02 Lean Think chinese
告诉外国人如何学好中文英语作文
告诉外国人如何学好中文英语作文Learning Chinese is Super Fun!Hi there! My name is Lily and I'm 10 years old. I was born in the United States, but my parents are from China so I'm learning Chinese too. At first, I thought it would be really hard, but now I think Chinese is super fun and cool! Let me tell you all about how I'm learning it.The first thing I had to get used to was the different writing system. Chinese doesn't use the same alphabet as English. Instead, it uses thousands of unique characters or symbols called hanzi. Each one represents a word or part of a word. When I was little, I thought they looked like cool little pictures!My parents started teaching me hanzi from a really young age by showing me flashcards and having me copy the characters over and over again. It was kind of boring at first, but now I can recognize tons of them. The more I learned, the more I could read books, signs, apps, and websites in Chinese. It's like unlocking a secret code!What also helped a lot was labeling everyday objects around the house with their Chinese names. My mom put little hanzi cards on everything - the table, the couch, the TV, my toys.Whenever I saw or used those things, I had to say the words out loud. That really helped cement them in my brain.Another big part of learning Chinese is the tones. In English, you just say words with a flat tone. But in Chinese, the way you say a word can change its meaning completely based on which of the four tones you use. It's kind of like singing!When I began learning tones, everything sounded the same to me. But my Chinese tutor gave me some great tips. She had me use hand motions and exaggerated body movements to act out each tone as I said the word. The first tone is high and flat, so I raised my hand up high. The second tone rises, so I swept my hand up. The third tone bounces down and up, so I made a bouncing motion. And the fourth tone falls down, so I put my hand down low.Using those gestures while repeating words over and over helped train my ears to really hear the subtle differences between tones. I also played this fun mobile game that only advanced if I pronounced the tones right. It was like a workout for my mouth!Speaking of my mouth, that's probably been the hardest skill for me so far - actually producing all the Chinese sounds correctly. There are so many unique sounds that don't exist inEnglish at all. Like the "x" sound, or the "zh" combo sound. My tutor has me look in a mirror while I talk to make sure my mouth is in the right position.Something else that's very different is that Chinese doesn't have separate alphabetic letters that you string together to make words. Instead, almost every single syllable is its own unique word or part of a word. And the words have a set way they need to be structured together in a sentence, almost like you're following a secret grammar code.In English, we naturally knew things like where the adjectives go relative to the noun. Like we'd say "the big dog," not "the dog big." But in Chinese, you have to consciously learn where all the elements go in that set order. Subjects, verbs, objects, and all the other parts have their own fixed positions.My tutor started me off with simple sentence patterns using flashcards. Like "This is a ____" or "I want to ____" with me filling in the blank. As I got better, we'd make the patterns more complex, using different particles and extra detail words. It was like cracking a new code with each sentence!What also really helped me get the patterns down was reading tons of Chinese kids books, watching Chinese TV shows, and listening to Chinese music. Getting constant exposure tohow native speakers string the words together was crucial for training my ear and building intuition.And of course, one of the most fun parts has been learning all the cool Chinese idioms, proverbs, and cultural references. They often relate to ancient stories or use vivid natural imagery. Things like "add feet to a snake" which means to make things worse, or "a well of literature" referring to an extremely knowledgeable person.My parents are always quizzing me with Chinese riddles, tongue twisters, or chengyu, which are those special four-word idioms that sound poetic but have much deeper meanings. It's awesome because it's not just learning words, it's learning about the whole culture and way of thinking.Even though Chinese can seem really hard from the outside, once you start digging into it, so much of it is fascinating and fun. The tones, the hanzi, the patterns, the cultural references -they're almost like sacred keys to an ancient secret language and history. And every time I learn something new, I feel like I'm leveling up in an awesome brain game!Start building your hanzi knowledge as early as possible by labeling household objects or using flashcard apps. The more characters you recognize, the more you can start reading.Use exaggerated hand gestures and body motions while repeating tones out loud. It'll train your mouth muscles and ears to the unique sounds.Read children's books, watch shows, and listen to music to get exposure to real native usage of sentence patterns, slang, idioms, and more.Find a skilled tutor who can guide you through the challenging aspects like tones, stroke order for writing hanzi, grammar patterns, cultural context, etc.Most of all, be patient, keep an open mindset, and try to have fun with it! Chinese is a journey, not a race. The more you can turn it into captivating games and activities, the faster you'll progress.I still have a longgggg way to go, but I'm determined to become fluent one day. It's such a rich language filled with brilliant wisdom, fascinating history, creativity, and insight into an entirely different way of seeing the world. Why wouldn't you want to unlock that superpower?Well, that's been my experience so far! Let me know if you have any other questions. I'm always happy to share what I've learned. Chinese is challenging for sure, but also extremelyrewarding. So let's keep exploring this amazing language together! Fighting!。
向别人请教学习中文的方法英语作文
向别人请教学习中文的方法英语作文Learning Chinese: A Rewarding JourneyMastering a new language can be a daunting task, but the rewards it brings are undeniable. As someone who has embarked on the journey of learning Chinese, I can attest to the numerous benefits it has brought to my personal and professional life. In this essay, I will share my experiences and provide insights into the methods and strategies that have helped me navigate the challenges of learning this fascinating language.One of the primary reasons I decided to learn Chinese was the increasing global significance of the language. With China's rapid economic growth and its emergence as a major player on the world stage, the ability to communicate in Chinese has become a valuable asset in various fields. Whether you are a businessperson seeking to expand your market reach, a traveler exploring the rich cultural heritage of China, or a student aspiring to broaden your academic and career opportunities, proficiency in Chinese can open doors and provide a competitive edge.As I began my Chinese learning journey, I quickly realized that thelanguage presented unique challenges compared to European languages with which I was more familiar. The complex writing system, with its thousands of intricate characters, and the tonal nature of the spoken language were initial hurdles that required patience and dedication to overcome. However, I found that approaching the learning process with an open mind and a willingness to embrace the differences was the key to making steady progress.One of the most effective strategies I have employed in my Chinese learning journey is immersion. By surrounding myself with the language as much as possible, I have been able to accelerate my progress and develop a deeper understanding of the nuances of the language. This has involved actively seeking out opportunities to practice my Chinese, whether it's through conversations with native speakers, watching Chinese movies and television shows, or engaging with Chinese media and literature.In addition to immersion, I have found that a structured and systematic approach to learning has been crucial to my success. I have utilized a combination of textbooks, online resources, and language apps to systematically build my vocabulary, master grammar rules, and improve my listening and speaking skills. By breaking down the learning process into manageable steps and setting clear goals, I have been able to maintain a sense of progressand stay motivated throughout my journey.Another important aspect of my Chinese learning experience has been the role of language partners and tutors. Connecting with native speakers or proficient learners has provided me with invaluable opportunities to practice conversational skills, receive feedback on my progress, and gain insights into the cultural nuances of the language. These interactions have not only enhanced my language abilities but have also fostered a deeper appreciation for the rich cultural heritage of China.Furthermore, I have discovered that a multifaceted approach to learning, incorporating various learning styles and techniques, has been instrumental in my success. For instance, I have found that combining visual aids, such as flashcards and diagrams, with auditory resources, like podcasts and language learning apps, has helped me retain information more effectively. Additionally, engaging in activities that challenge my critical thinking, such as reading Chinese literature or participating in language exchange programs, has further strengthened my overall language proficiency.Throughout my journey of learning Chinese, I have also encountered setbacks and challenges. There have been times when progress seemed slow, and the language appeared daunting. However, I have learned to embrace these challenges as opportunities for growth andto approach them with a positive and resilient mindset. By celebrating small victories, setting achievable goals, and maintaining a consistent practice routine, I have been able to overcome these obstacles and continue to make progress.One of the most rewarding aspects of learning Chinese has been the cultural insights and connections I have gained. As I have delved deeper into the language, I have also gained a deeper understanding of Chinese history, customs, and traditions. This cultural awareness has not only enriched my learning experience but has also fostered a greater appreciation for the diversity and complexity of the world around me.In conclusion, my journey of learning Chinese has been a truly transformative experience. Through a combination of immersion, structured learning, language partners, and a multifaceted approach, I have been able to make steady progress and reap the numerous benefits that come with proficiency in this captivating language. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced learner, I encourage you to embrace the challenge and embark on your own Chinese learning journey. The rewards that await you, both personal and professional, are truly worth the effort.。
你觉得中医好还是西医好英语作文
你觉得中医好还是西医好英语作文全文共5篇示例，供读者参考篇1Here's an essay from the perspective of an elementary school student on the topic "Do you think Chinese medicine is better or Western medicine is better?", written in English with a length of around 2000 words:Which Medicine is Better: Chinese or Western?Hi everyone! My name is Emily, and I'm a 5th grader. Today, I'm going to share my thoughts on a very interesting question: Is Chinese medicine or Western medicine better? This is a topic that many people have different opinions about, and I've been thinking a lot about it lately.First, let me tell you a bit about Chinese medicine, also known as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Chinese medicine has been around for thousands of years, and it's based on the idea that our bodies have a vital energy called "qi" that flows through us. When our qi is balanced, we're healthy. But when it's out of balance, we can get sick. TCM uses things like herbs,acupuncture (tiny needles inserted into specific points on the body), and massage to help restore the balance of qi.One of the things I really like about Chinese medicine is that it focuses on the whole person, not just the symptoms. For example, if you have a headache, a TCM practitioner might look at your diet, stress levels, and overall well-being to figure out what's causing the headache, instead of just giving you a pill to make the pain go away.Western medicine, on the other hand, is more focused on treating specific symptoms or diseases with things like medications, surgery, and radiation therapy. It's based on scientific research and relies a lot on technology and lab tests to diagnose and treat illnesses.One of the great things about Western medicine is that it can save lives in emergencies, like if someone has a heart attack or a serious injury. The advanced medical technologies and procedures they have are amazing! I'm really grateful that we have access to Western medicine when we need it.However, some people criticize Western medicine for being too focused on treating symptoms instead of underlying causes, and for sometimes causing side effects from the strong medications they use.So, which one is better? Well, in my opinion, both Chinese and Western medicine have their strengths and weaknesses. I think the best approach is to use a combination of both, depending on the situation.For example, if I have a minor cold or stomachache, I might try some herbal remedies or acupuncture first, since they're more gentle and natural. But if I had something really serious like appendicitis or a broken bone, I would definitely want to go to a Western doctor and get treated with modern medical procedures.I also think it's important to have a balanced lifestyle overall, with a healthy diet, regular exercise, and stress management. That can help prevent a lot of illnesses in the first place, whether you're using Chinese or Western medicine.Of course, it's always best to consult with qualified practitioners in both fields and to follow their advice. And if you have a serious condition, you should definitely see a Western doctor first.In conclusion, I think both Chinese and Western medicine have their own advantages and can work well together. It's great that we have access to different kinds of healthcare approaches,and we should use them wisely depending on our individual needs and situations.Well, those are my thoughts on this interesting topic! What do you guys think? Do you prefer Chinese medicine, Western medicine, or a combination of both? I'd love to hear your opinions too.