同济大学博士入学考题--高级管理学

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2022年同济大学行政管理专业《管理学》科目期末试卷A(有答案)

2022年同济大学行政管理专业《管理学》科目期末试卷A（有答案）一、选择题1、组织行为学尤其关注的是（）。

A．组织中人们的心理状况B．人们的行为在工作中的表现C．人们在工作中的活动D．活动所创造的组织绩效2、以下哪一个不是激发组织创新力的因素？（）A．结构因素 B．人力资源因素C．技术因素 D．文化因素3、（）的结构设计使企业可以把精力集中在自己做得最好的业务上，而把其他业务活动外包给这方面做得最好的公司。

A．网络组织B．虚拟组织C．无边界组织D．项目型组织4、一个人对不遵从上级意图所可能产生的负面结果感到惧怕，这意味着该上司拥有（）。

A．强制权力B．奖赏权力C．感召权力D．合法权力5、罗宾斯（Stephen P.Robbins）概括了管理的四项职能，法约尔（Henri Fayol）则概括了管理的五项职能。

前者与后者相比，有三项职能是相同的，不同的一项是（）。

A．领导 B．协调 C．控制 D．组织6、当企业发现自己生产的产品存在安全隐患时，主动召回该产品是在实践（）。

A．社会响应 B．道德准则C．社会义务 D．社会责任7、管理者在制定决策时，面临这样一种条件：在这种条件下，决策者能够估计出每一种备择方案的可能性或者结果。

我们称这种决策制定条件为（）决策。

A．确定性 B．不确定性 C．风险性 D．概率性8、在工作设计上，通过增加计划和评估责任而使工作纵向拓展，增加工作的深度。

这种方法是（）。

A．工作扩大化 B．工作丰富化C．工作多元化 D．工作纵深化9、管理中与激励问题有关的公平理论是由（）提出的。

A．马斯洛B．麦格雷戈C．赫茨伯格D．亚当斯10、下列选项中哪个不属于“组织”（organization）所共同具有的三个特性？（）A．明确的目的或目标 B．精细的结构C．文化 D．人员二、名词解释11、创造力（Creativity）与创新（Innovation）12、程序化决策13、集中战略14、利益相关者15、人际关系角色16、组织结构17、无边界组织18、管理方格理论三、简答题19、霍桑实验对管理史为何如此重要？20、现在，有一些研究者声称简化工作任务的努力实际上给公司和员工带来了负面的结果。

