexpectedWhy a drug trial went so badly wrongIN ANY sort of test, not least a drugs trial, one should expect the unexpected. Even so, on March 13th, six volunteers taking part in a small clinical trial of a treatment known as TGN1412 got far more than they bargained for. All ended up seriously ill, with multiple organ failure, soon after being injected with the drug at a special testing unit at Northwick Park Hospital in London, run by a company called Parexel. One man remains ill in hospital.Small, preliminary trials of this sort are intended to find out whether a drug is toxic. Nevertheless, the mishap was so serious that Britain's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), a government body, swiftly launched a full inquiry. On April 5th it announced its preliminary findings. These were that the trial was run correctly, doses of the drug were given as they were supposed to have been, and there was no contamination during manufacturing. In other words, it seems that despite extensive tests on animals and human-cell cultures, and despite the fact that the doses in the human trial were only a five-hundredth of those given to the animals, TGN1412 is toxic in people in a way that simply had not shown up.This is a difficult result for the drug business because it raises questions about the right way of testing medicines of this kind. TGN1412 is unusual in that it is an antibody. Most drugs are what are known as “small molecules”. Antibodies are big, powerful proteins that are the workhorses of the immune system. A mere 20 of them have been approved for human therapy, or are in latestage clinical trails, in America and Europe, but hundreds are in pre-clinical development, and will soon need to be tried out on people.Most antibody drugs are designed to work in one of three ways: by recruiting parts of the immune system to kill cancer cells; by delivering a small-molecule drug or a radioactive atom specifically to a cancer; or by blocking unwanted immune responses. In that sense, TGN1412 was unusual because it worked in a fourth way. It is what is called a “superagonistic” antibody, designed to increase the numbers of a type of immune cell known as regulatory T-cells.Reduced numbers, or impaired function, of regulatory T-cells has been implicated in a number of illnesses, such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Boosting the pool of these antibodies seemed like a good treatment strategy. Unfortunately, that strategy fell disastrously to pieces and it will take a little longer to find out why.The result highlights concerns raised in a paper just published by the Academy of Medical Sciences, a group of experts based in London. It says there are special risks associated with novel antibody therapies. For example, their chemical specificity means that they might not bind to their targets in humans as they do in other species.Accidence and substanceTwo possible explanations for the bulk of realityTHE unknown pervades the universe. That which people can see, with the aid of various sorts of telescope, accounts for just 4% of the total mass. The rest, however, must exist. Without it, galaxies would not survive and the universe would not be gently expanding, as witnessed by astronomers. What exactly constitutes this dark matter and dark energy remains mysterious, but physicists have recently uncovered some more clues, about the former, at least.One possible explanation for dark matter is a group of subatomic particles called neutrinos. These objects are so difficult to catch that a screen made of lead a light-year thick would stop only half the neutrinos beamed at it from getting through. Yet neutrinos are thought to be the most abundant particles in the universe. Some ten thousand trillion trillion—most of them produced by nuclear reactions in the sun—reach Earth every second. All but a handful pass straight through the planet as if it wasn't there.According to the Standard Model, the most successful description of particle physics to date, neutrinos come in three varieties, called “flavours”. These are known as electron neutrinos, tau neutrinos and muon neutrinos. Again, according to the Standard Model, they are point-like, electrically neutral and massless. But in recent years, this view has been challenged, as physicists realised that neutrinos might have mass.The first strong evidence came in 1998, when researchers at an experiment called SuperKamiokande, based at Kamioka, in Japan, showed that muon neutrinos produced by cosmic rays hitting the upper atmosphere had gone missing by the time they should have reached an underground detector. SuperKamiokande's operators suspect that the missing muon neutrinos had changed flavour, becoming electron neutrinos or—more likely—tau neutrinos. Theory suggests that this process, called oscillation, can happen only if neutrinos have mass.Since then, there have been other reports of oscillation. Results from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory in Canada suggest that electron neutrinos produced by nuclear reactions in the sun change into either muon or tau neutrinos on their journey to Earth. Two other Japanese experiments, one conducted at Kamioka and one involving the KEK particle-accelerator laboratory in Tsukuba, near Tokyo, also hint at oscillation.Last week, researchers working on the MINOS experiment at Fermilab, near Chicago, confirmed these results. Over the coming months and years, they hope to produce the most accurate measurements yet. The researchers created a beam of muon neutrinos by firing an intense stream of protons into a block of carbon. On the other side of the target sat a particle detector that monitored the number of muon neutrinos leaving the Fermilab site. The neutrinos then traveled 750km (450 miles) through the Earth to a detector in a former iron mine in Soudan, Minnesota.Myths and migrationDo immigrants really hurt American workers' wages?EVERY now and again America, a nation largely made up of immigrants and their descendants, is gripped by a furious political row over whether and how it should stem the flood of people wanting to enter the country. It is in the midst of just such a quarrel now. Congress is contemplating the erection of a wall along stretches of the Mexican border and a crackdown on illegalworkers, as well as softer policies such as a guest-worker programme for illegal immigrants. Some of the arguments are plain silly. Immigration's defenders claim that foreigners come to do jobs that Americans won't—as if cities with few immigrants had no gardeners. Its opponents say that immigrants steal American jobs—succumbing to the fallacy that there are only a fixed number of jobs to go around.One common argument, though not silly, is often overstated: that immigration pushes down American workers' wages, especially among high-school dropouts. It isn't hard to see why this might be. Over the past 25 years American incomes have become less equally distributed, typical wages have grown surprisingly slowly for such a healthy economy and the real wages of the least skilled have actually fallen. It is plausible that immigration is at least partly to blame, especially because recent arrivals have disproportionately poor skills. In the 2000 census immigrants made up 13% of America's pool of workers, but 28% of those without a high-school education and over half of those with eight years' schooling or less.In fact, the relationship between immigration and wages is not clear-cut, even in theory. That is because wages depend on the supply of capital as well as labour. Alone, an influx of immigrants raises the supply of workers and hence reduces wages. But cheaper labour increases the potential return to employers of building new factories or opening new valet-parking companies. In so doing, they create extra demand for workers. Once capital has fully adjusted, the final impact on overall wages should be a wash, as long as the immigrants have not changed the productivity of the workforce as a whole.However, even if wages do not change on average, immigration can still shift the relative pay of workers of different types. A large inflow of low-skilled people could push down the relative wages of low-skilled natives, assuming that they compete for the same jobs. On the other hand, if the immigrants had complementary skills, natives would be relatively better off. To gauge the full effect of immigration on wages, therefore, you need to know how quickly capital adjusts and how far the newcomers are substitutes for local workers.Roaming holidayThe EU hopes to slash the price of cross-border mobile calls“TODAY it is only when using your mobile phone abroad that you realise there are still borders in Europe,” lamented Viviane Reding, the European commissioner responsible for telecoms