国际贸易理论双语课件9
教学课件 国际贸易理论与实务双语教程--傅龙海
4.1 General Trade总贸易
• It is a statistical method to classify import and export by country’s border. General trade is divided into general import and general export. All the merchandise moving into the border of a country are counted into the general import including what are consumed in domestic and what are transited or passed through the territory of the county; All the merchandise moved out of the border of a country are counted into general export including the export of the homemade products, the re-export of foreign merchandise and transited goods or the goods passing through the border. The total sum of general import and general export are general trade.
• According to the different movement directions of the goods, international trade is classified into export trade, import trade, and transit trade.
国际贸易理论双语
The Product Life-CyБайду номын сангаасle Theory
The Product Life-Cycle Theory
• Stage 2: Growth and Maturity • A copy product is produced elsewhere and
introduced in the home country (and elsewhere) to capture growth in the home market. This moves production to other countries, usually on the basis of cost of production. (E.g., the clones of the early IBM PCs were not produced in the US.) • The industry contracts and concentrates -- the lowest cost producer wins here. (E.g., the many clones of the PC are made almost entirely in lowest cost locations.)
The Product Life-Cycle Theory
• The product life-cycle theory is an economic theory that was developed by Raymond Vernon in response to the failure of the Heckscher-Ohlin model to explain the observed pattern of international trade. The theory suggests that early in a product's life-cycle all the parts and labor associated with that product come from the area in which it was invented. After the product becomes adopted and used in the world markets, production gradually moves away from the point of origin. In some situations, the product becomes an item that is imported by its original country of invention.A commonly used example of this is the invention, growth and production of the personal computer with respect to the United States.
国际贸易双语教程英文版
国际贸易双语教程英文版IntroductionInternational trade is an essential part of the global economy. It involves the exchange of goods and services between countries. In this bilingual tutorial, we will provide an overview of international trade and explore its various aspects. This tutorial aims to help readers gain a thorough understanding of international trade concepts and terminology in English.1. Understanding International TradeInternational trade refers to the exchange of goods and services across international borders. It allows countries to specialize in producing goods and services that they can produce efficiently, ensuring maximum productivity and resource utilization. This leads to increased economic growth and welfare for participating nations.2. Benefits of International TradeInternational trade offers several advantages to participating countries. These benefits include:•Improved Efficiency: Countries can focus on producing goods and services that they can produce efficiently, increasing overall productivity.•Access to a Wider Range of Goods: Countries can import goods not produced domestically, allowing consumers access to a broader selection of products.•Expanding Markets: With international trade, businesses can reach new markets abroad, enabling them to grow and expand.•Economic Growth: International trade stimulates economic growth by promoting investment, job creation, and innovation.•Lower Costs: Countries can import goods at a lower cost than producing them domestically, leading to cost savings for consumers andbusinesses.3. Trade BarriersDespite the benefits of international trade, various barriers can hinder smooth trade operations. These barriers include:•Tariffs: Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods, increasing their prices and reducing demand.•Quotas: Quotas limit the quantity of goods that can be imported, restricting access to foreign markets.•Regulatory Barriers: These include regulations, standards, and certifications that goods must meet to enter a country, creating additional costs and hurdles for exporters.•Currency Barriers: Fluctuations in exchange rates can affect the competitiveness of goods in international markets.•Trade Restrictions: Embargoes, trade sanctions, and trade wars can further hinder international trade.4. International Trade AgreementsTo promote and regulate international trade, countries often engage in the negotiation and formation of trade agreements. These agreements aim to reduce trade barriers and create a more favorable trade environment. Some prominent international trade agreements include:•World Trade Organization (WTO): The WTO is a global organization that promotes free trade and resolves trade disputes amongmember countries.•Free Trade Agreements (FTAs): FTAs are agreements between countries that eliminate or reduce trade barriers among participating nations.•Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs): RTAs are trade agreements between countries within a specific geographic region.•Bilateral Agreements: Bilateral agreements are trade agreements between two countries, focusing on addressing trade barriers and promoting trade.•Multilateral Agreements: Multilateral agreements involve multiple countries negotiating and establishing trade rules and regulations.5. Trade DocumentationInternational trade involves significant documentation to ensure smooth and legal transactions between parties. Some essential trade documents include: •Commercial Invoice: An invoice that provides detailed information about the goods being sold, including quantity, price, and delivery terms.•Bill of Lading: It is a document issued by a carrier that acknowledges the receipt of goods for shipment.•Packing List: A detailed list of the contents and quantities of a shipment.•Certificate of Origin: It certifies the origin of the goods and is needed to claim preferential treatment under trade agreements.•Insurance Certificate: A document that confirms that goods are insured against loss or damage during transportation.•Customs Declaration: A document that provides information about the goods being imported or exported and helps calculate applicable customs duties and taxes.ConclusionInternational trade plays a crucial role in the global economy, enabling countries to benefit from specialization, economic growth, and improved welfare. This bilingual tutorial aimed to provide an overview of international trade in English, covering its various aspects from understanding the basics to trade barriers, agreements, and documentation. By understanding these concepts, readers can engage in international trade activities more effectively and confidently.。
国际贸易英文课件：CH2 classical international trade theory
Classical International Trade Theory
Chapter 2
In this chapter, we’ll review the history, following the thought of Adam Smith and David Ricardo about the division of labor and international trade. In this way, we get to know how international trade theories occurred and have been developed, how the model of international trade theories have been modified and improved by breaking through the theoretical limit.