2007年同济大学博士研究生入学考试试题

同济大学2007年博士研究生入学考试试题编号：101 考试科目：英语答题要求：答案一律写在答题纸上。

1． Vocabulary(10%)Directions：For each of the following sentences there are four choices. Choose the best one to complete the sentence. Mark your choices on the answer sheet.1．The man had a good disguise, but as soon as he spoke he ______himself．A．exposed B．revealed C．betrayed D．disclosed2. The leaders of the two countries feel it desirable to ______funds from armaments to health and education．A．derive B．deprive C. dispatch D．divert3．Democratic government is a phrase that is notoriously hard to ________.A．credit B．defy C．modify D．define4. I reject absolutely the _____that privatization is now inevitable in our industry．A. perception B．notion C．impression D．concept5. With the economy of the county going strong，the ______mood is one of optimism．A．presiding B，circulating C．floating D. prevailing6. The panel will consider whether or not Mr．Wilson has been ________serious professional misconduct.A．wary of B．guilty of C．confronted with D．reduced to7. It is a ____of our company to give refunds if goods are faulty.A．policy B．discipline C．decision D．determination8. He had always been _______ the way Ruth looked, and had never once paid her a complimentA．unaware of B．cautious about C．oblivious to D. subject to9．Since a circle has no beginning or end，the wedding ring is a symbol of _______love．A．constant B．infinite C．prolonged D．eternal10．Dick，who had failed the math test，was sitting．on a bench in the corner, ______over his disappointment．A．brooding B．mediating C．apologizing D．complaining11. Last week the seamen＇s strike led to the _______closure of the whole vast dock area．A．actual B．virtual C．factual D．local12．In the garden bees moved from _________flowers to purple ones．A．colorful B．prosperous C．scarlet D．brilliant13．Professor Smith has already retired but his teachings still _____a strong influence on his students.A．perform B．exhibit C．exert D. execute14．When they asked him about it，he said it was no ______ of theirs and wouldn＇t tell them anything.A．concern B．relation C. connection D．relevance15．The hunter knows quite well that wild animals go seeking the their _______ in the jungle．afterdark．A．victim B．favorite C．prey D．sacrifice16．I have absolutely no ______of ever meeting him before．A．reminiscence B．reminder C．recall D．recollection17. They agreed to take their disputes before the committee and ______ by its decisions.abideobserve C.D.precedeA.standB.18. Every weekend when I came back from school, Mother prepared meals ______ enough for a Sahara-bound camel and made me eat them up.A. adequateB. deliciousC. proficientD. substantial19. As the fat man sat down, the folding chair ______ under him, with a loud noise of tearing canvas.sustainedA.distorted D.yielded B.collapsed C.20. Modern artists often need financial support but they have difficulty in finding wealthy ______.millionaires D.patrons C.volunteersA.admirers B.II. Reading Comprehension (50%)Direction: For each of the following passages there are five questions or unfinished is followed by five statements. For each of them there are four choices, choose the best one to answer the question or complete the statement.Passage 1In managing information resources, the medium may be the key to an effective system. The medium is a vehicle, a tool, or a container for holding information; the information itself is the thing of value.There popular categories of information media are paper, film, and electronic system. The media choice must not be viewed as a choice among these three, however, it must be viewed as an opportunity to select from a multitude of media possibilities in combinations, that build effective systems. In many instances the person responsible for information-resource management is not the person who determines the medium in which information will be created. In such a case, the manager of a firm＇s information resources faces a challenge in making a significant contribution to the organization＇s objectives.For effective management of information resources, media conversion may be necessary. examples include keying or scanning paper documents to convert them to electronic media. Other processes convert electronic media from one format to another. For example, disk files created on one system may not be compatible with another system. Various hardware and software combinations can be used to convert files to formats that equipment will accept. For information generated within organizations, this necessity of making systems compatible may be eliminated by cooperative planning. However, very little control can be exercised over the media used to generate information that comes to your organization from the outside.The medium for information may be selected to satisfy. a need that excite when information is created and communicated. For example, a paper record may be created because of its portability and because no special equipment is necessary for later references to that information; electronic transmission may be selected because it is the fastest means of communicating information. A firm may use electronic mail because a network already exists for on-line computercommunication. The additional application may cost less than postage to mail paper memos.21. Which of the following can best sum up the passage?A. Media Selection in Managing Information Resources.B. The Importance and Necessity of Media ConversionC. Three Categories of Information Media.D. Various Means of Communicating Information22. The first paragraph aims telling the reader ______.A. the importance