最新OB13_TIF09组织行为学第九章测试

Chapter 9 Foundations of Group BehaviorMULTIPLE CHOICEDefining and Classifying Groups1. Which one of the following characteristics is not necessarily true about groups?a. Group members are interdependent.b. Groups have two or more members.c. Groups have assigned goals.d. Groups interact.e. Groups have particular objectives.(c; Moderate; Groups; p. 284)2. What sort of groups is defined by the organization’s structure?a. informalb. taskc. friendshipd. intereste. formal(e; Easy; Formal Groups; p. 284)3. When do informal groups appear?a. in response to the need for social contactb. in reaction to formal groupsc. as a result of social needsd. most frequently in bureaucraciese. when formal groups cannot meet their goals(a; Moderate; Informal Groups; p. 284)4. Julia, Bree, and David work in different departments but often eat lunch together. They are anexample of what type of group?a. formalb. informalc. commandd. taske. reactant(b; Easy; Informal Groups; p. 284) {AACSB: Analytic Skills}5. Which of the following statements is true?a. All task groups are also command groups.b. All command groups are also task groups.c. All task groups are also friendship groups.d. All command groups are also informal groups.e. All informal groups are also command groups.(b; Moderate; Command Groups; p. 285)6. The group type that is determined by the organization chart is the _____ group.a. jobb. workc. authorityd. sociale. command(e; Moderate; Command Groups; p. 284)7. Which one of the following group types is organizationally determined?a. jobb. taskc. workd. authoritye. social(b; Moderate; Task Groups; p. 285)8. Employees who band together to seek improved working conditions form a(n) _____ group.a. unionb. supportc. interestd. worke. emancipated(c; Moderate; Interest Groups; p. 285)9. Which of the following statements most accurately describes interest groups?a. They are longer lasting than friendship groups.b. They develop because individual members have one or more common characteristics.c. They are formed because of some common objective.d. They are governed by labor laws.e. They are likely to involve great social conflict.(c; Moderate; Interest Groups; p. 285)10. Groups based on support for a given sports team are examples of what sort of group?a. boosterb. interestc. friendshipd. sportse. miscreant(c; Easy; Friendship Groups; p. 285)11. Which of the following is not one of the most common reasons why people join groups?a. securityb. statusc. equityd. powere. goal achievement(c; Moderate; Reasons to Join Groups; p. 285)Stages of Group Development12. What are the five stages of group development?a. generation, implementation, construction, production, terminationb. introduction, development, production, deterioration, adjournmentc. initiation, evolution, maturation, degeneration, terminationd. forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourninge. acting, reacting, enacting, impacting, acting(d; Moderate; The Five-Stage Model; p. 286)13. Which stage in group development is most characterized by uncertainty?a. introductionb. stormingc. formingd. evolutione. norming(c; Moderate; Forming; p. 286)14. In the second stage of group development _____.a. close relationships are developedb. the group demonstrates cohesivenessc. intragroup conflict often occursd. the job task is performede. groups disband(c; Challenging; Storming; p. 286)15. After which stage of a group’s development is there a relatively clear hierarchy of l eadership withinthe group?a. normingb. stormingc. developmentd. evolutione. forming(b; Moderate; Storming; p. 286)16. Which is the stage of group development characterized by the development of close relationshipsand cohesiveness?a. bondingb. normingc. performingd. initiatinge. forming(b; Moderate; Norming; p. 286)17. After which stage of a group’s development has the group formed a common set of expectationsof member behaviors?a. normingb. stormingc. maturationd. developmente. forming(a; Easy; Norming; p. 286)18. When the group energy is focused on the task at hand, the group has moved to the _____ stage.a. stormingb. normingc. productiond. maturatione. performing(e; Moderate; Performing; p. 286)19. Temporary groups with deadlines tend to follow the _____ model.a. sociometryb. five-stage group developmentc. punctuated equilibriumd. cluster variancee. frantic action(c; Moderate; Punctuated Equilibrium Model; pp. 287-288)20. A temporary task group working under a time-constrained deadline would be expected to behavein which of the following manners?a. forming, then storming, then norming, then performing, and finally adjourningb. exhibit long periods of inertia interspersed with brief revolutionary changes triggered by itsmembers’ awareness of looming deadlinesc. develop plans, assign roles, determine and allocate resources, resolve conflicts, and setnormsd. group energy will move rapidly from getting to know and understand each other to performingthe task at hande. a period of activity where tasks are set and the bulk of the project is completed, followed by aperiod of inertia where what little work remains is performed(b; Challenging; Punctuated Equilibrium Model; p. 288)21. According to the punctuated equilibrium model, groups tend to experience