城市轨道交通英语

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英语地铁系统介绍(metro,underground railway system)

Rapid transit (Metro)The New York City Subway is the world's largest rapid transit system by track lengthand by number of stations, at 468.The Moscow Metro is one of the busiest metro systems in the world and is the busiest in Europe.Rapid transit, also known as metro, subway, underground, or colloquially as "the train", is a type of high-capacity public transportgenerally found in urban areas.[1][2][3] Unlike buses, trams or light rail, rapid transit systems are electric railways that operate on an exclusive right-of-way, which cannot be accessed by pedestrians or other vehicles of any sort,[4] and which is often grade separated in tunnelsor on elevated railways.Modern services on rapid transit systems are provided on designated lines between stations typically using electric multiple units on rail tracks, although some systems use guided rubber tyres, magnetic levitation, or monorail. The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside the trains, requiring custom-made trains in order to avoid gaps. They are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same public transport authorities. However, some rapid transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines.[5] It is unchallenged in its ability to transport large numbers of people quickly over short distances with little use of land. Variations of rapid transit include people movers, small-scale light metro, and the commuter rail hybrid S-Bahn.The world's first rapid-transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened as a conventional railway in 1863, and now forms part of the LondonUnderground.[6] In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway, initially a cable-hauled line using static steam engines.The world's largest rapid transit system by both length of track (842 miles (1,355 km), including non-revenue track)[7] and number of stations (468 stations in total)[8] is the New York City Subway. By length of passenger route, the world's longest single-operator rapid transit system is the Shanghai Metro.[9][10] The busiest rapid transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Tokyo subway system, the Seoul Metropolitan Subway, the Moscow Metro, the Beijing Metro, and the Shanghai Metro.[11]TerminologyMetro is the most common term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers.[12] Rapid transit systems may be named after the medium by which passengers travel in busy central business districts; the use oftunnels inspires names such as subway,[13]underground,[14]Untergrundbahn (U-Bahn) in German,[15] or the Tunnelbana (T-bana) in Swedish;[16] the use of viaducts inspires names such as elevated (el or L), skytrain,[17]overhead, or overground. One of these terms may apply to an entire system, even if a large part of the network (for example, in outer suburbs) runs at ground level.In most of Britain, a subway is a pedestrian underpass; the terms Underground and Tube are used for the London Underground, and the Tyne and Wear Metro, mostly overground, is known as the Metro. In Scotland, however, the Glasgow Subway underground rapid transit system is known as the Subway. Conversely, in the U.S., underground mass transit systems are primarily known as subways, and the term metro is short for metropolitan area.HistoryInitial construction stages of London's Metropolitan Railway atKing's Cross St. Pancras in 1861The opening in 1863 of London's steam-hauled Metropolitan Railway marked the beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant. Experiments with pneumatic railways failed in their extended adoption by cities. Electric traction was more efficient, faster and cleaner than steam and the natural choice for trains running in tunnels and proved superior for elevated services. In 1890 the City & South London Railway was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fullyunderground.[18]Both railways were eventually merged into London Underground. The 1893 Liverpool Overhead Railway was designed to use electric traction from the outset.[19]The technology quickly spread to other cities in Europe, Canada and the United States with some railways being converted from steam and others being designed to be electric from the outset. Budapest in Hungary and Glasgow, Chicago and New York all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services.[20] There were 19 systems by 1940, and 66 by 1984.[citation needed] Cities such as Osloand Marseille opened extensive systems in the 1960s and many new systems were introduced in Southeast Asia and Latin America.[15]Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services. Hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as tram-trainand premetro, which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems.[18] In response to cost, engineering considerations and topological challenges some cities have opted to construct tram systems.[21]OperationRapid transit is used in cities, agglomerations, and metropolitan areas to transport large numbers of people often short distances at high frequency. The extent of the rapid transit system varies greatly between cities, with several transport strategies.Some systems may extend only to the limits of the inner city, or to its inner ring of suburbs with trains making frequent station stops. The outer suburbs may then be reached by a separate commuter rail network where more widely spaced stations allow higher speeds. In some cases the differences between urban rapid transit and suburban systems are not clear.[3]Rapid transit systems may be supplemented by other systems such as buses, trams, or commuter rail. This combination of transit modes serves to offset certain limitations of rapid transit such as limited stops and long walking distances between outside access points. Bus or tram feeder systems transport people to rapid transit stops.[22] In Toronto, over 50% of its rapid transit stations have bus and streetcar terminals within the fare-paid zone, providing a connection without requiring proof of payment.[citation needed]LinesEach rapid transit system consists of one or more lines, or circuits. Each line is serviced by at least one specific route with trains stopping at all or some of the line's stations. Most systems operate several routes, and distinguish them by colors, names, numbering, or a combination thereof. Some lines may share track with each other for a portion of their route or operate solely on their own right-of-way. Often a line running through the city center forks into two or more branches in the suburbs, allowing a higher service frequency in the center. This arrangement is used by many systems, such as the Copenhagen Metro[23] and the New York City Subway.[24]Alternatively, there may be a single central terminal (often shared with the central railway station), or multiple interchange stations between lines in the city centre, for instance in the Prague Metro.[25] The London Underground[26]and Paris Métro[27] are densely built systems with a matrix of crisscrossing lines throughout the cities. The Chicago 'L' has most of its linesconverging on The Loop, the main business, financial, and cultural area. Some systems have a circular line around the city center connecting to radially arranged outward lines, such as the Moscow Metro'sKoltsevaya Line and Tokyo's Yamanote Line.The capacity of a line is obtained by multiplying the car capacity, the train length, and the service frequency. Heavy rapid transit trains might have six to twelve cars, while lighter systems may use four or fewer. Cars have a capacity of 100 to 150 passengers, varying with the seated to standing ratio—more standing gives higher capacity. Bilevel cars, used mostly on German S-Bahn type systems, have more space, allowing the higher seated capacity needed on longer journeys. The minimum time interval between trains is shorter for rapid transit than for mainline railways owing to the use of block signaling: the minimum headway might be 90 seconds, which might be limited to 120 seconds to allow for recovery from delays. Typical capacity lines allow 1,200 people per train, giving 36,000 people per hour. The highest attained capacity is 80,000 people per hour by the MTR Corporation in Hong Kong.[28]Network topologiesRapid transit topologies are determined by a large number of factors, including geographical barriers, existing or expected travel patterns, construction costs, politics, and historical constraints. A transit system is expected to cover an area with a set of lines, which consist of shapes summarized as "I", "U", "S", and "O" shapes or loops. Geographical barriers may cause chokepoints where transit lines must converge (for example, to cross a body of water), which are potential congestion sites but also offer an opportunity for transfers between lines. In Walker's analysis, loops appear to provide good coverage, but are inefficient for everyday commuting use, while a rough grid pattern offers a wide variety of routes, while still maintaining reasonable speed and frequency of service.[29]Circle, e.g.GlasgowCircle-radial,e.g.Beijing, London,Madrid, Moscow,Seoul, Shanghai,TokyoSecant,e.g.Athens,Bucharest,Budapest,Hyderabad,Kharkiv, Kiev,Kuala Lumpur,Munich, Prague,São Paulo,Tashkent,TehranComplex grid,e.g.Berlin, Delhi, NewYork, Shenzhen,Osaka, Paris,TaipeiX-shaped,e.g.Amsterdam,Brussels, Oslo,Porto, Riode Janeiro, San Francisco,StockholmDiameter line,e.g.Algiers, Helsinki,Lima, Mumbai,Sendai,YekaterinburgVesica piscis, e.g. Cairo,Lille, Milan,Nuremberg,Rotterdam, Sofia(partly), Tyne and WearCross,e.g.Atlanta,Bangalore,Esfahan,Kaohsiung, Kyoto,Minsk,Philadelphia,Rome, Sapporo,Warsaw Passenger informationInformation panel showing the current location and upcoming stops of an East-West Singapore MRT train. Note that each station has a unique alpha-numeric code, e.g.: EW26 LakesideRapid transit operators have often built up strong brands. The use of a single letter as a station sign has become widespread, with systems identified by the letters L, M, S, T and U, among others.[30] In the Singapore MRT, each station was assigned a unique alphanumeric symbol. E.g.: EW26 Lakeside (26th station on the East West Line). Interchange stations will then have at least two codes. For example, HarbourFront will have two codes, NE1, 1st station on the North East Line section and CC29, 29th station on the Circle Line section. (NE1/CC29 HarbourFront) Branding has focused on easy recognition—to allow quick identification even in the vast array of signage found in large cities—combined with the desire to communicate speed, safety, and authority.[31]In many cities, there is a single corporate image for the entire transit authority, but the rapid transit uses its own logo that fits into the profile.A transit map is a topological map or schematic diagram used to show the routes and stations in a public transport system. The main components are color-coded lines to indicate each line or service, with named icons to indicate stations. Maps may show only rapid transit or also include other modes of public transport.[32]Transit maps can be found in transit vehicles, on platforms, elsewhere in stations, and in printed timetables. Maps help users understand the interconnections between different parts ofthe system; for example, they show theinterchange stations where passengers can transfer between lines. Unlike conventional maps, transit maps are usually not geographically accurate, but emphasize the topological connections among the different stations. The graphic presentation may use straight lines and fixed angles, and often a fixed minimum distance between stations, to simplify the display of the transit network. Often this has the effect of compressing the distance between stations in the outer area of the system, and expanding distances between those close to the center.[32]With widespread use of the Internet and cell phones globally, transit operators now use these technologies to present information to their users. In addition to online maps and timetables, some transit operators now offer real-time information which allows passengers to know when the next vehicle will arrive, and expected travel times. The standardized GTFS data format for transit information allows many third-party software developers to produce web and smartphone app programs which give passengers customized updates regarding specific transit lines and stations of interest.Safety and securityPlatform-edge doors are used for safety at Daan Station on Line 2,Taipei Metro, TaiwanSee also: Classification of railway accidentsCompared to other modes of transport, rapid transit has a good safety record, with few accidents. Rail transport is subject to strict safety regulations, with requirements for procedure and maintenance to minimize risk. Head-on collisions are rare due to use of double track, and low operating speeds reduce the occurrence and severity of rear-end collisions and derailments. Fire is more of a danger underground, such as the King's Cross fire in London in November 1987, which killed 31 people. Systems are generally built to allow evacuation of trains at many places throughout the system.