专业英语课本翻译
专业英语(翻译版)
FREEWAY TRAFFIC FLOW MODELING BASED ON RECURRENT NEURAL NETWORK AND WAVELET TRANSFORM基于递归神经网络和小波变换的高速公路交通流建模6 Conclusions 结论The highly nonlinear and dynamic characteristics of the macroscopic traffic flow require a modeling approach, which can deal with the complex nonlinear relationships among the speed, flow and density.宏观交通流的高度非线性和动态特性，需要一个建模方法，它可以处理的速度，流量和密度之间的复杂的非线性关系。
At the same time, effective measures have to be taken to eliminate traffic noise and disturbance. In this paper, a method of wavelet denoising and traffic flow modeling by an Elman recurrent neural network is presented.同时，必须采取有效措施来消除交通噪声和干扰。
在本文中，一种小波去噪和交通流的Elman神经网络建模这工作了。
Simulation results show that the wavelet transform can effectively eliminate the noise signal, and that the Elman network can accurately describe the real behavior of freeway traffic flow.仿真结果表明，小波变换可以有效地消除信号中的噪声，和Elman神经网络能够准确地描述高速公路交通流的真实行为。
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Lesson1 Civil engineering，the oldest of the engineering specialties，木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科is the planning，design，construcion，and management of the built environment. 是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。
This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles,from irrigation and drainage systems to rocke-launching facilities. 此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。
Civil engineers木工程师build roads, bridges,tunnels,dams,harbors,power plants,water and sewage systems,hospitals schools,mass transit,and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations.建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。
They also build privately owned facilities such as airports,railroads,pipelines, skyscrapers,and other large stuctures designed for industrial,commercial,or residential use. 他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。
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专业英语课文翻译
Lesson 16 Basic Concepts of MechanismsA combination of interrelated parts(相关零件的组合体) having definite（确定的）motions and capable of performing useful work may be called machine.具有确定的运动轨迹,并且能做有用的功联接在一起的零件的组合称为机器.A mechanism is a component of a machine consisting of two or more bodies arranged so that the motion of one compels the motion of the others.机构是机器的组成要素.机器由二个及以上的机构组合而成.因此其中一个构件的运动会带动其它的构件的连锁运动.Kinematics is the study of motion in mechanisms without reference to the forces that act on the mechanism运动学仅研究机构的运动而不考虑作用在机构上的力.Dynamics is the study of motion individual bodies and mechanisms under the influence of forces and torques.动力学研究独立构件的运动及力和扭矩作用下对机构的影响.The study of forces and torques in stationary systems (and systems with negligible inertial effects) is called statics研究平衡中的力和扭矩,该系统忽略惯性影响,称之为静力学.Synthesis is the procedure by which a product (a mechanism, for example) is developed to satisfy a set of performance requirements合成是一个程序,通过该程序能够不断改进一个产品(例如一个机构)直到满足一系列的性能要求.If a product configuration is tentatively specified and then examined to determine whether the performance requirements are met, the process is called analysis.如果需要探索性的详细阐述产品的构造结构,然后检验,判断该产品是否满足性能要求,这个过程称为分解.The design of mechanisms involves both synthesis and analysis.机构设计包括合成和分解.The design process begins with the recognition of a need. A set of requirements is then listed设计从对于需求的确认开始,罗列出一系列的要求.Detailed analyses of displacements, velocities, and accelerations are usually required通常需要对位移,速度,加速度进行具体分析.This part of the design process is followed by an analysis of forces and torques. 设计过程中的这个部分是紧跟在对力和扭矩的分析之后.The design process may continue long after（很久以后）the first models have been produced and may include redesigns of components that affect velocities, accelerations, forces, and torques在制造完毕第一个模型之后,该设计过程仍有可能持续很长一段时间. 并且有可能会重新设计这些会影响速度,加速度及所知扭矩的零部件In order to successfully compete from year to year, most manufactures must continuously modify their product and their methods of production为了在年复一年的技术中取得优势,大多数制造商必须不断调整修改他们的产品及加工方式.Increases in the production rate, upgrading of product performance, redesign for cost and weight reduction are frequently required,为了增加出产率,提高产品的性能,经常需要重新设计来降低成本以及减轻重量. Success may hinge on（决定于） the accuracy of the kinematic and dynamic analysis 对问题进行正确的运动学和动力学分析是成功的关键.Many of the basic linkage configurations have been incorporated into（成为……的一部分）machines designed centuries ago, and the terms we use to describe them have changed over the years很久以前,许多基本的连杆构造就已经运用在机器设计中去了,并且我们用来称呼它们的术语在不断的变化,.Thus, definitions and terminology are not consistent throughout thetechnical literature.因此技术供应文献中的定义和说明不是一成不变的In most cases, however, meanings will be clear from the context of the descriptive matter.在大多数的情况下,然而定义,义意可以在的解释性的描述内容中清晰的获得,A few terms of particular interest to the study of kinematics and dynamics of machines are defined below下面定义了在学习,研究机构运动学和动力学中一些特别重要的术语.Link A link is one of the rigid bodies or members joined together to form a kinematic chain.杆件是一个刚体或者连接在一起形成运动链的零部件,因此被称为刚性构件或者是简单构件.The term rigid link, or sometimes simply link, is an idealization used in the study of mechanisms that does not consider small deflections due to strains in machine members刚性构件是在机械装置中的理想化模型.这样就不无需考虑由机器零部件所产生的应力造成的微小偏移量.A perfectly rigid or inextensible link can exist only as a textbook type of model of a real machine member.一个绝对刚性或不可延展的构件只能存在于教科书上的机械零部件的模型.For typical machine parts, the maximum changes in dimension are on the order of only a one-thousandth of the part length.