and media regulation, as she announced plans to slash the cost of mobile roaming last month. It is a laudable aim: European consumers typically pay €1.25 ($1.50) per minute to call home from another European country, and €1 per minute to receive calls from home while abroad. With roaming margins above 90%, European mobile operators make profits of around €10 billion a year from the trade, the commission estimates.Ms Reding's plan, unveiled on March 28th and up for discussion until May 12th, is to impose a “home pricing” scheme. Even while roaming, callers would be charged whatever they would normally pay to use their phones in their home countries; charges for incoming calls while roaming would be abolished. That may sound good. But, as the industry is understandably at pains to point out, it could have some curious knock-on effects.In particular, consumers could sign up with operators in foreign countries to take advantage of lower prices. Everyone would take out subscriptions to the cheapest supplier and bring them back home, says John Tysoe of the Mobile World, a consultancy. “You'd end up with a complete muddle. An operator might have a network, bu t no customers, because they've all migrated.”Another problem with Ms Reding's plan, he says, is that operators would compensate for the loss of roaming fees— thought to account for around 3% of their revenues and 5% of profits—by raising prices elsewhere. This would have the perverse effect of lowering prices for international business travellers, a big chunk of roaming traffic, while raising prices for most consumers.The commission's proposals are “economically incoherent”, says Richard Feasey of Vodafo ne, which operates mobile networks in many European countries. Imposing price caps on roaming is legally questionable, he says, and Vodafone has, in any case, been steadily reducing its roaming charges. (European regulators prevented it from doing so for three years on antitrust grounds after its takeover of Mannesmann in 2000.) Orange, another multinational operator, says it is planning to make price cuts, too. “Of course, now everybody's got price cuts,” says Stefano Nicoletti of Ovum, a consultancy.But perhaps Ms Reding's unspoken plan is to use the threat of regulation as a way to prompt action. Operators are right that her proposals make no sense, but they are charging too much all the same. So expect them to lobby hard against the proposals over the next couple of years, while quietly cutting their prices—an outcome that would, of course, allow both sides to claim victory.Devices and their desiresEngineers and chemists get togetherTHERE used to be a world of difference between treating a patient with a device—such as a fake hip or a pacemaker—and using biology and biochemistry. Different ailments required wholly different treatments, often with little in common. But that is changing as medical advances—such as those being trumpeted at the biotechnology industry's annual gathering this week in Chicago—foster combinations of surgical implants and other hardware with support from medicines. Drug-releasing stents were one of the first fruits of this trend, which increasingly requires vastly different sorts of health-care firms to mesh their research efforts.That will be a challenge. While pharmaceutical and biotech firms are always in search of the next big thing, devicemakers prefer gradual progress. Instead of hanging out with breathless entrepreneurs near America's east and west coasts, where most drug and biotechnology firms are based, many of the device-makers huddle in midwestern cities such as Minneapolis, Indianapolis and Kalamazoo. And unlike Big Pharma, which uses marketing blitzes to tell ailing consumers about its new drugs, medical-device sales teams act more as instructors, showing doctors how to install their latest creations.Several companies, however, are now trying to bring these two business cultures together. Earlier this year, for example, Angiotech Pharmaceuticals, a Canadian firm, bought American Medical Instruments (AMI). Angiotech's managers reckon their company has devised a good way to apply drug coatings to all sorts of medical paraphernalia, from sutures and syringes to catheters, in order to reduce the shock to the body. AMI makes just the sorts of medical supplies to which Angiotech hopes to apply its techniques.One of America's biggest makers of medical devices, Medtronic, has been doing joint research with Genzyme, a biotechnology company that is also keen on broader approaches to health care. Genzyme says that it was looking for better ways to treat ailments, such as coronary and kidney disease, and realised that it needed to understand better how electro-mechanical devices and information technology work. But combining its efforts with those of Medtronic “on a cultural level is very hard”, the company says. Biotechnology firms are used to much more risky projects and far longer development cycles.Another difference is that device-makers know that if a problem emerges with their hardware, the engineers will tinker around and try to resolve the glitch. Biotech and pharmaceutical firms have no such option. If a difficulty emerges after years of developing and testing a new pill, as with Merck's Vioxx, there may be little they can do about it. “You can't futz with a molecule”, says Debbie Wang, a health-care industry analyst.Strangely, says Ms Wang, some of the most promising engineering outfits were once divisions of pharmaceutical andhealth-care companies, which got rid of them precisely because they did not appear to offer the rapid growth that managers saw in prescription drugs. Guidant, a maker of various cardiovascular devices, was spun off by Eli Lilly in 1994 and a decade later became the prize in a bidding war between Johnson & Johnson and Boston Scientific, which Boston won earlier this year.Pfizer sold Howmedica, which makes joint replacements and prosthetics, to Kalamazoo-based Stryker in 1998. Anotherjoint-replacement maker, Zimmer, was spun off from Bristol-Myers Squibb in 2001. Now both those companies are looking for ways to add “anti-interactive coatings”—ie, drugs—to their business. One of the most troublesome complications in joint replacement is infection.The big drug companies might be tempted to reacquire the firms that they let go. But, given the potential for cultural and strategic clashes, it may make more sense for a few big and broad medical-device makers, such as Medtronic, Boston Scientific and St Jude Medical, to continue consolidating their own industry while co-operating, along the lines of the Medtronic-Genzyme venture, with biotech and pharmaceutical firms as they see fit. There would still be irritation; but probably less risk of wholesale rejection.Eat less, live moreHow to live longer—maybeDIETING, according to an old joke, may not actually make you live longer, but it sure feels that way. Nevertheless, evidence has been accumulating since the 1930s that calorie restriction—reducing an animal's energy intake below its energy expenditure—extends lifespan and delays the onset of age-related diseases in rats, dogs, fish and monkeys. Such results have inspired thousands of people to put up with constant hunger in the hope of living longer, healthier lives. They have also led to a search for drugs that mimic the effects of calorie restriction without the pain of going on an actual diet.Amid the hype, it is easy to forget that no one has until now shown that calorie restriction works in humans. That omission, however, changed this month, with the publication of the initial results of the first systematic investigation into the matter. Thisstudy, known as CALERIE (Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy), was sponsored by America's National Institutes of Health. It took 48 men and women aged between 25 and 50 and assigned them randomly to either a control group or a calorie-restriction regime. Those in the second group were required to cut their calorie intake for six months to 75% of that needed to maintain their weight.The CALERIE study is a landmark in the history of the field, because its subjects were either of normal weight or only slightly overweight. Previous projects have used individuals who were clinically obese, thus confusing the unquestionable benefits to health of reducing obesity with the possible advantages of calorie restriction to the otherwise healthy.At a molecular level, CALERIE suggests these advantages are real. For example, those on restricted diets had lower insulin resistance (high resistance is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes) and lower levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (high levels are a risk factor for heart disease). They showed drops in body temperature and blood-insulin