[33][34]High platforms (usually over 1 meter / over 3 feet) are a safety risk, as people falling onto the tracks have trouble climbing back. Platform screen doors are used on some systems to eliminate this danger.Rapid transit facilities are public spaces and may suffer from security problems: petty crimes, such as pickpocketingand baggage theft, and more serious violent crimes. Security measures include video surveillance, security guards, andconductors. In some countries a transit police may be established. These security measures are normally integrated with measures to protect revenue by checking that passengers are not travelling without paying.[35] Rapid transitsystems have been subject to terrorism with many casualties, such as the 1995 Tokyo subway sarin gas attack[36] and the 2005 "7/7" terrorist bombings on the London Underground.InfrastructureMost rapid transit trains are electric multiple units with lengths from three to over ten cars.[37] Power is commonly delivered by a third rail or by overhead wires. The whole London Underground network uses fourth rail and others use the linear motor for propulsion.[38] Most run on conventional steel railway tracks, although some use rubber tires, such as the Montreal Metro and Mexico City Metro and some lines in the Paris Métro. Rubber tires allow steeper gradients and a softer ride, but have higher maintenance costs and are less energy efficient. They also lose traction when weather conditions are wet or icy, preventing above-ground use of the Montréal Metro but not rubber-tired systems in other cities.[39] Crew sizes have decreased throughout history, with some modern systems now running completely unstaffed trains.[40] Other trains continue to have drivers, even if their only role in normal operation is to open and close the doors of the trains at stations.Guideway typesLandungsbrücken station in Hamburg is an example where the U-Bahn is on surface while the S-Bahn station is on lower levelUnderground tunnels move traffic away from street level, avoiding delays caused bytraffic congestion and leaving more land available for buildings and other uses. In areas of high land prices and dense land use, tunnels may be the only economic route for mass transportation. Cut-and-cover tunnels are constructed by digging up city streets, which are then rebuilt over the tunnel; alternatively, tunnel-boring machines can be used to dig deep-bore tunnels that lie further down in bedrock.[18]Street-level railways are used only outside dense areas, since they create a physical barrier that hinders the flow of people and vehicles across their path. This method of construction is the cheapest as long as land values are low. It is often used for new systems in areas that are planned to fill up with buildings after the line is built.[41] Surface-level systems may have dedicated rights-of-way, or may operate by street running in mixed traffic.Elevated railways are a cheaper and easier way to build an exclusive right-of-way without digging expensive tunnels or creating barriers. In addition to street level railways they may also be the only other feasible alternative due to considerations such as a high water table close tothe city surface that raises the cost of, or even precludes underground railways (e.g. Miami). Elevated guideways were popular around the beginning of the 20th century, but fell out of favor; they came back into fashion in the last quarter of the century—often in combination with driverless systems, for instance Vancouver's SkyTrain, London's Docklands Light Railway,[42] the Miami Metrorail, and the Bangkok Skytrain.[43]People mover systems are self-contained rapid transit systems serving relatively small areas such as airports, downtown (central) districts or theme parks, either as independent systems or as shuttle services feeding other transport systems. They are usually driverless and normally elevated. Monorails have been built as both conventional rapid transits and as people movers, either elevated or underground. They are in commercial use in several places, including Germany, Japan and many international airports.Light metro is used when the speed of rapid transit is desired, but for smaller passenger numbers. It often has smaller trains, of typically two to four cars, lower frequency and longer distances between stations, though it remains grade separated. Light metros are sometimes used as shuttles feeding into the main rapid transit system.[44] Some systems have been built from scratch, others are former commuter rail or suburban tramway systems that have been upgraded, and often supplemented with an underground or elevated downtown section.[16]StationsThe spacious Getafe Central station on Line 12 of Madrid Metro has several clearly visible levelsStations function as hubs to allow passengers to board and disembark from trains. They are also payment checkpoints and allow passengers to transfer between modes of transport, for instance to buses or other trains. Access is provided via either island- or side platforms.[45] Underground stations, especially deep-level ones, increase the overall transport time: long escalator rides to the platforms mean that the stations can become bottlenecks if not adequately built. Some underground stations are integrated into shopping centers, or have underground access to large nearby commercial buildings.[46] In suburbs, there may be a "park and ride" connected to the station.[47]To allow easy access to the trains, the platform height allows step-free access between platform and train. If the station complies with accessibility standards, it allows both disabled people andthose with wheeled baggage easy access to the trains,[48] though if the track is curved there can be a gap between the train and platform. Some stations use platform screen doors to increase safety by preventing people falling onto the tracks, as well as reducing ventilation costs.The deepest station in the world is Arsenalna station in Kiev, Ukraine.[49]Particularly in the former Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries, but to an increasing extent elsewhere, the stations were built with splendid decorations such as marble walls, polished granite floors and mosaics—thus exposing the public to art in their everyday life, outside galleries and museums. The systems in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tashkent and Kiev are widely regarded as some of the most beautiful in the world.[50] Several other cities such as Stockholm, Montreal, Lisbon, Naples and Los Angeles have also focused on art, which may range from decorative wall claddings, to large, flamboyant artistic schemes integrated with station architecture, to displays of ancient artifacts recovered during station construction.[51] It may be possible to profit by attracting more passengers by spending relatively small amounts on grand architecture, art, cleanliness, accessibility, lighting and a feeling ofsafety.[52]Modal tradeoffs and interconnectionsStratford Station in London is shared by London Undergroundtrains (left) and Greater Angliarail services (right), as well as the Docklands Light Railway (not shown).Since the 1980s, trams have incorporated several features of rapid transit: light rail systems (trams) run on their own rights-of-way, thus avoiding congestion; they remain on the same level as buses and cars. Some light rail systems have elevated or underground sections. Both new and upgraded tram systems allow faster speed and higher capacity, and are a cheap alternative to construction of rapid transit, especially in smaller cities.[21]A premetro design means that an underground rapid transit system is built in the city centre, but only a light rail or tram system in the suburbs. Conversely, other cities have opted to build a full metro in the suburbs, but run trams in city streets to save the cost of expensive tunnels. In North America, interurbans were constructed as street-running suburban trams, without the grade-separation of rapid transit. Premetros also allow a gradual upgrade of existing tramways to rapid transit, thus spreading the investment costs over time. They are most common in Germany with the name Stadtbahn.[37]Suburban commuter rail is a heavy rail system that operates at a lower frequency than urban rapid transit, with higher average speeds, often only serving one station in each village andtown. Commuter rails of some cities (such as GermanS-Bahns, Chennai rail, Australian cityrails, Danish S-tog etc.) widely provide a mass transit within city as urban metro systems. As opposition, in some cities (such as PATH in New York, Dubai Metro, Los Teques Metro, Tyne & Wear Metro, MetroSur and other lines of Madrid Metro, Singapore MRT, Taipei Metro, Kuala Lumpur's RapidKL Light Rail Transitetc.) the mainly urban rapid transit systems branch out to the nearest suburbs.Some cities have opted for a hybrid solution, with two tiers of rapid transit: an urban system (such as the Paris Métro, Berlin U-Bahn, London Underground) and a suburban system (such as their counterparts RER, S-Bahn, futureCrossrail, respectively). The suburban systems run on their own tracks with generally high frequency (though less frequently than the urban system), and sometimes operated by the national railways. In some cities the national railway runs through tunnels in the city centre; sometimes commuter trains have direct transfer to the rapid transit system, on the same or adjoining platforms.[53][54] California's BART system functions as a hybrid of the two: in the suburbs, it functions like a commuter rail, with longer trains, longer intervals, and longer distance between stations; in downtownSan Francisco, many lines join and intervals drop to normal subway levels, and stations become closer together. Also, some other urban or "near urban" rapid transit systems (Guangfo Metro, East Rail Line in Hong Kong, Seoul Subway Line 1, etc.) serves the bi- and multi-nucleus agglomerations.Costs, benefits, and impactsThe Docklands Light Railway in London allows for dense land use, while retaining a high capacityAs of May 2012, 184 cities have built rapid transit systems.[55] The capital cost is high, as is the risk of cost overrun and benefit shortfall; public financing is normally required. Rapid transit is sometimes seen as an alternative to an extensive road transport system with many motorways;[56] the rapid transit system allows higher capacity with less land use, less environmental impact, and a lower cost.[57]Elevated or underground systems in city centers allow the transport of people without occupying expensive land, and permit the city to develop compactly without physical barriers. Motorways often depress nearby residential land values, but proximity to a rapid transit station often triggers commercial and residential growth, with large transit oriented development office and housing blocks being constructed.[56][58] Also, an efficient transit system can decrease the economicwelfare loss caused by the increase of population density in a metropolis.[59]Rapid transit systems have high fixed costs. Most systems are publicly owned, by either local governments, transit authorities or national governments. Capital investments are often partially or completely financed by taxation, rather than by passenger fares, but must often compete with funding for roads. The transit systems may be operated by the owner or by a private company through a public service obligation. The owners of the systems often also own the connecting bus or rail systems, or are members of the local transport association, allowing for free transfers between modes. Almost all transit systems operate at a deficit, requiring fare revenue, advertising and subsidies to cover costs.The farebox recovery ratio, a ratio of ticket income to operating costs, is often used to assess operational profitability, with some systems including Hong Kong's MTR Corporation,[60] and Taipei[61] achieving recovery ratios of well over 100%. This ignores both heavy capital costs incurred in building the system, which are often subsidized withsoft loans[62] and whose servicing is excluded from calculations of profitability, as well as ancillary revenue such as income from real estate portfolios.[60] Some metros, including Hong Kong, are even financed by the sale of land whose value has been increased by the building of the system,[41] a process known as value capture.Environmental impactsThe Delhi Metro has won awards for environmentally friendly practices from organisations including the United Nations,[63] RINA,[64] and the International Organization for Standardization,[64] becoming the second metro in the world, after the New York City Subway, to be ISO 14001 certified for environmentally friendly construction.[65] It is also the first railway project in the world to earn carbon credits after being registered with the United Nations under the Clean Development Mechanism,[66] and has so far earned more than 400,000 carbon credits by saving energy through the use of regenerative braking systems on its trains.[67] In order to reduce its dependence on non-renewable sources of energy, Delhi Metro Rail Corporation is looking forward to harness solar energy and install solar panels in some of its metro stations.[68]。