1.2 Representatives
Thomas Munn (1571-1641) was perhaps the most influential of the mercantilist writers, and his England’s Treasure by Foreign Trade was the outstanding exposition of mercantilists’ thought on trade.
§1 Mercantilism
1.1 The Building Time & Background of Mercantilism
All early studies and theories about international trade almost came from the writings of Mercantilism.
《国际贸易理论》课件
2
工业革命时期
工业化和技术进步推动了贸易的规模和速度的增长。更加便捷和普遍，涉及更多领域。
国际贸易的意义与作用
1 经济增长
国际贸易可以刺激经济增 长，提供就业机会，扩大 企业规模，并吸引外资。
2 资源优化
国际贸易可以实现资源的 有效配置，使各国能够专 注于自身的优势产业。
常见的贸易障碍
1 关税
国家对进口商品征收的税 费，限制了市场准入和降 低了贸易流动性。
2 配额限制
国家限制进口商品数量的 政策，以保护国内产业和 市场。
3 非关税壁垒
除了关税之外的其他限制， 如认证要求、配方要求、 技术壁垒等。
世界贸易组织（WTO）的作用
世界贸易组织是一个国际组织，旨在促进全球贸易自由化、打击贸易保护主义，并制定贸易规则和解决争端。
《国际贸易理论》PPT课 件
这是一份关于《国际贸易理论》的课件，旨在探讨国际贸易的各种理论和发 展趋势，以及它对全球经济的意义和作用。
什么是国际贸易？
国际贸易是指不同国家之间买卖商品和服务的活动。它促进了经济增长，提 升了生活水平，并促进了全球合作与发展。
国际贸易的发展历程
1
古代
贸易通过陆地和海洋展开，促进了文化交流和商品流动。
国际贸易的贸易模式
出口贸易
一个国家出口商品和服务到其他国家，以赚取 外汇和刺激经济增长。
双边贸易
两个国家之间直接进行的贸易活动，通常是出 口和进口的组合。
进口贸易
一个国家从其他国家进口商品和服务，以满足 国内需求和丰富市场选择。
多边贸易
多个国家之间进行的贸易活动，常常通过贸易 组织或协议管理和推动。
3 文化交流
国际贸易促进了跨国文化 的交流与理解，丰富了人 们的生活和视野。
国际贸易理论与实务(双语版)9
6
1.4.4 According to the bill of exchange is accompanied by shipping documents or not, the bills of exchange can be classified into clean draft and documentary draft. 1.5 Bills of Exchange Act 汇票的行为 （1）To Draw出票 （2）Presentation提示 （3）Acceptance承兑 （4）Payment付款 （5）Endorsement背书 （6）Dishonor 拒付 （7）Recourse追索 （8）Discount贴现
CHEQUE Cheque for GBP10000.00 London,6th April, 2011
Pay to Tianjin Economic and Development Corp.Or order the sum of ten thousand pounds only. To: National Westminster Bank London, England For British Trading Co. Signed
PROMISSORY NOTE Promissory Note for USD5000.00 New York,10th May 2011 At 90 days after date we promise to pay to the order of Bank of China, Qingdao Branch the sum of FIVE THOUSAND U.S. DOLLARS ONLY. For New York Export and Import Company
国际贸易实务双语教程(第4版)chapter9
Airway Bill
Airway Bill has the following features: a. It is a transport contract signed between the consignor/shipper
and the carrier/ airline. b. It is a receipt from the airline acknowledging the receipt of the
Land Bridge Transport
1 Ocean Transport
Ocean freight is the most widely used form of transportation in international trade as well as the most efficient form in terms of energy.
2) Liner/Regular Shipping Liner
A liner is a vessel with regular sailing and arrival on a stated schedule between a group of specific ports.
3) Freight of liners
Pipelines are used for transporting commodities, such as crude oil and gases etc., long distances over land and under the sea.
International combined transport means the conveyance of cargo includes at least two modes of transport by which the goods are carried from the place of dispatch to that of destination on the basis of combined transport or a multimodal transport contract.