of information resources managementB. the relationship between the medium and informationC. the great variety of media for holding informationD. the numerous resources of information23. According to the author, ______.A. paper is the best storage deviceB. people have three choices in selecting information mediaC. it is better to let the person responsible for information-resource management determine the mediumD. the manager should build an effective system by selecting a good combination of different media24. For effective management of information resources, the manager should ______.A. convert all paper documents to electronic mediaB. make media conversion when necessaryC. control the media used to generate information both inside and outside his organizationD. use one format in processing information25. The main idea of the last paragraph is ______.A. paper record is the most convenient medium for later referenceB. electronic mail costs less than postage to mail paper memosC. different media for information may be selected for different purposesD. by using different media, a firm can create various in formation for its objectives Passage 2＂digital, digital, digital＂ continues to grow in volume worldwide. Digital ofchantThecameras, digital video camcorders, video CD players, DVD, cellular phones, and a host of computer peripherals are moving the trend along at a breathtaking rate. For the average person, it may seem like a remote and puzzling phenomenon meant only for the technologically adept.Virtually every aspect of our lives could be affected by the digital revolution. Here is a hypothetical scenario to show the possibilities: A real estate agent in Seattle uses a digital still camera to take some pictures of a house she＇s trying to sell., She transfers them to her computer, digitally retouches and enhances them, and posts them on her company＇s Internet Web site. In Singapore, a buyer sees the pictures and asks via electronic mail for more information. The agent replies via e-mail and attaches the text and a digital video clip to her message. Later the buyer flies to Seattle, inspects the property, and seals the deal.One of the biggest marketing surprises of the current age is the digital still camera. Once prohibitively expensive, these cameras have radically dropped in price while gaining in resolutionand other features. Although they often resemble traditional cameras, they don＇t use film. Instead, they store images on either a small removable memory card or on the memory chip inside the camera.The beauty of digital photography is that while you＇ll spend relatively more for a digital camera, you＇ll save a lot on film processing costs, because there aren＇t any. You can also discard digital pictures and keep shooting. Better yet, you can use software to enhance or alter the image. In quality, the images consumer-level digital cameras produce do not compare to ones you＇d get from a 35mm camera. For the most part, though, digital photos are meant to be viewed on a computer monitor, and so their resolution is more than acceptable. In a world where the speed at which you distribute information often means the difference between success and failure, and immediacy supersedes quality in importance, may people are finding a use for digital camera.26. From the first paragraph we know the average person thinks ____.A. the digital age is far awayB. digital is too complicated for himC. digital age is dreadfulD. both a and b27. In the second paragraph the writer used an example to show that _____.A. any real estate agent should use digital still cameraB. digital still camera should be used together with Internet WebC. digital age is gaining momentumD. house dealing can be made easier28. _____ could be the best summary of the last two paragraphs.A. Digital still camera and traditional cameraB. Pros and cons of digital still cameraC. Capturing the world digitallyD. The way to use digital still camera29. All the following are the advantages of digital still camera EXCEPT ______.A. no need of filmB. easy to carryC. the image can be changedD. high resolution30. Which of the following best summarizes the passage?A. New Digital Age of InteractivityB. Digital Still CameraC. One Application of ComputerD. Goodbye Analog, Hello DigitalPassage 3In the days immediately following hurricane Andrews deadly visit to South Florida, Allstate Insurance hastily dispatched more than 2,000 extra clang adjusters to the devastated area to assist the 200 stationed there. Many of the reserves rived in convoys of motor homes. Others flew in from as far away as Alaska and California. Since the storm had knocked out telephone lines, Allstate rushed to set up its own communications system. Allstate expects to pay out $1.2 billion to cover more than 121,000 damage claims as a result of Andrew.All told, U.S, property and casualty insurers have been hit with more than $8 billion in Andrew-related claims, making the hurricane the most costly single calamity to strike the industry since the San Francisco earthquake and fire in 1906 ( cost: $6 billion, after inflation). With claims continuing to pour in, Andrew threatens to take a painful toll on the already battered property-casualty insurance industry and its 100 million policy-holders. The final bill, analysts predict, is likely to top $10 billion. While most well-capitalized insurers are expected to weather the storm, less anchored firms are in danger of being blown away, leaving U.S. consumers stuck with the tab. Says Sean Mooney, senior researcher at the Insurance Information