城市轨道交通专业英语 6 Inside the metro train

• In addition, you can also find some devices operation instructions in case of emergency, such as emergency door opening, emergency button, emergency stop, emergency halt handle and fire extinguisher, etc. Other information designed for passengers’ convenience, such as luggage racks, is also posted inside the train.
Major contents
reading
• Signs inside the Train
listening
• Guangzhou subway system
speaking
• Passengers deal with a temporary stop • Offering courtesy seat to those in great need.
Subway English
Unit 6 Inside the Metro Train

Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit, you will be able to: • Learn the general riding rules and manners; • Understand the broadcasting information on the train; • Know the signs/devices inside the train;

城市轨道交通专业英语翻译题

一单元；1、A maglev is a type of train that is suspended in the air above a single track ,and propelled using the repulsive and attractive forces of magnetism是一种类型的磁悬浮列车悬浮在空中上面一条清晰的足迹,和推进的反感和有吸引力的部队使用的磁性2、Japan and Germany are active in maglev research ,producing several different approaches and designs .日本和德国都活跃在磁悬浮研究、生产几种不同的方法和设计。

3、The effect of a powerful magnetic field on the human body is largely unknown 一个强大的影响磁场对人体是未知4 ，Some space agencies are researching the use of maglev systems to launch spacecraft 一些空间研究机构磁悬浮系统使用发射的宇宙飞船里踱步5，Inductrack(感应轨) was originally developed as a magnetic motor and bearing for a flywheel to store powerInductrack最初是作为一个磁轴承飞轮电机和一个存储能力二单元；1，A classification yard is railroad yard found at some freight train stations , used to separate railroad cars on to one of several tracks一个分类码是发现在一些货运铁路院子火车站,用来分离的一个铁路汽车在几条轨道2,There are three types of classification yards : flat-shunted yards ,hump yards and gravity yards有三种类型的分类码:flat-shunted码,驼峰码和重力码3,F reight trains which consist of isolated cars must be made into trains and divided according to their destinations货运列车由孤立的车辆必须制成火车和划分根据他们的目的地4,The tracks lead into a flat shunting neck at one or both ends of the yard where the cars are pushed to sort then into the right track铁轨引到一个平面并联脖颈一个或两端的院子里的汽车被推到分类然后进入正确的轨道5,they are operated either pneumatically or hydraulically他们要么气动或液压操作三单元1，The most difficult distinction to draw is that between light rail and streetcar or tram systems.最困难的区别之间画是轻轨和电车或电车系统。

城市轨道交通专业英语UNIT3

B:您需要到客服中心去买,需要准备20元押金和至少20元的初次使用费。
A: OK, by the way, where can I recharge my card, please? A:好吧,顺便问一句,哪里能充值?
B: You can recharge it through the machine or at the Customer Service Center
(I)The type of tickets and rules for using them in metro stations
(一)在地铁车站使用的车票种类和使用规则
Single Ticket: When you enter the station, place the ticket above the circular [‘sɜːkjələ(r)] 圆形的； “card reader” on the surface of the ticket gate. When you leave the station, insert the ticket into the slot [slɒt] 投币口 on the ticket machine。The ticket will be taken back by the metro station.
The elderly people aged above 70 could take the metro at non-peak hours on working days(700-9: 00 a.m. and 5: 00-7: 00 p.m. are peak hours). They could take the metro with this card at any time on holidays