what for the first half ofthe project?a. inertiab. reorganization and redirectionc. mid-life crisisd. markedly accelerated activitye. discord(a; Moderate; Punctuated Equilibrium Model; p. 288)Group Properties: Roles, Norms, Status, Size, and Cohesiveness22. Roles, norms, status, and cohesiveness are examples of _____.a. structural variablesb. team mechanismsc. static factorsd. team factorse. group properties(e; Easy; Group Properties; p. 289)23. What term is used for a set of expected behavior patterns associated with a particular position ina social unit?a. roleb. role perceptionc. role identityd. role expectatione. identity(a; Easy; Role; p. 289)24. When Judith became a doctor she modeled her manner on her observations of more experienceddoctors, and also on the behavior of doctors in medical dramas she had enjoyed watching as a child on TV. What is Judith modeling her manner upon?a. the role behaviors of doctorsb. her role perception of doctorsc. the role identity of doctorsd. her role expectation of doctorse. the core role actions of doctors(b; Easy; Role; p. 289) {AACSB: Analytic Skills}25. Which of the following is true of role identity?a. Role perception creates the attitudes and actual behaviors consistent with a role.b. People have the ability to shift roles rapidly when the situation requires change.c. There is considerable inertia in role identity after roles are changed.d. Everyone is required to play one specific role in every situation.e. No two people ever agree on what constitutes a role.(b; Moderate; Role Identity; p. 290)26. Most people assume that a police officer should behave in a lawful manner, not show anyfavoritism to any particular group, and do their best to uphold the law. What term is used for this kind of belief?a. a normb. a norm identityc. a role expectationd. a role perceptione. a norm violation(c; Moderate; Role Expectation; p. 290)27. What term is used for the mutual expectations of what management expects from workers andwhat workers expect from management?a. group normb. role expectationc. role identityd. psychological contracte. reactive goals(d; Moderate; Psychological Contract; p. 290)28. Zach is devout and very active in his church. He is also a very dedicated employee. His manageroffers him a promotion but the new role will require him to work Sundays. Zach would like the promotion, but realizes that it would force him to miss some church activities. It is likely that Zach is experiencing which of the following?a. role conflictb. role expectationc. role perceptiond. psychological conflicte. cognitive reactance(a; Easy; Role Conflict; p. 290) {AACSB: Analytic Skills}29. Which of the following was the major finding of Zimbardo’s simulated prison experiment?a. Status differences between groups will always result in conflict between those groups.b. Group cohesiveness is so important that individuals will restrain their natural impulses in orderto remain part of the group.c. Individuals can rapidly assimilate new roles very different from their inherent personalities.d. An individual’s emotions and the behavioral responses to those emotions are congruent.e. When given the opportunity, people will tend to act in an oppressive manner to those aroundthem.(c; Moderate; Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment; pp. 291-292)30. What term is used for acceptable standards of behavior that are shared by a group’s member s?a. normsb. rulesc. standardsd. codes of behaviore. explicit contracts(a; Easy; Norms; p. 292)31. Which is not a common class of norms appearing in most work groups?a. performanceb. appearancec. in-group statusd. social arrangemente. allocation of resources(c; Easy; Group Norms; p. 292)32. Which of the following is not an example of a work group norm dealing with performance?a. when an employee needs to look busyb. how hard an employee should workc. the appropriate levels of tardinessd. the acceptable level of outpute. the importance of promptness(a; Challenging; Group Norms; p. 292)33. What norms include things like appropriate dress and loyalty to the group or organization?a. performanceb. appearancec. social arrangementd. allocation of resourcese. confluence(b; Easy; Group Norms; p. 292)34. Norms that dictate with whom group members eat lunch, friendships on and off the job, and socialgames are _____ norms.a. appearanceb. social arrangementc. performanced. leisuree. confluence(b; Moderate; Group Norms; p. 292)35. A local government work-crew cleans up parks and other public spaces. In this crew the dirtiestjobs are generally given to the newest members, while the more senior members of the crew tend to do little except draw their pay. What is the class of norms that encompasses arrangements like this?a. performance.b. appearancec. resource allocationd. financial rewardse. confluence(c; Moderate; Group Norms; p. 292) {AACSB: Analytic Skills}36. Which of the following is not a finding of Elton Mayo’s Hawthorne studies?a. A worker’s behavior and sentiments are closely related.b. Group standards are highly effective in establishing individual worker output.c. Money was less a factor in determining worker output than were group standards, sentiments,and security.d. Competition between groups will maximize group output.e. Group influences are significant in affecting individual behavior.