篇2Is Traditional Chinese Medicine or Western Medicine Better?Hi, my name is Lily and I'm 10 years old. My teacher Mrs. Roberts asked us to write about whether we think traditional Chinese medicine or Western medicine is better. I've been thinking a lot about this since my grandma uses a lot of traditional Chinese herbs and my mom takes us to the regular doctor when we're sick.I think both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine can be good, but they are pretty different. Traditional Chinese medicine has been around for a really, really long time –over 2,000 years! It uses natural things like herbs, acupuncture with little needles, and exercises like tai chi. Western medicine is newer and uses more man-made medicines, surgery, and machines like X-rays.One good thing about traditional Chinese medicine is that the remedies come straight from nature. My grandma is always making us drink these weird teas made from roots, leaves, and other plants. They don't taste very good, but she says they'll help if we have a cough or stomach ache. Some of the herbs actually do seem to help me feel better when I'm sick. And since they're natural, they don't have too many side effects like some of the pills from the drugstore can have.Western medicine can also use natural ingredients in their medicines, but a lot of the drugs are totally made in laboratories by scientists. At first, I thought that was kind of scary – putting man-made chemicals into your body? But my dad explained that the medicines get tested a bunch to make sure they're safe before doctors can prescribe them. I guess that makes sense, but you never know if there could be side effects they haven't found yet.Another thing I like about traditional Chinese medicine is the idea of balance and energy flow. Grandma is always talking about yin and yang, and how you have to keep all the elements in your body balanced through herbs, acupuncture, and practices like meditation. In Western medicine, they don't reallytalk about that kind of energy stuff as much. It's more about treating specific symptoms or illnesses directly.On the other hand, Western medicine seems a lot more modern and scientific. Like when I broke my arm last year, the doctor took an X-ray right away to see exactly where the break was so they could put a cast on properly. Traditional Chinese medicine doesn't really have fancy machines like that. And I'm glad the doctor gave me pain medication to help with the hurt, instead of just drinking some herbal tea for it.Western treatments also seem to work faster for some things. Like when I have an ear infection, the antibiotic medicine usually makes me feel better in just a couple days. With my grandma's herbal soup, it feels like it takes way longer to get rid of stuff like that. But I guess traditional remedies are more about balance and taking time, compared to Western medicine's approach of attacking the problem directly.Surgeries are another big difference between the two. Western-trained doctors do all kinds of crazy operations to fix injuries or remove things like tumors. They have all these sharp tools and can even replace organs if something goes really wrong. The most traditional Chinese medicine does is acupuncture, which uses tiny little needles, but doesn't actuallyopen you up or take stuff out. I'm not sure how they would handle something major like open heart surgery.In terms of which type of medicine is better, I think they both do some things well, but also have weaknesses. Western medicine seems more powerful for setting broken bones, doing surgeries, and quickly treating infections or other sicknesses. But it has to use a lot of man-made drugs that could potentially cause side effects. Plus it doesn't really look at the whole-body balance and energy flow that traditional Chinese medicine focuses on.Traditional Chinese medicine is more natural and looks at keeping every part of your body in harmony through herbs, proper nutrition, and practices like acupuncture or tai chi. And it's been around way longer than Western medicine, so lots of people seem to think it works. But it also doesn't have high-tech tools for things like X-rays, surgeries, and setting broken bones. And the herbal remedies can take longer to make you feel better compared to fast-acting modern pills and treatments.Personally, I think I lean more towards preferring Western medicine overall. The doctors seem to have more advanced tools and treatments to directly handle injuries and sicknesses quickly. But I do respect the philosophy and natural approach behindtraditional Chinese medicine too. I think the ideal might be finding a way to combine the best parts of both systems somehow.Like, start with Western medicine's science and technology to diagnose problems and provide powerful treatments fast. But also include some of traditional Chinese medicine's herbs and remedies that don't have too many side effects. And focus on holistic healthcare that looks at your overall health and energy balance, not just treating a single symptom. Maybe do acupuncture or tai chi as well to keep everything aligned properly.That's just my opinion based on my experiences so far though. I know healthcare is really important, and there's still a lot for me to learn about these different medical approaches as I get older. I'm sure my views could totally change in the coming years too as science and research keeps advancing for both Western and traditional Chinese medicine. Those are just my thoughts for now based on what I've seen with my family. Let me know what you all think too! Thanks for reading my essay.篇3My Opinion on Traditional Chinese Medicine vs Western MedicineHave you ever wondered which is better, traditional Chinese medicine or Western medicine? I've thought a lot about this question. Let me tell you my thoughts!In my family, we've used both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine. My grandparents really believe in traditional Chinese medicine. Whenever I had a cough or fever as a little kid, my grandma would make me drink some yucky herbal soup. It smelled funny and tasted really bitter! She said it would help expel the sickness from my body.My grandpa is even more into traditional Chinese medicine. He does acupuncture and other treatments. Once when I had a stomach ache, he put these tiny needles all over my belly. It felt really weird but he said it would help the energy flow better in my body. Sometimes I think all these traditional practices are kind of strange and outdated. Isn't modern medicine more scientific and effective?On the other hand, my parents tend to take me to the hospital or clinic when I'm sick. The doctors there use Western medicine like pills, injections, and modern treatments. I really dislike getting shots because they pinch and sting! But I knowthey help fight viruses and infections. The medicines might make me feel yucky for a little while, but then I start feeling better quickly.In school, we learned about the history of traditional Chinese medicine. It's been around for thousands of years, even before Western science really developed. Ancient Chinese doctors studied human anatomy and developed complex theories about how the body works. They used herbs, minerals, massage, and even exercises as healing methods.I think it's pretty cool that the wisdom of traditional Chinese medicine has been passed down for so many centuries. My grandparents put a lot of faith in these time-honored practices that have helped billions of people. The remedies come from natural sources and they try to prevent illness, not just manage symptoms.However, Western medicine seems more advanced in many ways. It's based on rigorous scientific testing and high-tech tools. Doctors can do X-rays, MRI scans, and all sorts of lab tests to figure out what's wrong. They understand human biology and chemistry at a very deep level. The medications they use are precisely formulated and their effects carefully studied. You can'targue with the amazing treatments and cures that Western medicine has discovered.My favorite example is vaccines - how incredible is it that we can train our immune systems to fight diseases just by getting a few shots? Vaccines have saved countless lives and even eliminated deadly diseases like smallpox. Western doctors are always researching and developing better ways to heal people. That's really awesome progress!So in the battle between traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine, I'm kind of stuck in the middle. There are good things about each approach. Maybe the best path is to combine the wisdom of ancient practices with the advancements of modern science? I've seen my doctor recommend dietary changes, exercise, and stress management alongside medications - which seems like a blend of both worlds.At the end of the day, I just want to be healthy and get better quickly whenever I'm sick or hurt. I'm glad we have so many options for healing! Perhaps traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine can work side-by-side. As long as it's safe and effective, I'll give it a try - even if it tastes yucky or involves a few pinches. A kid's gotta do what a kid's gotta do to feel 100% again, right?篇4Do You Think Traditional Chinese Medicine or Western Medicine is Better?Hi everyone! My name is Lily and I'm in 5th grade. My teacher Mrs. Johnson asked us to write about whether we think traditional Chinese medicine or western medicine is better. This is a really tough question because both kinds of medicine can be good in different ways.Let me start by explaining what traditional Chinese medicine is. It's a type of medicine that has been practiced in China for thousands of years, way before western medicine even existed! Traditional Chinese medicine uses natural ingredients from plants and minerals to make remedies. The remedies can be things like herbal teas, powders, pills, and ointments.Some examples of traditional Chinese remedies are ginseng root to boost energy, chamomile tea to help you sleep, and ointments with ingredients like camphor or menthol to soothe muscle pain. Traditional Chinese doctors also do other treatments like acupuncture where they insert tiny needles into your skin, cupping where they use suction cups on your back,and reading your pulse to figure out if your body's energies are balanced.Western medicine is the kind of medicine we're probably more familiar with. It uses man-made drugs, surgery, radiation, and other high-tech treatments. Western medicine is what you get at the hospital and from your regular doctor. Things like antibiotics, chemotherapy, getting a cast for a broken bone, and getting an X-ray are all part of western medicine.So which type of medicine is better? In my opinion, both can be good depending on the situation! Here are some of the pros and cons of each:Pros of Traditional Chinese Medicine:Uses natural ingredients from plants and minerals instead of man-made drugsFocuses on balance and treating the whole body, not just the symptomsRemedies are usually cheaper than western medicine drugsFewer side effects since the ingredients are naturalHas been used for centuries so it has a long historyCons of Traditional Chinese Medicine:May not work as quickly as western medicine for serious diseasesRequires an expert to make the right remedy for your conditionSome remedies don't have much scientific evidenceCan interact with western medicine drugs in a bad wayPros of Western Medicine:Can treat urgent, life-threatening conditions quicklyUses high-tech equipment to get very accurate diagnosisBacked by lots of scientific testing and evidenceWorks faster for bacterial and viral infectionsEffective for traumatic injuries like broken bonesCons of Western Medicine:Man-made drugs can have harsh side effectsFocuses more on treating just the symptomsCan be very expensive, especially without insuranceSome overuse of antibiotics has made bacteria resistantIn my opinion, Western medicine is probably better for anything urgent like a heart attack, bad infection, or serious injury. The high-tech treatments and man-made drugs can work really fast to save your life. But for long-term conditions or just staying healthy, traditional Chinese medicine could be better. The natural remedies can help your body stay balanced without too many side effects.My grandma actually takes both! For her diabetes, she takes metformin which is a western medicine drug. But she also drinks bitter melon tea, which is a traditional Chinese remedy that can help control blood sugar naturally. For her arthritis pain, she sees an acupuncturist once a month and also takes a westernanti-inflammatory drug. By combining the two types of medicine, she gets the best of both worlds!Ultimately, I think the answer depends on the specific situation. Sometimes western medicine is better, but other times traditional Chinese remedies are just as good or even better, especially for chronic conditions. We're lucky that we have access to both options nowadays. If I was really sick, I would want my doctor to use whatever treatment gives me the best chance of getting better, whether it's from the east or the west!Those are just my thoughts as a 10-year-old kid, but I tried to look at the pros and cons of each type of medicine. Writing this essay helped me learn a lot about the differences between traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine. Even though I don't have all the answers, I think being open-minded to both traditions is important for having a balanced approach to health. Thanks for reading my essay! Let me know what you think about this topic.篇5Is Traditional Chinese Medicine or Western Medicine Better?Hi, my name is Emily and I'm in the 5th grade. For our writing assignment this week, we have to write an essay about whether we think traditional Chinese medicine or Western medicine is better. This is a really interesting topic that I've been thinking a lot about!Both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine try to help people get healthy and feel better when they are sick or hurt. But they go about it in pretty different ways. Western medicine is what we usually think of with doctors, nurses, hospitals, pills, and surgery. Traditional Chinese medicine usesmore natural remedies like herbs, acupuncture with needles, massage, and movements like tai chi.In my opinion, I think both kinds of medicine can be good in different situations. Sometimes Western medicine works really well, but other times traditional Chinese medicine might be better. Let me explain what I mean.When it comes to things like infections, broken bones, or emergencies where you need help fast, Western medicine is usually the way to go. If I had a bad cut or came down with strep throat, I would want antibiotics from a doctor to get rid of the bacteria causing the infection quickly. And if I was seriously injured or having a medical emergency, I'd need to go to a hospital for things like surgery, stitches, or other more intensive treatments.Western medicine is also really important for preventing diseases through things like vaccines. I got all my regular vaccination shots as a kid to keep me from getting measles, chickenpox and other illnesses that used to be a lot more common. Modern medicine has basically eliminated many diseases that used to be big problems. It has also developed treatments that can cure some cancers and manage conditionslike diabetes that were untreatable or even death sentences in the past.So in those kinds of serious, urgent situations, I would definitely put my trust in Western medical doctors, hospitals and treatments. The science behind modern Western medicine is tested very carefully to make sure it is safe and effective. We are really lucky to have access to that kind of advanced medical care.However, I think there are other situations where traditional Chinese medicine can be just as good, or even better than Western medicine approaches. Chinese medicine goes back thousands of years, so the remedies and treatments have been used and refined over a very long period of time. That's how we know they work well for many common, non-life-threatening conditions.For example, if I had a headache, muscle pain, or was just feeling a little run down, I might try drinking some herbal tea, getting an acupuncture treatment, or using other natural methods before taking a bunch of medication. While pills can sometimes get rid of those minor symptoms quickly, traditional remedies allow the body to heal itself without the side effects that drugs can sometimes cause. They are gentler but can be just as effective for more basic issues.Another situation where I might choose traditional Chinese medicine is for reducing stress or improving my overall wellbeing. Practices like tai chi, qigong, and meditation can be incredibly relaxing for the mind and body. Aromatherapy, massage, and drinking special herbal brews can also promote calmness and balance. Western medicine doesn't really have as many tools for those kinds of holistic health purposes.Of course, there are instances where people put too much faith in traditional remedies and ignore more serious medical issues that require immediate Western treatment. That can be really dangerous. So as good as Chinese medicine can be for certain problems, it shouldn't be used as a complete replacement for Western practices. It's best to combine the two systems in a balanced way.For example, if I got cancer, I would seek science-based surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation treatment from an oncologist right away. But I might also supplement that care with herbal supplements, acupuncture, and meditative practices to reduce side effects and improve my quality of life during treatment. Using the two kinds of medicine together can produce the best overall results.In fact, many hospitals now have integrated medical centers where both Western and traditional Chinese practices are used side-by-side. That's because medical professionals recognize the value in both approaches. Doctors want to give their patients access to every possible tool that could help them get and stay healthy.So in conclusion, I believe both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine have important roles to play. Each one is better suited for different situations or aspects of health and wellness. By intelligently combining the two, we can take advantage of the best components of each system to maximize our overall health and vitality. It's not an either/or situation, but a matter of using the right approach for the right circumstance.I hope this essay has helped explain some of the key differences between Chinese medicine and Western medicine, as well as when each one might be more appropriate to use. Writing this has definitely made me appreciate how lucky we are to have access to such a diversity of medical knowledge. With so many choices available, we have a great opportunity to learn what works best for each individual's situation. I know I still have a lot more to learn, but this assignment has gotten me really interested in the topic. I can't wait to read more about it!。
LEAN的精实管理系统
Lean精實管理系統 精實管理系統
不良品/重工 無效益作業 多餘作業
七大浪費
搬運
生產過早/量 量
等待 庫存
Value-adding(附加價值 任何活動或作業能轉 附加價值)任何活動或作業能轉 附加價值 換為顧客願意花錢支付的產品稱之。 換為顧客願意花錢支付的產品稱之。像是高 週波、印刷。 週波、印刷。 Non-value-adding(非附加價值 任何花費時 非附加價值):任何花費時 非附加價值 間和資源但卻不增加產品價值的作業或活動。 間和資源但卻不增加產品價值的作業或活動。 例如搬運、等待。 例如搬運、等待。
售價 = 成本 + 利潤 利潤 = 售價 - 成本 成本 = 售價 - 利潤
成本是我們可以花的錢! 成本是我們可以花的錢 五大生產要素 人力 機器設備 資金物料 技術方法
錢在哪里? 錢在哪里
Lean精實管理系統 精實管理系統 該花的錢和不該花的錢
花錢是為了創造附加價值 不該花的錢-----浪費 不該花的錢-----浪費 除對生產不可缺少的最小量的設備、材 除對生產不可缺少的最小量的設備 料、零部件和工人工作時間外的任何東西 零部件和工人工作時間外的任何東西 該花的錢一分不少花，不該花的錢一分不花！ 該花的錢一分不少花，不該花的錢一分不花！ 浪費在哪里? 浪費在哪里 看得見的浪費 看不見的浪費
高層領導參與是推動原動力! 高層領導參與是推動原動力!