城市轨道交通专业英语

城市轨道交通运营管理专业专业英语ListListChapter 1: Development of Urban Rail Transit Speeds up in China (3)Chapter 2 Rapid Transit (12)Chapter 3RAIL TRANSIT IN NORTH AMERICA (23)Chapter 4 The Railroad Track (40)Chapter 5 General Vehicle Description (45)Chapter 6A TP Transmission and Moving Block (53)Chapter 7Control of Railway Operation (62)Chapter 8Train Station Passenger Flow Study (74)Chapter 9Metrocard Fare Incentives (81)Chapter 10 Audible Information Design in the New York City Subway (86)Chapter 1: Development of Urban Rail Transit Speeds up in China With the development of urban rail transit, on the one hand, it is promoting the process of urban modernization, alleviating congested traffic in cities, and narrowing the distance between time and space. On the other hand, it changes the way people travel, accelerates the pace of their life and work, and affects the quality of life.The state of urban rail transit reflects a country's comprehensive strength and is a symbol of a city's modernization level. At present, rail transit system is available in 135 cities in nearly 40 countries and regions. In cosmopolitan cities, accounting for a proportion of 60 per cent - 80 per cent, rail transit has become the leading means of transportation in these cities. Yet so far, in Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and Guangzhou, etc., rail transit accounts for less than 10 percent in the cities total traffic capacity.Urban rail transit offers comprehensive advantages, like small land occupation, large traffic volume, high speed, non-pollution, low energy consumption, high safety and great comfort. With most facilities being installed underground and the operation going on underground, subways require very limited occupation of land, and do not compete with other means of transportation for space. Urban light rail, trolley bus as well as suburban rail and magnetic suspension train are basically railways, which makes it possible to make the most of land resources.Urban rail transit system offers immense transport capacity. During rush hours, the maximum unidirectional transport capacity may reach up to 60, 000- 80, 000 person-times per hour, which is unmatchable to other means of transportation. The hourly traveling speed of rail transit generally exceeds 70 kilometers-100 kilometers, offering high punctuality. Moreover, mostly being hauled by electric locomotives, rail transit requires low energy consumption, and it causes little pollution to cities. Therefore, it is called "green transportation".From a macro perspective, urban rail transit plays an important role in improving the structure of urban transport, alleviating urban ground traffic congestion, and promoting the utilization efficiency of urban land.Nevertheless, compared with other means of transportation, rail transit has some drawbacks, like long construction cycle, heavy initial investment, slow withdrawal of funds and poor economic benefits in operation. For example, currently the building of subway costs some RMB500 million-700 million per kilometer; urban light rail and magnetic suspension train, RMB200 million-300 million; trolley bus and suburban rail, about RMB100 million.In China, rail transit dates back to the late 1960s, when the first subway was built inBeijing. That was nearly one century later than developed countries in the West. However, since it made its debut, urban rail transit has helped ease the immense pressure caused by urban traffic congestion and brought great convenience and comfort to passengers. Take Beijing for example. Currently, subways provide a transport volume of approximately 1.5 million person-times per day. Without subways, the traffic congestion in this city would simply be inconceivable.At present, rail transit has evolved from the startup stage to a period of stable, sustainable and orderly development in this country. In China (excluding Hong Kong and Taiwan), the length of subways completed totals 193 kilometers; project urban rail under construction, 334 kilometers; planned urban rail, 420 kilometers. Among big cities with a population of over 2 million, those that already have or are building urban rail transit include Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Dalian, Shenzhen, Wuhan, Nanjing, Chongqing and Changchun. Now, seven cities have announced or are still working on their plan to build rail transit: Chengdu, Hangzhou, Shenyang, Xi'an, Harbin, Qingdao and Suzhou.According to plan, by 2008, there will be thirteen rail transit lines and two spur lines in Beijing, with a total length of 408.2 kilometers. In Shanghai, there will be 21 rail transit lines, totaling more than 500 kilometers in length. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the total length will hit 780 kilometers. In Tianjin, there will be four subway lines, totaling 106 kilometers. That, coupled with 50 kilometers of suburban light rail and one loop subway 71-kilometers set aside, will bring the total length to 227 kilometers. Meanwhile, there will be seven rail transit lines totaling 206.48 kilometers in Guangzhou, and seven rail transit lines totaling 263.1 kilometers in Nanjing. With other cities' planning taken into account, the total length of rail transit lines will come to some 2, 200 kilometers in this country.At present, the constraints to the development of rail transit in China mainly lie in three aspects:First, there is severe shortage of construction funds. According to the foregoing planning, it is necessary to invest in approximately RMB300 billion. Projects to be completed by 2006 alone require more than RMB150 billion. Furthermore, in most cases, funds come from investments of the central and local governments as well as bank loans. Still a developing country as it is, China has very limited financial strength.Second, as rail transit is demanding on technical standard, some key technical facilities at low ratio of home mading at present largely rely on imports. Thus, construction cost remains hig h due to the import of large quantity of technolog y and equipment.Third, in most cases, rail transit operates at a loss in China. That aggregates the centraland local governments' financial burdens, which, in return, checks the development of rail transit to some extent.For this reason, China formulated the guideline of "doing what the strength allows, implementing rules-based management and pursuing stable development". In the development of rail transit, it is required that homemade equipment should take up at least 70 per cent. Meanwhile, it is essential to ensure that development of rail transit suits the pace of economic development in the cities and prevent blind development and irrational attempts to advance forward.Railway Terms and New Wordsurban adj. 城市的, 市内的, urban rail transit（URT）城市轨道交通alleviate vt. 减轻congested adj. 拥挤的，congest vt.，congestion n.accelerate v. 加速, 促进comprehensive adj. 全面的，广泛的cosmopolitan adj. 世界性的，全球（各地）的proportion n. 比例, 均衡, 面积, 部分underground adj. 地下的, 地面下的, 秘密的n. [英] 地铁adv. 秘密地trolley bus n. 电车, (电车)滚轮, 手推车, 手摇车, 台车magnetic adj. 磁的, 有磁性的, 有吸引力的suspension n. 吊, 悬浮, 悬浮液, 暂停, 中止, 悬而未决, 延迟basically adv. 基本上, 主要地unidirectional adj. 单向的, 单向性的the Tenth Five-Year Plan 第十个五年规划at a loss 低于成本的in return 作为报答compete with 与…争夺，competition n.Reading MaterialThe Rising Motorization of ChinaChina’s motorization rate has grown in accordance with other rapidly developing countries, but because of China’s high population, the impacts of motorization are potentially more severe. Figure 1 shows the exponential increase in personal automobile ownership rates. Currently, there are about seven personal automobiles per 1000 people,5compared to over 700 vehicles per 1000 people in industrialized nations like the United States. This figure does not include privately owned trucks or publicly owned vehicles (including buses and trucks), which increases the number of automobiles to about 28 vehicles per 1000 people. If China were to achieve motorization rates comparable to those of developed countries, the environmental and economic consequences could be disastrous. By 2020, the total automobile fleet (not including motorcycles) is expected to grow by between three and seven times the current size depending on economic growth rates (NRC 2003).The population distribution of China is diverse, with the majority of the population (60%) living in rural areas. However, in the past several decades, the improved economic situation of the cities has caused a rapid urban in-migration. This trend has resulted in a nearly three-fold increase in urban development and density in the last decade as displayed in Figure 2. Much of this development is not necessarily representative of sustainable transit and pedestrian oriented growth. Although this new development is very dense, low land cost at the periphery cause developers to build spatially separated housing and commercial developments with few transit connections to the urban center (Gaukenheimer 1996).The western provinces are the most sparsely populated with the largest urban population centers located in provinces along the eastern coast, in metropolises such as Shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou. These cities have been experiencing high motorization rates partially because of their higher incomes, but non-motorized modes still capture approximately 70% of the work trip commutes in these cities, while the personal automobile only accounts for 7% (Hu 2003). Much of the transportation and planning research has been centered on these cities, although they constitute a rather small portion of the entire population. Figure 3 shows the amount of cities of different sizes and the approximate total population of people living in cities of different size. Two thirds of the urban population resides in cities with populations between 0.5 and 2 million, indicating that much of the planning and transportation research related to China is focusing on problems that might not be relevant or applicable to the majority of the Chinese population. Economically, most of these cities are years or decades behind the more developed Chinese cities and have not developed many of the transportation problems Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou have. Focusing planning efforts in these cities could have much greater returns.The Chinese economy has been growing at a phenomenal rate for the past decade and has doubled in size in the last nine years. In fact, the growth rate is so fast that the Chinese government is imposing several measures to try to control growth to keep it at a more sustainable level (Economist 2004). China’s growth has largely been a result of investment in a few “pilla r” industries. The highest growing pillar industries are: electronic manufacturing, automobiles, electric power, and steel. The eighth five-year plan (1991-1995) designated the automobile industry as one of the pillar industries of economic development. This policy statement encourages the growth of an indigenous auto industry that will be able to supply a large portion of its domestic demand and create a strong export market. It calls for the consolidation of over one hundred companies into 3 or 4 largecompetitive companies. The auto industry accounts for 20% of Shanghai’s gross regional product (Hook 2002). However, with China’s entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, they must reduce tariffs on imported automobiles and can no longer protect their market. This has spurred development of the domestic automobile industry to a level that can compete with international competitors. One of the greatest challenges of cities in China is controlling automobile ownership growth, while fostering the national policy of growing the automobile industry.Costs and Benefits of MotorizationThe cost and benefit implications for Chinese motorization are enormous. Motorization is a major economic growth strategy. The government has adopted a strategy of developing an automobile manufacturing industry. Automobiles can also provide indirect economic benefits of decreased travel time, improved accessibility to goods and services, and new found mobility that will cause people to travel more and achieve a more mobile lifestyle that they would not have otherwise been able to experience.The potential costs are enormous. The United States has the highest motorization rate in the world and perhaps the most mature automobile industry. However, the US has also experienced very high costs associated with our level of motorization. The most obvious and potentially most severe cost is the air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions associated with the automobile. The US emits 26% of the global greenhouse gases but only constitutes 5% of the worl d’s population. China’s policy goal is to achieve Euro II emissions standards by 2005 (about a decade behind Europe) and be internationally compliant with Euro IV standards by 2010. This is a very ambitious goal, but it is necessary if Chinese automakers want to compete in the international market and improve the air quality in their own country. With the three to seven-fold growth rate anticipated in the next 15 years, CO2 emissions will likely quadruple, CO, and hydrocarbons will likely triple, and NO x and particulate matter will likely stay the same. This assumes an aggressive emissions regulation strategy and a modest economic growth rate (NRC 2003). The US EPA has identified all of these emissions as having serious health effects at high concentrations. From a global perspective, China’s motorization could have adverse effects on the global climate. Currently, the transportation sector accounts for 17% of the greenhouse emissions, but this proportion could increase significantly if the motorization trends continue. China is also the second highest consumer of oil in the world (behind the United States). If China motorizes as rapidly as expected, the increase demand could cause the global price of fuel to skyrocket.Another major issue associated with increased motorization is changes in land use. As incomes increase, people desire more living space, which reduces density and encourages expansion at the urban fringe. Figure 4 shows the growth of residential floor space per capita, which is a force toward lower density. This requires more auto oriented transportation infrastructure as well as more land for development. In Shanghai, approximately 10% of the land area is devoted to transportation infrastructure (compared to 20-25% in Europe) (Shen 1997). Because of the built environment, most of the new