对于典型的零部件,最大的尺寸变化量仅仅是沿着该部件长度方向的千分之一.We are justified（合理的） in neglecting this small motion when considering the much greater motion characteristic of most mechanisms当考虑到大多数的机构相对较为显着的运动特征,忽略这点微量的偏移是合情合理的. The word link is used in a general sense to include cams, gears, and other machine members in addition to cranks, connecting rods and other pin-connected（铰接） components通常意义所说的杆件包括凸轮,齿轮以及它的机器零件的曲柄,连杆机构和其它的销件连接部分.Frame The fixed or stationary link in a mechanism is called the frame机架机械装置中固定或静止不动的构件称为机架.When there is no link that is actually fixed, we may consider one as being fixed and determine the motion of the other links relative to it如果实际中确实没有构件是固定的,我们可以假设其中某个是固定的,这样可以判断出其它与之相连构件的运动.In an automotive engine, for example, the engine block (see Fig.14.1) isconsidered the frame, even though the automobile may be moving例如汽车发动机,我们通常是把发动机气缸视为机架,让它保持静止不动,实际上整部汽车者是运动的.Degree of Freedom The number of degrees of freedom of a linkageis the number of independent parameters required to specify the position of every link relative to the frame or fixed link自由度连杆机构的自由度是给定独立参数的数目，需要自由度来确定某一个与机架或固定杆件相连接的构件的位置，If the instantaneous configuration of a system may be completely defined bespecifying one independent variable, that system has one degree of freedom如果系统的瞬间结构完全可以由一个独立的变量来确定，这样系统就具有一个自由度，An unconstrained rigid body has six degrees of freedom:大多数实际上运用的机构装置只有一个自由度。
专业英语课文翻译
ACCESS 访问the internet and the telephone system are similar—you can connect a computer to the internet much like you connect a phone to the telephone system . 互联网和电话系统是相似的你可以将计算机连接到互联网更像你将电话连接到电话系统。
once you are on the internet ,your computer becomes an extension of what seems like a giant computer-a computer that branches all over the world. 一旦你在互联网上，您的计算机变得什么看起来像一个巨大的计算机——一个计算机的扩展，世界各地的分支机构。
when provided with a connection to the internet ,you can use a browser program to search the Web. 当提供一个连接到互联网，您可以使用要搜索Web 的浏览器程序。
PROVIDERS 提供商the most common way to access the internet is through an internet service provider(ISP).访问互联网的最常见方式是通过互联网服务运营。
（因特网络提供商）the providers are already connected to the internet and provide a path or connection for individuals to access the internet.供应商已经连接到互联网并提供路径或个人能够访问互联网的连接。
your college or university most likely provides you with free access to the internet either through its local area networks or through a dial-up or telephone connection. 你的学院或大学最有可能为您提供免费接入到互联网通过其局域网络或通过拨号或电话连接。
各专业课程英文翻译
各专业课程英文翻译（精心整理）生物及医学专业课程汉英对照表应用生物学 Applied Biology 医学技术 Medical Technology细胞生物学 Cell Biology 医学 Medicine生物学 Biology 护理麻醉学 Nurse Anesthesia进化生物学 Evolutionary Biology 口腔外科学 Oral Surgery海洋生物学 Marine Biology 口腔/牙科科学 Oral/Dental Sciences微生物学 Microbiology 骨科医学 Osteopathic Medicine分子生物学 Molecular Biology 耳科学 Otology医学微生物学 Medical Microbiology 理疗学 Physical Therapy口腔生物学 Oral Biology 足病医学 Podiatric Medicine寄生物学 Parasutology 眼科学 Ophthalmology植物生物学 Plant Physiology 预防医学 Preventive Medicine心理生物学 Psychobiology 放射学 Radiology放射生物学 Radiation Biology 康复咨询学 Rehabilitation Counseling理论生物学 Theoretical Biology 康复护理学 Rehabilitation Nursing野生生物学 Wildlife Biology 外科护理学 Surgical Nursing环境生物学 Environmental Biology 治疗学 Therapeutics运动生物学 Exercise Physiology 畸形学 Teratology有机体生物学 Organismal Biology 兽医学 Veterinary Sciences生物统计学 Biometrics 牙科卫生学 Dental Sciences生物物理学 Biophysics 牙科科学 Dentistry生物心理学 Biopsychology 皮肤学 Dermatology生物统计学 Biostatistics 内分泌学 Endocrinology生物工艺学 Biotechnology 遗传学 Genetics生物化学 Biological Chemistry 解剖学 Anatomy生物工程学 Biological Engineering 麻醉学 Anesthesia生物数学 Biomathematics 临床科学 Clinical Science生物医学科学 Biomedical Science 临床心理学 Clinical Psychology细胞生物学和分子生物学 Celluar and Molecular Biology精神病护理学 Psychiatric Nursing力学专业数学分析 Mathematical Analysis 高等代数与几何 Advanced Algebra and Geometry 常微分方程 Ordinary Differential Equation 数学物理方法 Methods in Mathematical Physics 计算方法 Numerical Methods 理论力学 Theoretical Mechanics材料力学 Mechanics of Materials 弹性力学 Elasticity流体力学 Fluid Mechanics 力学实验 Experiments in Solid Mechanics机械制图 Machining Drawing 力学概论 Introduction to Mechanics气体力学 Gas Dynamics 计算流体力学 Computational Fluid Mechanics 弹性板理论 Theory of Elastic Plates 粘性流体力学 Viscous Fluid Flow弹性力学变分原理 Variational Principles inElasticity 有限元法 Finite Element Method 塑性力学 Introduction of Plasticity经典力学中的数学方法 Mathematical Methods of ClassicalMechanics机器人动力学 Dynamics of Robots 自动控制原理 Principles of Automatic Control 优化计算与最化控制 Optimization and OptimalControl计算机图形学 Computer Graphics 概率与统计 Probability and Statistics专业英语 English for Mechanics 振动理论 Theory of Vibration程序设计方法(C和FORTRAN) Programming in C ＆ FORTRAN水动力学 Hydrodynamics 计算机图象处理 Image Processing光测力学 Photo Mechanics 断裂力学 Fracture Mechanics高等动力学 Advanced Dynamics 摄动方法 Perturbation Methods机械设计与Auto CAD Machinery Designing and AutoCAD信息显示(可视化） Visualization微机原理 Principles of Personal Computer 复变函数 Complex Function企业管理专业管理学 Principles of Management 微观经济学 Microeconomics宏观经济学 Macroeconomics 管理信息系统 Systems of Management Information 产业经济学 Industrial Economics 财务管理 Financial Management项目评估 Projects Appraisal 战略管理 Strategic Management管理沟通 Management Negotiation 国际商务谈判 Negotiation on Business Affairs跨国公司专题研究 Special Researchof multinational corporation国际贸易 InternationalTrade 国际营销研究 International Marketing Research公司组织与管理 Organization and Managementof Corporate战略管理 Strategic Management 生产管理研究 Operation Management企业伦理 Enterprise Ethics 组织行为学 Organizational Behavior运筹学 Operational Research 人力资源管理 Human Resource Management信息管理专业高等数学 Higher Mathematics 信息存储与检索 Information Retrieval andStorage数据库系统 Database 信息服务与用户 information Service and UserStudy 信息管理概论 Introduction to InformationManagement信息经济学 Information Economics 企业信息化工程 Enterprise Informationalization社会实践 Practical Work 信息分析与决策Information Analysis andPolicy Making 管理学原理 Principles of Management 信息政策与法规 Information Policy and Law信息组织 Information Organization 计算机网络 Computer Networks管理信息系统 Management Information System 线性代数 Linear Algebra决策分析 Policy Making 离散数学 Discrete Mathematics概率统计 Statistics and ProbabilityTheory 生产与运作管理 Production Management 电子商务 Electronic Commerce 信息系统安全与保密 Information System Security 政府信息化工程 Government Informationalization广告实务 Practice of Advertisement 多媒体技术 Multimedia操作系统 Operating System 信息科学基础 Foundations of InformationScience 经济信息管理 Economic Information Management 专业英语 Specialty English微机基础 Principles of Microcomputers 文献计量学 Bibliometrics电子出版技术 Electronic Publishing 广告概论 Introduction to Advertisement信息环境论 Information