产业组织与分析课程3

1.2 Concentration（集中度）
衡量市场集中度的指标
• 绝对集中度指标：
CRn X i / Xi
i 1 i 1
n
N
类型
CR4
CR8
该产业的企业 数 20家以内
极高寡占型(A)
75%以上
极高寡占型（B）
75%以上
20-40家
高度集中寡占型
65-75%
85%以上
20-100家
Agenda
• 1. The elements of Market structure（市场结 构的要素） • 2. Categories of Market Structure（市场结构 类型） • 3. Determinant of Market Structure(市场结构 的决定因素)
Agenda
Agenda
• 1. The elements of Market structure（市场结 构的要素） • 2. Categories of Market Structure（市场结构 类型） • 3. Determinant of Market Structure
• 3.1 Economies and Diseconomies of Scale(规模经济/不经济) • 3.2 Product differentiation (产品差异化) • 3.3 Barriers to Entry and Exit（进入与退出壁垒）
Agenda
• 1. The elements of Market structure（市场结 构的要素） • 2. Categories of Market Structure（市场结构 类型） • 3. Determinant of Market Structure(市场结构 的决定因素)
•
中（上）集中寡占型
50-65%
75-85%
企业数较多
中（下）集中寡占型
35-50%
45-75%
企业数很多
低集中寡占型
30-35%
40-45%
企业数很多
原子型
企业数极多， 不存在集中现 象
• 对产业集中度的测定与把握，是政府制订有关公共政策，维产业的垄断和竞争类型划分的具体标准也不尽相同。 • 日本学者越后和典分类 • A型（极高寡占产业）：CR1≥70% • B型(极高寡占产业):CR3≥80%，CR5=100% • C型(中寡占产业):CR10≥80% • D型(准中寡占产业)CR10≥50% • E型(低集中产业)CR10≤50% • Assignments: how to measure concentration about an industry? Or how many steps should you take if to measure concentration?
• The firm’s market share is a simple concept. It is the firm’s percentage share of the industry’s total sales revenue, and it can range from virtually zero to 100 percent. • Market share is the most important single indicator of the firm’s degree of monopoly power. Higher market shares almost always provide higher monopoly power, whereas low shares involve little or none. Within a market, monopoly power will vary in line with the market shares, rather than be some industry-wide constant that is shared by all firms.
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2. Categories of Market Structure（市场结构类型） Pure monopoly is one extreme; it has just one firm (local electricity and local water service, for example), usually with inelastic demand and high entry barriers. 完全垄断是一个极端,只有一个厂商(比如当地的电力 或自来水行业),这些行业的需求缺乏弹性(或刚性),并 且进入壁垒高 Dominant firm, which has at least 40 percent of the market (to 99 percent) and no close rival ( Kodak is an instance) 支配性厂商,通常至少占有40%的市场份额(甚至多至 99%)并且没有可以与之抗衡的对手(比如柯达)
• 相对集中度指标:洛伦茨曲线与基尼系数 • 其他指标: • HHI(赫希曼-赫芬达尔指数)
Xi 2 2 HHI ( ) Si X i 1 i 1
n
n
1.3 Conditions of entry
•There may be entry barriers, which affect the ability of potential competitors outside the market to enter and become actual competitors.
• Tight oligopoly, in which the leading four firms have a combined market share of over 60 percent. They, too, enjoy some inelasticity of demand, and are often able to cooperate in setting prices. • 紧密寡占型,即前四位厂商占有60%的市场份额. 这些厂商面对的需要也是缺乏弹性,并且它们常 常合作定价 • Market power is usually large in these three types, and competition will commonly be ineffective, with the various monopoly effects. • 以上三种市场结构中的厂商通常拥有很大的市 场势力,并且由于垄断作用,市场竞争是低效率的
• 1. The elements of Market structure（市场结 构的要素）
• 1.1 market share（市场份额） • 1.2 concentration（集中度） • 1.3 conditions of entry（进入的条件）
• 2. Categories of Market Structure（市场结构 类型） • 3. Determinant of Market Structure(市场结构 的决定因素)
1. The elements of Market structure
• With the market defined, one can access its internal structure. The internal structure of the market is mainly in the size distribution of the competing firms. • 市场结构是指市场中卖方（企业）之间、买方（企业或消费者）之间、买 卖双方以及市场内现有的买方、卖方与正在进入或可能进入该市场的买方 之间关系的状况及其特征，是现在产业组织理论中特别是ＳＣＰ分析范式 最基本的概念和研究主体。 • There are three main elements of market structure: • 1. Market Share. The largest firm’s market share may be dominant, medium, or small. • 2. Concentration and the numbers of comparable rivals. • 3. The conditions of entry. • Above the three elements, market share is the leading element, but concentration and entry barriers can also be significant.
Module 2 Key Concepts of Industrial Organization - Industrial(Market) Structure
• 据中国汽车工业协会统计，2009年1-11月，乘用车销量排名前十位企 业依次为：上汽通用五菱、上海大众、一汽大众、上海通用、北京现 代、重庆长安、东风日产、奇瑞、比亚迪和一汽丰田，分别销售90.25 万辆、64.06万辆、61.65万辆、61.32万辆、51.62万辆、48.43万辆、 46.96万辆、43.63万辆、38.82万辆和37.20万辆。1-11月，上述十家企 业共销售乘用车543.94万辆，占乘用车销售总量的59%。与此同时，111月，中国汽车累计产销双双突破1200万辆，预计年内将稳超1300万 辆，达到历史最好水平。 • 请根据以上资料计算并回答下列问题。 1.请计算2009年1-11月中国乘用车市场前4位厂商销量的集中度CR4。 • 2.请根据计算结果判断当时中国乘用车产业的市场结构类型。在这种 市场类型下，厂商是否需要采取差异化战略？为什么？
• Loose oligopoly has many firms, a combined four-firm share below 40 percent, easy entry, and little real chance to hold prices high by means of price fixing. Each firm’s relatively elastic demand tempts it to cut prices, so prices are pressed down close to the level of cost. • 松散型寡占的市场有许多厂商,前四位厂商的市场份额低于40%,进入容易,并 且通过定价来保持价格优势的机会较小.由于每个厂商面对的需求比较有弹 性,因厂商不得不降价以保持市场份额,因此价格往往接近成本 • Monopolistic competition has many competitors, each with a slight degree of market power. • 垄断竞争有许多竞争者,每个厂商都略微有一些市场势力 • Pure competition with many competitors, none of which influences the market at all • 完全竞争是另一个极端,有许多厂商,每个厂商对市场都没有什么影响