Lean精實管理系統 精實管理系統
減少七大浪費cutting 減少七大浪費cutting seven costs 三、七大浪費 1.等待的浪費 Waiting 等待的浪費 2.搬運的浪費 carry 搬運的浪費 3.不良品的浪費 reject and badness 不良品的浪費 4.多余動作的浪費 superfluous motion 多余動作的浪費 5.無效益的加工浪費 without avail 無效益的加工浪費 6.庫存的浪費 stock / inventory 庫存的浪費 7.製造過多 早的浪費 overmuch or premature 製造過多/早的浪費 製造過多
黑龙江省哈尔滨市2024-2025学年九年级上学期开学测试英语试卷(含答案)
哈尔滨市2024-2025学年度上学期九年级暑假学情监测（英语）时间：100分钟满分：100分第Ⅰ卷一、单项选择（本题共10分，每小题1分）1. Life is about making ________ effort, and that's something you can do whatever your situation maybe. Boys and girls, take every chance to achieve ________ unusual and meaningful lives.A. a, anB. an, aC. an, /2. —If you want to take a plane, our bag mustn't ________ too much.—But I am not sure about the total（总的）________ of my bag.A. weigh, weightB. weight, weighC. weigh, weighs3. Ya Ya, a baby panda, could eat bamboo by ________ when she was about six months.A. herB. herselfC. she4. As Chinese people, we should try our best to make “China Dream” we are looking forward to ________.A. come trueB. coming trueC. comes true5. Friendship is like treasure. If a friend of yours is in need, ________ your best to help him or her to show your kindness.A. tryB. to tryC. trying6. —Last week, I ________ this movie with my sister.—Me, too. I ________ this movie twice because I am interested in it.A. see, sawB. saw, have seenC. saw, am seeing7. “Post-2000s” （00后）have begun to amaze the world ________ they are very young.A. thoughB. ifC. unless8. We really want to know ________.A. whether you will like EnglishB. that you will like EnglishC. why do you like English9. —What do you think of the 2024 Paris Olympics?—Wonderful! One of ________ games for sure.A. most successfulB. the least successfulC. the most successful10. —What were you doing at this time yesterday?—I ________ in line for morning coffee and then headed for school.A. waitB. was waitingC. were waiting二、完形填空（本题共10分，每小题1分）Do you know the lion dance? It's part of traditional Chinese culture. People often perform in the night 11 the Chinese New Year. They also perform it for other happy occasions（时刻）. The lion dance is believed to 12 good luck and success.There are many different stories about how the lion dance 13 . One of them is like this! Hundreds of yearsago, a monster called Nian came to a village in China. The villagers were 14 . Luckily, a lion chased（追逐）Nian away. A year later, Nian came back again, 15 this time the lion couldn't help. The villagers had to 16 themselves. Their “lion” danced, jumped and chased Nian away. For this 17 , people began to perform the lion dance before the Spring Festival to chase bad luck away.There are two different kinds of lion dances. In the southern lion dance, the dancers try. 18 to perform like a real lion. Their “lion” may shake its body. The dance can be funny. The other kind is the 19 lion dance. It has more martial（军事的）art skills like rolling and jumping. Both the southern and northern kinds are very interesting to watch, but it takes a lot of 20 to perform well. Both kinds are considered to be traditional performing arts of China.11. A. after B. before C. since12. A. bring B. leave C. find13. A. disappeared B. began C. succeeded14. A. excited B. bored C. scared15. A. and B. or C. but16. A. depend on B. agree on C. work on17. A. story B. reason C. event18. A. hard B. gently C. easily19. A. eastern B. southern C. northern20. A. luck B. advice C. practice三、阅读理解（本题共20分，每小题1分）（A）Chinese is getting mare and more popular, so the UK government plans to invest（投资）10 million pounds to help more kids lean Chinese Do you think it is necessary for the UK pupils to learn Chinese?Seneca （Canada）I studied French for 2 years in high school, and German for 4 years in college and got good marks. I studied Chinese for about 4 months before moving to China. For any language, if you don't use it, it will be easy to lose it I've forgotten the French l leaned except for a few phrases. I speak Chinese every day. My writing, reading and listening are quite good, but far from fluent. I think it's necessary to learn Chinese.Tony（the UK）Learning any language can be valuable, but it is not suitable for everyone. Chinese is a difficult language to learn, and teachers in the UK are not good at teaching foreign languages. However, China is a big and developing market for English businesspeople. For them, Chinese is worth learning.Bill（the US）I don't think Chinese will replace（取代）English. Chinese is difficult to learn. To learn Chinese, you have to learn how to write and read it carefully. In the future, Chinese will become more popular, so I think learning Chinese is a good thing.根据语言材料内容选择最佳答案。
外国人来中国旅游的建议句子英语作文高一
外国人来中国旅游的建议句子英语作文高一全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Tips for Foreigners Visiting China from a Student's ViewChina is a vast and fascinating country with an incredibly rich history and culture that spans thousands of years. As a high school student living in China, I've had the opportunity to explore many of its wonders firsthand. If you're a foreigner planning to visit China, here are some tips and advice to help make your trip more enjoyable and culturally immersive.TransportationGetting around China can be overwhelming at first, especially in major cities like Beijing and Shanghai with their massive populations and maze-like metro systems. My advice is to download mobile apps like DiDi (think Chinese Uber) to easily book taxis and private car services. The high-speed rail network is also excellent for traveling between cities. Just be prepared for crowded trains during holidays.For exploring within cities, mastering basic Chinese phrases for transportation like "qing3 wen4 (please ask)..." and numberswill be very helpful when taking public buses, subways or taxis. Don't be afraid to ask locals for help - many are friendly and will try their best to understand.FoodYou can't visit China without diving headfirst into the incredible cuisine! Each region has its own flavors and specialties. As a Sichuan native, I have to recommend trying authentic Sichuan cuisine which is famous for being "ma2 la4" or numbing and spicy. Hot pot and dandan noodles are must-tries.Be adventurous and don't be afraid to go off the beaten path to hole-in-the-wall restaurants. Some of the best and most authentic food can be found at tiny family-owned places. Use apps like Dianping to find highly-rated local eateries.That said, as a foreigner's stomach may not be accustomed to certain spices, oils or ingredients, start mild and work your way up on the spice and funk level! Stick to plain rice, veggies and lean proteins if you have a sensitive stomach.LodgingFor a truly immersive experience, I recommend looking into homestays by searching on sites like Airbnb. You'll get to livewith locals and experience real Chinese family life. Hosts are usually very welcoming and accommodating to foreigners.Hotels and hostels have improved greatly in recent years for foreign visitors' comfort. Just be aware that star ratings can sometimes be misleading compared to Western standards. Do research on reputable hotel booking platforms and read reviews carefully.Popular Tourist AttractionsYou'll definitely want to hit the major historical and cultural sites like the Forbidden City, Great Wall, Terracotta Warriors and scenic areas like Zhangjiajie's Avatar mountains. But also leave room for lesser-known gems.As a student, some of my favorite memories were made exploring Beijing's ancient hutong alleyways and trying weird snacks from street food vendors. Or wandering enormous rural family ancestral temples and villages that receive few outsiders. Ask locals for off-the-beaten-path recommendations.Be prepared for crowds at major tourist sites, especially during national holidays. Go very early morning or late evening for smaller crowds. Hire a guide for major sites to learn about the rich histories.LanguageWhile English is becoming more prevalent in major cities, especially tourist areas, the language barrier is still one of the biggest challenges for foreign visitors to China. I highly recommend trying to learn at least basic Mandarin phrases before your trip or downloading a quality translation app.Hand gestures and finger counting go a long way too. Always smile and remain patient - most Chinese are warm and welcoming to foreigners. Locals really appreciate when foreigners make an honest attempt at the language.Cultural NormsChina has its own unique culture and societal norms that are important for foreigners to understand and respect. Things like:Removing shoes indoorsNot pointing with your index fingerUsing both hands to exchange/receive itemsNot making a fuss or loud scenes in publicTipping is not expectedSmoke is very prevalent so be mindfulForming orderly lines is not a strong customOn that note, be prepared for people staring, taking photos of you, or asking to pose with you. As foreigners are still a novelty in many areas, this curiosity is usually harmless.Above all, keep an open mind, be adaptable and have a spirit of adventure. Despite the immense cultural differences, Chinese people are generally very hospitable towards respectful visitors.A simple "Xie xie" (thank you) and smile can go a long way.I hope these tips from a local student's perspective are helpful for foreigners visiting my amazing country. China has so much to offer - history, culture, beautiful landscapes and delicious cuisine. Come with an open mind and sense of adventure, and you're sure to have an incredible experience! Let me know if you need any other advice.篇2Tips for Foreigners Visiting ChinaAs an enthusiastic student of English, I'm always excited to share insights about my home country of China with people from abroad. Having traveled to many touristic destinations within China, I've gained some firsthand experience that I hope will prove useful for any foreigners planning to visit. From navigatingthe language barrier to respecting cultural customs, there are several key pieces of advice I'd offer to ensure a smooth and enriching trip.First and foremost, while English is becoming more widespread, especially in major cities, it's still quite limited compared to many other countries. I'd strongly recommend studying at least a few basic Mandarin phrases before your journey. Greetings like "Nǐ hǎo" (hello) and "Xièxiè" (thank you), along with numbers and the ability to state what you're looking for, will go a long way. Having a phrasebook or translation app on hand is also incredibly helpful when communicating things more complex than simple transactions.Speaking of transactions, be prepared to primarily deal in cash rather than credit cards. While major hotels, restaurants, and shops in metropolitan areas tend to accept cards, you'll find cash is king in most other situations, from street vendors to taxis. Make sure to exchange a decent amount of your home currency for renminbi before arriving. Carrying small bills and coins will also make splitting bills and tipping easier.On the topic of tipping, it's considered quite rude and unnecessary in most circumstances here. At fancier hotels, spas or tours designed for foreign tourists, a modest tip may beexpected, but otherwise, service fees are built into the prices. Don't be surprised if your tip is politely refused.When it comes to getting around cities, opt for public transportation whenever possible. Not only is it far cheaper than taxis, but the subway systems in places like Beijing and Shanghai are modern, clean and efficient. Just be prepared for crowds during rush hours. For longer journeys between cities, thehigh-speed rail network is a fast and comfortable option.Of course, one of the highlights of visiting China is immersing yourself in the nation's rich cultural heritage. When visiting historic sites like the Forbidden City, Summer Palace or Temple of Heaven in Beijing, be sure to dress respectfully by covering your shoulders and legs. Removing hats and sunglasses is also expected when entering certain buildings. Don't be surprised to see signs prohibiting eating, drinking or smoking in these culturally significant areas.Speaking of eating, Chinese cuisine is a point of immense pride throughout the country's many diverse regions. Don't be afraid to step outside your comfort zone and sample local specialties like scorpion skewers, century eggs or chicken feet –they're delicacies here! That said, be cautious about your stomach's limits and opt for clean, reputable-lookingestablishments. When in doubt, stick to hot, freshly cooked dishes.It's also worth noting that spitting, while considered rude elsewhere, is still socially acceptable in China, especially for men. You'll likely encounter locals hocking loogies from time to time. As a foreigner, however, it's best to avoid this habit yourself out of politeness.In terms of other customs to keep in mind, Chinese culture places a strong emphasis on avoiding confrontation and maintaining social harmony. Losing your temper, raising your voice or causing public scenes is highly frowned upon. If you encounter conflicts or issues, remain calm and respectful for the best results.Privacy is also viewed a bit differently than in Western nations. Don't be surprised if locals stare, point or even snap photos without asking – to them, it's not necessarily rude. They may simply be admiring or curious about your foreign appearance.Overall, an open mind, patience and willingness to embrace cultural differences are essential for foreign visitors to China. By coming prepared, you'll be able to better navigate potentialcommunication barriers or customs that may seem unusual to an outsider.Lastly, let me offer some top bucket-list destinations to target during your trip:Beijing's Forbidden City is an absolute must-see as the former imperial palace. The sheer scale, intricate architecture and historical significance make it one of China's most iconic landmarks. Just be ready for large crowds.If you'd like a different perspective on Beijing, hike a segment of the Great Wall, offering stunning vistas of this ancient fortification snaking over the mountainous terrain. Sunrises and sunsets are especially gorgeous.In Xian, the lifesize Terracotta Warrior figures uncovered from 2,000 years ago provide a mind-blowing look at China's early history. Over 8,000 unique soldier statues have been excavated so far.The karst landscape around Guilin and Yangshuo features striking limestone hills protruding from the flat plains, creating an almost otherworldly, dreamlike scenery unlike anywhere else on Earth.For a flavor of China's ethnic diversity, Lijang's OldTown in Yunnan province showcases the traditions of the Naxi minority group through architecture, food and customs that differ from the Han Chinese mainstream.Those are just a few potential highlights, but wherever your journeys take you in China, I hope you'll find the people warm and hospitable, the cuisine delicious and the cultural immersion incredibly rewarding. Study up, keep an open mind, and embrace the adventure! China has so much to offer travelers from around the globe. Xǐngfúrúyì! (Have a wonderful trip!)