Environments 传播学原理 Principles of CommunicationTheory 知识产权法学 Law of Intelligence Property 组织行为学 Studies of Organization货币银行学专业货币银行学 Money and Banking 管理信息系统 System of Management Information 宏观经济学 Macroeconomics 运筹学 Operational Research策略管理 Strategic Management 保险学 Insurance银行会计 Bank Accounting 管理会计 Managerial Accounting运筹学 Operational Research 国际贸易 International Trade财务管理 Financial Management 国际金融 International Finance租赁与信托 Hiring and Affiancing 证券投资学 Security Analysis and Investment商业银行实务 Practice of Business Bank 国际结算 International Balance项目评估 Projects Appraisal 金融市场学 Financial Marketing人力资源管理 Human Resource Management财务报告分析 Analysis of Financial Statement财务案例分析 Case Analysis of FinancialManagement物理专业热学 Thermodynamics 力学 Mechanics光学 Optics 电磁学 Electromagnetism计算概论 Computing Generality 普通物理实验 General Physics Laboratory固体磁性及应用基础 Magnetism of the Solid Stateand its Application衍射物理（固体结构分析） Diffraction Physics （Structureof Solid Analysis）科研实用软件 Utility Software for ScientificResearch计算机模拟方法 Computer Simulation Methods激光原理、技术与应用 The Principle， Techniqueand Application of Laser材料物理 Materials Physics 近代光学和光电子学 Modern Optics and Optoelectronics 现代固体物理 Modern Solid State Physics 粒子物理 Particle Physics物理宇宙学基础 Elements of Cosmology Physics 固体物理 Solid State Physics原子物理 Atomic Physics 量子力学 Quantum Mechanics理论力学 Theoretical Mechanics 电动力学 Electrodynamics普通物理综合实验 Synthetical Experiments ofGeneral Physics市场营销学专业营销管理 Marketing Management 公共关系 Public Relationship国际贸易 International Trade 消费者行为 Consumer Behavior管理信息系统 Systems of Management Information 营销调研 Marketing Research推销学 Sales Strategies 国际金融 International Finance营销预测与规划 Marketing Forecasting andPlanning销售渠道管理 ales Channels Management 管理学 Principles of Management国际市场营销 International Marketing 商业谈判 Business Negotiation广告管理 Advertising Management 营销案例分析 Case Studies of Marketing国际贸易实务 Practice of InternationalTrade 服务业营销 Service Industry Marketing企业伦理 Enterprise Ethics 新产品开发 New Products Development财务学专业货币银行学 Money and Banking 证券投资学 Security Analysis and Investment 财务报告分析 Analysis of Financial Statement 国际金融 International Finance保险学 Insurance 财务案例分析 Case Analysis of FinanceManagement 国际财务管理 International Financial Management 资产评估 Assets Appraisal项目评估 Projects Appraisal 宏观经济学 Macroeconomics财务管理 Financial Management 管理信息系统 Systems of Management Information 运筹学 Operational Research 策略管理 Strategic Management管理会计 Managerial Accounting 微观经济学 Microeconomics管理学 Principles of Management 微积分 Calculus统计学 Principles of Statistics会计专业会计学 Accounting Principles 成本会计 Cost Accounting管理会计 Managerial Accounting 审计学 Auditing Principles会计信息系统 Accounting Information Systems 投资学 Investment Principles财务管理 Financial Management 货币银行学 Money and Banking财务报告分析 Analysis of Financial Statement 国际金融 International Finance国际会计 International Accounting 统计学 Principle of Stat财税法规与税务会计 Laws and Regulations of Financeand Taxes预算会计 Budget Accounting 会计研究方法 Accounting Research Methods 内部审计与政府审计 Internal Auditing and GovernmentAuditing会计审计实务 Accounting and Auditing Practice 经济计量学 Economic Metrology会计职业道德与责任 Accounting Ethics and Responsibilities国际会计专题 International AccountingSpecial Subject 微观经济学 Microeconomics。
专业英语书上翻译
有两段实在太长，，只有自己弄咯1.microelectronics research and realize the information acquisition,storage,processing.transmission and output 微电子学研究和实现信息采集、存储、处理。
传输和输出2.High levels of integration,low power consumption,high performance,high reliability,are the development directions of microelectronics高度集成、低功耗、高性能、高可靠性是微电子学的发展方向3.all diodes have a maximum reverse voltage(usually 50V ormore) and if this is exceeded the diode will fail and pass a large current in the reverse direction,this is called breakdown所有的二极管都有一个最大反向电压(通常是50 v或更多),如果超过了这个数值，二极管就会失败并且在相反的方向通过一个大的电流,这就是所谓的崩溃4．Rectifier diodes are used in power supplies to convert alternating current to direct current,a process called rectification整流二极管用于电力供应，将交流电转换为直流电,这一过程被称为整流5.the bipolar transistor,composed of two closely coupled P-N junctions,is bipolar in that both electrons and involved in the conduction process双极型晶体管,组成两个紧密结合的pn结,在电子和双极中参与传导过程6.the field-effect transistor is a unipolar device,as its conducting process primarily involves only one kind of charge carrier场效应晶体管是一种单极器件,同样的，它的导电过程主要包含唯一的一种电荷载体。
专业英语翻译(中英对照)
Unit one ：Environmental Engineering环境工程What is this book about？这本书是关于什么的？The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems；their cause，why they are of concern，and how we can control them. The book includes:这本书的目的是使理工科的学生了解跨学科间的研究环境问题;它们的起因，为什么它们受到关注，以及我们怎样控制它们。
这本书包括：●Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述环境和环境系统意味着什么●Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息●Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmentalproblems and to be able to quantify them理解环境问题本质，并能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识●Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application towater，air and pollution problems目前适用于水，空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状●Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding andcontrolling many of the complex interactions between human activities and nature我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷●Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by theapplication of current technology，but which are not dealt with because of society’s lack of will to do so，or in many instance because of a lack of resources to do so.许多环境问题可以应用现有技术消除或减少，但没有得到处理是因为社会缺乏这样做的意愿，或者像许多例子那样因为缺乏资源。
专业英语课文翻译
They waste much potential output by engaging in barter transactions instead of using money.
他们浪费了大量的潜在产出从事易货交易而不是用金钱。
They are three traditional functions of money.
这些人想出新的方法、系统和运行全面的工作和稳定的方法来压低价格，所以每个人都可以便宜和方便的购买的产品。
To complement the strategy of profit through volume,the entrepreneur had to create a vertical system through which raw materials were sourced,production operations managed,and the product delivered to the ultimate consumer.