levels—both phenomena that have been seen in long-lived, calorie-restricted animals. They also suffered less oxidative damage to their DNA.Eric Ravussin, of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, who is one of the study's authors, says that such results provide support for the theory that calorie restriction produces a metabolic adaptation over and above that which would be expected from weight loss alone. (He also points out that it will be a long time before such work reveals whether calorie restriction actually extends life.) Nevertheless, such metabolic adaptation could be the reason why calorie restriction is associated with longer lifespans in other animals—and that is certainly the hope of those who, for the past 15 years, have been searching for ways of triggering that metabolic adaptation by means other than semi-starvation.The search for a drug that will stave off old age is itself as old as the hills—as is the wishful thinking of the suckers who finance such efforts. Those who hope to find it by mimicking the effect of calorie restriction are not, however, complete snake-oil salesmen, for there is known to be a family of enzymes called sirtuins, which act both as sensors of nutrient availability and as regulators of metabolic rate. These might provide the necessary biochemical link between starving and living longer.Universal service?Proponents of “software as a service” say it will wipe out traditional softwareSOMETHING momentous is happening in the software business. Bill Gates of Mi crosoft calls it “the next sea change”. Analysts call it a “tectonic shift” in the industry. Trade publications hail it as “the next big thing”. It is software-as-a-service (SaaS)—the delivery of software as an internet-based service via a web browser, rather than as a product that must be purchased, installed and maintained. The appeal is obvious: SaaS is quicker, easier and cheaper to deploy than traditional software, which means technology budgets can be focused on providing competitive advantage, rather than maintenance.This has prompted an outbreak of iconoclasm. “Traditional software is dead,” says Jason Maynard, an analyst at Credit Suisse. Just as most firms do not own generators, but buy electricity from the grid, so in future they will buy software on the hoof, he says. “It's the end of software as we know it. All software is becoming a service,” declares Marc Benioff of , thebest-known proponent of the idea. But while SaaS is growing fast, it still represents only a tiny fraction of the overall software industry—a mere $3.35 billion last year, estimates Mr Maynard. Most observers expect it to be worth around $12 billion by 2010—but even that is equal only to Microsoft's quarterly sales today. There is no denying that SaaS is coming. But there is much debate, even among its advocates, about how quickly it will grow, and how widely it will be adopted.At the moment, small and medium-sized businesses are the most enthusiastic adopters of SaaS, since it is cheaper and simpler than maintaining rooms of server computers and employing staff to keep them running. Unlike the market for desktop software, which is dominated by Microsoft, or for high-end enterprise software, which is dominated by SAP and Oracle, the middle ground is still highly f ragmented, which presents an opportunity. “This is the last great software market left—the last unconsolidated market,” says Zach Nelson of NetSuite, which provides a suite of software services including accounting, sales-force automation and customer service. His firm is targeting small and medium-sized businesses by providing “verticalised” services—that is, versions of its software adapted to particular types of company, such as professional-service firms, wholesale distributors and software firms.Large companies, says Mr Nelson, have already made big investments in traditional software. “They've already been through the pain,” he says. So they will not be in a hurry to ditch their existing investments in traditional software from the likes of SAP and Or acle. “I have no fantasy of replacing those guys,” says Mr Nelson. But Mr Benioff of disagrees. His firm provides customer-relationship management (CRM) software as a service, which is already used by many big firms including Cisco, Sprint a nd Merrill Lynch. “The world's largest companies are now using for the world's largest CRM implementations,” he says. “It's the future of our industry that everything will be a service.”Even so, Mr Maynard reckons it will be some time before large companies fully embrace the service model. However,。
经济学人杂志 约翰·霍普·富兰克林
经济学人杂志约翰·霍普·富兰克林John Hope Franklin, historian of race in America, died on March 25th, aged 94美国种族问题史学家J.H.富兰克林于3月25日去世，享年94岁HIS chief pleasures were contemplative and patient. With watering can and clippers, he would potter in his greenhouse among hundreds of varieties of orchids. Or, standing in a river, he would wait for hours until a fish tickled his line. These were, one could say, typical historian’s amusements; very close, in rhythm and character, to the painstaking, careful accumulation of tiny pieces of fact.劳神费心的事儿，冥思苦想的活儿，都成了J.H.富兰克林平生最主要的乐儿。
若是给他一个浇花壶，再加一把剪子，他就会忘情地泡在自家的花房里，悠游于那数百株品种各异姹紫嫣红的兰花中。
或者，他又会整个人插在河里，石雕般地站上好几小时，直到那鱼儿“胳肢”他的鱼线。
有人说，这没什么，一个历史学家的典型消遣不就是这些么；那种节奏舒缓而又心无旁骛的娱乐精神，与他在认真聚拢、梳理那些极琐碎的真人真事中所表现出来的细腻之风是合拍的，也是融通的。
And yet what John Hope Franklin collected, over a lifetime of scholarship, were scraps of horror. Five dollars for the cost of a branding iron. A deed of sale, in Virginia in 1829, for a male slave “of a yellow colour” who “is not in the habit of running away”. Or the testimony from 1860 of Edward Johnson, a black child apprentice:不过，终其学术生涯一生，富氏所收集的却是零散的惊怖之材：一块价值五美元的烙铁；一桩发生在1829年的弗吉尼亚的奴隶买卖，该名待售的“黄皮肤”男奴“并不惯于潜逃”；抑或是幼小的爱德华·约翰逊于1860年提供的一段证词。
经济学人杂志一期
考研精读|The Economist Compounding 利滚利————————————————————————————The super-rich get richer and everyone else gets poorer印度超级富豪财源滚滚而普通百姓生存愈艰【Para.1】Some people have almost all the luck. Over the past year, as India’s economy has shrunk by around a tenth and tens of millions of Indians have lost jobs or sunk into poverty, fortunes of the country’s two richest people have Gautam Adani, whose conglomeratesome $32bn. Mukesh Ambani’s riches, which derive fromjust 25%, albeit to an intimidating $75bn or so.所有的好运似乎都集中在少部分人的头上。
在过去的一年里，印度经济萎缩了约十分之一，数千万印度人失去工作或陷入贫困，而与此同时，这个国家最富有的两个人的财富却在膨胀。
高塔姆·阿达尼(Gautam Adani)，名下财团业务覆盖港口、煤矿以及食品等领域的大富豪，一年里个人财富翻了一番不止，增长到320亿美元左右。
另一位富豪，穆凯什·安巴尼的财富则来自炼油、电信和零售等行业，尽管增长到了令人生畏的750亿美元上下，却也只是增长了25%。
The share of wealth and income going to the top 1% has beenrising rapidly in recent years in India, as it has been in manycountries. Last year they hoovered up21.4% of earnings, justahead of their counterparts in Russia, according to the WorldInequality Database. Credit Suisse, a bank, puts their share ofIndia’s wealth at 39%, well ahead of the richest 1% of Americansor Chinese. Most alarmingly, in India some of the rich havebecome super-rich by using their heft to crush smallercompetitors and thus corner multiple chunks of the economy.The tilt in fortunes has rewarded not so much technicalinnovation or productivity growth or the opening of new marketsas the wielding of political influence and privileged access tocapital to capture and protect existing markets.和许多其他国家一样，印度最富有的1%的人所拥有的财富和收入份额近年来一直在急速上升。
英文期刊《经济学人》汉译英时政词语点评
英文期刊《经济学人》汉译英时政词语点评As one of the most influential English-language periodicals, The Economist not only provides insightful analysis and commentary on economics, business, and finance, but also offers comprehensive coverage of global politics and current affairs. With its unique perspective and distinctive style, The Economist has been a valuable source ofinformation and inspiration for people around the world, especially for those who are interested in understanding the latest developments and trends in the ever-changing world.In recent years, the translation of political terms and phrases from Chinese to English has become a hot topic in the academic and professional circles. Many scholars, translators, and language experts have devoted considerable efforts to studying and analyzing the challenges and opportunities of translating political discourse from Chinese to English, as well as exploring the cultural and linguistic factors thatmay influence the translation process and the reception ofthe translated texts.Against this backdrop, this paper aims to provide acritical review and analysis of the translation of political terms and phrases from English to Chinese in The Economist, with a focus on the linguistic and cultural difficulties and the strategies and techniques adopted by the translators to overcome them. Specifically, the paper will examine five selected articles from The Economist that cover various aspects of global