篇3Title: Tips for Foreigners Visiting the Magnificent Middle KingdomAs an enthusiastic student of Chinese culture, I'm delighted to share some insights for foreign travelers planning to explore the captivating Middle Kingdom. China is a vast and diverse land, brimming with ancient wonders, mouth-watering cuisines, and warm hospitality. However, navigating its intricacies can be a daunting task for first-time visitors. Fear not, for I have compiled a list of tips to help you make the most of your incredible journey.Embrace the Language Barrier: While English is spoken in major cities, it's advisable to learn a few basic Mandarin phrases. Greeting locals with a friendly "Nǐ hǎo" (Hello) or expressing gratitude with "Xièxiè" (Thank you) can go a long way in bridgin g the communication gap and earning you instant smiles.Respect Cultural Norms: China is a country steeped in rich traditions and customs. It's crucial to observe local etiquette, such as removing your shoes when entering homes or temples, avoiding public displays of affection, and treating elders with utmost respect.Prepare for Culinary Adventures: Chinese cuisine is a gastronomic wonderland, offering a kaleidoscope of flavors and textures. From the fiery Sichuan dishes to the delicate Cantonese dim sum, be bold and adventurous in your culinary explorations. Don't shy away from street food stalls, as they often serve up some of the most authentic and delicious fare.Embrace Bargaining: In many markets and street stalls, bargaining is not only accepted but expected. However, approach it with a spirit of friendly negotiation and respect for the vendors. Remember, a good bargain leaves both parties satisfied.Explore Beyond the Major Cities: While metropolises like Beijing and Shanghai are must-visits, venture off the beaten path to uncover the true essence of China. Visit charming villages, hike through scenic landscapes, and immerse yourself in the local way of life. Some hidden gems include the ancient water town of Zhouzhuang, the breathtaking Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, and the mesmerizing Terracotta Warriors in Xi'an.Embrace Public Transportation: China's public transportation system, especially in major cities, is efficient and affordable. Master the art of navigating the subway systems, and don't hesitate to hop on buses or even shared taxis for shorter distances. Not only is it cost-effective, but it also offers an authentic glimpse into the daily lives of locals.Pack Wisely: While modern amenities are widely available in urban areas, it's wise to carry essentials like toilet paper, hand sanitizer, and a reusable water bottle. Additionally, a reliable VPN (Virtual Private Network) can come in handy for accessing websites and apps that may be restricted in China.Respect Local Customs: China is a rapidly modernizing nation, but it still holds dear to its ancient traditions. When visiting sacred sites like the Forbidden City or the Temple of Heaven, dress modestly and observe the rules and etiquette.Refrain from disrespectful behavior, such as littering or defacing historical landmarks.Embrace the Pace: China is a bustling and energetic country, with a unique rhythm and pace. Embrace the organized chaos, and don't be surprised by the crowds or the occasional bout of impatience from locals. Patience and a sense of humor will be your allies in navigating the vibrant streets.Immerse Yourself in History: China boasts a rich tapestry of history, spanning thousands of years. From the Great Wall to the Terracotta Warriors, the Ming Tombs to the Forbidden City, every corner of this fascinating country holds remnants of its illustrious past. Take the time to explore these marvels, and let their stories transport you through the annals of time.As you embark on your Chinese adventure, remember to approach it with an open mind, a spirit of curiosity, and a genuine respect for the local culture. Embrace the challenges as part of the journey, and you'll be rewarded with unforgettable experiences and memories that will last a lifetime. China is a land of contrasts, where ancient traditions blend seamlessly with modern innovations, and where the warmth of the people matches the grandeur of its landscapes. Enjoy every moment,and may your journey through the Middle Kingdom be as enriching as it is extraordinary.。
九下英语作文范文10篇
九下英语作文范文10篇作文1：My Favorite Festival。
The Spring Festival is my favorite festival in China.During the Spring Festival, the whole family gets together. We clean our houses thoroughly before the festival to sweep away bad luck. Then we decorate our homes with red lanterns and couplets, which create a very festive atmosphere.On New Year's Eve, we have a big dinner. There are all kinds of delicious food, such as dumplings, fish, and various meat dishes. Dumplings are especially important as they symbolize reunion. After dinner, we usually watch the Spring Festival Gala on TV. It has a variety of performances, including singing, dancing, and comedy sketches, which can bring a lot of laughter to the whole family.When the New Year bell rings, we set off firecrackers outside. The sound of firecrackers is deafening, as if to announce the arrival of the new year. The next few days, we visit our relatives and friends, give each other New Year's greetings and red envelopes. Children are especially happy because they can get pocket money.The Spring Festival is not only a time for family reunion but also a time to inherit and carry forward Chinese traditional culture. It is full of warmth and joy, and that's why it is my favorite festival.作文2：My Hobbies。
学中文方法英语作文
学中文方法英语作文Learning Chinese is a fun and rewarding experience. It opens up a whole new world of culture, history, and communication. Plus, it's a great way to challenge yourself and keep your brain sharp.One of the best ways to learn Chinese is to immerse yourself in the language. This could mean living in a Chinese-speaking country, finding a language exchange partner, or simply surrounding yourself with Chinese media and materials.Another effective method is to take a structured class or find a private tutor. Having a teacher to guide you through the basics and help you with pronunciation can be incredibly helpful.Practice, practice, practice! Like any language, the key to mastering Chinese is consistent practice. Try to use the language in your daily life, whether it's by speakingwith native speakers, writing in Chinese, or even just thinking in Chinese.Don't be afraid to make mistakes. Learning a new language is all about trial and error. Embrace your mistakes and use them as learning opportunities.Finally, be patient and persistent. Learning Chinese takes time and effort, but it's definitely worth it in the end. So keep at it and don't give up!。
小学上册第十五次英语第二单元综合卷
小学上册英语第二单元综合卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1. A silverfish is a type of ________________ (昆虫).2.I can ________ English and Chinese.3.I like to play _______ (乐器) in the evenings. It relaxes me and I enjoy the _______ (声音).4.The ancient Greeks studied ________ to understand the world.5.The pyramids were built during the _______ period of ancient Egypt.6. A _____ (生态) approach helps in conservation.7.The body system that helps us breathe is the ______ system.8.The _____ (星星) are bright.9.I call my family every ____.10.I color with _____ (彩色笔).11. A __________ can live on land or in water.12.What do we call the act of gathering together?A. MeetingB. GatheringC. AssemblyD. Conference13.My sister is a ______. She enjoys helping at the shelter.14.She is wearing a ________ dress.15.Galaxies can collide and form larger ______.16.n Rainforest is located in __________. (南美洲) The Amaz17.What do we call the person who delivers mail?A. PostmanB. PolicemanC. FiremanD. SalesmanA18. A _______ is a mixture where the components can be distinguished.19. Zimbabwe was an important center in ________ (非洲). The Gulf20.I love to watch _____ (小动物) interact at the zoo.21.I can play the ______.22.Root vegetables like carrots and beets grow ______ the ground. (胡萝卜和甜菜等根茎蔬菜生长在地面下。
郓城一中高三英语一轮复习写作篇
写作一请你根据以下提示在你校的英语校报上对如何保持健康方面提一些建议:1.健康的重要性2. 如何保持健康: 饮食; 睡眠,锻炼注意：1 要点全，可适当增加细节2 120-150字之间How to keep fit____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________参考范文：How to Keep FitAs we all know, nothing is more important than health. Because without a strong body, no one can do anything well. But how to keep fit?Firstly, eat the right foods . Eat plenty of foods high in protein, like lean meat, fish, beans and nuts. Vegetables and fruits are especially important because they provide necessary vitamins and minerals. Cut the amount of fatty, salty and sweet food.Secondly, get the proper amount of sleep. If you don’t get enough sleep, you will feel tired and have no energy. Be sure to allow yourself to have seven to nine hours of sleep each night. If you do, your body will feel strong and your mind will be sharp.Last but not least, exercise regularly. Exercise firms the body, strengthens the muscles, and prevent you from gaining weight. It also improves your heart and lungs.If everyone were to eat the right foods, get enough sleep and exercise regularly, the world would be a happier place.写作训练二假设你的名字叫李华,你的美国笔友来信咨询你如何在短时间内掌握一定量的中文词汇以及基本的交际用语.请你根据以下信息,给他写封信.120—150词1.多看一些中文电视节目,读中文版的书.2.学唱中文歌曲是学习词汇的好方法.3.备一本汉英词典,随时查阅.4.经常去有华人的地方,试着和他们交流.注意1 包括以上要点2 适当增加细节3。
食物的英文翻译
∙水果类（fruits）：西红柿 tomato 菠萝 pineapple 西瓜watermelon 香蕉banana 柚子 shaddock （pomelo）橙子orange 苹果apple 柠檬lemon 樱桃 cherry 桃子peach 梨 pear 枣Chinese date （去核枣 pitted date ）椰子coconut 草莓 strawberry 树莓 raspberry 蓝莓blueberry 黑莓 blackberry 葡萄 grape 甘蔗 sugar cane 芒果 mango 木瓜 pawpaw或者papaya 杏子 apricot 油桃 nectarine 柿子persimmon 石榴pomegranate 榴莲jackfruit 槟榔果 areca nut （西班牙产苦橙）bitter orange 猕猴桃 kiwi fruit or Chinese gooseberry 金橘cumquat 蟠桃 flat peach 荔枝 litchi 青梅greengage 山楂果haw 水蜜桃honey peach 香瓜，甜瓜 musk melon 李子plum 杨梅 waxberry red bayberry 桂圆 longan 沙果 crab apple 杨桃starfruit 枇杷 loquat 柑橘 tangerine 莲雾wax-apple 番石榴 guava∙肉、蔬菜类（livestock家畜）：南瓜（倭瓜） pumpkin cushaw 甜玉米 Sweet corn 牛肉beef 猪肉pork 羊肉 mutton 羔羊肉lamb 鸡肉chicken 生菜莴苣lettuce 白菜 Chinese cabbage （celery cabbage）（甘蓝）卷心菜 cabbage 萝卜 radish 胡萝卜 carrot 韭菜leek 木耳 agarics 豌豆 pea 马铃薯（土豆） potato 黄瓜 cucumber 苦瓜 balsam pear 秋葵 okra 洋葱 onion 芹菜celery 芹菜杆 celery sticks 地瓜 sweet potato 蘑菇 mushroom 橄榄 olive 菠菜spinach 冬瓜（Chinese）wax gourd 莲藕 lotus root 紫菜 laver 油菜 cole rape 茄子eggplant 香菜 caraway 枇杷loquat 青椒 green pepper 四季豆青刀豆 garden bean 银耳 silvery fungi 腱子肉tendon 肘子 pork joint 茴香fennel（茴香油fennel oil 药用）鲤鱼carp 咸猪肉bacon 金针蘑 needle mushroom 扁豆 lentil 槟榔 areca 牛蒡great burdock 水萝卜 summer radish 竹笋 bamboo shoot 艾蒿Chinese mugwort 绿豆mung bean 毛豆green soy bean 瘦肉 lean meat 肥肉speck 黄花菜 day lily （day lily bud）豆芽菜 bean sprout 丝瓜 towel gourd (注：在美国丝瓜或用来做丝瓜茎loofah洗澡的，不是食用的)∙海鲜类（sea food）：虾仁 Peeled Prawns 龙虾 lobster 小龙虾 crayfish（退缩者）蟹 crab 蟹足crab claws 小虾（虾米） shrimp 对虾、大虾 prawn （烤）鱿鱼（toast）squid 海参 sea cucumber 扇贝 scallop 鲍鱼 sea-ear abalone 小贝肉cockles 牡蛎oyster 鱼鳞scale 海蜇jellyfish鳖海龟turtle 蚬蛤 clam 鲅鱼 culter 鲳鱼butterfish 虾籽 shrimp egg 鲢鱼银鲤鱼chub silver carp 黄花鱼 yellow croaker∙调料类（seasonings）：醋 vinegar 酱油 soy 盐 salt 加碘盐 iodized salt 糖 sugar 白糖 refined sugar 酱 soy sauce 沙拉 salad 辣椒 hot（red）pepper 胡椒（black）pepper 花椒wild pepper Chinese prickly ash powder 色拉油salad oil 调料 fixing sauce seasoning 砂糖 granulated sugar 红糖 brown sugar 冰糖 Rock Sugar 芝麻Sesame 芝麻酱 Sesame paste 芝麻油 Sesame oil 咖喱粉curry 番茄酱（汁） ketchup redeye 辣根horseradish 葱 shallot （Spring onions）姜 ginger 蒜 garlic 料酒cooking wine 蚝油oyster sauce 枸杞（枇杷,欧查果） medlar 八角aniseed 酵母粉yeast barm Yellow pepper 黄椒肉桂 cinnamon (在美国十分受欢迎，很多事物都有肉桂料) 黄油 butter 香草精 vanilla extract(甜点必备) 面粉 flour 洋葱 onion∙主食类（staple food）：三文治 sandwich 米饭rice 粥 congee （rice soup）汤 soup 饺子dumpling 面条 noodle 比萨饼 pizza 方便面 instant noodle 香肠 sausage 面包bread 黄油（白塔油）butter 茶叶蛋 Tea eggs 油菜 rape 饼干 cookies 咸菜（泡菜）pickle 馒头 steamed bread 饼（蛋糕）cake 汉堡 hamburger 火腿ham 奶酪 cheese 馄饨皮 wonton skin 高筋面粉 Strong flour 小麦wheat 大麦barley 青稞highland barley 高粱broomcorn （kaoliang ）春卷Spring rolls 芋头 Taro 山药yam 鱼翅 shark fin 黄花 daylily 松花蛋皮蛋preserved eggs 春卷 spring roll 肉馅饼minced pie 糙米Brown rice 玉米 corn 馅儿 stuffing 开胃菜 appetizer 面粉 flour 燕麦 oat 白薯甘薯 sweet potato牛排 steak 里脊肉 fillet 凉粉 bean jelly 糯米江米 sticky rice 燕窝 bird's nest 粟 Chinese corn 肉丸子 meat balls 枳橙citrange 点心（中式）dim sum 淀粉starch 蛋挞 egg tart∙（dry fruits）干果类：腰果 Cashew nuts 花生 peanut 无花果fig 榛子filbert hazel 栗子chestnut 核桃 walnut 杏仁almond 果脯 preserved fruit 芋头taro 葡萄干raisin cordial 开心果 pistachion 巴西果 brazil nut 菱角,荸荠 water chestnut (和国内食用法不同，做坚果食用)∙酒水类（beverage）：红酒 red wine 白酒 white wine 白兰地 brandy 葡萄酒 sherry 汽水(软饮料) soda （盐）汽水sparkling water 果汁juice 冰棒 Ice-lolly 啤酒beer 酸奶 yoghurt 伏特加酒vodka 鸡尾酒cocktail 豆奶 soy milk 豆浆soybean milk 七喜 7 UP 麒麟（日本啤酒kirin）凉开水 cold boiled water 汉斯啤酒 Hans beer 浓缩果汁concentrated juice 冰镇啤酒 iced(chilled ) beer 札幌（日本啤酒）Sapporo 爱尔啤酒（美国）ale A级牛奶 grand A milk 班图酒bantu beer 半干雪利 dry sark 参水牛奶 blue milk 日本粗茶 bancha 生啤酒 draft beer 白啤酒 white beer <苏格兰>大麦酒barley-bree 咖啡伴侣coffee mate∙零食类（snack）:mint 薄荷糖 cracker饼干, biscuit饼干, 棒棒糖bonbon 茶tea （沏茶 make the tea）话梅prune candied plum 锅巴 rice crust 瓜子 melon seed 冰棒（冰果） ice（frozen） sucker 冰淇凌ice cream 防腐剂preservative 圣代冰淇淋 sundae 巧克力豆 marble chocolate barley 布丁pudding∙与食品有关的词语（some words about food）:炸 fired 炝 quick boiled 烩 braise （烩牛舌 braised ox tongue）烤 roast 饱嗝 burp 饱了饱的 full stuffed 解渴quench thirst （形容食物变坏spoil spoilage） preservative 防腐剂 expiration date 产品有效期（形容酒品好： a good strong brew 绝味酿）应各位要求补充的中式西式食物中式早點：烧饼Clay oven rolls 油条Fried bread stick 韭菜盒Fried leek dumplings 水饺Boiled dumplings 蒸饺Steamed dumplings 馒头Steamed buns割包Steamed sandwich 饭团Rice and vegetable roll蛋饼Egg cakes 皮蛋100-year egg 咸鸭蛋Salted duck egg豆浆Soybean milk饭类：稀饭Rice porridge 白饭Plain white rice 油饭 Glutinous oil rice糯米饭Glutinous rice 卤肉饭Braised pork rice 蛋炒饭Fried rice with egg地瓜粥Sweet potato congee面类：馄饨面 Wonton & noodles 刀削面 Sliced noodles 麻辣面Spicy hot noodles麻酱面Sesame paste noodles 鴨肉面 Duck with noodles 鱔魚面 Eel noodles乌龙面Seafood noodles 榨菜肉丝面Pork , pickled mustard green noodles牡蛎细面Oyster thin noodles 板条Flat noodles 米粉 Rice noodles炒米粉Fried rice noodles 冬粉Green bean noodle汤类：鱼丸汤Fish ball soup 貢丸汤Meat ball soup 蛋花汤Egg & vegetable soup 蛤蜊汤Clams soup 牡蛎汤Oyster soup 紫菜汤Seaweed soup 酸辣汤Sweet & sour soup 馄饨汤Wonton soup 猪肠汤Pork intestine soup 肉羹汤Pork thick soup 鱿鱼汤 Squid soup 花枝羹Squid thick soup中餐：bear's paw 熊掌 * of deer 鹿脯 beche-de-mer; sea cucumber 海参sea sturgeon 海鳝 salted jelly fish 海蜇皮kelp,seaweed 海带 abalone鲍鱼shark fin 鱼翅scallops干贝lobster龙虾 bird's nest 燕窝 roast suckling pig 考乳猪pig's knuckle 猪脚 boiled salted duck 盐水鸭 preserved meat腊肉 barbecued pork 叉烧 sausage 香肠 fried pork flakes 肉松 BAR-B-Q 烤肉meat diet 荤菜vegetables 素菜meat broth 肉羹local dish 地方菜Cantonesecuisine 广东菜 set meal 客饭 curry rice 咖喱饭fried rice 炒饭 plain rice 白饭 crispy rice 锅巴gruel, soft rice , porridge 粥—noodles with gravy 打卤面plain noodle 阳春面 casserole 砂锅 chafing dish,fire pot火锅 meat bun肉包子shao-mai烧麦preserved bean curd 腐乳bean curd豆腐fermented blank bean 豆豉 pickled cucumbers 酱瓜preserved egg 皮蛋 salted duck egg 咸鸭蛋 dried turnip 萝卜干西餐与日本料理：menu 菜单French cuisine法国菜 today's special 今日特餐 chef's special 主厨特餐buffet 自助餐fast food 快餐 specialty 招牌菜continental cuisine 欧式西餐aperitif 饭前酒 dim sum 点心 French fires炸薯条baked potato烘马铃薯 mashed potatoes马铃薯泥omelette 简蛋卷 pudding 布丁 pastries 甜点 pickled vegetables 泡菜 kimchi 韩国泡菜 crab meat 蟹肉 prawn 明虾 conch 海螺 escargots 田螺braised beef 炖牛肉 bacon 熏肉 poached egg 荷包蛋 sunny side up 煎一面荷包蛋 over 煎两面荷包蛋 fried egg 煎蛋over easy 煎半熟蛋 over hard 煎全熟蛋 scramble eggs 炒蛋boiled egg 煮蛋 stone fire pot 石头火锅 sashi 日本竹筷 sake 日本米酒miso shiru 味噌汤 roast meat 铁板烤肉 sashimi 生鱼片 butter 奶油。