First-mover profits tantalized potential competitors, but first-mover advantages confronted those potential competitors with barriers to the industry‘s high returns.
Money is useful because it facilitates transactions.Just think how society would be if people had to barter for everything ---that is,to exchange goods for goods.
专业英语课本翻译—The psychological effects of stressP188
The psychological effects of stressSelye (1976) identified the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) 一般适应综合症– a non-specific physiological response that occurs to a variety of stressful stimuli . Much research has investigated the 3 phases 阶段of the GAS .Selye在1976年提出并确定了全身适应综合症这一症状群，它是指当遇到许多紧张性刺激时出现的一种非特异性的生理反应。
许多的调查已经研究了GAS的三个阶段。
Definition of stress : ‘ A pattern of negative physiological and psychological responses occurring , in situations where people perceive觉察threats to their well being which they may be unable to meet .’ Lazarus and Folkman (1984) .压力的定义：当人们觉察到有威胁可能使自己的良好状态无法满足时，会产生一种消极的生理和心理上的反应的模式。
PHASE 1ALARM REACTION 警觉期The physiological response triggered 引发by stressful stimuli .由紧张性刺激引发的生理唤醒紧张性刺激的觉察↓下丘脑↙↘激活脑垂体释放激活自主神经系统的促肾上腺皮质激素一个分支交感神经↘↙肾上腺↙↘激活肾上腺皮质释放皮质类固醇激活肾上腺髓质释放肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素↓↓Activates fight or flight reactions ofincreased heart and breathing rate ,激活免疫系统反应，通过心跳和呼吸频率，血压的增加，抑制组织炎症，通过肝脏释放能量等。
大学 英语专业 精读教材第一单元课文内容及翻译
大学英语专业精读教材第一单元课文内容及翻译《Half a Day》一、①I walked alongside my father ,clutching his right hand.（走在父亲的身旁，我紧紧地抓住他的右手）②All my clothes were new : the black shoes , the green school uniform ,and the red cap.（那时，我穿着黑鞋子，绿校服，戴着红帽子，它们都是新的。
）③They did not make me happy, however, as this was the day I was to be thrown into school for first time.（然而，因为今天是我第一次被送去上学，所以这些衣服并没有给我带来一丝快乐。
）二、①My mother stood at the window watching our progress, and I turned towards her from time to time, hoping she would help.（母亲站在窗前望着我们缓缓前行，我也不时地回头看她，希望会从她那里得到帮助。
）②We walked along a street lined with gardens, and fields planted with crops, pears, and date palms.（我们沿着街道走着，街道两旁是花园和田野，田野里栽满了梨树和椰枣树。
）三、①“Why school ?”I asked my father .“What haveI done ?”（“我为什么要去上学？”我问父亲，“是我做错了什么吗？”）四、①“I’m not punishing you,”he said ,laughing.“School’s not a punishment. It’s a place that makes useful men out ofboys. Don’t you want to be useful like your brothers?”（“我不是在惩罚你，”父亲笑着说道，“上学不是一种惩罚。
大学专业英语书本翻译
Function of Internal Cell Parts
Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory
细胞质：动力工厂
Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.
核糖体的数量变化从几百到几千，核糖体是氨基酸组装成蛋白质的重要场所。完整的核糖体由大亚基和小亚基组成。核糖体沿着mRNA移动并阅读遗传密码，翻译成蛋白质。一条mRNA上可能有多个核糖体，称多聚核糖体。大多数细胞蛋白是由细胞质中核糖体生产。输出蛋白和膜蛋白通常与内质网有关。
The endoplasmic reticulum, a lacy array of membranous sacs, tubules, and vesicles, may be either rough (RER) or smooth (SER). Both types play roles in the synthesis and transport of proteins. The RER, which is studded with polysomes, also seems to be the source of the nuclear envelope after a cell divides.
专业英语翻译(中英对照)
1. Electrical Measuring Instruments电子测量仪表Electrical personnel use many different types of measuring instruments. 电子技术人员使用许多不同类型的测量仪器。
Some jobs require very accurate measurements while other jobs need only rough estimates. 一些工作需要精确测量面另一些工作只需粗略估计。
Some instruments are used solely to determine whether or not a circuit is complete. 有些仪器被使用仅仅是确定线路是否完整。
The most common measuring and testing instruments are voltage testers, voltmeters, ammeters, ohmmeters, continuity testers, megohmmeters, wattmeters（功率计）, and watt-hour meters（电度表，电表）。
最常用的测量测试仪表有：电压测试仪，电压表，欧姆表，连续性测试仪，兆欧表，瓦特表还有瓦特小时表。
All meters used for measuring electrical values are basically current meters. 所有测量电值的表基本上都是电流表。
They measure or compare the values of current flowing through them. 他们测量或是比较通过他们的电流值。
The meters are calibrated and the scale is designed to read the value of the desired unit. 这些仪表可以被校准并且设计了不同的量程，以便读出期望的数值。
英语专业综合英语一课文翻译
Unit1: Translation exercises1. He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview.2. His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried.3、People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common.4、Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years.5. The two of them are walking hand in hand along the riverbank, chatting and laughing.6. When he heard the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes.7. He finally gave in to his daughter's repeated requests to further her education abroad.8. We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday.9. Although we have parted from each other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we did in the past.10. At that critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which would make it possible to conquer the enemy.Unit2:Translation exercises1Yesterday a government delegation headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs arrived in South Africa and began a three-day friendly visit to the country.2、It is awfully funny to look at these caricatures which satirize social ills.3、Computers are one of the most useful teaching aids,for all your lessons as well as all the questions asked and all the answers provided can be shown on a screen.4.