transportation infrastructure is expanding at the periphery, encouraging auto oriented developments. An increasingly open housing market, where people choose where to live is also creating a spatial jobs-housing imbalance that did not previously exist, when industry provided housing for its employees adjacent to their plants. This greatly increases the cost of transportation for Chinese households as indicated by Figure 5. The proportion of a households income spent on transportation has increases ten fold in less than 15 years. Another major consideration is the conservation of agricultural land. China currently has a very low amount of agricultural land per capita (World Bank 2001)and cannot afford to lose more through urban expansion (Franke 1997).Additional costs include accidents and injuries associated with motorization. Currently, the fatality rate (deaths per mile of travel) is 30 times that of the United States, with over 100,000 deaths per year since 2001, many of which are pedestrians and bicyclists (NRC 2003, Hook 2002b). Additionally equity issues must be considered, specifically the dislocation of the poor. Even with the high projected growth rates in automobile ownership, most Chinese will not own vehicles, so alternative modes must be supplied that can serve the increasing spatial separation between origins and destinations. The cost of the required infrastructure will be enormous and the government will likely have to provide more subsidies to the transportation sector, potentially restricting its investment in other sectors.Causes of MotorizationThe primary impetus for the motorization of China has been the rapid growth of the economy. With a rise in the economic growth of a country comes a desire and means to become more motorized. Motorization rates are associated with a country’s gross domestic product (GDP). Countries with low GDP (below $800) generally have a high proportion of trucks and buses in their vehicle fleets. As GDP increases up to about $10,000, the share of personal automobiles increases drastically until a saturation level is reached (NRC 2003). China’s GDP has been increasing by more than 8% annually for over a decade. A large proportion of upper income people can now afford the luxury of the automobile.Kenworthy et. al. (1999) argue that, while GDP plays an important role, there are many other factors that likely influence motorization rates. By comparing cities with similar GDP and very different transportation energy use, they conclude that land use is a primary factor influencing energy use and thus motorization. Additionally demand management schemes can limit the adverse effect of motorization in China. Currently China’s regulatory structure is weak and inconsistent. Some cities have effectively provided competitive transit alternatives and limited outward expansion (Joos 2000). Others have fully embraced the automobile, pushing many other modes to the side.Railway Terms and New Wordsmotorization n.动力化, 摩托化exponential diverse migration metropolis adj.adj.n.n.指数的, 幂数的不同的, 变化多的移民, 移植, 移往, 移动大城市Chicago, the metropolis of the Midwest.skyrocket v.暴涨，猛涨迅速和突然地升高或使升高：fringe n.边缘, 须边, 刘海periphery n.外围fatality n.命运决定的事物, 不幸, 灾祸, 天命dislocation n.混乱, 断层, 脱臼saturation n.饱和(状态), 浸润, 浸透，饱和度in accordance with 与...一致, 依照per capita 按人口平均计算Chapter 2 Rapid TransitA rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated, or metro system is a railway system, generally in an urban area, that generally has high capacity and frequency, with large trains and total or near total grade separation from other traffic.Definitions and NomenclatureThere is no single term in English that all speakers would use for all rapid transit or metro systems. This fact reflects variations not only in national and regional usage, but in what characteristics are considered essential.One definition of a metro system is as follows; an urban, electric mass transit railway system totally independent from other traffic with high service frequency.But those who prefer the American term "subway" or the British "underground" would additionally specify that the tracks and stations must be located below street level so that pedestrians and road users see the street exactly as it would be without the subway; or at least that this must be true for the most important, central parts of the system. On the contrary, those who prefer the American "rapid transit" or the newer term "metro" tend to regard this as a less important characteristic and are pleased to include systems that are completely elevated or at ground level ( at grade) as long as the other criteria are met. A rapid transit system that is generally above street level may be called an "elevated" system (often shortened to el or, in Chicago, "L" ). In some cities the word "subway" applies to the entire system, in others only to those parts that actually are underground; and analogously for "el".Germanic languages usually use names meaning "underground railway" (such as "subway" or "U-Bahn"), while many others use "metro".Train Size and Motive PowerSome urban rail lines are built to the full size of main-line railways; others use smaller tunnels, limiting the size and sometimes the shape of the trains (in the London Underground the informal term tube train is commonly used). Some lines use light rail rolling stock, perhaps surface cars merely routed into a tunnel for all or part of their route. In many cities, such as London and Boston's MB-TA, lines using different types of vehicles are organized into a single unified system.Although the initial lines of what became the London Underground used steam engines, most metro trains, both now and historically, are electric multiple units, with steel wheels running on two steel rails. Power is usually supplied by means of a single live third rail (as in New York) at 600 to 750 volts, but some systems use two live rails (noticeably London) and thus eliminate the return current from the running rails. Overhead wires, allowinghigher voltages, are more likely to be used on metro systems without much length in tunnel, as in Amsterdam; but they also exist on some that are underground, as in Madrid. Boston's Green Line trains derive power from an overhead wire, both while traveling in a tunnel in the central city and at street level in the suburban areas.Systems usually use DC power instead of AC, even if this requires large rectifiers for the power supply. DC motors were formerly more efficient for railway applications, and once a DC system is in place, converting it to AC is usually considered too large a project to contemplate.TracksMost rapid transit systems use conventional railway tracks, though since tracks in subway tunnels are not exposed to wet weather, they are often fixed to the floor instead of resting on ballast. The rapid transit system in San Diego, California operates tracks on former railroad rights of way that were acquired by the governing entity.Another technology using rubber tires on narrow concrete or steel railways was pioneered on the Paris M6tro, and the first complete system to use it was in Montreal. Additional horizontal wheels are required for guidance, and a conventional track is often provided in case of flat tires and for switching. Advocates of this system note that it is much quieter than conventional steel-wheeled trains, and allows for greater inclines given the increased traction allowed by the rubber tires.Some cities with steep hills incorporate mountain railway technologies into their metros. The Lyon Metro includes a section of rack (cog) railway, while the Carmelit in Haifa is an underground funicular.For elevated lines, still another alternative is the monorail. Supported or "straddle" monorails, with a single rail below the train, include the Tokyo Monorail; the Schwebebahn in Wuppertal is a suspended monorail, where the train body hangs below the wheels and rail. Monorails have never gained wide acceptance except for Japan, although Seattle has a short one, which it hopes to replace with a new, larger system, and one has lately been built in Las Vegas. One of the first monorail systems in the United States was installed at Anaheim's Disneyland in 1959 and connects the amusement park to a nearby hotel. Disneyland's builder, animator and filmmaker Walt Disney, offered to build a similar system between Anaheim and Los Angeles.Crew Size and AutomationEarly underground trains often carried an attendant on each car to operate the doors or gales, in addition to a driver. The introduction of powered doors around 1920 permitted crew sizes to be decreased, and trains in many cities are now operated by a single person. Where the operator would not be able to see the whole side of the train to tell whether thedoors can be safely closed, mirrors or closed-circuit TV monitors are often provided for that purpose.An alternative to human drivers became available in the 1960s, as automated systems were developed that could start a train, accelerate to the correct speed, and stop automatically at the next station, also taking into account the information that a human driver would obtain from lineside or cab signals. The first complete line to use this technology was London's Victoria Line, in 1968. In usual operation the one crew member sits in the driver's position at the front, but just closes the doors at each station; the train then starts automatically. This style of system has become widespread. A variant is seen on London's Docklands Light Railway, opened in 1987, where the "passenger service agent" (formerly "train captain") rides with the passengers instead of sitting at the front as a driver would. The same technology would have allowed trains to operate completely automatically with no crew, just as most elevators do; and as the cost of automation has decreased, this has become financially attractive. But a countervailing argument is that of possible emergency situations. A crew member on board the train may be able to prevent the emergency in the first place, drive a partly failed train to the next station, assist with an evacuation if needed, or call for the correct emergency services (police, fire, or ambulance) and help direct them.In some cities the same reasons are considered to justify a crew of two instead of one; one person drives from the front of the train, while the other operates the doors from a position farther back, and is more conveniently able to help passengers in the rear cars. The crew members may exchange roles on the reverse trip ( as in Toronto) or not (as in New York ) .Completely crewless trains are more accepted on newer systems where there are no existing crews to be removed, and especially on light rail lines. Thus the first such system was the VAL (automated light vehicle) of Lille, France, inaugurated in 1983. Additional VAL lines have been built in other cities. In Canada, the Vancouver Sky Train carries no crew members, while Toronto's Scarborough RT, opening the same year (1985) with otherwise similar trains, uses human operators.These systems generally use platform-edge doors (PEDs) , in order to improve safety and ensure passenger confidence, but this is not universal; for example, the Vancouver SkyTrain does not ( And on the contrary, some lines which retain drivers, however, still use PEDs, noticeably London' s Jubilee Line Extension. MTR of Hong Kong also uses platform screen doors, the first to install PSDs on an already operating system. ) With regard to larger trains, the Paris Metro has human drivers on most lines, but runs crewless trains on its newest line, Line 14, which opened in 1998. Singapore's North EastMRT Line (2003) claims to be the world' s first completely automated underground urban heavy rail line. The Disneyland Resort Line of Hong Kong MTR is also automated.Tunnel ConstructionThe construction of an underground metro is an expensive project, often carried out over many years. There are several different methods of building underground lines.In one usual method, known as cut-and-cover, the city streets are excavated and a tunnel structure strong enough to support the road above is built at the trench, which is then filled in and the roadway rebuilt. This method often involves extensive relocation of the utilities usually buried not for below city streets—especially power and telephone wiring, water and gas mains, and sewers. The structures are generally made of concrete, perhaps with structural columns of steel; in the oldest systems, brick and cast iron were used. Cut-and-cover construction can take so long that it is often necessary to build a temporary roadbed while construction is going on underneath in order to avoid closing main streets for long periods of time; in Toronto, a temporary surface on Yonge Street supported cars and streetcar tracks for several years while the Yonge subway was built.Some American cities, like Newark, Cincinnati and Rochester, were originally built around canals. When the railways took the place of canals, they were able to bury a subway in the disused canal's trench, without rerouting other utilities, or acquiring a right of way piecemeal.Another common way is to start with a vertical shaft and then dig the tunnels horizontally from there, often with a tunneling shield, thus avoiding almost any disturbance to existing streets, buildings, and utilities. But problems with ground water are more likely, and tunneling through native bedrock may require blasting. (The first city to extensively use deep tunneling was London, where a thick sedimentary layer of clay largely avoids both problems. ) The confined space in the tunnel also restricts the machinery that can be used, but specialised tunnel-boring machines are now available to overcome this challenge. One disadvantage with this, nevertheless, is that the cost of tunneling is much higher than building systems cut-and-cover, at-grade or elevated. Early tunnelling machines could not make tunnels large enough for conventional railway equipment, necessitating special low round trains, such as are still used by most of the London Underground, which cannot fix air conditioning on most of its lines because the amount of empty space between the trains and tunnel walls is so small.The deepest metro system in the world was built in St. Petersburg, Russia. In this city, built ii the marshland, stable soil starts more than 50 meter deep. Above that level the soil is mostly made up of water-bearing finely dispersed sand. As a result of this, only three stations out of nearly 60 are built near the ground level and three more above the ground.。