穿中国传统服装还是校服征集意见英语作文
穿中国传统服装还是校服征集意见英语作文Should We Wear Traditional Chinese Clothes or School Uniforms?Hi everyone! My name is Xiaoming and I'm a 5th grader at Springtime Elementary School. Today I wanted to talk to you all about a really important issue our school is discussing - what we should wear to school every day.Right now, all of us students have to wear the standard navy blue pants or skirts with a white shirt for our uniform. The pants and skirts have to be a certain length and style, and the shirts can't have any logos or designs. I've been wearing this uniform since 1st grade and I'm kind of getting bored of it!Some students and teachers think we should change to wearing traditional Chinese clothing like changshan for the boys and qipao for the girls. Others want to keep wearing the basic uniform we already have. Personally, I can see good points on both sides so I'm really not sure what I think is best. That's why I'm asking all of you - students, parents, teachers, principals - to share your opinions with me!The Case for Traditional Chinese ClothingThere are a few main reasons why having us wear traditional outfits could be a good idea. First of all, it celebrates and promotes Chinese culture and history which is really important. Can you imagine how amazing it would look to have lines of students in bright, colorful silk clothes walking through the halls? It would be like a living museum of traditional dress!Wearing changshan and qipao could also make us feel more connected to our heritage as Chinese people. Instead of outfits designed to be plain and uniform, we'd be dressing in styles shaped by centuries of rich cultural tradition. That's something to be proud of for sure.Another benefit is that traditional clothing is generally made with high-quality fabrics and detailed craftsmanship. The uniform clothes we wear now are basically the same dull designs mass-produced quickly. But traditional outfits put a lot more care into the materials and needlework. They're built to last and be treasured over time.Finally, having different traditional styles could allow students to express more individuality within the dress code. There are so many variations of changshan and qipao patterns and colors that we could each put our own stamp on our look. That way we're not just clones in identical navy and white outfits!The Case for Keeping School UniformsWhile traditional dress has its appeals, there are also some strong arguments for sticking with our current school uniform policies. One main factor is cost - high-quality changshan and qipao can be really expensive, especially if we need to buy several to last the whole school year. Many families might struggle to afford properly outfitting their kids in traditional garments every year.Another issue is about freedom of choice. Some students might not want to wear traditional Chinese clothes for personal, cultural or religious reasons. At least with the plain uniforms, there's no concern about people's beliefs and preferences. A standard uniform is more inclusive that way.We should also think about practicality and comfort. Changshan and qipao weren't really designed with rambunctious elementary kids in mind! They can be tight, restrictive, and hard to run and play in during recess or PE class. Not to mention they'd need very careful cleaning and maintenance to stay nice. Basic uniform pieces are much more durable and easy to move around in.Another practical issue is storage space. Our school doesn't have huge lockers or changing rooms, so where would we keepour traditional outfits during the day when we need to change clothes for gym? Things could get lost or damaged easily. With uniforms, we can just wear the same simple outfit all day without worries.My PerspectiveAs you can see, there are plenty of compelling points on both sides of this debate around what we should wear to school. Part of me loves the idea of celebrating our cultural heritage and expressing ourselves through beautiful traditional Chinese garments. But I also understand the concerns about cost, personal choice, and basic pragmatic issues that school uniforms resolve.Personally, I think I lean more towards keeping our existing uniform policies - at least for elementary kids like me. Once we get older in middle school and high school, introducing an option to wear traditional or cultural dress could be really meaningful. But for now, I appreciate the low-maintenance simplicity of school uniforms even if they are a bit boring sometimes.However, those are just my initial thoughts and I really want to hear from all of you! Students, parents, teachers - what do you think is the best solution for our school? Should we all startwearing changshan and qipao every day? Or should we stick with standard uniform dress codes? I'm really curious to hear everyone's perspectives on this important issue.You can share your opinions by emailing them to me at***************************or writing them down for me to collect. I'll be accepting responses for the next two weeks. Once I've gathered all the feedback, I'll work with the principal and teachers to review it and decide what clothing policy recommendations to make for our school.This issue really does impact all of us who are part of the Springtime Elementary community. So please take a few minutes to make your voice heard! I'm looking forward to reading what you all have to say. Thanks so much!。
大学英语精读2 各单元课后汉译英翻译
Unit11) It is wrong to raise our children the way we grow flowers in the greenhouse. We must expose them to all social problems because very soon they will be dealing with them as responsible citizens.我们像在暖房里种花那样养孩子是错误的。
我们必须让他们接触各种社会问题，因为不久他们就将作为公民来应对这些问题。
2) As time goes on we are inevitably going to get more and more involved in international affairs. And conflicts are sure to occur because there always exist different views and interests between nations.随着时间的推移，我们不可避免地会越来越多的卷入国际事务。
而冲突必然会发生，因为国家之间总有不同的观点和利益。
3) We are proud of our accomplishments, and we have reason to be. But we must never become arrogant. Otherwise we will lose our friends.我们为我们的成就而骄傲，我们有理由感到骄傲。
但是我们永远不能变的狂妄，不然我们就会失去我们的朋友。
4) Information is now easily available. An average computer can store the information of a small library信息现在唾手可得。
关于中国美食的英语小作文七年级
关于中国美食的英语小作文七年级全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Delicious World of Chinese CuisineIf you ask me what my favorite food is, I don't even have to think twice - it's Chinese food, hands down! From the sweet and sour flavors to the rich variety of dishes, Chinese cuisine is an absolute delight. As someone who has grown up eating Chinese food regularly, I can confidently say that it's more than just a cuisine; it's a cultural experience that tantalizes your taste buds and leaves you craving for more.Let's start with the basics: Chinese cuisine is incredibly diverse, with each region boasting its own unique flavors and cooking techniques. From the fiery Sichuan dishes to the delicate Cantonese dim sum, there's something for everyone. One of the things I love most about Chinese food is how it incorporates a wide range of ingredients, from vegetables and meats to seafood and exotic spices.One of my favorite Chinese dishes is kung pao chicken. The combination of tender chicken, crunchy peanuts, and a spicy,savory sauce is simply irresistible. I can still remember the first time I tried it – the flavors exploded in my mouth, and I was hooked from the first bite. Another dish that holds a special place in my heart is hot and sour soup. The perfect balance of tangy and spicy flavors, along with the addition of crisp vegetables and tofu, makes it a comforting and satisfying meal.Speaking of comfort food, there's nothing quite like a steaming bowl of wonton soup on a cold day. The delicate dumplings filled with a savory meat mixture, swimming in a flavorful broth, have the power to warm your soul. And let's not forget about the beloved fried rice – a simple dish that can be transformed into a masterpiece with the right combination of ingredients and cooking techniques.But Chinese cuisine isn't just about the main dishes; it's also about the incredible variety of appetizers and side dishes. Dumplings, spring rolls, and egg rolls are just the tip of the iceberg. Each bite offers a new flavor experience, and the presentation is often as much a work of art as the dish itself.One of the things that fascinate me about Chinese cuisine is the emphasis on balance and harmony. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that food plays a crucial role in maintaining good health, and each dish is carefully crafted to achieve aperfect balance of flavors and nutrients. From the yin and yang of hot and cold dishes to the use of herbs and spices for their medicinal properties, Chinese cuisine is a true celebration of the connection between food and well-being.Another aspect of Chinese cuisine that I find truly remarkable is the art of presentation. Chinese chefs are masters of creating visually stunning dishes that are as beautiful as they are delicious. From intricate garnishes to the careful arrangement of colors and textures, each dish is a feast for the eyes as well as the palate.Beyond the flavors and presentation, Chinese cuisine also holds a special place in my heart because of the memories and traditions associated with it. Family gatherings, holiday celebrations, and even casual weeknight dinners are often centered around sharing a delicious Chinese meal together. The act of passing plates and sharing dishes with loved ones creates a sense of community and connection that transcends mere sustenance.And let's not forget about the cultural significance of Chinese cuisine. Each dish tells a story, reflecting the rich history and traditions of the various regions of China. From the intricate techniques of dim sum to the use of ancient medicinal herbs,Chinese cuisine is a living, breathing reflection of a culture that spans thousands of years.In conclusion, Chinese cuisine is a truly remarkable culinary tradition that has captured the hearts and taste buds of people around the world. Whether you're a lifelong fan or just discovering the delights of Chinese food, there's always something new and exciting to explore. From the bold flavors of Sichuan to the delicate artistry of Cantonese dim sum, Chinese cuisine offers a sensory journey that is sure to leave you satisfied and craving for more.篇2The Delicious World of Chinese CuisineAs a 7th grader, I have to admit that food is one of my biggest interests and obsessions. I love all kinds of food, but Chinese cuisine has to be my absolute favorite. From the bright colors and amazing aromas to the rich flavors and unique textures, Chinese food is a feast for the senses. There's such an incredible variety too - you can find dishes for any mood, occasion, or taste preference. Let me tell you all about the delicious world of Chinese cuisine.First off, let's talk about some of the most popular and beloved Chinese dishes. At the top of the list has to be dumplings. Oh man, I could eat dumplings every single day! Whether they are steamed, boiled, or pan-fried, these little pockets of deliciousness stuffed with flavorful fillings always hit the spot. My personal favorites are xiaolongbao - those addictive soup dumplings with the hot broth inside. Slurping up that broth is just heavenly.Another classic is kung pao chicken. With its zesty sauce, crunchy peanuts, and tender chicken, it's an explosion of tastes and textures in your mouth. Just thinking about the fragrant mix of soy sauce, vinegar, chili peppers, and garlic is making my mouth water. And let's not forget everyone's favorite - sweet and sour pork or chicken. Those crispy battered chunks swimming in that perfect sweet, sour, and savory sauce...yum!Then you have all the different kinds of noodles and noodle dishes. Lo mein, chow mein, dan dan noodles with theirlip-smacking spicy sauce, beef chow fun with those glorious wide rice noodles. I could go on and on. Noodles are just such a staple and you can find them in so many varieties across different Chinese cuisines.Speaking of regional cuisines, that's one of the things I find most fascinating about Chinese food - the incredible diversity. The cooking styles and ingredients can vary so much from region to region. Like the fiery and mouth-numbing dishes of Sichuan cuisine with their signature Sichuan peppercorns. The lighter, more delicate flavors of Cantonese cuisine. The creative veggie-based dishes of Buddhist temple food. Each style has its own unique characteristics.Part of what makes Chinese food so great is all the different cooking techniques. There's stir-frying to get that amazingwok-breath flavor. Steaming to keep things tender and juicy. Smoking for that incredible depth. And let's not forget the masterful art of noodle-pulling!Then you have all the different key ingredients that make Chinese cuisine taste so comforting yet so vibrant. The umami punch of fermented sauces and pastes like soy sauce, hoisin, and doubanjiang. The bright, fresh notes of ginger, garlic, and scallions. The tickle of chili peppers and Sichuan peppercorns. The nuttiness of sesame and peanuts. The mouthfeel from ingredients like wood ear mushrooms. It's an entire flavor and texture universe.I have to say, one of my favorite things about Chinese food is how communal and social it is. Sharing all those little plates and platters family-style, scooping up mouthfuls with your chopsticks straight from the dishes - it's just such a warm, festive atmosphere. You're not just nourishing your body, but your soul too by bonding over delicious food with loved ones.And let's be real - Chinese food is the ultimate comfort food. After a long, hard day, is there anything better than digging into a big plate of beef and broccoli over rice or some hot and sour soup? It's like an edible hug.Another great aspect of Chinese cuisine is how nutritious and balanced it can be when done right. With dishes featuring lean proteins, fresh veggies, energizing carbs, and small portions, it really exemplifies the idea of eating until you're about 80% full. Of course, there are plenty of indulgent dishes too, but moderation is key to keeping things wholesome.I could honestly go on forever singing the praises of Chinese food. From the dazzling Dim Sum carts piled with delicacies to the humble yet satisfying bowls of congee, it's a cuisine with so much range and depth. Every bite tells a story of culture, tradition, and centuries of refinement.Food is one of the greatest joys in life, and Chinese cuisine is the embodiment of that joy for me. With its harmonious blending of flavors and gastronomy skills passed down through generations, it's a delicious celebration of culinary artistry. I feel so lucky to have such an amazing array of dishes at my fingertips. From hole-in-the-wall noodle joints to award-winning restaurants, you can always find a delicious taste of Chinese food culture.I may only be in 7th grade, but my love for Chinese food runs deep. With its vibrant tastes and culinary wizardry, it's food that sparks the senses and nourishes the soul. I'm eternally grateful to have such an incredible cuisine to explore and savor. Whenever I taste an exceptional Chinese dish, I get so excited to keep discovering more of its delectable treasures. In my book, Chinese food isn't just cuisine - it's edible magic.