、Xiao Zhang’s mother fell ill the day before yesterday; he sent for a doctor immediately.5、He failed in the college entrance examination last year,but he did not feeldisappointed.Instead,he continued to study hard,passed the examination successfully and become a student in famous university this year.6、There are many English words that this middle school student cannot pronounce correctly.7In this era of information explosion, we have to make constant efforts to renew our knowledge. Only thus can we become adjusted to the requirement s of our work.8With his shirt tucked into the top of his trousers and a leather bag under his arm, the boy looks just like a boss.9、Although she is only 8 years old，the little girl is already very good at calculating fractions.No wonder her parents feel proud of her.10、All the neighborhood have heard of the news,but you haven't.Don't you think it is strange?Unit31.I am sorry I am late,but I was at a meeting and couldn’t get away.2.At the concert, whenever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burst into loud cheers to show their appreciation.3. She is always wearing stylish clothes, but seldom cares about what she eats or drinks.4.The nurse told me that the doctors had done wonders for your heart disease.5.When awarding the prize, the chairman comlimented the winner on his great contribution to mankind.6.This problem has bothered the experts for many years.7.The crowd demonstrators melted away when the police arrived.8.Since punctuality is such a good habbit,we should pay close attention to it and make every effort to cultivate it.9.The old man cherishes that girl,as if she were his own daughter.10.It is just a routine physical checkup, nothing to get worried about.Unit 4.1. 1.It is an attempt made to strengthen our competitive ability.2. 2.The police in this district know where the thieves hang out.3. 3.The agreement signed will break down all the barriers to free trade.4. 4.It was a very difficult situation,but he handled it very successfully.5. 5.He is my best friend.I just can’t turn my back on him now that he needs my help.6. 6.So long as you work hard,you are bound to succeed and realize your ambition sooner orlater.7.7.Although he hates the job,yet he is determined to stick it out because he needs the money tosupport the family.8.8.That cancer patient kept an optimistic attitude towards his disease,persisted in combatingit,and conquered it in the end.9.9.This university has a staff of more than 2000,including about 150 professors and over 500associate professors.10.10.The concert was held to mark the 75th anniversary of the composer’s death.Unit51. 1.That psychiatrist who had talked about his patients in public, was charged with violatingprofessional ethics.2. 2.Hanging on the walls of the classroom are some famous sayings,which inspire and urgepeople to exert themselves.3. 3.All kinds of commodities are available.Nothing is in short supply.4. 4.We all trust the president for his absolute integrity.5. 5.Before we vote for him, we want to know what he stands for.6. 6.The defendant couldn’t account for the fact that the money was found in his house.7.7.When I saw that he was right,I had to back down.8.8.She has been appointed sales manager,for she is both clever and diligent.9.9.One of the biggest challenges faced by the present government is that of creating more jobs.10.10.The enemy succumbed soon after our soldiers stormed its stronghold.Unit61. The dilemma she is facing is whether to tell her husband the truth about his fatal disease.2.Don’t you think it a sort of stigma that you,already in your thirties,still have to depend on your old parents?3. Almost all the governments in the world are very much concerned about the financialissue.4.With regard to the seminar on English teaching, I suggest that it be held on the comingweekend.5.whether to go abroad for further education or not is entirely up to you.6.Just a single spark can lead to an explosion in a room filled with gas.7.No matter what efforts the government has made,the price for housing has barely declined.8.In order to pass TOEFL,he has devoted almost every minute of his spare time to Englishstudies.9.With his acting potential, the young man is likely to be a superstar in the field of entertainment.10.It is believed that siblings jealousy exists more in a rich family than in a poor one.Unit71.I scrambled up the cliff for a good view of the sea.2.He lunged at the burglar and wrestled with him for the weapon.3.I figure that our national economy will continue to develop rapidly.4.The chairman made an effort to reassure the shareholders that the company’s bad resultswould not be repeated.5. Stop acting like a baby! Pull yourself together!6. Being very much a private man, he does not confide in anyone.7.We all hate the terrorists’ indiscriminate violence against ordinary people.8.Many people in this country are alarmed by the dramatic increase in violent crimes.9. We anticipated that the enemy would try to cross the river. That was why we destroyed thebridge.10. I am indebted to all the people who worked so hard to make the party a great success. Unit81.At Christmas people enjoy themselves very much;they visit one another and present each other with Christmas cards and presents.2.The walls of her bedroom and living room are all decorated with pictures of pop stars and film stars.3. Sophia teased Tom about his new hat mildly, but Tom teased her curly hair unmercifully.4.He had attained remarkable achievements which surpassed the goal he had set for himself.5. He kept crying bitterly, and I tried to persuade him not to give way to grief.6. I took it for granted that you would like to see the play, so I bought you a ticket.7.They have relegated these problems somewhere down on the priority list.8.I am going to address the letter to Donna in care of her lawyer.9. I don’t know why telling her the news brought a lump in my throat.10.Sailors signal with flags by day and with lights at night.Unit91.Towering above all others,this mountain peak commands a fine view.2.I have asked my friends to recommend a doctor who is good at treating children.3.Sophia teased Tom about his new hat mildly,but Tom teased her about her curly hair unmercifully.4. The government is determined to avoid at all costs a sharp rise in food price.5. He tried his best to save the drowning boy, but in vain.6. That old woman is always interfering in other people’s affairs.7.After having several influential papers published,he became quite