会计专业英语辅导试题

❖ 8．Revenues increase owner’s equity.收入增加所有者权益对
What is 城市轨道交通 urban rail transport
精品ppt模板
❖ 9．If revenues exceed expenses for the same
accounting period, the entity is deemed to suffer a loss. 如果收入超过同一会计期间的费用，该实体被视为遭受损失。错
What is 城市轨道交通 urban rail transport
精品ppt模板
❖ (2) The average cost method assumes that the cost of
inventory on hand at the end of period and the cost of
What is 城市轨道交通 urban rail transport
精品ppt模板
❖ 3．If the number of debit entries in an account is
greater than the number of credit entries, the account will have a debit balance.如果借方帐目的数量比贷方项目的数量大，该帐户将有借方余额。错
❖ A. Debits increase assets and decrease liabilities
❖ B. Debits increase assets and increase owners’ equity
❖ C. Credits decrease assets and decrease liabilities

城市轨道交通专业英语UNIT4

Unit 4 Entry/Exit
A FAMOUS QUOTE
Time you enjoy wasting, was not wasted 浪费时间而能乐在其中就无所谓浪费。
-John Lennon 一约翰・列侬
Part I Sentences Commonly Used常用句子
1. Please walk through here for safety check 请走这边,接受安全检查。 2. Please get your tickets ready and go to the ticket entrance for boarding 请将车票准备好到检票口检票上车。 3. The train is scheduled to arrive at 9: 45 列车预计在9:45到达 4. It's time for boarding 现在可以上车了 5. Please follow the direction of the arrow. 请按箭头指示的方向走
1)检票口前有两盏提示灯。如插入面板的票据。如果”红色” 灯亮起，说明设备不工作，你会在屏幕上看到”暂时停止服务”
2)If you bring luggage ['lʌɡɪdʒ] 行李 with you, the weight of the luggage should be less than 23 kilograms volume ['vɒljuːm] 体积 should be less than 0.2 cubic ['kjuːbɪk] meters, its length should be less than 1.7 meters. Over sized luggage would affect other passengers in the train

城市轨道交通英语课件

Train emergency handling English
Emergency procedures
Inform passengers of emergency procedures in case of an accident or delay, including evaluation procedures, first aid, and contact information for assistance
Outbound Seround Service English
02
Exit guidance: Provide exit signage and exit information.
03
Surrounding facilities: Introduce the public transportation, commercial facilities, tourist attractions, etc. around the station.
English courseware for urban rail transit
• Overview of Urban Rail Transit • English for Urban Rail Transit
• English for Urban Rail Transit Train
CHAPTER 01
Notification of delayed or cancelled train information: Inform passengers how to obtain information about delayed or cancelled trains.
English for ride services