(d; Challenging; The Hawthorne Studies; pp. 292-293)37. What term is u sed for the process by which an individual’s desire for acceptance by the group andthe pressure by the group on individual members to match its standards results in a change in individual attitudes and behaviors?a. conformityb. coercionc. commitmentd. convergencee. confluence(a; Easy; Conformity; p. 295)38. The major contribution of the Asch study was to demonstrate the impact of _____.a. group pressuresb. seating arrangementsc. convergenced. statuse. cognitive dissonance(a; Moderate; Conformity; p. 295)39. What term is used for antisocial actions by organizational members who voluntarily violateestablished norms and that result in negative consequences for the organization, its members, or both?a. ethical dilemmasb. deviant workplace behaviorc. abnormal behaviord. discommitment behaviore. reactive affirmation behavior(b; Moderate; Deviant Workplace Behavior; p. 296)40. Sally works as a salesperson in a department store. Whenever a customer asks for an item that isin stock but not on display, she usually te lls them that the product is out of stock. “It’s a pain going into the stock-room to find an item,” says Sally. “Nobody in my department ever tells a customer the truth about what is in stock.” This example illustrates which of the following facts about de viant workplace behavior?a. Deviant workplace behavior will arise when tasks that an employee is supposed to perform areunpleasant or difficult.b. Most workers do not consider lying to a customer be deviant workplace behavior.c. Workers will lie to customers as long as the customers do not complain about it.d. Deviant workplace behavior flourishes where it’s supported by group norms.e. Groups will come to their own conclusions about what is and isn’t appropriate.(d; Challenging; Deviant Workplace Behavior; p. 297) {AACSB: Analytic Skills}41. What term is used for the socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members byothers?a. regencyb. authorityc. statusd. commande. magnus(c; Moderate; Status; p. 297)42. A gro up is most likely to tolerate deviation from a group’s conformity norms by which of thefollowing individuals?a. a high status individual who does not care about the social rewards the group providesb. a high status individual who is tightly integrated into the group’s social structurec. a low status individual who has only recently entered the groupd. a low status individual who strongly wishes to integrate within the groupe. a low status individual who is not well regarded by the rest of the group(a; Moderate; Status; p. 298) {AACSB: Analytic Skills}43. Which of the following statements about status is not true?a. Status is an important motivator.b. Possession of personal characteristics that are positively valued by the group will give amember higher status.c. Low status members are given more freedom to deviate from norms than are other members.d. High status members are better able to resist conformity pressures than lower status members.e. Conformity is affected by status.(c; Moderate; Status; p. 298) {AACSB: Analytic Skills}44. High status people tend to _____.a. be more assertiveb. assist morec. be more reflectived. have superior insighte. be well liked(a; Moderate; Status; p. 298)45. Your group is engaged in problem solving and your goal is fact-finding. Which of the following sizegroup should be most effective?a. 2b. 4c. 8d. 10e. 15(e; Easy; Group Size; p. 299)46. If your group must take action, which size should be most effective?a. 3b. 7c. 12d. 24e. 100(b; Easy; Group Size; p. 299)47. What term is used for the tendency for individuals to spend less effort when working collectively?a. groupthinkb. the rule of diminishing returnsc. social loafingd. groupshifte. clustering(c; Easy; Social Loafing; p. 299)48. What did Ringelmann conclude after he compared the results of individual and groupperformance?a. The larger the group, the greater the individual productivity.b. Individual productivity goes down as group size goes up.c. Total productivity tends to decline in large groups.d. Group size is not a determinant of individual productivity.e. Groups served little purpose in organizations.(b; Moderate; Group Size and Productivity; p. 300)49. Which of the following is an effective means of countering social loafing?a. increase the rewards the group is given if it succeedsb. increase the amount by which the group’s progress is monitoredc. provide means by which individual efforts can be identifiedd. increase the size of the groupe. increase the group’s workload(c; Easy; Social Loafing; p. 301) {AACSB: Analytic Skills}50. What term is used for the degree to which group members are attracted to one another and aremotivated to stay in the group?a. cohesivenessb. integrationc. sociabilityd. reliabilitye. interdependence(a; Easy; Cohesiveness; p. 301)51. Which of the following is not likely to increase group cohesiveness?a. a high level of group productivityb. members spending a lot of time togetherc. the existence of external threatsd. the group is physically isolatede. bonding opportunities exist between members(a; Moderate; Cohesiveness and Productivity; p. 301) {AACSB: Analytic Skills}52. What will happen if group cohesiveness is high and performance norms are low?a. Internal conflict will be high.b. Internal conflict will be low.c. Productivity will be high.d. Productivity will be low.e. It will have little effect on internal conflict or productivity.