简史课件

The Differences between N & R
A. The focus of realism is on literarature technique, whereas naturalism connotes a philosophical pessimism, where writers apply scientific method to their writings and depict human beings as an objective and impartial character.
C. Realism shows that a person's decision is based upon his response to the situation,whereas naturalism concludes that a person's decision is predetermined by natural forces that make him act in a certain way.
2.Culture Background
A. Realism was too restrained and genteel in tone to tell the truth of the harsher realities of American life. B. The spread of Darwin’s theory of evolution changed people’s ideology.
Charles Robert Darwin 查尔斯·罗伯特·达尔文(1809 ～1882) English naturalist natural selection Human beast Herbert Spencer 赫伯特· 斯宾塞(1820～1903)
English philosopher adapted the theory of evolution into a social system The survival of the fittest
(1871 – 1945)
(1900)
(1911)
The Financier
The Titan The "Genius" The Bulwark
.
(1912)
(1914) (1915)
An American Tragedy (1925)
(1946)
Other authors of the period
C. The influence of French Naturalism
Emile Zola 埃米尔· 左拉 (1840～1902) French writer, the originator of naturalism The surroundings and heredity can decide one’s destiny.
B. Realism portrays things the way they might appear to be, while naturalism shows a deterministic view of a person's life and actions. This can be seen in Stephen Crane's The Open Boat and The Blue Hotel
Development of American Naturalism
American naturalism developed broadly in two directions 1.examining the social and political dynamics of American urban life 2. examining the biological aspects of deterministic thought. The influence of Marx is frequently evident in the former branch and that of Darwin in the second.
American Naturalism
Outline
ound
Definition Features
Development
The Differences between N & R
Representative Novelists
Background
1.Social Background
A. The spread of industrialization created extremes of wealth and poverty.Slums appeared in great numbers.
B. Farmers were still going westward. But they had to depend on the transcontinental railway to transport their products, which charged heavy freight rates and drove the farmers to bankruptcy.
presentative Writers
(Theodo (Frank Norris)
Stephen Crane 斯蒂芬· 克莱恩 （1871 – 1900) The first naturalist in America
His works
The Red Badge of Courage《
红色的英勇标志》 •Maggie: A Girl of the Street《街头女郎梅季 》
Representative works
•Miniver Cheevy (1910) •The Call of the Wild (1903) •The Sea-Wolf (1904) •White Fang (1906) •Martin Eden (1909)
O Henry
The Gift of the Magi The Ransom of Red Chief The Necklace
Features of of Naturalism Features Naturalism
A. Human is controlled by laws of heredity and A. environment and has by laws willheredity and Human is controlled no free of or choice. environment and has no free will or choice. B. There are a a lot of factual details in their works. B. There are lot of factual details in their works. They paint life as it it is lived in the slums, and are They paint life as is lived in the slums, and are blamed of telling just the ugly side of The blamed of telling just the ugly side of it.it. The typical settings are slums, sweatshops, factories, typical settings are slums, sweatshops, factories, farms. farms. C. The naturalists write about real life, they do not look at the average. They look at they do not C. The naturalists write about real life,the violent, unpleasant and ugly sides of at the look at the average. They look life. violent, unpleasant and ugly sides of life.
Frank Norris 弗兰克· 诺里斯(1870 – 1902)
• Father of American Naturalism
‘The Octopus’ 《章鱼》(1901)
McTeague《麦克提格》(1899)
Theodore Dreiser
Sister Carrie
Jennie Gerhardt
Features of Naturalism
D. There are less happy endings in the naturalistic fictions than in the realistic ones. The tone of naturalistic writings is more ironic and pessimistic and less sympathetic and serious than realistic writings. E. The Universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires. Life becomes a struggle for survival. Therefore, naturalistic novels reflect the struggle of man to adapt to environment. However the characters in the novels never give up.