城市轨道交通专业英语课程教案

Unit 2Knowledge of Traffic讲课题目Lesson 5 Rail Transit（下）解说型讲课种类教课目的Master the related knowledge of Rail TransitRail Transit（下）重点Railroads难点教课过程作业Thus ,overall door-to-door travel times for urban trips up to perhaps 10mile ( 16km) may be in the same range as those provided on fully grade-separated urban rapidtransit facilities.Up to向来到，等于；same as与什么同样本句中 those 代指前句中的 travel times。

provided onfully grade-separated urban rapid transit facilities修饰 those ，说明谁花销的时间。

联合同学们对城市轨道运输的认知程度，依据教材详尽叙述重轨运输（下半部分内容）和市郊运输等有关知识以及文中生词、短语、及语法构造Words and Expressions2. Notes on the text主要教学内容2. Heavy Rail Transit重轨运输（下）Therefore , it is generally feasible only in outlyingareas where land or in freeway medians where the costof land and grade separations can be shared with highway project.所以这种形式往常只在地价廉价的外头地域才是可行的，或在高速公路的中央分开带上修筑，因为这时土地和立交的成本能够分摊于公路工程项目。

城市轨道交通专业英语 1 Introduction

Learning Objectives
In this unit, you will: learn different kinds of urban rail transit; learn about the metro system in the world, China and Guangzhou; learn some useful expressions for talking about subway trips; enhance your presentation skill by working out a presentation on world’s metro systems.
Exercises:
• Task1. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or False (F) according to your understanding of the passage. ( F) 1. Metro systems are usually built in suburban areas.. ( T) 2. All countries do not use the same term to refer to a metro system. ( F) 3. China has the longest metro system is in China while America has the second longest. ( F) 4. In China, all metro systems are built in the Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta and the Jingjinji region whose economy is developing fast. ( T) 5. More metro systems will be built in China.

城市轨道交通专业英语UNIT1

destination [ˌdestɪ'neɪʃn] n.目的地 guide [ɡaɪd] sign[saɪn]导向标识 information [ˌɪnfə'meɪʃn] office问讯处 boarding ['bɔːdɪŋ] gate[ɡeɪt]检票口 boundary ['baʊndri] n.分界线;范国;(球场)边线 symbol ['sɪmbl] n.象征;标志;符号;记号 consult [kən'sʌlt] w.请教;翻阅;求教于;顾及 in a hurr['hʌri] y立刻;迅速地;急切;乐意地
B: Sure. You can't get there directly from here. You can take Metro Line 1, get on the train at Shenyang Railway Station and get off at Qingnian Street Station which is a transfer station.Then change to Line 2 and get off at Shenyang Aerospace ['eərəʊspeɪs] University Station
vending ['vendɪŋ] machine)自动售票机 interchange ['ɪntətʃeɪndʒ] station ['steɪʃn] / transfer
[træns'fɜː(r)] station换乘站 concourse英 ['kɒŋkɔːs] n.站厅 single ['sɪŋɡl] - way ticket单程票 facility [fə'sɪləti] n.设施、设备

城市轨道交通专业英语复习

城市轨道交通专业英语复习城市轨道交通专业英语复习提纲考试题型：①英汉互译②选择题（10题）③英译汉④汉译英⑤作文一、词汇Aaccess to platforms 站台入口additional coach 加挂列车additional train 加开列车arrival and departure siding 到发线assistant driver/motorman 副司机assistant station master 副站长ATC signal 列车自动控制信号automatic door operation 自动开关车门automatic train control （ATC）列车自动控制automatic train operation （ATO）列车自动运行，列车自动驾驶Bbaggage office/room 行李房ballast 道砟，道床berth ticket 卧铺车票boarding gate 检票口box car/wagon 棚车Ccab 司机室，驾驶室carriage with cushioned berths 软卧车carriage with cushioned seats 软坐车carriage with hard seats 硬座车carriage with semi-cushionedberths 硬卧车check ticket 检票，查票chief conductor 列车长chief dispatcher 调度长city railway 城市铁路coach NO.6 六号车厢consist 列车编组顺序表【美】；车列【美】container 集装箱crew 乘务组；乘务人员crew car 宿营车crew member/man乘务人员crew room 乘务员室Ddining-car 餐车direct train 直达车down direction 下行方向Eelectric multiple-unit（EMU）电动车组emergency braking 紧急制动entrance 入口，进站口exit 出口，出站口express ticket 特快车票Ggrade crossing 平面交叉；平交道口，道口【美】guests’waiting-room 贵宾候车室Hhead driver=head engineer 司机长heavy rail 重轨high-speed intercity train 高速城际列车hump 驼峰hump yard 驼峰调车场Iinformation bureau 问讯处【美】in transfer to 中转到issuing station 售票站Llevel crossing 平面交叉，平交道口light rail 轻轨locomotive 机车locomotive depot 机务段long-distance passenger train 长途旅客列车lower berth 下铺luggage office=baggage office 行李房，行李托运处luggage storage service 行李寄存处Mmaglev（magnetically levitated）train 磁悬浮列车main-line coach 干线客车maintenance维修，保养metro 地铁middle berth 中铺monorail 单轨铁路Ppassenger service 客运passenger station 客运站people mover 小型快速交通系统personal rapid transit system 小型快速交通系统pick-up goods train 摘挂列车platform 站台points 道岔Rrailway signaling 铁路信号railway station 火车站railway transport/transportation 铁路运输rapid transit 快速交通系统reception and departure of trains 接发列车refund of ticket 退票rolling stock 机车车辆总称round-the-clock service 昼夜服务round-trip fare 往返票价Sservice charge 手续费Service Counter 服务台station attendant 车站服务员station facilities 车站设备Station Master 站长station operator 车站值班员straddle monorail 跨骑式单轨铁路suspended monorail 悬挂式单轨铁路Tterminal 终点站；枢纽ticket office=booking office=reservation office 售票处ticket valid 车票有效期time interval 时间间隔to endorse ticket 签票TOFC（trailer on flat car）平车装运的集装箱挂车tunnel 隧道；地道Uunclaimed baggage 无人认领行李underground 地铁unmanned crossing=unstaffed level crossing 无人看守道口up direction 上行方向upper berth 上铺Vvehicle 车辆；运输工具Wwaiting room 候车室waiting-room for soft seat passengers 软席候车室二、选择题Unit 21、The dictionary definition of a train is a long line ofvehicles traveling in （C）direction.A、differentB、leftC、the sameD、right2、A maglev train floats about（A）mm above the guideway on a magnetic field.A、10B、11C、9D、83、Because there are no wheels running along there is no wheel（B）.A、maintenanceB、noiseC、disturbanceD、resistance4、Of the 5,000 km that TGV trains serve in France，only about （C）km is high speed line.A、1,000B、1,100C、1,200D、1,3005、The vast majority of resistive force at high speed is（A）resistance.A、airB、frictionC、electricityD、heatUnit101、A rapid transit usually has high capacity and frequency，with large trains and total or near total（C）separation from other traffic. A、level B、part C、grade D、whole2、Power is commonly supplied by means of a single live third rail at（A）volts.A、600 to 750B、700 to 850C、500 to 650D、800 to 950 3、Metro systems generally use（B）power.A、ACB、DCC、overheadD、return4、Rubber tires system is much （A）than conventional steel-wheeled trains.A、quieterB、noisierC、largerD、smaller5、Some cities with steep hills incorporate（C）railway technologies into their metros.A、undergroundB、suspendedC、mountainD、conventionalUnit141、（A）is a station sited where a railway line ends or terminates.A、A terminusB、An interchangeC、A unionD、A depot2、A（C）is a stopping place that may not even have platform.A、taxi rankB、bus bayC、haltD、pub3、Some stations have unusual platform layouts,due to space constraints of the station location,or the （D）of the railway lines.A、curveB、elevationC、parallelD、alignment4、Considerrations for people with disabilities include elevator or （A）access to all platforms,matching platform height to train floors,etc.A、rampB、humpC、campD、lamp5、There are safety measures for disabled people,such as（B）markingof platform edges and covering of third rail.A、audibleB、tactileC、tastefulD、smellyUnit161、Propulsion for the train is typically provded by a separate locomotive,or from individual motors in self-prolled（B）.A、single unitB、multiple unitC、double unitsD、triple units2、A train hauled by two locomotive is said to be（A）.A、double-headedB、single-headedC、triple-headedD、multiple-headed3、Special trains are also used for track maintenance,this is called （C）.A、RPOB、TPOC、MOWD、TOFC4、Tilting is a system where the passenger cars automatically （A）into curves,reducing the centrifugal forces.A、leanB、goC、moveD、run5、The trains are electrically powered,usually by（B）rail.A、firstB、secondC、thirdD、fourth三、对话A:Are you a conductor? 你是列车员吗？B:No,I am a station attendant. 不，我是车站服务员。