distinguished in the academic world.8.Pollution is so serious in this area that the villagers can hardly find any water that is fit for drinking.9.I packed a suitcase with all the things that might be needed.10. We Chinese usually associate the Spring Festival with family reunion.Unit101.2. Many volunteers rendered a valuable service to the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.3. The world economy is in a desperate situation, so all governments must take desperate measures to cope with.4.Scissors,knives,matches,and medicine must be kept beyond the reach of children.5.I always keep a sum of at least 1.000yuan on hand, in case of an emergency.6.Honest people despise lies and liars.7. It was a long time before I began to feel at home in English.8. Because of the financial recession, some of small- and medium-size enterprises are, so to speak,up to their necks in debt.9.He is a man that always mouths fine words about people to their faces and speaks ill of them behind their backs.10.I was greatly scared by the zest demonstrated by those radicals.Unit111.They hoped to save their marriage by giving birth to a child.2. Secret service men escorted the President and his family everywhere they went.3. The presidentia l candidate’s speech was often punctuated now and then by outbursts ofapplause from the audience.4. As soon as the news of victory came, there was great rejoicing all over the country.5.The tertiary industry in our country has been developing by leaps and bounds since the reform and opening drive started.6.The priest preached a sermon to the congregation on the need for charity.7.In order to/To maintain his dignity the employee didn’t kneel on his knees in front of theoverbearing boss.8.When the chairman announced the election results,the meeting hall broke into a sea of great joy,with the whole assembly clapping and cheering.9.He has a very bad reputation,for he often takes other people’s names in vain.10. The building of the new road has been held up by bad weather.Unit 121. I marvel at the poet’s ability to express nuances of different feelings.2.Although you have good teachers and a favorable environment,it is your personal effort that comes into play in the success of your English studies.3.As English majors,we need to have a keen awareness of the subtle diffrences between word meaning.4. Some new policies in the educational system will be implemented next year.5. It is unfair to indentify popular culture with vulgar culture.6. He believes that a person should be noble-minded, but not money-oriented all the time.7.The Middle East is generously endowed with petroleum.8.The school authorities are holding a meeting in reference to the construction of a new gymnasium.9.But for his personal visits to the third-world countries,he would not have believed such disparity in the living standars between the rich and the poor.10.No one came to claim the welfare lottery bonus of 5 million yuan RMB,not even to the last day.Unit131. The airport authorities request that every passenger keep an eye on his/her own belongings.2.Although he was diagnosed with stomach cancer,he still took an optimistic attitude toward life.3.His teacher advised him not to eat so much junk food.4. With a high sense of responsibility, the teacher gave his life in order to save his students.5.His comrades did whatever they could for his release from the prison,and they succeeded.6.The sudden financial tsunami has stripped quite a number of people of their property.7.My secretary is looking for this or that all the time,for she is always misplacing her things.8. After drifting into the woods, he was greatly amazed at the scene in front of him.9.So far no effective remedy for the addiction to the Internet has been found.10. In view of the serious employment situation, many university graduates voluntarily go and work in the remote areas.Unit141.He possesses some fine traits:he has refined and gentle manners;he is kind and generous to others;he is always modest and prudent;and he constantly perfects his work.2.A high crime rate that doesn’t seem to drop is a reflection of an unstable society.3. It is beyond doubt that Shanghai is fast becoming another financial center.4.Such a small gym can hardly meet the needs of such a large student body,amounting to about 3000.5.A person with reason instinctively knows what should be done and what should not be done.6. Despite hardships, she persisted in her efforts to complete her university education.7.As long as you study hard and make progress constantly,your chances to succeed will multiply.8. Xiao Wang works very efficiently, because he possesses strong professional competence and, moreover, he pays particular attention to the methods he employs.9. The so-called problem teens are not born to be problems. Very likely, it is because they lack parental and school discipline.10.The President of the university displays both professional competence and excellent leadership;therefore,he is very popular among the teachers and other staff members.。
专业英语(上)课文翻译
1.一般工程钢（淬火和回火钢）经过简单正火处理后的碳素钢（碳含量0.25—0.60％，最大含Mn量1.0％），广泛应用于棒条、一般工程锻件、落垂锻件中。
对于给定的材料的最佳性质组合只体现在不超过一定尺寸的组件中，对于碳钢来说，这个尺寸很小（低限制的最大截面）。
这些碳素钢经过淬火和回火后可以获得优良的拉伸强度、屈服强度、延伸性和抗冲击性。
任何一种钢都有一个最小的冷却速度以产生有效硬化。
同样，热量被淬火介质吸收的速度也会受到最大截面的影响。
虽然有可能通过淬火来硬化特定钢材的小截面，但对于同一钢材的大截面，就不一定了。
这种质量效应和尺寸效应深深地影响着用于淬火和回火的钢的选择。
对于碳素钢来说，要达到满意的硬化效果，冷却速度必须很大，因此，能进行理想热处理的钢材，截面尺寸是有限制的。
而且，在金属中发生相变的参数是其均匀性质是不能赋予给超过一定厚度的工件，因为中心和截面表面之间出在不同的冷却速度。
更进一步说，具有高拉伸强度的普通钢，通常带有相对低的屈服点，并且延展性和韧性都低。
因此，普通碳素钢仅仅可能获得中等的拉伸强度水平与合理的延展性和韧度。
因此，想获得大尺寸和高的拉伸强度的要求，就需要用一种即使在低的淬火热吸收率下也能得到有效硬化的钢。
通过使用合金钢，这些难题便迎刃而解。
通过加入合金元素，如锰、镍、铬、钼、钒，降低了使钢有效硬化的最低冷却速度，这取决于添加元素的含量或元素的组合。
此外，组件的畸变和裂纹也减少了。
多种合金元素总和的应用比单一元素更为广泛。
这是由于有很多种元素同时存在的任一截面起的效果比起有等值的单一元素存在的截面起的效果要大。
此外，某些元素具有的缺点会抵消它们的优点，这就有必要限制它们在金属中的量。
我们也能发现，某些元素组合各自所具有的优点抵消各自的缺点，同时其他优点共同起作用。