篇3Chinese Cuisine: A Delicious Journey through China's Culinary TraditionsAs a student fascinated by different cultures and their unique traditions, I have developed a deep appreciation for Chinese cuisine. From the mouth-watering aromas waftingthrough bustling city streets to the intricate preparation methods passed down through generations, Chinese food is a true feast for the senses.One of the things that first struck me about Chinese cuisine is its incredible diversity. With a vast country spanning numerous regions, each with its own distinct climate, geography, and cultural influences, the culinary landscape of China is a tapestry of flavors and cooking styles. From the fiery Sichuan dishes of the southwest to the delicate seafood creations of the coastal regions, each region boasts its own unique specialties and signature dishes.Take, for example, the world-famous Peking duck from Beijing. This succulent dish, with its crispy skin and tender, juicy meat, is a true masterpiece of culinary craftsmanship. The intricate process of preparing Peking duck involves several steps, including air-drying the bird to achieve that coveted crispy skin, and carefully hanging it in a specialized oven to ensure even cooking. The resulting dish is a testament to the patience and skill of Chinese chefs, who have perfected this tradition over centuries.Another aspect of Chinese cuisine that captivates me is the emphasis on balance and harmony. Chinese culinary philosophyis deeply rooted in the concepts of yin and yang, seeking to create dishes that harmoniously blend contrasting flavors, textures, and cooking techniques. This balance is evident in the way sweet and sour, spicy and mild, crispy and tender elements are skillfully combined to create a symphony of flavors on the palate.One dish that exemplifies this harmonious balance is the beloved kung pao chicken. Originating from the Sichuan province, this stir-fried dish combines the fiery heat of dried chili peppers with the sweetness of Chinese black vinegar, the crunch of roasted peanuts, and the tenderness of succulent chicken. Each bite offers a delightful interplay of flavors and textures, leaving the taste buds delightfully satisfied.Beyond the flavors themselves, Chinese cuisine also places great importance on the artful presentation of dishes. From the intricate carved radish garnishes adorning platters to the careful arrangement of ingredients on the plate, every element is thoughtfully considered to create a visually stunning and appetizing display. This attention to detail and appreciation for aesthetics is a testament to the cultural significance of food in Chinese society.Moreover, Chinese cuisine is deeply intertwined with the country's rich history and cultural traditions. Many dishes have fascinating stories and symbolism behind them, reflecting the values, beliefs, and customs of the people who created them. For instance, the beloved dumplings (jiaozi) are not only a delicious treat but also hold symbolic meaning during the Chinese New Year, representing wealth and prosperity for the coming year.As I continue to explore the vast and diverse world of Chinese cuisine, I am constantly amazed by the depth of knowledge, skill, and passion that goes into each dish. From the humble street food vendors skillfully crafting handmade noodles to the renowned chefs at iconic restaurants pushing the boundaries of innovation, the dedication to preserving and celebrating culinary traditions is truly inspiring.In conclusion, Chinese cuisine is a captivating journey through a rich tapestry of flavors, techniques, and cultural heritage. Each bite offers a glimpse into the vibrant history and traditions of this ancient civilization, igniting the senses and leaving an indelible mark on the palate. As a student with a deep appreciation for culinary arts, I am forever grateful for the opportunity to explore and savor the delectable wonders of Chinese cuisine.。
教中文的英语作文
教中文的英语作文Learning Chinese is a fascinating journey. The language is rich in history and culture, and it opens up a whole new world of possibilities. From the moment you start learning, you'll be captivated by the beauty of the characters and the melody of the tones. It's like diving into a sea of words and expressions, each one carrying its own unique meaning and emotion.One of the most exciting aspects of learning Chinese is the opportunity to explore its vast vocabulary. There are thousands of characters to learn, each with its owndistinct shape and sound. It's like discovering a treasure trove of words, waiting to be unlocked and used in everyday conversations. And with each new word you learn, you'llfeel a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction, knowing that you're one step closer to mastering the language.But learning Chinese is not just about memorizing characters and words. It's about immersing yourself in thelanguage and culture. It's about understanding the nuances and subtleties of Chinese grammar and syntax. It's about learning to think in Chinese, to express yourself in a way that is uniquely Chinese. It's about embracing a whole new way of communicating and connecting with others.And let's not forget about the beauty of Chinese calligraphy. The art of writing Chinese characters is a true work of art. Each stroke is carefully crafted, each character a masterpiece in itself. It's like painting with words, creating a visual representation of the meaning behind the characters. And as you learn to write Chinese characters, you'll not only develop a new skill, but also gain a deeper appreciation for the beauty of the language.But perhaps the most rewarding part of learning Chinese is the ability to communicate with native speakers. Whether it's ordering food at a restaurant, asking for directions, or engaging in a deep conversation, being able to speak Chinese opens up a world of possibilities. It allows you to connect with people on a deeper level, to understand their culture and way of thinking. It's like breaking downbarriers and building bridges between different cultures and languages.So, if you're considering learning Chinese, I say go for it! It may seem challenging at first, but the rewards are truly worth it. You'll not only gain a new language, but also a new perspective on the world. So dive in, embrace the journey, and let the beauty of the Chinese language guide you on your path to fluency.。
向外国友人推荐学汉语的理由英语作文
向外国友人推荐学汉语的理由英语作文Learning the Chinese language can be a highly rewarding and enriching experience for foreign students. As the most widely spoken language in the world with over 1.3 billion native speakers, Chinese offers a wealth of cultural, professional, and personal benefits that make it a valuable asset in today's increasingly globalized world. Whether you are a student, a business professional, or simply someone with a curious mind, mastering the Chinese language can open up a multitude of opportunities and provide you with a unique perspective on one of the world's oldest and most influential civilizations.One of the primary reasons to learn Chinese is the sheer cultural significance and richness of the language. Chinese is the oldest continuously used written language in the world, with a history spanning thousands of years. The Chinese characters, known as hanzi, are not only visually captivating but also deeply rooted in the country's rich cultural heritage. By learning Chinese, you will gain access to a vast repository of literature, art, philosophy, and traditions that have shaped the course of human civilization. Fromthe ancient wisdom of Confucius and Lao Tzu to the timeless poetry of Li Bai and Du Fu, the Chinese language provides a gateway to a cultural legacy that is unparalleled in its depth and diversity.Moreover, learning Chinese can be a transformative experience that broadens your worldview and challenges your cognitive abilities. The language is fundamentally different from Western languages, with its own unique grammar, syntax, and writing system. Mastering the tonal nature of Chinese and the intricate character-based writing system can be a daunting yet deeply rewarding challenge, as it requires a level of mental flexibility and problem-solving skills that can be applied to various aspects of life. The process of learning Chinese can enhance your cognitive abilities, improve your memory, and develop your critical thinking skills, making you a more adaptable and well-rounded individual.In today's increasingly interconnected global economy, the ability to communicate in Chinese has become a valuable asset for professionals in a wide range of industries. China's rapid economic growth and its emergence as a dominant player on the world stage have made it a crucial market for businesses and organizations around the world. By learning Chinese, you can gain a competitive edge in the job market, as your language skills will be highly sought after by multinational companies, international organizations, and government agencies that are looking to expand their presence inthe Chinese market. Whether you are interested in finance, technology, tourism, or diplomacy, mastering the Chinese language can open up a world of opportunities and help you navigate the complex cultural and business landscape of one of the world's most influential economies.Beyond the professional benefits, learning Chinese can also enrich your personal life and provide you with a deeper understanding of the world around you. By immersing yourself in the language and culture, you will have the opportunity to connect with a vast network of Chinese-speaking individuals, from local residents to global citizens. This cultural exchange can lead to lifelong friendships, unique travel experiences, and a greater appreciation for the diversity of human experiences. Additionally, the process of learning Chinese can be a deeply rewarding and intellectually stimulating journey, as you explore the nuances of the language, the intricacies of Chinese traditions, and the perspectives of a civilization that has shaped the course of human history.In conclusion, the reasons to learn Chinese are numerous and compelling. Whether you are motivated by cultural, professional, or personal aspirations, mastering the Chinese language can be a transformative experience that enriches your life in countless ways. From gaining access to a rich cultural legacy to enhancing your cognitive abilities and professional prospects, learning Chinese is aninvestment in your future that will pay dividends for years to come. So, if you are looking to expand your horizons, broaden your perspectives, and connect with one of the most influential civilizations in the world, consider embarking on the rewarding journey of learning the Chinese language.。
UNIT1 Learning Chinese 中文入门
UNIT 1Jiǔ céng zhī tái, qǐ yú lěi tǔ; qiān lǐ zhī xíng shǐ yú zú xià.9 level tower, begin by piling earth, 1000 mile journey begins with foot downa single step.A tall tower begins with the foundation; a long journey begins withLǎozǐContents1.1 Conventions1.2 Pronunciation1.3 Numbering and ordering1.4 Stative Verbs1.5 Time and tense1.6 Pronouns Exercise 11.7 Action verbs1.8 Conventional greetings Exercise 21.9 Greeting and taking leaveTones Exercise 31.101.11 Summary1.12 Rhymes and rhythms1.1 ConventionsThe previous Unit on ‘sounds and symbols’ provided the first steps in learning to associate the pinyin transcription of Chinese language material with accurate pronunciation. The task will continue as you start to learn to converse by listening to conversational material while reading it in the pinyin script. However, in the early units, it will be all too easy to fall back into associations based on English spelling, and so occasionally (as in the previous overview), Chinese cited in pinyin will be followed by a more transparent transitional spelling [placed in brackets] to alert you to the new values of the letters, eg: máng [mahng], or hěn [huhn].In the initial units, where needed, you are provided not only with an idiomatic English translation of Chinese material, but also, in parentheses, with a word-for-word gloss. The latter takes you into the world of Chinese concepts and allows you to under-stand how meanings are composed. The following conventions are used to make the presentation of this information clearer.Summary of conventionsa) Parentheses (...) enclose literal meanings, eg: Máng ma? (‘be+busy Q’)b) Plusses ( + ) indicate one-to-many, eg: hǎo ‘be+well’; nín ‘you+POL’c) Capitals (Q) indicate grammatical notions, eg:Q for ‘question’; POL for‘polite’. In cases where there is no easy label for the notion, theChinese word itself is cited in capitals, with a fuller explanation toappear later: Nǐ ne? ‘(you NE)’d) Spaces ( ) enclose words, eg: hěn hǎo versus shūfu.e) Hyphens ( - ) used in standard pinyin transcription to link certain constituents, egdì-yī ‘first’ or mǎma-hūhū ‘so-so’. In English glosses, hyphensindicate meanings of the constituent parts of Chinese compounds,eg: hǎochī (‘good-eat’).f) Brackets [ ] indicate material that is obligatorily expressed in one language, notin the other: Máng ma? ‘Are [you] busy?’ Or they may enclosenotes on style or other relevant information: bàng ‘be good; super’[colloquial].g) Angle brackets < > indicate optional material: <Nǐ> lèi ma? ie, either Nǐ lèi ma? orLèi ma?h) Non-italic / italic: indicates turns in a conversation.1.2 PronunciationTo get your vocal organs ready to pronounce Chinese, it is useful to contrast the articulatory settings of Chinese and English by pronouncing pairs of words selected for their similarity of sound. Thus kǎo ‘to test’ differs from English ‘cow’ not only in tone, but also in vowel quality.sinshowc) shòub) xìna) kǎocowzhōu Joechinhowqínhǎosǒu sojīn ginnownǎorowseenròuxìnchow[-time]chǎodōu dough sǎo sow[’sear] jīn Jeanlín leantoetóubowbǎo[ship’s]beadse) bízid) pō paw duōdoo[r]lǐzi leads bō bo[r]e tuōto[r]eseeds mō mo[r]e luōlawxízi1.3 Numbering and orderingThis section contains information that can be practiced daily in class by counting off, or giving the day’s date.1.3.1 The numbers, 1 – 10:yī èr sān sì wǔ liù qībā jiǔ shí1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101.3.2 Beyond 10Higher numbers are formed quite regularly around shí ‘ten’ (or a multiple of ten), with following numbers additive (shísān ‘13’, shíqī ‘17’) and preceding numbers multiplicative (sānshí ‘30’, qīshí ’70):shíyī shí’èr shísì èrshí èrshíyī èrshí’èr èrshísì sānshí sānshíyī11 12 14 20 21 22 24 30 311.3.3 The ordinal numbersOrdinals are formed with a prefix, dì (which by pinyin convention, is attached to the following number with a hyphen):dì-yī dì-èr dì-sān dì-sì dì-wǔ, etc.1st2nd3rd4th5th1.3.4. DatesDates are presented in descending order in Chinese, with year first (nián, think [nien]), then month (yuè, think [yu-eh]) and day (hào). Years are usually presented as a string of digits (that may include líng ‘zero’) rather than a single figure: yī-jiǔ-jiǔ-liù nián ‘1996’; èr-líng-líng-sān nián ‘2003’. Months are formed regularly with numerals: yīyuè ‘January’, èryuè ‘February’, shí’èryuè ‘December’.