politics and current affairs, and analyzethe translation of the key terms and phrases in thesearticles from English to Chinese.The five articles selected for this study are: "The Rise of Populist Nationalism in Europe", "The North Korean Nuclear Crisis", "The Future of the Trans-Pacific Partnership", "The Rohingya Refugee Crisis", and "The Catalan Independence Referendum". These articles touch upon some of the most pressing and complex issues facing the world today, such as the rise of populism and nationalism in Western Europe, the nuclear threat posed by North Korea, the challenges and opportunities of the Trans-Pacific Partnership, the humanitarian crisis in Myanmar, and the political turbulence in Catalonia. By examining the translation of these articles, we can gain a deeper understanding of the linguistic and cultural difficulties involved in translating political discourse, as well as the strategies and techniques that can be used to produce effective and accurate translations.One of the most important challenges of translating political discourse from English to Chinese is the linguistic and cultural gap between the two languages and cultures. English is a highly idiomatic and metaphorical language that often uses complex and abstract terms and phrases to convey its meanings. Chinese, on the other hand, is a relatively more literal and concrete language that relies more on context and syntax to convey its meanings. As a result, translating political discourse from English to Chinese requires a deep understanding of both languages and cultures, as well as a great deal of creativity and flexibility.In the article "The Rise of Populist Nationalism in Europe", the translator faces the challenge of translating the key phrase "populist nationalism" into Chinese. Thetranslator decides to use the term "民粹主义"(min4cui4zhu3yi4), which combines the Chinese words for "people" (民) and "pure" (粹), and the English word "ism". This translation effectively conveys the meaning of the term and captures its connotations in English. However, the use of the term "minzhu" (民主), which means "democracy" in Chinese, may cause confusion among Chinese readers who are notfamiliar with the concept of "populist nationalism" in the Western context.In the article "The North Korean Nuclear Crisis", the translator faces the challenge of translating the key term "denuclearization" into Chinese. The translator decides to use the term "无核化" (wu2he2hua4), which literally means "removal of nuclear weapons". This translation effectively conveys the meaning of the term and captures its connotations in English. However, the use of the term "he" (核), which means "nuclear" in Chinese, may cause confusion among Chinese readers who are not familiar with the context of the North Korean nuclear crisis.In the article "The Future of the Trans-Pacific Partnership", the translator faces the challenge of translating the key term "free trade" into Chinese. The translator decides to use the term "自由贸易"(zi4you2mao4yi4), which combines the Chinese words for "freedom" (自由) and "trade" (贸易). This translation effectively conveys the meaning of the term and captures its connotations in English. However, the use of the term "maoyi" (贸易), which means "trade" in Chinese, may not fully capture the complexity and depth of the term "free trade" in the Western context.In the article "The Rohingya Refugee Crisis", thetranslator faces the challenge of translating the key term "ethnic cleansing" into Chinese. The translator decides to use the term "种族清洗" (zhong3zu2qing1xi3), which combines the Chinese words for "ethnic group" (种族) and "cleaning" (清洗). This translation effectively conveys the meaning of the term and captures its connotations in English. However, the use of the term "qingxi" (清洗), which means "cleaning" in Chinese, may not fully capture the brutality and violence of the term "ethnic cleansing" in the Western context.In the article "The Catalan Independence Referendum", the translator faces the challenge of translating the key phrase "illegal referendum" into Chinese. The translator decides to use the term "非法公投" (fei1fa3gong1tou2), which combines the Chinese words for "illegal" (非法) and "referendum" (公投). This translation effectively conveys the meaning of the term and captures its connotations in English. However, the use of the term "gongtou" (公投), which means "referendum" in Chinese, may not fully capture the political significance and implications of the term "referendum" in the Western context.In conclusion, the translation of political terms and phrases from English to Chinese is a complex and challenging task that requires a deep understanding of both languages and cultures, as well as a great deal of creativity and flexibility. The five articles selected for this study provide a comprehensive and diverse sample of the political discourse in English and Chinese, and offer valuable insights and lessons for translators, scholars, and language learners who are interested in bridging the linguistic and cultural gap between the two languages and cultures.。
巨无霸指数
巨无霸指数
经济学人》杂志曾经用更加形象的例子解释过PPP的概念。
1986年9月，这本英国杂志提出了“巨无霸指数”，就是以麦当劳同样一款汉堡为标的，考察用当地货币购买这同一产品需要多少钱，从而衡量这些国家货币的购买力。
这个指标的含义是：麦当劳的巨无霸汉堡无论在世界各地，它的用料质量和重量都有同一标准，因此从购买力来看，它的成本应该都是相同的。
一个巨无霸汉堡在美国的各地平均价格大约4美元，而在中国是15元，那么美元与人民币的购买力平价汇率就是15元=4美元。
英语报刊选读
英语报刊选读一、阅读材料1. The Economist (经济学人)The Economist is a weekly international business magazine published in London. It provides objective reporting, analysis and opinion to help business people and policy makers understand the global economy. The magazine covers a wide range of topics including business, politics, technology, culture and international affairs. It is a good source of news and analysis for English learners.2. New York Times (纽约时报)The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City. It is one of the most influential English-language newspapers in the world, covering news, culture, sports and other topics. The newspaper publishes high-quality reporting, analysis and opinion on current events, and it is a good source of reading practice for English learners.3. Wall Street Journal (华尔街日报)The Wall Street Journal is a daily business newspaper published in New York City. It provides objective reporting and analysis on the financial markets, business news, economics and other topics. The newspaper is written in a formal style and is a good choice for students who want to improve their writing skills.二、回答问题1. What are the main differences between The Economist and the New York Times?The Economist is a weekly international business magazine published in London, providing objective reporting, analysis and opinion to help business people and policy makers understand the global economy. The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City, covering news, culture, sports and other topics. Therefore, The Economist is more focused on business and international affairs, while the New York Times covers a wider range of topics.2. What are the advantages of reading Wall Street Journal for English learners?Reading the Wall Street Journal has several advantages for English learners. Firstly, it provides objective reporting and analysis on the financial markets, business news, economics and other topics, which helps learners improve their understanding of financial and economic issues. Secondly, the newspaper is written in a formal style, which provides learners with opportunities to improve their writing skills. Finally, reading the Wall Street Journal is a good source of reading practice for learners who want to improve their reading comprehension and vocabulary skills.三、个人观点In my opinion, reading English newspapers and magazines is an effective way for English learners to improve their language proficiency. By reading different types of newspapers and magazines, learners can broaden their horizons, improve their writing skills, and gain a better understanding of current events and international affairs. Additionally, reading newspapers and magazines in a foreign language provides learners with opportunities to practice their reading, listening, speaking and writing skills, which helps them develop a more natural fluency in the target language. Therefore, I recommend that English learners regularly read English newspapers and magazines to improve their language proficiency.。
中国经济学人简介
让世界了解真正的中国经济，让中国走向世界 为决策者们创造一个中国资源高度整合的机会平台 为寻求真正了解中国经济，进而分享中国机会的合作伙伴提供一条直接沟通的渠道 为国际国内同行建立一个互动交流的平台 为全球关注中国经济的投资决策者们建立一个活动交流平台 为读者打开一扇洞察中国经济的窗口
杂志特点
《ＣＨＩＮＡ ＥＣＯＮＯＭＩＳＴ》 一座无边界的资源库，它的每个读者和参与者背后都代表着无限的资源：大到国 家，小到世界级企业。
《ＣＨＩＮＡ ＥＣＯＮＯＭＩＳＴ》 一个视野得以拓展、思想得以激荡的世界权利的俱乐部。
《ＣＨＩＮＡ ＥＣＯＮＯＭＩＳＴ》 是国内首选的将中国的投资环境和投资需求展示给世界有实力的投资者的平台。
Ｉｎｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ ｔｏ ｂｕｙ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｃｏｍｉｎｇ ｙｅａｒ 未来一年的投资意向 Ｐｒｉｖａｔｅ Ｃａｒ 私人汽车．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．３８％ Ｌａｐｔｏｐ 笔记本电脑 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．３５％ ＡＤ／ｒｅｆｒｉｇｅｒａｔｏｒｙ／ＴＶ 空调／冰箱／电视．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．３３％ Ｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｒ ｃｌｏｔｈｅｓ 名牌服装 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．３０％ Ｃｅｌｌ Ｐｈｏｎｅ （ＲＭＢ ３，０００ ＋） 高端手机（３千元以上）．．．．． ．２９％ Ｄｉｇｉｔａｌ Ｃａｍｅｒａ 数码相机 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．２８％ Ｌｕｘｕｒｙ ｗａｔｃｈ 名牌手表．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．２２％
英语专业学习建议：实用英语杂志推介
英语专业学习建议：实用英语杂志推介从小学到高中，我们“阅读”不少材料，然而英语水平只停留在做题上。
进入大学，大量课外阅读对提升英语水平很必要。
如果耐不住性子读书，那么多读英文杂志也是不错的选择。
对于大一的萌新和大二小盆友杂志的选择也是有门道的。
低年级的同学建议从内容简单、且专业性不强的杂志入手。
大学一年级和二年级是打基础的黄金时间，大量的阅读有助于学生语言水平的提高。
这一时段比较推荐《EC英语角》和《空中英语教室》（中级版）。
《EC》里面有许多介绍英美文化的小文章，还包含各个场景、多种话题的会话。
《空中英语教室》（中级版）主打实用英语，里面的文章难度相当于大学英语四六级的水平（文章里面写明High,Middle,Low三种阅读难度），题材涉及体育、健康、旅游等各个方面。
这两本杂志都配有音频，同学们除了阅读文章积累词汇表达和口语语料，好好利用音频正音也很有必要。
对于英语基础比较好的同学，你们可以选择部分有挑战性的杂志，比如《空中英语教室》（高级版）（又名：彭蒙惠英语）。
这本杂志文章的篇幅较中级版更长，用词难度相当于雅思学术类考试水平，文章的专业性更强。
这本杂志的音频就是杂志中的各个文章，有纠正语音需要的同学，要好好利用杂志的音频，一句一句跟读，以使语音更加纯正。
对于大三大四的前辈们大学三年级开始上专业课，口译、笔译、文学、语言学和翻译这几门课的课业负担让同学们并不轻松，但大家不能放松阅读。
经过两年的本科学习，同学们的英语基础和阅读水平有了提高。
这时候可以选择偏向英语专业八级甚至更高水平，且有一定专业性的英语杂志。
《新东方英语》前20多页的内容向同学们介绍各类英语考试的重难点，还有各类写作中常常出现的雷区，这些帮助同学们指点迷津；后面刊登了时文、人物传记选段以及留学攻略等等，同学们可以各取所需。
《英语文摘》（English Digest）和《经济学人》的难度比前面提到的杂志难度还要大。
首先，这两本杂志选取的文章难度就很高。
著名杂志图表 色彩选用
1、《经济学人》常用的藏青色经济学人上的图表，基本只用这一个颜色，或加上一些深浅明暗变化，再就是左上角的小红块，成为经济学人图表的招牌样式。
罗兰贝格也非常爱用这个色，有时也配合橙色使用。
各类提供专业服务的网站也多爱用此色。
风格就是这样，即使很单调，只要你坚持，也会成为自己的风格，别人也会认同。
所谓以不变应万变，变得太多反而难以把握。
2、《商业周刊》常用的蓝红组合早年的商业周刊上的图表，几乎都使用这个颜色组合，基本成为商业周刊图表的招牌标志了，应该是来源于其VI系统。
不过今年来好像很有些变化，更加轻快明亮。
3、《华尔街日报》常用的黑白灰HSJ是一份报纸，所以图表多是黑白的，但就是这种黑白灰的组合，做出的图表仍然可以非常专业，配色也非常容易。
4、使用同一颜色的不同深浅如果既想使用彩色，又不知道配色理论，可在一个图表内使用同一颜色的不同深浅/明暗。
这种方法可以让我们使用丰富的颜色，配色难度也不高，是一种很保险的方法，不会出大问题。
当然，最深/最亮的要用于最需要突出的序列。
5、《FOCUS》常用的一组色这组颜色似乎是从组织的LOGO而来，比较亮丽明快，也不错。
6、设计师珍藏自用颜色：橙＋灰我发现，设计师们总喜好把这个颜色组合用于自己的宣传，似乎这样能体现设计师的专业性。
如Inmagine、Nordrio的LOGO就是这样。
7、暗红＋灰组合这种红＋灰的组合给人很专业的印象，也经常出现在财经杂志上。
8、橙＋绿组合这种橙＋绿的组合比较亮丽明快，充满活力，也经常出现在财经杂志上。
9、黑底图表转自：ExcelPro的图表博客）。
经济学人
经济学人经济学人（The Economist）是一家国际知名的经济学与商业杂志，由英国皇家经济学家出版社（The Economist Group）出版。
创办于1843年，内容涵盖全球经济、政治、科技、文化等各个领域，以客观公正、权威独立的报道而闻名于世。
该杂志以其深入剖析问题的独到见解和高质量的调查报告而备受读者青睐。
经济学人的发行周期为每周一期，全年约有50期，每一期都围绕特定的主题进行深入研究。
杂志的各个版块包括国际新闻、财经、科技、商业、金融、文化等，涵盖了全球范围内的经济与商业问题。
经济学人以其独特的编辑风格而广为人知。
在撰写文章时，经济学人特别注重事实准确、分析深入和观点中立。
文章风格简洁明了，条理清晰，语言严谨，充满了经济学的思维方式和逻辑思维。
经济学人的读者群也是其独特性的体现。
经济学人的读者主要是来自商界、政界、学界和金融界的专业人士，以及对经济与商业问题感兴趣的广大读者。
很多政商要人通过阅读经济学人来获取最新的全球经济动态和商业趋势，以帮助他们做出决策。
经济学人作为一家国际化的杂志，在内容策划和报道方面非常注重全球视野。
无论是报道国际政治、全球经济形势还是科技创新发展，经济学人都能提供丰富的信息和独到的观点。
除了纸质杂志以外，经济学人还运营着一个全球性的网站和移动应用，为读者提供更为多样化和实时的资讯。
通过这些数字平台，读者可以随时随地获取经济学人的最新内容，并参与到有关经济与商业的讨论与辩论中。
总之，经济学人以其独特的品牌形象、高质量的报导和权威的分析，成为了经济与商业领域中不可或缺的声音之一。
无论是在政治经济、国际关系、科技创新还是商业趋势等领域，经济学人都始终保持着高度的影响力和价值。
它为读者呈现了一个全球的经济与商业画卷，为读者带来了关于全球经济格局和商业竞争的深刻思考。
《经济学人》杂志原版英文(整理完整版)之欧阳术创编
Digest Of The. Economist. 2006(6-7)Hard to digestA wealth of genetic information is to be found in the human gutBACTERIA, like people, can be divided into friend and foe. Inspired by evidence that the friendly sort may help with a range of ailments, many people consume bacteria in the form of yogurts and dietary supplements. Such a smattering of artificial additions, however, represents but a drop in the ocean. There are at least 800 types of bacteria living in the human gut. And research by Steven Gill of the Institute for Genomic Research in Rockville, Maryland, and his colleagues, published in this week's Science, suggests that the collective genome of these organisms is so large that it contains 100 times as many genes as the human genome itself.Dr Gill and his team were able to come to this conclusion by extracting bacterial DNA from the faeces of two volunteers. Because of the complexity of the samples, they were not able to reconstruct the entire genomes of each of the gut bacteria, just the individual genes. But that allowed them to make an estimate of numbers.What all these bacteria are doing is tricky to identify—the bacteria themselves are difficult to cultivate. So the researchers guessed at what they might be up to by comparing the genes theydiscovered with published databases of genes whose functions are already known.This comparison helped Dr Gill identify for the first time the probable enzymatic processes by which bacteria help humans to digest the complex carbohydrates in plants. The bacteria also contain a plentiful supply of genes involved in the synthesis of chemicals essential to human life—including two B vitamins and certain essential amino acids—although the team merely showed that these metabolic pathways exist rather than proving that they are used. Nevertheless, the pathways they found leave humans looking more like ruminants: animals such as goats and sheep that use bacteria to break down otherwise indigestible matter in the plants they eat.The broader conclusion Dr Gill draws is that people are superorganisms whose metabolism represents an amalgamation of human and microbial attributes. The notion of a superorganism has emerged before, as researchers in other fields have come to view humans as having a diverse internal ecosystem. This, suggest some, will be crucial to the success of personalised medicine, as different people will have different responses to drugs, depending on their microbial flora. Accordingly, the next step, says Dr Gill, is to see how microbial populations vary between people of different ages, backgrounds and diets.Another area of research is the process by which these helpful bacteria first colonise the digestive tract. Babies acquire their gut flora as they pass down the birth canal and take a gene-filled gulp of their mother's vaginal and faecal flora. It might not be the most delicious of first meals, but it could well be an important one. Zapping the bluesThe rebirth of electric-shock treatmentELECTRICITY has long been used to treat medical disorders. As early as the second century AD, Galen, a Greek physician, recommended the use of electric eels for treating headaches and facial pain. In the 1930s Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini, two Italian psychiatrists, used electroconvulsive therapy to treat schizophrenia. These days, such rigorous techniques are practised less widely. But researchers are still investigating how a gentler electric therapy appears to treat depression.Vagus-nerve stimulation, to give it its proper name, was originally developed to treat severe epilepsy. It requires a pacemaker-like device to be implanted in a patient's chest and wires from it threaded up to the vagus nerve on the left side of his neck. In the normal course of events, this provides an electrical pulse to the vagus nerve for 30 seconds every five minutes.This treatment does not always work, but in some cases whereit failed (the number of epileptic seizures experienced by a patient remaining the same), that patient nevertheless reported feeling much better after receiving the implant. This secondary effect led to trials for treating depression and, in 2005, America's Food and Drug Administration approved the therapy for depression that fails to respond to all conventional treatments, including drugs and psychotherapy.Not only does the treatment work, but its effects appear to be long lasting. A study led by Charles Conway of Saint Louis University in Missouri, and presented to a recent meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, has found that 70% of patients who are better after one year stay better after two years as well.The technique builds on a procedure called deep-brain stimulation, in which electrodes are implanted deep into the white matter of patients' brains and used to “reboot” faulty neural circuitry. Such an operation is a big undertaking, requiring a full day of surgery and carrying a risk of the patient suffering a stroke. Only a small number of people have been treated this way. In contrast, the device that stimulates the vagus nerve can be implanted in 45 minutes without a stay in hospital.The trouble is that vagus-nerve stimulation can take a long time to produce its full beneficial effect. According to Dr Conway, scanstaken using a technique called positron-emission tomography show significant changes in brain activity starting three months after treatment begins. The changes are similar to the improvements seen in patients who undergo other forms of antidepression treatment. The brain continues to change over the following 21 months. Dr Conway says that patients should be told that the antidepressant effects could be slow in coming.However, Richard Selway of King's College Hospital, London, found that his patients' moods improved just weeks after the implant. Although brain scans are useful in determining