铬的单一使用会使晶粒粗化，而镍在长时间加热时也能使含碳量高的钢产生碳化。
铬能够稳定碳化物的出现，而镍帮助晶粒优化。
大学专业英语教材翻译
大学专业英语教材翻译IntroductionIn recent years, the demand for English language proficiency amongst university students has increased significantly. As a result, there has been a growing need for high-quality English textbooks specifically tailored to the needs of students studying various academic disciplines. This article aims to discuss the importance of translating university professional English textbooks and the challenges faced in this process.Importance of Translating University Professional English Textbooks1. Enhancing Language Proficiency: University professional English textbooks play a vital role in developing students' language skills in specific academic fields. By translating these textbooks into the students' native language, it becomes much easier for them to understand complex concepts and terminologies, thus enhancing their overall language proficiency.2. Promoting Accessibility: Translating university professional English textbooks makes education more accessible to non-native English speakers. It ensures that students, regardless of their language backgrounds, have equal opportunities to learn and excel in their chosen fields of study.3. Facilitating Learning Process: Translated textbooks provide students with a comprehensive understanding of subject matters, making the learning process more efficient and effective. It enables students to grasp complex theories and concepts more easily, thus enabling better academic achievement.Challenges in Translating University Professional English Textbooks1. Technical Terminologies: University professional English textbooks often contain discipline-specific technical terminologies, which can be challenging to accurately translate. Translators need to ensure that the translated terms retain their original meanings and accurately convey the intended message.2. Cultural Adaptation: Translating textbooks also involves adapting the content to fit the cultural context of the target language. Concepts or examples that are culturally specific in the source language may need to be modified or substituted to ensure they are culturally relevant and understandable to the target audience.3. Style and Tone Preservation: Translating professional English textbooks requires maintaining the appropriate style and tone of the original text. Translators must ensure that the translated text maintains the same level of formality and academic rigor to effectively communicate with the intended readership.ConclusionTranslating university professional English textbooks is of utmost importance in improving English language proficiency amongst university students. It promotes accessibility, facilitates the learning process, and enhances students' overall understanding of academic subjects. Despite the challenges faced in the translation process, it is essential to prioritize the translation of these textbooks to cater to the diverse linguistic needs of students. By ensuring accurate and culturally relevant translations, we can create a more inclusive and effective learning environment for all.。
大学专科英语教材翻译
大学专科英语教材翻译Translation of University College English TextbookIntroduction简介In recent years, the demand for English language education in universities has been increasing rapidly. As a result, the need for high-quality English textbooks has become more prominent. This article aims to provide a translated version of a university college English textbook to meet the needs of students and educators alike.Chapter 1: Basic Grammar第一章：基础语法1.1 Nouns and Pronouns名词和代词Nouns and pronouns are the fundamental building blocks of English sentences. They refer to people, objects, or concepts. Understanding their usage and correct identification is crucial for effective communication.1.2 Verbs and Tenses动词和时态Verbs express actions, states, or occurrences. Mastery of verb tenses is important for conveying precise and accurate information about when anaction takes place. This section provides comprehensive explanations of different verb tenses, along with examples for better understanding.Chapter 2: Listening Comprehension第二章：听力理解2.1 Developing Listening Skills培养听力技巧Listening comprehension is vital for effective communication. This chapter introduces various listening techniques and strategies essential for understanding spoken English in different contexts. Students will engage in listening exercises and activities designed to enhance their comprehension skills.2.2 Note-Taking做笔记Effective note-taking is crucial to retain important information while listening. This section provides guidelines for taking concise, clear, and organized notes during lectures, presentations, and other listening activities.Chapter 3: Reading Comprehension第三章：阅读理解3.1 Skimming and Scanning略读和扫读Skimming and scanning techniques are essential when dealing with large volumes of written materials. This chapter teaches students how to quickly identify key information, main ideas, and relevant details through skimming and scanning.3.2 Vocabulary Expansion词汇扩充Building a robust vocabulary is essential for reading comprehension. This section presents various strategies for expanding vocabulary, including learning new words through context, word families, synonyms, and antonyms.Chapter 4: Speaking and Oral Presentation第四章：口语表达与口头报告4.1 Conversation Skills交流技巧Developing effective speaking skills is essential for successful communication. This chapter focuses on improving fluency, pronunciation, and overall conversational abilities through interactive exercises and role-playing activities.4.2 Presentation Skills报告技巧Oral presentations are common in academic and professional settings. This section provides guidelines for delivering well-structured and engagingpresentations, including