(d; Moderate; Cohesiveness and Productivity; p. 301) {AACSB: Analytic Skills}Group Decision Making53. Group decisions are generally preferable to individual decisions when which of the following issought?a. acceptance of the solutionb. speedc. efficiencyd. clear responsibilitye. a conjunctive solution(a; Moderate; Strengths of Group Decision Making; p. 302) {AACSB: Analytic Skills}54. Which is not a weakness of group decision making?a. It is time consuming.b. There is less originality.c. It suffers from ambiguous responsibility.d. It can be dominated by one or a few members.e. It’s not clear who is accountable for bad decisions.(b; Moderate; Weaknesses of Group Decision Making; p. 302) {AACSB: Analytic Skills}55. Individual decisions are generally preferable to group decisions when which of the following issought?a. speedb. creativityc. acceptanced. qualitye. broad unanimity(a; Moderate; Groups versus Individuals; p. 303) {AACSB: Analytic Skills}56. Which of the following is a phenomenon in which group pressures for conformity deter the groupfrom critically appraising unusual, minority, or unpopular views?a. group conformityb. groupshiftc. groupthinkd. compromisee. risk transfer(c; Easy; Groupthink; p. 304)57. What result can groupshift have on the decisions a group makes?a. They are made by groups rather than individuals.b. They are generally riskier.c. They are made more quickly.d. They are less effective.e. They are objectively incorrect.(b; Moderate; Groupshift; p. 304)58. Which of the following is not an explanation for the phenomenon of groupshift?a. Discussion creates familiarization among members.b. Most first-world societies value risk.c. The group leader usually gets the credit or blame for the group action.d. The group diffuses responsibility.e. Group discussion motivates members to show their willingness to take risks.(c; Challenging; Explanations for Groupshift; p. 306) {AACSB: Analytic Skills}Group Decision-Making Techniques59. What is brainstorming?a. a technique used to build group cohesivenessb. a technique that tends to restrict independent thinkingc. a process for generating ideasd. a process used mainly when group members cannot agree on a solutione. the most effective means of generating answers(c; Easy; Brainstorming; p. 306)60. Which of the following is likely to generate the least innovative alternatives?a. face-to-face interacting groupsb. brainstormingc. Delphi techniqued. nominal group techniquee. electronic meeting(a; Moderate; Interacting Groups; p. 308) {AACSB: Analytic Skills}61. What sort of group should you avoid if you want to minimize interpersonal conflict?a. interactingb. brainstormingc. nominald. electronice. social(a; Moderate; Interacting Groups; p. 308) {AACSB: Analytic Skills}62. Which type of decision-making group is most committed to the group solution?a. interactingb. brainstormingc. nominald. electronice. social(a; Moderate; Interacting Groups; p. 308) {AACSB: Analytic Skills}63. Which of the following is not considered an advantage of electronic meetings?a. Members can be honest.b. It is speedy.c. Individuals receive credit for their ideas.d. It is anonymous.e. Chitchat is eliminated.(c; Moderate; Electronic Meetings; p. 308) {AACSB: Use of IT}TRUE/FALSEDefining and Classifying Groups64. A group must have at least two members and one or more objectives.(True; Moderate; Groups; p. 284)65. Members in a group are interdependent.(True; Easy; Groups; p. 284)66. The tasks in groups within an organization must be directed toward organizational goals. (False; Moderate; Groups; p. 284)67. Command and task groups are dictated by the formal organization whereas interest andfriendship groups are not.(True; Moderate; Formal and Informal Groups; p. 284)68. The types of interactions among individuals, though informal, deeply affect behavior andperformance.(True; Moderate; Informal Groups; p. 284)69. A command group is composed of the individuals who report directly to a given manager. (True; Moderate; Command Groups; p. 284)70. All task groups are also command groups.(False; Moderate; Task Groups; p. 285)71. Whereas command groups are determined by the organization chart, task and interests,friendship groups develop becau se of the necessity to satisfy one’s work needs.(False; Moderate; Command Groups and Friendship Groups; pp. 284-285)72. There is no single reason why individuals join groups.(True; Easy; Reasons to Join Groups; p. 285)73. Different groups provide different benefits to their members.(True; Easy; Groups; p. 285)Stages of Group Development74. Most conflicts are resolved by the completion of the first stage in a group’s development. (False; Moderate; Forming; p. 286)75. The norming stage of group development is characterized by camaraderie.(True; Moderate; Norming; p. 286)76. High levels of conflict are always detrimental to group performance.(False; Moderate; Conflict; p. 286)77. The stages of group development occur sequentially and never simultaneously.