the longevity of the treatment, Mr Selway notes that visible changes in the brain do not necessarily correlate perfectly with changes in mood.Nobody knows why stimulating the vagus nerve improves the mood of depressed patients, but Mr Selway has a theory. He believes that the electrical stimulation causes a region in the brain stem called the locus caeruleus (Latin, ironically, for “blue place”) to flood the brain with norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter implicated in alertness, concentration and motivation—that is, the mood states missing in depressed patients. Whatever the mechanism, for the depressed a therapy that is relatively safe and long lasting is rare cause for cheer. The shape of things to comeHow tomorrow's nuclear power stations will differ from today'sTHE agency in charge of promoting nuclear power in America describes a new generation of reactors that will be “highly economical” with “enhanced safety”, that “minimise wastes” andwill prove “proliferation resistant”. No doubt they will bake a mean apple pie, too.Unfortunately, in the world of nuclear energy, fine words are not enough. America got away lightly with its nuclear accident. When the Three Mile Island plant in Pennsylvania overheated in 1979 very little radiation leaked, and there were no injuries. Europe was not so lucky. The accident at Chernobyl in Ukraine in 1986 killed dozens immediately and has affected (sometimes fatally) the health of tens of thousands at the least. Even discounting the association of nuclear power with nuclear weaponry, people have good reason to be suspicious of claims that reactors are safe.Yet political interest in nuclear power is reviving across the world, thanks in part to concerns about global warming and energy security. Already, some 441 commercial reactors operate in 31 countries and provide 17% of the planet's electricity, according to America's Department of Energy. Until recently, the talk was of how to retire these reactors gracefully. Now it is of how to extend their lives. In addition, another 32 reactors are being built, mostly in India, China and their neighbours. These new power stations belong towhat has been called the third generation of reactors, designs that have been informed by experience and that are considered by their creators to be advanced. But will these new stations really be safer than their predecessors?Clearly, modern designs need to be less accident prone. The most important feature of a safe design is that it “fails safe”. Fo r a reactor, this means that if its control systems stop working it shuts down automatically, safely dissipates the heat produced by the reactions in its core, and stops both the fuel and the radioactive waste produced by nuclear reactions from escaping by keeping them within some sort of containment vessel. Reactors that follow such rules are called “passive”. Most modern designs are passive to some extent and some newer ones are truly so. However, some of the genuinely passive reactors are also likely to be more expensive to run.Nuclear energy is produced by atomic fission. A large atom (usually uranium or plutonium) breaks into two smaller ones, releasing energy and neutrons. The neutrons then trigger further break-ups. And so on. If this “chain reaction” can be controlled, the energy released can be used to boil water, produce steam and drive a turbine that generates electricity. If it runs away, the result is a meltdown and an accident (or, in extreme circumstances, a nuclearexplosion—though circumstances are never that extreme in a reactor because the fuel is less fissile than the material in a bomb). In many new designs the neutrons, and thus the chain reaction, are kept under control by passing them through water to slow them down. (Slow neutrons trigger more break ups than fast ones.) This water is exposed to a pressure of about 150 atmospheres—a pressure that means it remains liquid even at high temperatures. When nuclear reactions warm the water, its density drops, and the neutrons passing through it are no longer slowed enough to trigger further reactions. That negative feedback stabilises the reaction rate.Can business be cool?Why a growing number of firms are taking global warming seriously RUPERT MURDOCH is no green activist. But in Pebble Beach later this summer, the annual gathering of executivesof Mr Murdoch's News Corporation—which last year led to a dramatic shift in the media conglomerate's attitude tothe internet—will be addressed by several leading environmentalists, including a vice-president turned climatechangemovie star. Last month BSkyB, a British satellite-television company chaired by Mr Murdoch and run by hisson, James, declared itself “carbon-neutral”, having taken various steps to cut or offset its discharges of carboninto the atmosphere.The army of corporate greens is growing fast. Late last year HSBC became the first big bank to announce that itwas carbon-neutral, joining other financial institutions, including Swiss Re, a reinsurer, and Goldman Sachs, aninvestment bank, in waging war on climate-warming gases (of which carbon dioxide is the main culprit). Last yearGeneral Electric (GE), an industrial powerhouse, launched its “Ecomagination” strategy, aiming to cut its output ofgreenhouse gases and to invest heavily in clean (ie, carbon-free) technologies. In October Wal-Mart announced aseries of environmental schemes, including doubling the fuel-efficiency of its fleet of vehicles within a decade.Tesco and Sainsbury, two of Britain's biggest retailers, are competing fiercely to be the greenest. And on June 7thsome leading British bosses lobbied Tony Blair for a more ambitious policy on climate change, even if that involvesharsher regulation.The greening of business is by no means universal, however. Money from Exxon Mobil, Ford and General Motorshelped pay for television advertisements aired recently in America by the Competitive Enterprise Institute, with thedaft slogan “Carbon dioxide: they call it pollution; we call it life”. Besides, environmentalist critics say, some firmsare engaged in superficial “greenwash” to boost the image of essentially climate-hurting businesses. Take BP, themost prominent corporate advocate of actionon climate change, with its “Beyond Petroleum” ad campaign, highprofileinvestments in green energy, and even a “carbon calculator” on its website that helps consumers measuretheir personal “carbon footprint”, or overall emissions of carbon. Yet, critics complain, BP's recent record profits arelargely thanks to sales of huge amounts of carbon-packed oil and gas.On the other hand, some free-market thinkers see the support of firms for regulation of carbon as the latestattempt at “regulatory capture”, by those who stand to profit from new rules. Max Schulz of the ManhattanInstitute, a conservative think tank, notes darkly that “Enron was into pushing the idea of climate change, becauseit was good for its business”.Others argue that climate change has no more place in corporate boardrooms than do discussions of other partisanpolitical issues, such as Darfur or gay marriage. That criticism, at least, is surely wrong. Most of the corporateconverts say they are acting not out of some vague sense of social responsibility, or even personal angst, butbecause climate change creates real business risks and opportunities—from regulatory compliance to insuringclients on flood plains. And although these concerns vary hugely from one company to the next, few firms can besure of remaining unaffected. Testing timesResearchers are working on ways to reduce the need for animal experiments, but new laws mayincrease the number of experiments neededIN AN ideal world, people would not perform experiments on animals. For the people, they are expensive. For theanimals, they are stressful and often painful.That ideal world, sadly, is still some way away. People need new drugs and vaccines. They want protection fromthe toxicity of chemicals. The search for basic scientific answers goes on. Indeed, the European Commission isforging ahead with proposals that will increase the number of animal experiments carried out in the EuropeanUnion, by requiring toxicity tests on every chemical approved for use within the union's borders in the past 25years.Already, the commission has identified 140,000 chemicals that have not yet been tested. It wants 30,000 of theseto be examined right away, and plans to spend between €4 billion-8 billion ($5 billion-10 billion) doing so. Thenumber of animals used for toxicity testing in Europe will thus, experts reckon, quintuple from just over 1m a yearto about 5m, unless they are saved by some dramatic advances in non-animal testing technology. At the moment,roughly 10% of European animal tests are for general toxicity, 35% for