《交通工程专业英语》——浅谈城市轨道交通(英文版)

Urban Rail TransitAbstract: With the acceleration of urbanization and motorization, traffic congestion is rapidly becoming one of the important problems that constraint the development of urban city. On the basis of the current situation of urban transport systems, the paper aims at explaining the characteristics of rail transportation and discussing the great advantages that it has brought to urban construction on the aspects of environmental protection, efficiency, safety and so on .Keywords: Rail Transportation Metro Light Rail Sustainable DevelopmentThe development of modern urban transport has promoted large improvement of social productivity to meet the growing consumer demand for transport, and to boost the city's prosperity to mankind, thus has brought great wealth. But road congestion, accidents, air and noise pollution, energy shortages and other issues come accordingly. Because of modern urban travel and population mobility, it’s a widespread phenomenon that passenger flow is highly concentrated and the flow direction is roughly the same at the peak time of the day. However, only rely on vehicles has been difficult to adapt to the modern transport passenger transport needs, especially the rapid rise in large cities and some medium-sized city.The experience of the Metropolitan Transportation development abroad also proved that it’s impossible to solve urban traffic problems fundamentally rely solely on road traffic . our high density urban residential population and limited road space resources, decided that China should give priority to developing the urban rail transit system which is " the least road space resource occupating, the lowest energy consumption and pollution per capita ". focusing on development of rapid rail transit as the backbone of a new system of urban public transport network is imperative.First, The Characteristics Of Urban Rail TransitUrban rapid rail transit system (subway, light rail) is a multi, multi-disciplinary in a complex system. the development experience of many major cities in the world Over the past century tells us that only adoptting rapid rail transit system as the backbone of public transport network can we effectively address urban transport problems.1. Urban Rail Transit Provides A Way Of High-Capacity Transport Services Urban rail transit provides intensive use of resources, environmental protection and comfortable, safe and efficient way of high-capacity transport services, which has nointerference with other modes of transport of the city. With strong transport capacity, higher service levels, significant resources to environmental benefits, it is the fundamental way to solve the problem of large urban transport and sustainable development.2. Rail Transport Intensive Mode Of TransportRail Transport not only provides efficient and quality bus travel service , but also is a intensive modes of transport, saving energy and land resources. Cities to speed up the process of motorization, the simple method of wide road by car can not solve the urban traffic problem, The potential use of bus lane capacity is limited, individual dispersion of traffic on the inefficient use of land resources is obvious, and the ground transportation supply which the central business district land resources can provide is gradually depleted. Use and develop valuable resources of underground space to provide new transport supply, to ease the tension in the ground space resources and to support the sustainable development of cities.3. Urban Rail Transit Is A Huge Complex System Of Comprehensive(1)Large building scale , a city rail transit network generally have hundreds of kilometers to hundreds of kilometers.(2) High technically demand , involving almost to the modern civil engineering, mechanical and electrical equipment works with high-tech fields.(3) Great project investment , the cost is 3-4 billion per kilometer.(4) Long construction period, in-line construction period is 4-5 years, whilenetwork-building generally needs 30-50 years.(5) Many participating units, there are hundreds of ones.(6) Mass information.Construction and operation generate amount of information, during which the dealing work is very heavy.(7)Complex system . We have to consider the relationship among rail transit and other modes of transportation and urban development, among rail transit network layout, construction sequence and the sharing of resources, among the rail transit project planning, construction, operation, and the use of resources and so on.Second, Rapid Rail Transit And Other Transportation ComparativeAdvantageAt present, Chinese cities are growing traffic demand, and economic growth and rising incomes will serve the future needs of urban transportation fueling a stimulus, leading to environmental pollution, land degradation and increasing consumption, and urban traffic congestion.Social and economic development needs of the city safe, efficient, clean and economical urban transportation systems; improved quality of life of urban residents need safe, convenient, comfortable, fast and cheap public transport services; needed to improve the urban environment is conducive to environmental improvementtransport policy. Therefore, urban transport and urban development goals to be social and economic development goals in harmony.Rail transit-based transportation system when compared with competing models have greater technical advantages: a large volume, efficient land use, lower energy consumption per km and environmental pollution. The environment is of great concern in modern society problem, due to urban rail transit generally use electric traction, and large capacity, centralized transportation side. Therefore, one for each passenger transported pollution generated significantly lower than other modes of transport.In addition, the role of rail transport axes to guide the development of urban form changes, contribute to the aggregation of business benefits. It is the big city and its inevitable choice for sustainable transportation.Third, Rail Transit Systems And Transportation Advantages Compared (1) to improve the urban environment. By substitution of public mass transit commuter electric cars become popular tools of choice, due to the reduction in the city center and buses running on the number of cars, will largely reduce the urban vehicle exhaust emissions, improve air quality. overseas research shows that rail traffic units of carbon dioxide emissions by only 10% of cars and buses 25%;(2) greatly ease the traffic congestion. Rail transit or a large volume of transport, many foreign cities bear the passenger rail passenger traffic accounted for all - a half or even 80% or more. Metro-way transport capacity per hour 3 to 6 million passengers, light rail is 2 to 2.5 million passengers, while the public electric cars for the 2000 to 5000 people.(3) Improved Traffic Safety, Rail Traffic Safety Than Cars And Buses In TheSafe Out Of A Number Of Times;(4) To Facilitate Efficient Rail Transportation System, Will Improve People'sMobility And Flexibility;(5) the improvement of transport accessibility along the urban land prices is bound to improve along the property and the value of real estate development;(6) promote urban renewal along the rail and the new city development. As for the long-distance rail commuter issues and low-cost tools to provide fast, therefore, urban residents will spread along the rail line to the suburbs;(7) Rail Transit System Construction, Operation And Maintenance, Will StimulateDomestic Demand And Create New Jobs;(8) axis in the development of rail transport contribute to the aggregation effect of trade, so that changes in urban form, reduce the allocation of resources more rational direction, help to promote the industrial structure and consumption structure upgraded.In short, by rail and common way to travel several other comparative analysis, we found that relative to the rapid rail transit buses, private cars, bicycles and other public transportation, has the large volume, low pollution, low noise , low power, high speed, low cost, small footprint, comfortable, all-weather and other unique advantage over other modes of transport can not be replaced. in the big cities, especially mega-cities we should build a rail transit as the backbone of the integrated and comprehensive urban transport system in order to solve the city's traffic congestion problems for ensuring the sustainable development of the city.Fourth, Rail Transit System To A City Or Region BenefitsBecause rail transit system efficiency and punctuality, comfort, passengers will be more willing to take, and to attract original passenger cars and bicycles and pedestrians, thereby improving passenger traffic. In particular, if the passengers of private cars for travel, will be to alleviate traffic the pressure caused by the environment such as noise, emissions and land use, roads, improve road safety, without prejudice to the case of movement of the center will help reduce traffic pressure.Develop rail transit, for enhancing the urban structure to address the urban development in the face of the economic and social conflicts, and achieve sustainable development strategy, has a special significance.。

20城市轨道交通英语 (6)

5. compared with 与……比较 Compared with the ocean, a drop of water is extremely
insignificant.
6.drawback ['drɔ:bæk]
n.缺点, 退税, 退款,不利条件, 弊
The great drawback to living near a main road is noise. 住在大街旁最大的缺点是噪音。
Petrochemicals today account for one fourth of all the chemicals made, in ten years this amount is expected to double. 石油化工产品现在已占所有化学制品的四分之一，十年后预计这个数目还要加倍。
to the nearest metro station, the 25 means the whole journey needs 25 minutes. The second 10 means it takes another 10 minutes from the destination to home.
Unit Six
Section Two Listening: the Shanghai Metro
Q1: What’s the problem in the construction of Shanghai Metro? Q2: What does “10-25-10 goal” mean?
Key to the 2 questions:
8． according to ...根据 ..., 依照 ..., 按照 ..., 随着 ..., 视..而定