techniques for effective body language, visual aids, and audience engagement.Chapter 5: Writing Skills第五章：写作技巧5.1 Essay Writing论文写作Developing strong writing skills is crucial for academic success. This chapter covers different types of essays, including argumentative, descriptive, and narrative essays. Students will learn how to structure their essays, develop convincing arguments, and enhance overall writing proficiency.5.2 Editing and Proofreading编辑和校对Producing clear and error-free writing requires effective editing and proofreading skills. This section provides strategies for identifying and correcting common grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors, ensuring the final written work is polished and professional.Conclusion结论This translated university college English textbook covers essential language skills and components necessary for English language acquisition. The comprehensive approach, combined with interactive exercises andactivities, aims to provide students with a solid foundation in English language learning. With this textbook, students can enhance their listening, reading, speaking, and writing abilities, ultimately improving their overall communication skills in both academic and professional contexts.。
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第一课现代数字设计及数字信号处理课文 A: 数字信号处理简介1.什么是数字信号处理？数字信号处理，或DSP，如其名称所示，是采用数字方式对信号进行处理。
在这种情况下一个信号可以代表各种不同的东西。
从历史的角度来讲，信号处理起源于电子工程，信号在这里意味着在电缆或电话线或者也有可能是在无线电波中传输的电子信号。
然而，更通用地说，一个信号是一个可代表任何东西--从股票价格到来自于远程传感卫星的数据的信息流。
术语“ digital ”来源于“ digit ”，意思是数字（代可以用你的手指计数），因此“ digital ”的字面意思是“数字的，用数字表示的”，其法语是“ numerique”。
一个数字信号由一串数字流组成，通常（但并非一定）是二进制形式。
对数字信号的处理通过数字运算来完成。
数字信号处理是一个非常有用的技术，将会形成21 世纪的新的科学技术。
数字信号处理已在通信、医学图像、雷达和声纳、高保真音乐产生、石油开采等很广泛的领域内引起了革命性的变革。
这些领域中的每一个都使得DSP 技术得到深入发展，有该领域自己的算法、数学基础，以及特殊的技术。
DSP 发展的广度和深度的结合使得任何个人都不可能掌握已发展出的所有的 DSP 技术。
DSP 教育包括两个任务：学习应用数字信号处理的通用原则及学习你所感兴趣的特定领域的数字信号处理技术。
2.模拟和数字信号在很多情况下，所感兴趣的信号的初始形式是模拟电压或电流，例如由麦克风或其它转换器产生的信号。
在有些情况下，例如从一个 CD 播放机的可读系统中输出的信号，信号本身就是数字的。
在应用 DSP 技术之前，一个模拟信号必须转换成数字信号。
例如，一个模拟电压信号，可被一个称为模数转换器或 ADC 的电路变换成数字信号。
该转换器产生一系列二进制数字作为数字输出，其值代表每个采样时刻的输入模数转换设备的电压值。
3.信号处理通常信号需要以各种方式处理。
例如，来自于传感器的信号可能被一些没用的电子“噪声”污染。
测心电图时放在病人胸部的电极能测量到当心脏及其它肌肉活动时微小的电压变化。
信号也常会被来自于电源的电磁干扰所影响。
采用滤波电路处理信号至少可以去掉不需要的信号部分。
如今，对信号滤波以增加信号的质量或抽取重要信息的任务越来越多地由DSP 技术完成而不是采用模拟电路完成。
4. DSP 的发展和应用数字信号处理的发展起源于60 年代大型数字计算机进行数字处理的应用，如使用快速傅立叶变换（ FFT）可以快速计算信号的频谱。
这些技术在当时并没有被广泛应用，因为通常只有在大学或者其它的科研机构才有合适的计算机。
由于当时计算机很贵，DSP 仅仅局限于少量的非常重要的应用。
先驱们的探索工作主要集中在 4 个关键领域：雷达和声纳，用于保卫国家安全；石油开采，可以赚大量的钱；空间探索，其中的数据是不能重复产生的；及医学图像，可以救治生命。
20 世纪80 年代到90 年代个人电脑的普及使得DSP产生了很多新的应用。
与以往由军方或政府的需求驱动不同，DSP 突然间由商业市场的需求驱动了。
任何认为自己能在这个飞速发展的领域赚钱的人都会立即成为 DSP 供应商。
DSP 通过在移动电话、 CD 播放器及语音邮件等产品中应用进入了公共应用领域。
这些技术革命是自上而下发生的。
在20 世纪 80 年代早期， DSP 是电子工程专业的研究生课程， 10 年后， DSP 成为了本科生课表中的一部分。
今天， DSP 是很多领域的科学家及工程师需要掌握的标准技能。
DSP 可以与以前的电子技术的发展相类比。
在电子工程领域，几乎每个科学家和工程师都具有基本的电路设计背景。
否则，他们将在技术界落伍。
DSP 的将来也会如此。
DSP 已在科学及工程的许多领域掀起了变革。
其中的一些扩展应用如图 1 所示。
空间：空间图像增强；数据压缩；通过空间探索进行智能传感分析医学：诊断图像（ CT，MRI ，超声波及其它）；心电图分析；医学图像存储/恢复商业：多媒体展示的图像和声音压缩；电影特效；视频会议DSP电话：语音及数据压缩；去回声；信号复用滤波军事：雷达；声纳；军火指挥；安全通信工业：石油和采矿预测；过程监视/控制；非破坏性测试；CAD 设计工具科学：地震记录及分析；数据采集；频谱分析；仿真和建模5.数字信号处理器 (DSPs)20 世纪 70 年代后期及80 年代前期微处理器的出现使得DSP 技术在更广泛的范围内应用成为可能。
然而，通用的微处理芯片，如Intel 的 X86 系列用于对数字敏感的DSP 应用并不理想，在 20 世纪 80 年代， DSP 变得越来越重要，这导致了很多主要的电子元件制造商（如德州仪器 , ADI 及摩托罗拉等）开始重视开发数字信号处理器芯片—一种专用的微处理器，具有专为数字信号处理需求操作而设计的系统结构。
（这里要注意的是，DSP 的缩写可指数字信号处理，这个术语表示广泛应用的用于数字化地处理信号的技术，或者数字信号处理器，一种特殊的微处理芯片）。
与通用的微处理芯片一样，一个 DSP 是一个可编程设备，具有私有的指令码。
DSP 芯片每秒可以执行上百万次的浮点数运算，像其它更广为人知的通用微处理器一样，更快更强大的DSP 在不断地出现。
DSPs 可以被嵌入到其它通常包括模拟和数字电路的复杂片上系统设备中。
虽然 DSP 技术所依赖的一些数学理论，如傅立叶变换及希尔伯特变换、数字滤波器设计及信号压缩等，可能相当复杂，而实际中实现这些数字运算的技术却非常简单，其包括的主要运算可由一个廉价的具有加减乘除功能的四则运算器实现。
DSP 芯片的结构设计使得这些运算的速度快得不可思议，每秒钟可处理上亿次的采样值，从而具有实时性：也就是说，当其处理一个信号时，使之像刚刚采样并输出一样具有实时性。
如一个扬声器或一个视频显示。
以前所提到的所有的DSP 的应用实例，如硬盘驱动器和移动电话，都需要实时操作。
主要的电子元件制造商都在DSP 技术领域大量投资。
因为他们发现在具有大规模市场的应用产品中， DSP 芯片在全世界电子设备中占了很大的比例。
现在每年的销售额在10亿美元左右，并且看来会持续快速增长。
6. DSP 的深度如同你从每个应用中所注意到的一样，DSP 是非常交叉的学科，依赖于许多相邻领域的技术工作。
如图 2 所示。
DSP 与其它技术学科之间的边界不是非常精确或明确定义的，而是非常模糊或相互重叠的。
如果你想精通DSP，就需要同时学习相关的科学、工程及数学领域的知识。
图 2.数字信号处理与其它领域具有模糊及重叠的边界7.DSP 影响的领域1）电信DSP 在很多领域对电信工业具有革命性的影响：信号音调的产生和检测、频带搬移、滤波以去除电源噪声等。
这里将要讨论来自电话网的三个特例：复用、压缩及回声控制。
(1)复用世界上大约有10 亿部电话。
只要按下很少的一些按钮，交换网允许其中的一部与任何别的电话在几秒之内连接。
这项工作的复杂性是人脑所不能想象的。
直到20世纪60年代，两个电话之间的连接还需要将模拟话音信号通过机械开关及放大器进行传送。
一个连接需要一对线。
相比较而言，DSP 将音频信号转换成一串数字信号流。
由于比特流可以很容易地被混放在一起并且事后可以分开，因此，许多路话音可以在一条信道上传输。
该技术称为复用。
(2)压缩当以 8000 个采样值 /秒的速度对一个话音信号进行数字化时，大多数的数字信息是冗余的。
也就是说，由一个采样携带的信息与其相邻采样在很大程度上是重复的。
很多DSP 算法用于将数字化的语音转换成需要较少的bits/sec的数据流，这称为数据压缩算法。
对应的解压缩算法用于将信息恢复成其原始形式。
这些算法根据压缩比及最后的话音质量来区分优劣。
通常来说，这些算法可以使数据率从64kb/sec 减少到 32kb/s 而不会导致话音质量的损失。
(3) 回声控制回声是长距离电话连接中的一个严重的问题。
当你对一个电话讲话时，一个代表你声音的信号会被传输到所连接的接收端，而其中的一部分会以回声的形式返回。
如果连接只有几百米，收到回音的时间间隔仅有几毫秒。
人的耳朵习惯于收到这么短时间延迟的回声，连接听起来相当正常。
当距离增大时，回声会变得非常惹人注意并且让人无法忍受。
洲际通信的回声间隔可达几百毫秒，这是相当让人讨厌的。
数字信号处理技术通过测量返回信号，并产生一个相应的相反信号以抵消这些令人讨厌的回声来处理这类问题。
同样的技术还用于令使用话筒的人能边听边说而不会觉得有回音。
这也可用于通过产生数字相反噪音来减少环境噪音。
2）语音处理人类的两个最基本的感观是视觉和听觉。
相应地，许多DSP 是与图像及声音处理有关的。
人们可以听到音乐和话音。
DSP 在这两个领域都曾带来革命性的变化。
（1）音乐从音乐家的麦克风到高保真音响之间的距离是相当长的。
用数字信号代表数据是很重要的，目的是防止模拟话音存储及处理中常有的话音衰退现象。
这与任何一个人将磁带的声音质量与 CD 的声音质量进行对比的结果是一样的。
一个典型的场景是，一段音乐在录音棚中是通过不同的声道进行录制的。
有些情况下，这甚至包括分别录制各个乐器及歌唱者的声音。
这样做的目的是给声音工程师以极大的灵活性去制作最后的产品。
将单独声道的音乐合成为最终音乐的过程被称为合成。
DSP 在音乐合成中可以提供多种重要功能，包括:滤波、信号附加及截断、信号编辑等。
在音乐合成中DSP 最有趣的一个应用是人工回放。
如果各个信道仅仅是简单地叠加在一起，最后听到的音乐是脆弱无力的，就如同音乐家在门外演奏一样。
这就是为什么听众被音乐的回声或回音深深影响着，而这些常在演播室中被最小化了。
DSP 使得人工回声在混合过程中被加到音乐中以仿真不同的听觉环境。
具有几百毫秒的延迟的回声会让人觉得像是大教堂一样的环境，而加上10-20 毫秒延迟的回声可以产生更加现代的听觉感受。
（2）话音产生话音产生和识别用于人和机器之间的通信。
不是用手和眼睛，而是用嘴和耳朵。
当你的手和眼睛需要做别的如开车，进行外科手术或对敌人开枪等事情时，这项技术将给你带来极大的方便。
有两种计算机产生话音的方式：数字录音或声道仿真。
（3）语音识别对人类声音的自动识别要比话音产生难得多。
数字信号处理通常通过两步解决话音识别的问题：特征抽取及特征匹配。
来自于音频信号的每个单词都被隔离开并与先前所输的单词相比较以确认与那个最接近。
通常，这种系统仅限于很少的几百个单词；仅能接受在单词间具有明显停顿的话音；对每个说话的人都需要重新学习。
8.图像处理图像是具有特殊特点的信号。
首先，是在空间对参数的测量，而大多数信号是在时间上对参数的测量。
其次，图像包含了大量的信息。
例如，存储一秒钟的电视图像需要10M 的空间。