èrlínglíngsān nián bāyuè sān hào ‘August 3rd, 2003’yījiǔbāwǔ nián èryuè shíbā hào ‘February 18th, 1985’Notes1. Amongst northern Chinese, yīyuè often shows the yi tone shift in combinationwith a following day: yíyuè sān hào. Qī ‘7’ and bā ‘8’, both level-toned words,sometimes show the same shift in dates (as well as in other contexts prior to afourth toned word): qíyuè liù hào; báyuè jiǔ hào.2. In the written language, rì ‘day’ (a much simpler character) is often used inplace of hào: thus written bāyuè sān rì (八月三日), which can be read out as such, would be spoken as bā ~ báyuè sān hào (which in turn, could be written verbatimas 八月三号).1.3.5 The celestial stemsJust as English sometimes makes use of letters rather than numbers to indicate a sequence of items, so Chinese sometimes makes use of a closed set of words with fixed order known as the ‘ten stems’ (shígān), or the ‘celestial stems’ (tiāngān), for counting purposes. The ten stems have an interesting history, which will be discussed in greater detail along with information on the Chinese calendar in §4.6.2. For now, they will be used in much the same way that, in English, roman numerals or letters of the alphabet are used to mark subsections of a text, or turns in a dialogue. The first four or five of the ten are much more frequent than the others, simply because they occur early in the sequence.The ten celestial stems (tiāngān)jiǎyǐbǐng dīng wù甲乙丙丁戊A B C D Ejǐgēng xīn rén guǐ己庚辛任癸F G H I J1.4 Stative VerbsThe verb is the heart of the Chinese sentence. Young urban speakers of Chinese may slip material from English or other languages into the noun position in a sentence (Wǒ yǒu lab. ‘I have a lab’), and nouns such as jítā ‘guitar’ with foreign origins have been incorporated in the language as a result of persistent contact with other cultures. But very rarely does foreign language material show up in the verb position.Some comparisons with English also reveal the centrality of the verb to the Chinese sentence schema. In Chinese, where the context makes the participants clear, verbs do not need to be anchored with pronouns – as they do in English:JiǎMáng ma? Are [you] busy?YǐHěn máng. Yes, [I] am.In English, ‘am’ is not a possible response to the question ‘are you busy?’. A pronoun is required: ‘I am.’ However, in the English answer, the verb ‘busy’ does not need to be repeated – ‘I am’ rather than ‘I am busy’. Chinese behaves oppositely from English, as our example shows. Pronouns are often not expressed when the context makes the reference clear. On the other hand, verbs tend to be reiterated in the answer, without the need of an equivalent to the ‘yes’ or ‘no’ of English.1.4.1 Types of verbsAs you encounter words in Chinese, you will find that it is useful to categorize them into groups and subgroups (the traditional parts of speech and their subclasses), such as nouns (with subtypes such as countable and non-countable), verbs (with subtypes such as transitive and non-transitive), pronouns (eg, personal pronouns and demonstratives), and adverbs (eg, manner adverbs and degree adverbs). Such categories capture useful generalizations about how words behave. An adverb, for example, will always appear before a verb (or other adverb).It is also useful to be able to talk about the components of a sentence: subjects, predicates, adverbials, modifiers, etc. A general schema for the sentence hěn máng would be a null subject, and a predicate consisting of an adverb (hěn) and a verb (máng). It is not necessary to be adept at using the linguistic nomenclature, but it is important to beLearning Chinese: A Foundation Course in Mandarin Julian K. Wheatley, MIT able to understand the notion of classes of words and positions within sentence structure so that generalizations can be noted.For Chinese verbs, it will be useful to distinguish a number of classes. In this lesson, we will focus on two. One resembles what are called adjectives in English andmany other languages: hǎo ‘be good’, máng ‘be busy’, è ‘be hungry’. As the Englishglosses show, these words do not require an additional form of the verb ‘to be’ (‘are, am, is, etc.’) when they are used as predicates in Chinese: Lèi ma? ‘Are [you] tired?’ / Hěnlèi. ‘[I] am.’ The difference is shown by translating the Chinese words as ‘be+tired’,‘be+good’, etc. Because such words convey states rather than actions, they are called‘stative verbs’, abbreviated as ‘SVs’. Strictly speaking, SVs should always be glossed as ‘be+adjective’ (when they are being used as predicates). But once the notion is familiar, we will often fall back on the more convenient practice of glossing them with Englishadjectives: máng ‘busy’; shūfu ‘comfortable’.Another general class of verbs involve actions: chī ‘eat’; xǐzǎo ‘to wash’; zǒu ‘to walk; leave’. These will simply be called action verbs, abbreviated V act.1.4.2 Questions and positive responsesYou can begin by learning to ask questions with SVs, and to give either positive ornegative responses. Assuming that the context makes explicit [subject] pronounsunnecessary, then one way to ask questions that seek confirmation or denial - yes-noquestions - is to add the final ‘question particle’ ma to the proposal:Hǎo ma? Are [you] well?Máng ma? Is [she] busy?Lèi ma? Are [you] tired?È ma? Is [he] hungry?Kě ma? Are [you] thirsty?Jǐnzhāng ma? Are [they] nervous?Shūfu ma? Are [you] comfortable?Lěng ma? Are [you] cold?Rè ma? Is [it] hot?Gāo ma? Is [she] tall?Duì ma? Is [it] correct?[mahng]mángNotes:lèi rhymes with English ‘say’; duì (and wèi), rhyme with ‘way’è [uh]; cf. rè [ruh] and hěn [huhn]jǐnzhāng [jeen-j!ahng]; shūfu [sh!oofoo] – ! reminds you to raise thetip of your tongue towards the roof of your mouth.Positive responses repeat the verb, usually with an adverb. The default adverb, where no other is chosen, is hěn, usually glossed as ‘very’, however, in contexts such as these, hěn does little more than support the positive orientation of the sentence, and so is best left untranslated. SVs such as duì ‘correct’, which are ‘all or nothing’, do not occur with degree adverbs, such as hěn.Hĕn máng. Yes, [I] am.ma?MángKĕ ma? Hĕn kě. Yes, [I] am. Apply the tone rule!Gāo ma? Hĕn gāo. Yes, [she] is.[it]is.ma? Duì.DuìYes,Notice that unlike English, where the typical positive answer indicates affirmation with ‘yes’ before going on to answer the question, Mandarin has only the direct answer.1.4.3 Negative responsesNegative responses are usually formed with bu ‘not the case’— recall that the tone of bu is conditioned by that of the following syllable.Máng ma? Bù máng. No, [I]’m not.Kě ma? Bù kě. No, [I]’m not.Gāo ma? Bù gāo. No, [she]’s not.[it]’snot.duì. No,ma? BúDuìAs with positive answers, Chinese has no direct equivalent to ‘no’, but simply offers a negated verb.A less abrupt negative (but, again, not used with duì) is formed with bú (with tone shift) plus tài ‘too; very’:Hǎo ma? Bú tài hǎo. No, not very.Máng ma? Bú tài máng. No, not too.Lèi ma? Bú tài lèi.è.tàima?ÈBú[Negative questions with ma, such as Nǐ bú lèi ma? ‘Aren’t you tired?’, will be dealt with in a later unit. While such questions are easy to form in Chinese, the responses follow patterns unfamiliar to speakers of English.]1.4.4 V-not-V questionsAnother way to form yes-no questions is to present the verb and its negative, as though offering both options. The negative, bu, in these constructions is often toneless in normal speech: hǎo bù hǎo is usually pronounced hǎo bu hǎo, or even hǎo bu hao. While V-ma questions slightly presuppose an answer congruent with the question – ie positive for positive questions, negative for negative questions, V-not-V questions are neutral. At this stage, you can regard the two as essentially equivalent:ma? Hĕn rè.Rèburè? Hĕn rè.Rèma? Bùlěng.Lěnglěng.tàiBúLěng bu lěng?Other examplesDuì.duì?buDuìHěn hǎo. With tone shift!Hǎo bu hǎo?Máng bu máng? Bù máng.Hěn lèi.lèi?buLèiè.tàiÈè? BúbuKě bu kě? Hěn kě.Hěn lěng.Lěng bu lěng?Rè bu rè? Bú tài rè.jǐnzhāng.Jǐn<zhāng> bu jǐnzhāng? BùShū<fu> bu shūfu? Bù shūfu.NoteWith two-syllable SVs, the 2nd syllable of the first, positive part of V-not-Vquestions often gets elided, as indicated by < > in the last two examples.1.4.5 Three degrees of responseYou can respond to the two kinds of yes-no questions positively, neutrally, or negatively; the typical neutral response makes use of the adverb hái (or, before other adverbs, háishi) ‘still; yet’: hái hǎo ‘so so; [I]’m okay (still okay)’.SUMMARYSVs: hǎo, máng, lèi, è, kě, lěng, rè, gāo, shūfu, jǐnzhāng, duìYes-No Qs+ 0 ---ma V-not-VLèi ma? Lèi bu lèi? Hěn lèi. Hái hǎo. Bú lèi. Bú tài lèi.jǐnzhāng.Jǐnzhāng ma? Jǐn bu jǐnzhāng?Hěn jǐnzhāng. Hái hǎo. BùBú tài jǐnzhāng.1.5 Time and tense1.5.1 Today, yesterday and tomorrowSpeakers of English and other European languages take the verbal category of tense for granted: speaking of the past generally requires past tense. For Chinese (as well as many other languages), this is not so. Time words such as jīntiān ‘today’, zuótiān ‘yesterday’ (both of which share the root tiān ‘sky; day’), or dates (bā hào), may be added to simple sentences containing SVs without any change to the form of the verb, or any other addition to the sentence:Zuótiān lěng ma? Was [it] cold yesterday? <Zuótiān> bú tài lěng.Zuótiān rè bu rè? Was [it] hot yesterday? <Zuótiān> hĕn rè!Zuótiān hĕn máng ma?Were [you] busy yesterday? <Zuótiān> hĕn máng!Jīntiān lèi bu lèi? Are [you] tired today? <Jīntiān> hái hăo!Èrshíbā hào hěn lěng. T he 28th was quite cold.Note the differences in word order between the English and the Chinese in the previous examples:Was it cold? > It was cold. Lěng ma? > Hĕn lěng.Was it cold yesterday? Zuótiān lěng ma?The appearance of a time word such as míngtiān (or a date) can be sufficient to indicate that an event is certain to occur in the future – something that is also true of English.Wǒ míngtiān hěn máng. I’m busy tomorrow.However, at times, Chinese does require some additional acknowledgement of the fact that, unlike the past and present, the future is uncertain. Thus, in talking about future weather, the word huì ‘can; will; likely to’ is in many cases added to the statement of futurity: Míngtiān huì hěn lěng ma? ‘Will [it] be cold tomorrow?’ Huì, while it does correspond to English ‘will’ in this example, is not actually as common as the latter.For the time being, you should be wary of talking about future states.1.5.2 SVs plus leRather than the static notion of past versus present (or, more accurately, past versus non-past), Chinese is more sensitive to a dynamic notion of ‘phase’, or ‘change’. For example, if a speaker wishes to underscore the relevance of a new situation, he can signal it by the addition of the sentence-final ‘particle’, le:Zuótiān bù shūfu, jīntiān [I] didn’t feel well yesterday, but [I]’mtoday.hăole. okayAn explicit contrast between an earlier situation (zuótiān) and a current one (jīntiān) typically triggers this use of le. However, it is quite possible state the situation at both times without underscoring the change with le, too, as the examples below show.Other words that can signal prior or current time include:earlier currentyǐqián ‘formerly; before; used to [be]’ xiànzài ‘now; a present’běnlái ‘originally; at first’; zuìjìn ‘recently; lately (most-near)’cóngqián ‘before; in the past’ mùqián ‘at present; currently (eyes-before)’ExamplesYǐqián hĕn jĭnzhāng, xiànzài [I] was nervous yesterday, but [I]’m okay le.now.hăoXiànzài bú è le! [I]’m not hungry anymore!Yǐqián bù shūfu. [It] used to be uncomfortable.hottoday![It]’sgottenJīntiānrèle!Zuótiān hěn lèi, jīntiān hěn máng. [I] was tired yesterday [and] I’m busy today!Běnlái hěn máng, xiànzài hǎo le. [I] was busy at first, but now [I]’m okay.hěn lěng, hěn bù shūfu. It’s quite cold at present, [I’]m notMùqiáncomfortable.Běnlái hěn lěng, zuìjìn rè le. It used to be cold, but lately it’s gotten hot.wǒ bù shūfu, zuìjìn In the past, I wasn’t comfortable, butCóngqiánokay.[I’]mháihǎo. recently,Observe that it is the new situation that is associated with le, not the original state! The presence of le generally cancels out the need for a supporting adverb, such as hěn.1.6 PronounsAs many of the examples above show, Chinese often manages to keep track of people (or things) relevant to a situation without the use of pronouns. But pronouns are availablewhere context alone might be insufficient – or where it might otherwise be more appropriate to use one. The set of personal pronouns in Chinese is relatively simple, and regular. They are presented in the following table, with notes following:singular collective singular plural wǒwǒmen I, me we, usnǐ nín nǐmen you you [polite] you [all]they, them tātāmen he, she, [it]him, herNotesa) Tā tends to refer only to people (or to animals being treated as if they werepeople); in speech, at least, it rarely refers to things, and so rarely corresponds toEnglish ‘it’. On those occasions when tā is used to refer to things, it is morecommon in object position, so it is more likely to occur in the Chinese equivalentLearning Chinese: A Foundation Course in Mandarin Julian K. Wheatley, MIT of the sentence ‘put it away’ than in ‘it’s in the drawer’. Chinese sometimes uses ademonstrative (zhè ‘this’ or nà ‘that’) where English has ‘it’, but generally it hasno explicit correspondence at all.b) The form nínmen (‘you+POL-MEN’) is rare, but does sometimes occur inletters, or in formal speech. The -men suffix (not usually toned, though sometimescited in isolation with a rising tone) is most often found with pronouns, as shown.With nouns designating people, it can also occur as a ‘collective’ eg lǎoshī‘teacher’, lǎoshīmen ‘teachers’. But even in such cases, -men should not bethought of as a plural marker, for it never co-occurs with numerals: sān ge lǎoshī‘three teachers’,with no -men possible. In faster speech, wǒmen often becomeswǒm, tāmen, tām, and so on.c) Mandarin speakers from Beijing and the northeast, also make a distinction(found in many languages) between wǒmen ‘we’ that includes speaker, addresseeand others, and zán or zánmen (pronounced ‘zámen’, as if without the first ‘n’)‘the two of us; we’. The latter includes the speaker and the person spoken to, butexcludes others. Eg Zánmen zǒu ba! ‘Let’s leave [us, but not the rest of them]’ – aphrase worth storing away as a prototype example for zánmen.1.6.1 NamesWhere the identification or status of a person requires more than a pronoun, then ofcourse, Chinese has recourse to personal names, or names and titles (cf. §1.9.1). For now, suffice it to say that Chinese students often refer to each other either by personal name (at least two syllables), or by surname (xìng) prefixed by a syllable such as xiǎo ‘young’.Thus, Liú Guózhèng may be addressed by friends as Guózhèng or xiǎo Liú; Lǐ Dān, as LǐDān (full name of two syllables) or xiǎo Lǐ.1.6.2 The particle ne and the adverb yěThe particle ne, placed after subject nouns, has a number of uses. It may signal a pausefor reflection, something particularly useful for learners:Zuótiān ne, zuótiān hĕn rè. Yesterday -- yesterday was hot.Tā ne, tā hĕn jĭnzhāng. [As for] him, he’s quite anxious.It may also be used to signal follow-up questions. The response to a follow-up questionoften contains