国际贸易实务双语课件chapter nine.ppt
Delivery of Goods 货物的装运
Section One: Methods of Delivery （装运方式）
Section Two: Delivery Conditions （装运条件）
Section Three: Shipping Documents （货运单据）
解答
计费标准为W/M，根据已知条件，可求出积载系 数为大于1，故按重要计算运费
每吨单位运价：80*（1+20%+10%）=104美元 该货总运费：104*10=1040美元
2.Railway Transport （铁路运输）
特点：货运量大、速度快、安全可靠、运输成本低、运 输准确和受气候影响较小等
铁路运输有4种： a. 国内铁路运输； b. 往香港澳门的铁路运输； c. 国与国之间的铁路运输； d. 国际铁路货物联运。
Air Transport （航空运输）
优点：速度快、交货迅速、货损率低以及节省 包装、储存等费用。
缺点：运量小、运价高，易受恶劣气候的影响。 航空运输可分为以下4种： a. Scheduled airliner班机运输 b. Charted carrier包机运输 c. Consolidation集中托运 d. Air express急件运送
International Combing Transport / International Multimodal Transport （国际多式联运）
一般是以集装箱为媒介，把海、陆、空多种传统的单 一运输方式有机地结合起来，组成一种国际间的连贯 运输。 在中国的主要多式联运： 1）火车、飞机的联合运输方式 2）火车、船的联合运输方式 3）集装箱运输方式
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Foreign direct investment incentives of the following forms.
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • low corporate tax and income tax rates ; tax holidays Other types of tax concessions Preferential tariffs; Special economic zones; EPZ-export processing zones; Bonded Warehouses; Maquiladoras; Investment financial subsidies; Soft loan or loan guarantees; Free trade or land subsidies; Relocation and expatriation subsidies Infrastructure subsidies R&D support Derogation from regulations
tax holidays
• A tax holiday is a temporary reduction or elimination of a tax. Governments usually create tax holidays as incentives for business investment. The taxes that are most commonly reduced by national and local governments are sales taxes. In developing countries, governments sometimes reduce or eliminate corporate taxes for the purpose of attracting Foreign Direct Investment or stimulating growth in selected industries.
Dumping
• • • • How to determine the normal value? The standard of original country; The standard of the third country; The standard of cost sum.
• The types of dumping: • • • • Predatory dumping; Persistent dumping; Hidden dumping; Sporadic dumping.
Technical Barrier
• Technical barrier is a protective means conforming to the WTO rules, and has been widely adopted by many countries, especially developed countries. • 1. Technical regulations and product standards . eg. Underwriter Laboratories Inc • 2. Testing and certification procedures. • 3. packing and label. • 4. IT Barriers. • .
Foreign exchange controls
• Governmental restrictions on private transactions in foreign money or claims on foreign money. Residents are required to sell foreign money coming into their possession to a central bank or specialized government agency at exchange rates set by the government. The chief function of most systems of exchange control is to maintain a favorable balance of payments. See also foreign exchange. • 1. Restrictions on the amount of currency that may be imported or exported. • 2. Restrictions on the cost of currency that may be purchased. •
Special Economic Zone
• A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic and other laws that are more free-market-oriented than a country's typical or national laws. "Nationwide" laws may be suspended inside a special economic zone. The category 'SEZ' covers a broad range of more specific zone types, including Free Trade Zones (FTZ), Export Processing Zones (EPZ), Free Zones (FZ), Industrial Estates (IE), Free Ports, Urban Enterprise Zones and others. Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors, typically an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC).
• The green trade barrier is also named as green barrier. It refers to protection of the inner market by means of the limitation by the strict environment protection technology or the green signs in the export and import，which can keep the foreign merchandizes outside. This causes a immense impact on the international trade order. • The reason of appearance of green trade barrier 1. The change of view of value. 2. The traditional lawless tax barrier gets condemn of the international society. 3. different standards in different countries. there are great differences in the ability of environment protection in different countries. This leads to different environment protection standard.
Methods
• The foreign direct investor may acquire voting power of an enterprise in an economy through any of the following methods: • by incorporating a wholly owned subsidiary or company . • by acquiring shares in an associated enterprise . • through a merger or an acquisition of an unrelated enterprise . • participating in an equity joint venture with another investor or enterprise .
Foreign direct investment
• Foreign direct investment (FDI) refers to long term participation by country A into country B. It usually involves participation in management, joint-venture, transfer of technology and expertise. There are two types of FDI: inward foreign direct investment and outward foreign direct investment, resulting in a net FDI inflow (positive or negative) and "stock of foreign direct investment", which is the cumulative number for a given period. Direct investment excludes investment through purchase of shares.