(False; Moderate; The Five-Stage Model; p. 287)78. The five-stage model of group development ignores organizational context.(True; Challenging; The Five-Stage Model; p. 287)79. Temporary groups with task specific deadlines follow the five-stage model of group development. (False; Moderate; Punctuated Equilibrium Model; p. 287)80. For temporary work groups, performance is the last stage in their development.(False; Moderate; Punctuated Equilibrium Model; p. 288)81. In the punctuated equilibrium model, the group’s direction is reexamined frequently in the first halfof the group’s life and is likely to be altered.(False; Challenging; Punctuated Equilibrium Model; p. 288)Group Properties: Roles, Norms, Status, Size, and Cohesiveness82. Work groups have a structure that shapes the behavior of members and makes it possible toexplain and predict a large portion of individual behavior within the group as well as the performance of the group itself.(True; Moderate; Group Properties; p. 288-289)83. We all are usually required to play one role and our behavior stabilizes with that role.(False; Easy; Roles; p. 289)84. People generally cannot shift roles quickly.(False; Moderate; Role Identity; p. 290)85. Role identity is created by group pressure to conform.(False; Moderate; Role Identity; p. 290)86. One’s view of how one is supposed to act in a given situation is a role perception.(True; Easy; Role Perception; p. 290)87. The psychological contract defines behavioral expectations that go with every role.(True; Easy; Psychological Contract; p. 290)88. When an individual is confronted by divergent role expectations, the result is role divergence. (False; Easy; Role Conflict; p. 290)89. Zimbardo’s simulated prison experim ent demonstrated that people with no prior personalitypathology or training in their roles could execute extreme forms of behavior consistent with the roles they were playing.(True; Moderate; Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment; p. 292)90. Zimbardo’s study wa s very important in demonstrating how individual behavior impacts groupconformity.(False; Challenging; Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment; p. 292)91. Zimbardo’s study suggested that in some circumstances we can change roles very quickly. . (True; Moderate; Z imbardo’s Prison Experiment; p. 292)92. Norms tell members what they ought and ought not to do under certain circumstances.(True; Easy; Norms; p. 292)93. Only some groups have established norms.(False; Easy; Norms; p. 292)94. Performance norms include things like appropriate dress and when to look busy.(False; Moderate; Group Norms; p. 292)95. Social arrangement norms are usually formal in nature.(False; Moderate; Group Norms; p. 292)96. The Hawthorne studies were initiated by Western Electric officials and later overseen by Harvardprofessor Elton Mayo.(True; Moderate; The Hawthorne Studies; p. 292)97. One conclusion of the Hawthorne studies was that worker output was highly effective inestablishing group standards(False; Easy; The Hawthorne Studies; pp. 292-293)98. “Don’t be a chiseler” is one example of norms the group established in the Hawthorne studies. (True; Moderate; The Hawthorne Studies; p. 294)99. Conformity is the degree to which members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stayin the group.(False; Moderate; Conformity; p. 295)100. Evidence indicates that Asch’s findings about group conformity are culture bound.(True; Challenging; Conformity and Culture; p. 296) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity}101. Deviant workplace behavior covers a wide range of antisocial actions by organizational members that intentionally violate established norms.(True; Moderate; Deviant Workplace Behavior; p. 296)102. High status members of groups are given less freedom to deviate from norms than other group members.(False; Moderate; Status; p. 298)103. When an employee believes there is an inequity between the perceived ranking of an individual and the status amenities he or she receives from the organization, this is known as status congruence.(False; Moderate; Status Inequity; p. 299)104. If the goal is fact-finding, smaller groups are the most effective.(False; Challenging; Group Size; p. 299)105. As group performance increases with group size, the addition of new members to the group has positive returns on productivity.(False; Challenging; Group Size and Productivity; p. 299)106. Ringelmann’s research found that groups can generate more output than the sum of the individuals.(False; Moderate; Group Size and Productivity; p. 300)107. Social loafing is the tendency for individuals to expend less energy when working individually than when working collectively.(False; Easy; Social Loafing; p. 299)108. Social loafing may be caused by the concentration of responsibility.(False; Challenging; Social Loafing; p. 300)109. Physically isolating a group will make it more cohesive.(True; Moderate; Cohesiveness; p. 301)110. Giving rewards to individuals in a group will generally increase cohesiveness.(False; Moderate; Cohesiveness; p. 301)Group Decision Making111. Group decisions generate higher quality decisions than individual decisions.(True; Easy; Groups versus Individuals; p. 302)。