the adverb yĕ ‘also; too; as well’. Recall that adverbs are placed beforeverbs (including SVs) or other adverbs (such as bu):JiǎYǐJīntiān lèi ma? Hĕn lèi, nĭ ne?Wŏ yĕ hĕn lèi.Jīntiān rè bù rè? Hĕn rè.Zuótiān ne? Zuótiān yĕ hĕn rè.Nĭ jĭnzhāng ma? Bù jĭnzhāng le. Nĭ ne?Wŏ háishi hĕn jĭnzhāng. Ng.Xiǎo Wáng zuótiān bù shūfu. Jīntiān ne?Jīntiān hǎo le. Ng.NotesHáishi ‘still’; cf. §1.7.1.1.2. Spoken Chinese makes use of variety of ‘interjections’. Ng (with pronunciationranging from a nasalized ‘uh’ to ‘n’) is one of them. On the falling tone, itindicates agreement, or as in the above example, understanding.Exercise 1.Write down, and recite, what you would say under the circumstances; be prepared to shift roles:1. Ask him if [he] was busy yesterday?2. Note that [it]’s quite cold today.3. Remark that [it]’s gotten cold today.4. Find out if young Li’s nervous.5. Respond that [she] is [nervous].6. Say that you are too.7. Say [you] didn’t feel well yesterday.8. Say that you’re better now.9. Tell your friend [you]’re not very hungry.10. Tell him that you’re okay today, [but] you were quite nervous before.11. Ask your friend if [she]’s thirsty [or not].12. Find out if your classmate is comfortable.13. Say that [you]’re not hungry anymore.14. Say that he was wrong.1.7 Action verbsWhile SVs attribute emotional or physical states to people or things, V act involve deeds such as ‘eating’ or ‘going to class’. V act are often subdivided into ‘transitive’, ie those that generally presuppose an object (‘read > a book’; ‘eat > a meal’); and ‘intransitive’, ie those that do not presuppose an object (‘walk’; ‘kneel’). However, languages differ as to how this distinction is actually realized. In English for example, when the verb ‘eat’ means ‘eat a meal’, English has the option of either not expressing an object (‘When do we eat?’), or using the generic noun ‘meal’ (‘We had a meal earlier’).Chinese adopts a different strategy. In comparable sentences, rather than not mentioning an object for lack of a particular one, Chinese only has the option of providing a generic object like ‘meal’: Nǐ chīfàn le ma? ‘Have you eaten? (you eat-riceLE Q)’. The core meaning of fàn, as shown in the gloss, is ‘cooked rice’, but in thiscontext, its meaning is extended to ‘food’ or ‘meal’. When a particular kind of food is mentioned, then fàn will be replaced by specific words: chī miàn ‘eat noodles’, chī bāozi‘eat dumplings’; chī zǎodiǎn ‘eat breakfast’, etc.Another case in which Chinese provides a generic object where English has eitheran intransitive verb or one of a number of specific options is xǐzǎo ‘to bathe; take abath/shower, etc.’ Xǐzǎo is composed of the verb xǐ ‘wash’ and zǎo, an element that nolonger has independent status, but which is treated like an object. So while English usesan intransitive verb ‘to bathe’ or a specific object ‘take a bath’, Chinese provides ageneric object, zǎo. When a specific object is needed, it substitutes for zǎo: xǐ yīfu ‘wash clothes’; xǐ liǎn ‘wash [one’s] face’, etc.The following table gives verbs or verb+objects for events that tend to happen inthe course of a day. [Polite inquiries about bathing are appropriate in tropical or sub-tropical climates.]VERB OBJECT V-Ozǒu ‘leave’qǐlai ‘get up; rise’shuì ‘sleep’ jiào bound form shuìjiào ‘go to bed; sleep’chī ‘eat’ fàn ‘cooked rice’ chīfàn ‘eat; have a [proper] meal’ xǐ ‘wash’ zǎo bound form xǐzǎo ‘bathe; take a bath etc.’kàn ‘look at’ bào ‘newspaper’ kànbào ‘read the paper’shàng ‘ascend’ xià ‘descend’ kè ‘class’ shàngkè ‘teach a class; attend class’xiàkè ‘finish class; get out of class’shàng ‘ascend’ xià ‘descend’ bān ‘job; shift’ shàngbān ‘go to work; start work’xiàbān ‘get out of work’1.7.1 Negative statements, with méiyouWith action verbs, the plain negative with bu usually indicates intention:Wŏ bù zŏu.I’mnotleaving.Tāmen bù xǐzǎo. They’re not going to bathe.Tā bù chī le. He won’t eat anymore.Such declarations, while possible, are in fact more likely to be cast in some less abrupt form, using verbs such as yào ‘want’ or xiǎng ‘(think) feel like’. We will get to such verbs quite soon, but at this stage, rather than talking about intentions, we will focus on whether events have happened or not. In such cases, the negation is formed with the negative of the verb yǒu ‘have; exist’. This is méiyou, or simply méi. [Yǒu is the one verb in Mandarin whose negative is not formed with bu – the one irregular verb, you might say.]Méichīfàn. [We] didn’t eat; [we] haven’t eaten.xǐzǎo. [I] didn’t bathe; [I] haven’t bathed.Méiyoushàngbān. [She] didn’t go to work; [she] hasn’t started work. MéiSince the action verbs introduced in this lesson involve events that can be expected to take place regularly over the course of the day, the adverb hái (háishi before other adverbs) ‘still; yet’ is common in negative answers. Hái<shi> is frequently accompanied by the sentence-final particle, ne, which in general, conveys a tone of immediacy or suspense (as well as being associated with follow up questions, cf. §1.6.2).Hái méi chīfàn ne. [We] haven’t eaten yet.méiyouxǐzǎo ne. [I] haven’t bathed yet.HáiHái méi shàngbān. [She] hasn’t started work yet.1.7.2 Positive statements, with leAs noted in §1.5.2, le with SVs signals a newly relevant state: jīntiān hǎo le. WithV act, the function of le is more diffuse, or at least it seems so from a learner’s perspective. Le with V act, much as it does with SVs, may signal a newly relevant situation – or phase. But with V act what is relevant may be the initiation of the action, or it may be the conclusion of the action.a) Initiation:Zǒu le. [They]’re off.Chīfàn le [They]’ve started [eating].Shàngkè le. [They]’re starting class.b) Conclusion:Zǒu le. [They]’ve gone; they left.Chīfàn le. [We]’ve eaten; we ate.Shàngkè le. [They]’ve gone to class; [they] went to class.‘Conclusion’ may seem like another way of saying ‘past tense’; but there are reasons for avoiding any identification of le with [past] tense. You have already seen that with SVs, it is not the past situation that is marked with le, but the current one: Zuótiānbù shūfu, jīntiān hǎo le. And you will see many other cases where past tense in English does not correspond to the presence of le in Chinese. But more to the point: injecting the notion of past tense into our description of le suggests a static function quite at odds with that other, well-established dynamic function of le, to signal what is newly relevant.For the time being, then, note that le has two faces: it signals the current relevancy of a new state or situation; and it signals the current relevancy of a completed event. While in the first case, le can appear with the negative, bu (bù lěng le ‘it’s not cold anymore’), in the second, it cannot – it can only be replaced by méi<you>, to form the negative (hái méi chī ne).。
学习中文的作文英语
学习中文的作文英语Title: The Importance of Learning Chinese: A Journey of Language Acquisition。
In today's interconnected world, the ability to communicate in multiple languages is becoming increasingly valuable. One language that has garnered significant attention in recent years is Chinese. Whether it's for business, cultural exchange, or personal growth, the benefits of learning Chinese are manifold.Firstly, let's explore the economic aspect. China's economy has experienced rapid growth over the past few decades, making it a major player in the global market. As a result, proficiency in Chinese can open up a plethora of job opportunities, especially in fields such as international business, finance, and trade. Many multinational corporations are seeking employees who can speak Chinese fluently to facilitate communication with Chinese partners and clients. By learning Chinese,individuals can enhance their competitiveness in the job market and potentially advance their careers.Moreover, delving into the realm of Chinese language and culture provides a deeper understanding of one of the world's oldest civilizations. The Chinese language is rich in history and tradition, with thousands of characters, each carrying its own significance. Through learning Chinese, one gains insight into the nuances of Chinese culture, including its literature, philosophy, and art. This cultural appreciation fosters cross-cultural understanding and promotes harmony in an increasingly diverse global society.Furthermore, mastering Chinese can serve as a gateway to accessing a vast pool of knowledge and resources. China boasts a wealth of academic institutions renowned for their research and innovation. By being proficient in Chinese, individuals can tap into this intellectual capital, accessing cutting-edge research, literature, and academic discourse that may not be readily available in other languages. Additionally, proficiency in Chinese opens upopportunities for academic exchange programs, allowing students and scholars to immerse themselves in Chinese culture while pursuing their studies.Beyond the tangible benefits, learning Chinese is a journey of personal growth and development. Language learning is not merely about acquiring vocabulary and grammar; it's about broadening one's perspective and embracing diversity. Learning Chinese challengesindividuals to think differently, adapt to new linguistic structures, and communicate with people from diverse backgrounds. It fosters cognitive flexibility, problem-solving skills, and cultural empathy, all of which are invaluable traits in today's interconnected world.In conclusion, the importance of learning Chinese extends far beyond the confines of language proficiency. It offers economic opportunities, cultural enrichment, access to knowledge, and personal growth. As the world continues to globalize, proficiency in Chinese will become increasingly advantageous, serving as a bridge between cultures and facilitating mutual understanding. So, whetherfor professional advancement, academic pursuit, or personal enrichment, embarking on the journey of learning Chinese is a rewarding endeavor that promises both intellectual stimulation and cultural enlightenment.。
什么是lean精益生产
Traditional
process
VA
improvement
NVA NVA
Kaizen waste reduction
VA NVA
Original lead time
Minor improvement Major improvement
• Reducing value-added (VA) activities results in only minor gains • Reducing waste results in major lead time reductions
So… What’s Driving The Waste?
• Distance (plant layout) • Long set-up times • Incapable processes • Poor maintenance • Poor work methods • Lack of training • Adherence (or not) to
Don’ t make capital investments on improving VAs until the NVAs achieve equilibrium with the VAs
© 2003 Kaufman Global, LLC
11
Benefits of Lean
• The Benefits Are There For The Taking
If You Look To Technology To Save Us, We Will Be Caught From Behind, Overrun And Butchered By The Competition
© 2003 Kaufman Global, LLC
翻译技巧与误译评析
翻译技巧与误译评析【例１】请到休息室去喝杯咖啡。
[误译]Please go to the restroom to have a cup of coffee.[正译]Please go to the lobby to have a cup of coffee.【例２】红眼[误译]red eye [正译]pink eye [正译]to be green-eyed【例３】日本以温泉驰名。
[误译]Japan boasts warm springs. [正译]Japan boasts hot springs.【例４】我通常睡得很晚。
[误译]I usually sleep very late. [正译]I usually go to sleep very late.【例５】我们是１９９７级的学生。
[误译]We are students of the 1997 grade [正译]We are students of the 1997 enrolment.【例６】凶宅[误译]fearful mansion [正译]haunted house【例7】敲门[误译]knock the door [正译]knock on the door【例8】靠墙[误译]lean the wall [正译]lean against the wall【例9】笑话她[误译]laugh her [正译]laugh at her（或者mock her）【例10】想你[误译]think you [正译]think of you（或者miss you）【例11】考虑问题[误译]think the problem [正译]think of the problem（或者consider the problem）【例12】因此在这个问题上我重复了这么多遍以后，我今天实在不想再讲了。
[误译]But after repeating so many times on the question, I’m really very reluctant to talk about it any more today.[正译]But after repeating my answer so many times on the question, I’m really very reluctant to talk about it any more today.【例13】如果今年再提出来，我想也不会有别的结果。
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精益思想
•精益理念介绍
•七种浪费
•价值流图
Brain consulting
•精益理念
•
要达到成功，必须使用整个系统战略资源。
而整个系统战略的实现是由领导层的承诺、专业知识，有效的计划和正确的行动路线来支持的。
你以前听说过精益思想吗你以前听说过精益思想吗？？
•精益的定义
精益是基于一些基本原则之上的理念
价值是由客户定义的
–价值流识别
所有的浪费都应被消除
–改进价值流直到只有增值的活动留下
产品要在制造系统中流过
–单件流是我们的终极目标
•精益的定义
生产的节拍要和客户的“拉动”相匹配
–原材料被“拉动”通过制造系统
持续不断的追求“杰出”
“精益”不是一种绝对的东西…
…它不是规则，仅仅是一些方针
•精益的方向
精益生产的目的是使我们的公司变得更加强
大，反应更加灵敏
•强大= 好的能够持续的绩效
•灵敏= 能够迅速的适应市场环境的变化 精益能够降低我们的制造成本精益能够降低我们的制造成本，，并且提高了顾客的满意度
•精益的原则之一:
价值是由顾客来定义的
增值的工作
非增值的工作
•精益的原则之一:
价值是由顾客来定义的
价值流的定义价值流的定义::原材料转变成产成品的过程中所需要的一系列活动
•价值流将工厂中的物流与信息流和生产过程与客户的要求联系起来
•价值流可以被用来确认并消除浪费Brain consulting 精益理念•精益的原则之一:
价值是由顾客来定义的
Value Stream Map -Current State
•价值流图
•精益的原则之一:
价值是由顾客来定义的
什么是浪费?
•
–
改正的浪费–
过量生产的浪费–
信息与材料移动的浪费–
动作的浪费–
等待的浪费–
库存的浪费–
过程的浪费
•精益原则之一:所有的浪费都能够被消除
2
•–偏差
–超负荷
–当前的工艺方法•精益原则之一:所有的浪费都能够被消除
一些浪费的例子改正1)动作4)移动3)过量生产2)
6•精益原则之一:所有的浪费都能够被消除
过程7)等待5)库存
6)•精益原则之一:所有的浪费都能够被消除 一些浪费的例子
•精益原则:
使产品流过制造系统
什么是流动制造??
什么是流动制造
–流动制造意味着按照客户的需求拉动材料没有间断的通过制造系统.
•目的目的::快速的响应客户的需求，为客户提供高质量的产品，并且尽可能有效的利用自己的资源•精益原则:使产品流过制造系统
为什么要聚焦于流动为什么要聚焦于流动??
–理解并且按照流程的思想管理制造可以使你更容易的识别与消除浪费•精益原则:使产品流过制造系统
–与之间的关系•精益原则:使产品流过制造系统
小批量的流动?
–“小批量的流动”–一种制造系统一种制造系统，，它使小批量的材料流过增值的流程批量的材料流过增值的流程，，并且在流动过程中没有间断或缓冲区
».小批量的流或单件流是流动制造的目标»单件流并不是最好的解决方式•精益原则:使产品流过制造系统
–在小批量的流动的工艺中，制造过程
被设计成能够使一个人负责整个产品
的制造.
•如果需求增加，再添加额外的人员来满足客户的节拍
•精益原则:使产品流过制造系统
为什么要实行小批量的流动•小批量的流动能够降低成本
–降低库存管理成本
–缩短生产周期
–这样能够迅速有效的将产品运送给客户
–实现小的成品库存
–减少材料的移动•精益原则:使产品流过制造系统
•小批量的流能够提高客户的满意度
–改善了可视控制和员工之间的沟通改善了可视控制和员工之间的沟通，，它能够
•快速的识别和解决质量问题
•快速的响应产品的更改•精益原则:使产品流过制造系统
–一些过程的理念与单件流冲突 单件流/小批量的流并不总是最好的 有很大的能力的设备
循环周期短的过程•精益原则:使产品流过制造系统
•精益原则:
使产品流过制造系统
大批量生产的流程
大批量生产的流程
•精益原则:
使产品流过制造系统
•精益原则:
使产品流过制造系统
小批量生产的流程
•精益原则:
生产速度要与顾客拉动的节拍一致
当顾客需要的时候才开始生产，并且只生产客户需要的东西
节拍节拍（（TAKT Time)TAKT Time)是客户拉动产品的频率是客户拉动产品的频率
•
精益意味着一个准时化的生产系统.•在客户不需要的时候生产是一种浪费(过量生产)
节拍...
•被用来使生产的速率与客户需求的速率相匹配•是平衡设备与操作者的目标
•是原材料消耗速度的度量•精益原则:
生产速度要与顾客拉动的节拍一致
出售服装的TAKT
:•
工作时间: -8：00至18：00•每天销量: -100 件
•精益原则:
生产速度要与顾客拉动的节拍一致
在产品与过程方面
推进“持续改进”的过程
−
应用价值流图来确认浪费−积极的实施改善活动
在制造系统中考虑防错的功能
–在机器的运行的过程中减少偏差
–减少员工的操作偏差= 工作标准化
–在三个层次上进行防错(产品–过程–系统)–发生错误马上停止生产
采用新技术来消除浪费•精益原则:追求杰出
•精益的制造系统
系统的精益用它生命周期的成本来衡量 精益的制造系统能够平衡人员精益的制造系统能够平衡人员、、设备与材料的投
入，并且能使浪费最少
•实施精益
“精益”不是绝对的
它没有规则，
只有方针
“Lean”means
THINKING
•实施精益
•7种浪费
•什么是浪费
什么是浪费？？ 7种基本形式的浪费–改正的浪费
–过量生产的浪费
–移动的浪费
–动作的浪费
–等待的浪费
–库存的浪费
–过程的浪费
•浪费的识别与消除 改正的浪费
识别
–过多的收料检查
–计量/检查工位
–废品/返工/整理区域
消除技术
–供应商质量管理体系
–在线计量/检查
–防错技术
–减少偏差
Golden Rule
Defects must be traced
to their root cause for a
permanent solution.
•浪费的识别与消除 过量生产的浪费
识别
–过量的库存
–推动系统
–高的废品/返工率
消除技术
–小批量生产（如可能“单件流”）
–拉动系统
–均衡生产
Golden Rule
Build what the customer
needs, when it is needed
in the quantity needed.
•浪费的识别与消除 材料移动的浪费
识别
–缺少拉动系统
–大的生产批量
–过多的库存
–运送工作标准化（确定路线/运送频次）–小容器运送–拉动系统
–改进工厂布局–
单件流
消除技术
Golden Rule Material movement adds NO VALUE to any part.
•浪费的识别与消除 动作的浪费
识别
–过多的弯腰/拾取
–过多的走动
–杂乱堆放的工作区域
消除技术
–改善工作区域设计
–改进设备布局与另部件摆放（缩小容器尺寸）–为存储区域各另部件的位置做标识
Golden Rule
The focus MUST be
on the operator.
•浪费的识别与消除 等待的浪费
识别
–操作者等待机器
–操作者等待材料
–改善工作分配
–对操作者进行多技能培训–拉动系统
–
提高换模时间 消除技术
Golden Rule
Design machine and
process to support operators; shift from machine focus to people focus .
•浪费的识别与消除 库存的浪费
识别
–存储区域
–不同操作之间的缓冲区
消除技术
–均衡生产
–拉动系统
–简化流程
Golden Rule
Inventory is often a
symptom of other forms
of waste. Eliminate the
waste and the inventory
will not be needed.
•浪费的识别与消除 过程的浪费
识别
–没有竞争力的成本
–不必要的热处理
–机器的空转
消除技术
–把当前过程的状态与客户的需求做比较–改进产品设计
–改进流程
Golden Rule
Understand customer
specifications.。