basic research, 45% for drugs andvaccines, and the remaining 10% avariety of uses such as diagnosing diseases.Animal experimentation will therefore be around for some time yet. But the hunt for substitutes continues, and lastweekend the Middle European Society for Alternative Methods to Animal Testing met in Linz, Austria, to reviewprogress.A good place to start finding alternatives for toxicity tests is the liver—the organ responsible for breaking toxicchemicals down into safer molecules that can then be excreted. Two firms, one large and one small, told themeeting how they were using human liver cells removed incidentally during surgery to test various substances forlong-term toxic effects.PrimeCyte, the small firm, grows its cells in cultures over a few weeks and doses them regularly with the substanceunder investigation. The characteristics of the cells are carefully monitored, to look for changes in theirmicroanatomy.Pfizer, the big firm, also doses its cultures regularly, but rather than studying individual cells in detail, it counts cellnumbers. If the number of cells in a culture changes after a sample is added, that suggests the chemical inquestion is bad for the liver.In principle, these techniques could be applied to any chemical. In practice, drugs (and, in the case of PrimeCyte,food supplements) are top of the list. But that might change if the commission has itsway: those 140,000screenings look like a lucrative market, although nobody knows whether the new tests will be ready for use by2009, when the commission proposes that testing should start.Other tissues, too, can be tested independently of animals. Epithelix, a small firm in Geneva, has developed anartificial version of the lining of the lungs. According to Huang Song, one of Epithelix's researchers, the firm'scultured cells have similar microanatomy to those found in natural lung linings, and respond in the same way tovarious chemical messengers. Dr Huang says that they could be used in long-term toxicity tests of airbornechemicals and could also help identify treatments for lung diseases.The immune system can be mimicked and tested, too. ProBioGen, a company based in Berlin, is developing anartificial human lymph node which, it reckons, could have prevented the near-disastrous consequences of a drugtrial held in Britain three months ago, in which (despite the drug having passed animal tests) six men sufferedmultiple organ failure and nearly died. The drug the men were given made their immune systems hyperactive.Such a response would, the firm's scientists reckon, have been identified by their lymph node, which is made fromcells that provoke the immune system into a response. ProBioGen's lymph node could thus work better than animaltesting.Another way of cutting the number of animal experiments would be tochange the way that vaccines are tested, according to CoenraadHendriksen of the Netherlands Vaccine Institute. At the moment, allbatches of vaccine are subject to the same battery of tests. DrHendriksen argues that this is over-rigorous. When new vaccine culturesare made, belt-and-braces tests obviously need to be applied. But if abatch of vaccine is derived from an existing culture, he suggests that itneed be tested only to make sure it is identical to the batch from which itis derived. That would require fewer test animals.All this suggests that though there is still some way to go before drugs,vaccines and other substances can be tested routinely on cells ratherthan live animals, useful progress is being made. What is harder to see ishow the use of animals might be banished from fundamental research.Anger managementTo one emotion, men are more sensitive than womenMEN are notoriously insensitive to the emotional world around them. At least, that is the stereotype peddled by athousand women's magazines. And a study by two researchers at the University of Melbourne, in Australia,confirms that men are, indeed, less sensitive to emotion than women, with one important and suggestiveexception. Men are acutely sensitive to the anger of other men.Mark Williams and Jason Mattingley, whose study has just been published in Current Biology, looked at the way aperson's sex affects his or her response to emotionally charged facial expressions. People from all cultures agreeon what six basic expressions of emotion look like. Whether the face before you is expressing anger, disgust, fear,joy, sadness or surprise seems to be recognised universally—which suggests that the expressions involved areinnate, rather than learned.Dr Williams and Dr Mattingley showed the participants in their study photographs of these emotional expressions inmixed sets of either four or eight. They asked the participants to look for a particular sort of expression, andmeasured the amount of time it took them to find it. The researchers found, in agreement with previous studies,that both men and women identified angry expressions most quickly. But they also found that anger was morequickly identified on a male face than a female one.Moreover, most participants could find an angry face just as quickly when it was mixed in a group of eightphotographs as when it was part of a group of four. That was in stark contrast to the other five sorts of expression,which took more time to find when they had to be sorted from a larger group. This suggests that something in thebrain is attuned to picking out angry expressions, and that it isespecially concerned about angry men. Also, thishighly tuned ability seems more important to males than females, since the two researchers found that men pickedout the angry expressions faster than women did, even though women were usually quicker than men to recognizeevery other sort of facial expression.Dr Williams and Dr Mattingley suspect the reason for this is that being able to spot an angry individual quickly hasa survival advantage—and, since anger is more likely to turn into lethal violence in men than in women, the abilityto spot angry males quickly is particularly valuable.As to why men are more sensitive to anger than women, it is presumably because they are far more likely to getkilled by it. Most murders involve men killing other men—even today the context of homicide is usually aspontaneous dispute over status or sex.The ability to spot quickly that an alpha male is in a foul mood would thus have great survival value. It would allowthe sharp-witted time to choose appeasement, defence or possibly even pre-emptive attack. And, if it is right, thisstudy also confirms a lesson learned by generations of bar-room tough guys and schoolyard bullies: if you wantattention, get angry.The shareholders' revoltA turning point in relations between company owners and bosses?SOMETHING strange has been happening this year at company annual meetings in America:shareholders have been voting decisively against the recommendations of managers. Until now, mostshareholders have, like so many sheep, routinely voted in accordance with the advice of the people theyemploy to run the company. This year managers have already been defeated at some 32 companies,including household names such as Boeing, ExxonMobil and General Motors.This shareholders' revolt has focused entirely on one issue: the method by which members of the boardof directors are elected. Shareholder resolutions on other subjects have mostly been defeated, as usual.The successful resolutions called for directors to be elected by majority voting, instead of by thetraditional method of “plurality”—which in practice meant that only votes cast in favour were counted,and that a single vote for a candidate would be enough to get him elected.Several companies, led by Pfizer, a drug giant, saw defeat looming and pre-emptively adopted a formalmajority-voting policy that was weaker than in the shareholder resolution. This required any director whofailed to secure a majority of votes to tender his resignation to the board, which would then be free todecide whether or not to accept it. Under the shareholder resolution, any candidatefailing to secure amajority of the votes cast simply would not be elected. Intriguingly, the shareholder resolution wasdefeated at four-fifths of the firms that adopted a Pfizer-style majority voting rule, whereas it succeedednearly nine times out of ten at firms retaining the plurality rule.Unfortunately for shareholders, their victories may prove illusory, as the successful resolutions were all“precatory”—meaning that they merely advised management on the course of action preferred byshareholders, but did not force managers to do anything. Several resolutions that tried to imposemajority voting on firms by changing their bylaws failed this year.Even so, wise managers should voluntarily adopt majority voting, according to Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen &Katz, a Wall Street law firm that has generally helped managers resist increases in shareholder power butnow expects majority voting eventually to “become universal”. It advises th at, at the very least,managers should adopt the Pfizer model, if only to avoid becoming the subject of even greater scrutinyfrom corporate-governance activists. Some firms might choose to go further, as Dell and Intel have donethis year, and adopt bylaws requiring majority voting.Shareholders may have been radicalised by the success last year of a lobbying effort by managersagainst a proposal from regulatorsto make it easier for shareholders to put up candidates in boardelections. It remains to be seen if they will be back for more in 2007. Certainly, some of the activistshareholders behind this year's resolutions have big plans. Where new voting rules are in place, they plancampaigns to vote out the chairman of the compensation committee at any firm that they think overpaysthe boss. If the 2006 annual meeting was unpleasant for managers, next year's could be far worse.Intangible opportunitiesCompanies are borrowing against their copyrights, trademarks and patentsNOT long ago, the value of companies resided mostly in things you could see and touch. Today it liesincreasingly in intangible assets such as the McDonald's name, the patent for Viagra and the rights toSpiderman. Baruch Lev, a finance professor at New York University's Stern School of Business, puts theimplied value of intangibles on American companies' balance sheets at about $6 trillion, or two-thirds ofthe total. Much of this consists of intellectual property, the collective name for copyrights, trademarksand patents. Increasingly, companies and their clever bankers are using these assets to raise cash.The method of choice is securitisation, the issuing of bondsbased on the various revenues thrown off byintellectual property. Late last month Dunkin' Brands, owner of Dunkin' Donuts, a snack-bar chain, raised$1.7 billion by selling bonds backed by, among other things, the royalties it will receive from itsfranchisees. The three private-equity firms that acquired Dunkin' Brands a few months ago have used thecash to repay the money they borrowed to buy the chain. This is the biggest intellectual-propertysecuritisation by far, says Jordan Yarett of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison, a law firm that hasworked on many such deals.Securitisations of intellectual property can be based on revenues from copyrights, trademarks (such aslogos) or patents. The best-known copyright deal was the issue in 1997 of $55m-worth of “Bowie Bonds”supported by the future sales of music by David Bowie, a British rock star. Bonds based on the films ofDreamWorks, Marvel comic books and the stories of John Steinbeck have also been sold. As well asDunkin' Brands, several restaurant chains and fashion firms have issued bonds backed by logos andbrands.Intellectual-property deals belong to a class known as operating-asset securitisations. These differ fromstandard securitisations of future revenues, such as bonds backed by the payments on a 30-yearmortgage or a car loan, in that the borrower has to make his asset work. If investors are to recoup theirmoney, theassets being securitised must be “actively exploited”, says Mr Yarett: DreamWorks mustcontinue to churn out box-office hits.The market for such securitisations is still small. Jay Eisbruck, of Moody's, a rating agency, reckons thataround $10 billion-worth of bonds ar e outstanding. But there is “big potential,” he says, pointing out thatlicensing patented technology generates $100 billion a year and involves thousands of companies.Raising money this way can make sense not only for clever private-equity firms, but also for companieswith low (or no) credit ratings that cannot easily tap the capital markets or with few tangible assets ascollateral for bank loans. Some universities have joined in, too. Yale built a new medical complex withsome of the roughly $100m it raised securitising patent royalties from Zerit, an anti-HIV drug.It may be harder for investors to decide whether such deals are worth their while. They are, after all,highly complex and riskier than standard securitisations. The most obvious risk is that the investorscannot be sure that the assets will yield what borrowers promise: technology moves on, fashions changeand the demand for sugary snacks may collapse. Valuing intellectual property—an exercise based onforecasting the timing and amount of future cashflows—is more art than science.。
《经济学人》杂志个案研究
《经济学人》杂志个案研究《经济学人》杂志作为全球著名的财经杂志之一，以独特的观点和深入的分析为读者提供财经新闻、商业趋势和全球市场动态。
本文通过具体案例分析，探讨《经济学人》杂志如何根据关键词和内容撰写文章。
对于关键词的处理。
《经济学人》杂志非常注重关键词的选取和运用。
例如，当“新型冠状病毒”成为全球的热点时，《经济学人》杂志迅速响应，撰写了一系列与新型冠状病毒相关的文章。
这些文章不仅准确介绍了新型冠状病毒的基本情况、传播途径和症状，还从经济学的角度分析了其对全球经济的影响。
在内容方面，《经济学人》杂志的和编辑们始终紧扣主题，以深入浅出的方式向读者传递有价值的信息。
在撰写与新型冠状病毒相关的文章时，他们会从不同角度阐述这一主题。
例如，有一篇文章探讨了新型冠状病毒对全球经济的影响，指出由于疫情导致多个国家采取封锁措施，对全球经济活动造成了巨大冲击。
另一篇文章则医疗设备行业如何应对新型冠状病毒带来的挑战，指出该行业在疫情期间发挥了关键作用，同时也面临着生产压力和供应短缺等问题。
在形式上，《经济学人》杂志的文章具有以下特点：段落结构清晰，逻辑性强；标题简明扼要，重点突出；使用简单易懂的语言，避免使用过于复杂的术语；控制文章长度，尽可能简洁明了。
这些特点使得读者能够快速了解文章的核心内容，并轻松地跟随作者的思路。
通过本案例研究可以发现，《经济学人》杂志在关键词选取和内容撰写方面具有很高的专业素养和独特的视角。
他们能够迅速响应热点话题，用深入浅出的方式传递有价值的信息，使读者在轻松的阅读过程中获得启发和收获。
《经济学人》杂志作为全球领先的商业新闻杂志之一，以其独特的语言风格和深刻的社会洞察力吸引了全球广大的读者。
本文旨在深入研究《经济学人》杂志的语言风格，探讨其如何影响读者对文章的理解和接受。
为了深入了解《经济学人》杂志的语言风格，我们采用了以下研究方法：样本选择：从近五年的《经济学人》杂志中选取具有代表性的文章作为研究样本，涵盖政治、经济、科技等各个领域。
十个经济学家博客
10个经济学博客邦比注：经济学作为一个近几年热门但又经常充满争议的学科，正在被越来越多的人了解。
但是，教科书上的案例往往是过时的、死板的。
如果你想了解最新的经济学知识和案例，最好还是向那些经济学家们学学吧。
下面是十个我个人比较喜爱的经济学博客，希望能给大家提供帮助。
1，郭凯：人渣经济笔记很少有一个能像郭凯一样每天对热点的经济问题作出评论。
尽管作者有深厚的经济学根底，但是文章写得通俗易懂，非常适合那些看不下去《经济学人》上的长篇大论的人阅读。
因为作者在blog往往分享一些正在思考中的想法，所以不希望大家太较真，因此把博客的名字改成了《人渣经济笔记》。
相对于很多经济学的博客来讲，人渣经济笔记的主要特点是：通俗，时效性强，完全是作者个人在写（而不是编辑转载作者在报刊上发表的文章。
）2，陈志武的博客陈志武老师是耶鲁大学管理学院金融经济学教授，相对于郭凯来讲更喜欢写一些宏观的东西。
当然也有一些通俗易懂的文章，比如与女儿谈商业模式系列。
3，张五常的博客张五常经常被喻为华人最牛的经济学家，他的博客也写得相当精彩。
内容往往写得都是最热点的宏观问题，比如货币政策、四万亿投资等等。
4，《经济学人》中文版《经济学人》这本杂志想必任何一个对经济学感兴趣的人都知道他的大名了。
但是晦涩的英文内容和超长篇的篇幅往往成了大家了解它的最大阻碍。
《经济学人》中文版在一定程度上帮助大家解决了这个问题。
5，汪丁丁的博客汪丁丁老师是一个思维活跃的老师，经常会提出各种不循常理的问题。
在这里你可以开拓思路。
当然，他的每月鉴书也是不应错过的。
6，曼昆的博客|Greg Mankiw’s Blog绝大多数在中国学过经济学或喜爱经济学的人都会觉得这个名字很熟悉。
这就是那个几乎人手一本的《经济学原理》的作者。
他的个人经历已经可以写成一本厚厚的自传了：29岁成为哈佛历史上最年轻的终身教授之一，担任过设在麻省坎布里奇的非盈利性思想库国民经济研究局货币经济学部主任，他还是全国经济研究局的研究员，布鲁金斯经济活动讨论小组的成员，波士顿联邦储备银行和国会预算办公室的主任和美国总统经济顾问委员会主。
提高作文水平的阅读推荐
提高作文水平的阅读推荐导言在学习和提高自己的作文水平时，阅读是一项非常重要的活动。
通过广泛阅读各种不同风格和类型的文章，我们可以培养写作素材的积累、丰富自己的词汇量以及提高语言表达能力。
本文将介绍一些适合提高作文水平的阅读推荐，希望能帮助读者们在写作方面有所突破。
阅读名著1.名著的好处阅读名著是提升作文水平的一种非常有效的方式。
名著代表了文学的巅峰，它们具有深刻的思想和精湛的写作技巧，通过阅读这些经典之作，我们可以从中汲取灵感，学习到优秀的写作技巧。
2.推荐名著以下是一些适合提高作文水平的名著：•《红楼梦》：这是中国文学的经典之作，通过阅读《红楼梦》，我们可以学习到丰富的修辞手法和写作技巧。
•《傲慢与偏见》：这是英国作家简·奥斯汀的代表作品，通过阅读这本小说，我们可以学习到细腻的情感描写和对人性的深刻洞察。
•《人类简史》：这是以色列作家尤瓦尔·赫拉利的作品，通过阅读这本书，我们可以了解到人类社会的历史演变和人类智慧的发展。
阅读报纸和杂志1.报纸和杂志的好处阅读报纸和杂志是一个可以接触到大量实际真实信息的途径。
无论是报纸还是杂志，它们都能提供不同领域的资讯和观点，通过阅读这些文章，我们可以了解到社会热点、流行趋势和各种专业领域的知识。
2.推荐报纸和杂志以下是一些适合提高作文水平的报纸和杂志：•《纽约时报》：这是一家国际知名的报纸，它提供了世界各地的新闻报道和深度分析。
通过阅读《纽约时报》，我们可以拓宽自己的视野，了解到不同国家和地区的社会文化现象。
•《经济学人》：这是一本以经济和商业为主题的杂志，它提供了深入的经济分析和商业洞察。
通过阅读《经济学人》，我们可以了解到全球经济的动态和商业领域的发展趋势。
•《时尚杂志》：这是一本以时尚为主题的杂志，它提供了时尚潮流、美容、艺术和文化的资讯。
通过阅读《时尚杂志》，我们可以了解到时尚界的最新动态，并且学习到优雅的写作风格。
阅读经典散文1.经典散文的好处经典散文是一种文学形式，它具有独特的艺术美感和感染力。
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经济学人杂志
Suga Yoshihide became Japan’s 99th prime minister. He won the leadership of the Liberal Democratic Party with 377 votes of a possible535, following Abe Shinzo’s resignation due to ill health in August. Mr. Suga, who served as Mr. Abe’s chief cabinet secretary, has promised continuity. But his background and stated priorities suggest a narrower focus on the economy。
菅义伟成为日本第99届首相。
在安倍晋三八月份由于生病离职之后，他赢得了自由民主党535票中377票，从而获得领导权。
菅义伟先生（曾经作为安倍晋三的内阁官房长官）承诺继续安倍的政策。
但是他的背景和陈述出来的施政的优先权显示他对经济的聚焦将会减弱。
Thailand became the first South-East Asian country to lose tourism restrictions introduced during the pandemic. Visitors who agree to a14-day quarantine and a minimum stay will be allowed to enter. Malaysia’s prime minister, by contrast, said he would tighten controls at borders. Singapore will give all adult residents vouchers worth S$100 ($73) to spend on local hotels and sights.
泰国成为第一个东南亚国家放松由于新冠疫情提出的旅游禁令。
游客只要同意14天的隔离和最少逗留时间，将会允许进入泰国。
相反，马来西亚的首相说会收紧对于边境的管控。
新加坡将会给所有的成年居民价值100新加坡元（73美元）的优惠券用来花在当地的酒店和观光。
r es·ig·na·tion /ˌrezəɡˈnāSH(ə)n/表示“辞职，辞职信，辞呈”
（an act of retiring or giving up a position.）
例句：" he announced his resignation"
resign 动词
If you resign from a job or position, you formally announce that you are leaving it.
due to 由于同义词：owing to.... as a result of .....
Visitors who agree to a14-day quarantine and a minimum stay will be allowed to enter.
其中蓝色的部分是一个定语从句修饰visitors这个先行词
by contrast 相反地contrast本身可以做名词或者动词
Contrast the two major characters of the novel
对比小说的主要两个人物
the contrast between the two forms of government 两种政府形式的对比。