Institute: ＂It will take years before the industry digs itself out from the wreckage left by Andrew. Some (companies) will be buried by it?Hurricane Andrew is the latest in a string of mishaps to plague the American insurance industry this year. In April an over flowing Chicago River flooded the city＇s downtown district, costing insurers $300million in claims. A month later, Los Angles was rocked by the worst civilian riot in the U.S. since the Civil War. The insurance toll: $1 billion. Then came a series of major hailstorms in Texas. Florida and Kansas. They cost insurers a combined $700 million. And two weeks after Andrew, another lethal hurricane, Iniki, smashed into Hawaii, causing $ 1.4 billion in damages. In all, property and casualty insurers have paid out a record $13 billion in claims so far this year, far surpassing the previous high of $7.6 billion in 1989, the year of Hurricane Hugo and California＇s Bay Area earthquake. Just as in that year, when those catastrophes were followed by substantial increases in insurance premiums, insurers are already lobbying for rate relief.31. According to the passage. ＂Allstate Insurance＂most likely refers to ____.A. one of the property and casualty insurers in the U.S.B. the only insurance company responsible for the damage claims by AndrewC. the insurance industry as a wholeD. the biggest insurance company in the U.S.32. As is stated in the second paragraph, the result of hurricane Andrew is likely to _______.A. lead to inflation throughout the U.S.B. make the largest insurers suffer the mostC. put the industry in South Florida out of actionD. cause insurers with insufficient funds to go bankrupt33. Using context clues, we may infer that ＂stuck with the tab＂most probably means _____.＂caught in the hurricane＂A.＂exposed to natural disasters＂B.＂trapped in financial difficulties＂C.＂extremely vulnerable to further damages＂D.35. The main purpose of the passage is to _____.A. show the severe damages and heavy losses caused by Hurricane AndrewB. suggest that U.S. insurers are virtually unable to cover the damage claims any moreC. tell about the difficult situation faced by the insurers throughout the U.S.D. prove that disasters tend to cause ever worsening devastation as time goes on.Passage 4Steve Courtney wrote historical novels. Not, he was quick to explain, over colorful love stories of the kind that made so much money for so many women writer, but novels set, andcorrectly set, in historical periods. Whatever difference he saw in his own books, his readers didnot seem to notice it, and his readers were nearly all women. He had studied at university, but hehad not been a particularly good student, and he had never afterwards let any academic knowledgehe had gained interfere with his writing.Helen, his wife, who did not have a very high opinion of her husband's ability as a novelist,had been careful to say when she married him that she was not historically minded.Above all, Helen was doubtful whether her relationship with Steve would work at all in thevillage of Stretton, to which they had just moved. It was Steve who had wanted to move to thecountry, and she had been glad of the change, in principle, whatever doubts she was now havingabout Stretton as a choice. But she wondered whether Steve would not, before very long, wantto live in London again, and what she would do if he did. The Stretton house was not a weekendcottage. They had moved into it and given up the London flat altogether, partly at least, she suspected, because that she Steve's idea of what a successful author ought to do. However, she thought he was not going to feel like a successful author half as much in Stretton ashe had in London. On the other had, she supposed he might just start dashing up to London forthe day to see his agent or have lunch with his publisher, leaving her behind in Stretton, andshe thought on the whole she would like that.36. What was Steve＇s attitude towards women who wrote love stories?A. He would have liked to earn as much money as they did.B. He was afraid of being compared unfavorably with themC. He did not think he could write about the same subjectsD. He had a low opinion of the kind of books they wrote37. What did Helen have to be careful to hide?A. Her lack of interest in historyB. Her low opinion of her husband＇s writingC. Her dislike of her husband＇s writingD. Her inability to husband＇s admirers.38. What were Helen＇s feelings about the move from London to Stretton?A. She wanted to remain in the countryB. She had been unwilling to leave LondonC. She thought it was time to return to undon39. Helen thought Steve might not be content in Stretton because ______.A. he would not be able to write so well in the countryB. he would not feel so important in StrettonC. his relationship with Helen was changingD. he would not be lonely without all his London friends40. The passage as a whole suggests that Steve＇s novels were _____.A. popular but unimportantB. serious works of literatureC. admired for their historical truthD. written with women readers in mindPassage 5The sixties have been misunderstood. It was not a radical decade, as the term radical is commonly used in connection with those years. It was not a decade of the left ascendant. Rampant, perhaps but not ascendant. Rather, the decade was radical radicalizing, which, subsequent decades have shown, is different. Politically, the sixties invigorated the right more than the left. But of course politics is not everything. In fact, three decades down the road, the nation＇s political discourse may be driven by conservatives, but they, although by many measures triumphant, seem aggrieved because politics seems peripheral to, and largely impotent against, cultural forces and institutions permeated with what conservatives consider the sixties sensibilities.Treating a decade as a discrete entity obviously makes the assumption that history during that decade had an obliging tidiness, opening with a decisive and tone-setting episode and closing with a suitably climatic event. History rarely accommodates that assumption. Such a treatment of a decade also makes the equally dubious assumption that the decade in question had a clearly dominant tone or profile. So the 1920s was the decade of jazz., flappers, the birth of the sports celebrity (Babe Ruth, Red Grange, Jack Dempsey), the Lost Generation, Sacco and Vanzetti and ...Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover.Let us stipulate this, then: A decade, even one as intensely felt at the time and as hotly debated afterward as the sixties was and is, can come to seem, when recollected in tranquility, quite unlike the decade as it was felt at the time, and unlike the decade as it is portrayed by people with an emotional or political investment in portraying it a particular way.It is arguable that we should think of the sixties as beginning in November 1963 and ending in October 1973. That is, the years we connect with the tumultuousness associated with the phrase ＂the sixties＂ began with the assassination of a president and ended with the Yom Kippur War and the energy crisis. The assassination shattered (or at least many people say it did ) the nation＇s sunny postwar disposition; it supposedly ＂ended American innocence.＂ It is unclear how innocent was this nation that had been made possible by Puritans, had been founded by such innocents as Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and James Madison, had been born in the bloodshed of what actually was not only the American Revolution but also America＇s first civil war, had been preserved by the worst civil war the world had until then seen...you get the picture. The sixties as a decade of ＂lost innocence＂? Please. The 1973 oil embargo, which produced a sense of national vulnerability and pervasive limits, did seem to bring down a curtain on something. But on what?41. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. A radical period in American historyB. Different events in the sixtiesC. The true picture of the sixtiesD. Real radicals in the sixties42. Which of the following features describes the sixties according to the passage?RadicalA.AscendantB.WithdrawingC.RampantD.43. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?A. The sixties should not be judged separatelyB. It is impossible to make assumptions about any decadeC. People tend to misunderstand some events in historyD. History presents many confusing phenomena to people44. It can be inferred from the passage that people regard the sixties asdangerousA.peacefulB.chaoticC.unbearableD.45. It can be most safely concluded from the passage that the 1973 oil embargo _____.A.America＇s weaknessreflectedAmerica＇s great power in the worldB.showeddidn＇t affect America at allC.D.America＇s position in the worldchangedIII． Translation (20%)Direction: Translate the following passage in to Chinese. Write your translation on the answer sheet.It is not enough to know what is right and what is wrong. One must also be able to apply this knowledge to actual, concrete situations. For that, the virtue of prudence is essential.St Thomas Aquinas referred to prudence as the ＂rudder virtue＂ the one that ＂steers＂the others. Without it, we are like someone adrift in a boat, tossedin this direction or that by the wind, the waves, and the current. Unfortunately, the virtue of prudence has too often been confused with caution. Thus, the ＂prudent＂person is one who never ＂rocks the boat＂and is especially careful to aroid is the wisest and most moral course of action to take.The word that actually come closest to fulletining as a synonym for prudence is ＂discernment＂. The prudent person is one who can ＂size Up a situation and decide. What is the, what is the wisest and most moral course of action to take.prudencedoesn＇t answer the question, ＂What is the right thing in principle to Accordingly,do? Rather, ＂What is the right thing for me (or for us) to do in this situation?＂The prudent person fully examines a situation and seeks advice from others. (Reaching out to others for counsel before acting is one of the classic marks of a prudent person.) A judgment is made in the light of this examination and advice, and then a decision is made.IV. Writing (20%)Directions: Read the following sentences carefully and write a composition of 250-300words according to the requirement. Write your composition on the answer sheet.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Face-to-face communication is better than other types of communication, such as letters, e-mail, or telephone calls. Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.Key to Paper AI. Vocabulary (10%)1-10: C D D B D B A C D A11-20: B C C A C D C D B BII. Reading comprehension (50%)21-30: A B D B C D C C B A31-40: A D C A C D B D B A41-45: C D A C AIII. Translation (20%)只知道什么是对，什么是错，这还不够，还必须能把这一知识运用于实际的具体情况．为此，审慎这一美德便是必不可少的。

同济考博试题

交通工程２０００年1.试结合中国城市的实际情况，建树城市交通问题的基本表现与成因（10）2.交通规划、交通设计与交通管理是改善城市交通的主要技术和方法，试简述其含义，并说明几者之间的关系？今年来交通管理规划的概念被引用，你认为何为交通管理规划？（10）3.V/C通过交通设施交通量与通行能力之比，D/C交通需求通行能力之比评价交通设施的服务水平问题（10）4.智能交通运输系统对交通工程学将产生怎样的影响（10）5.ｈ，ｈｓ，Ｖｓ三者之间的关系（10）交通工程学2001年1.排队论交通流模型的理论模型介绍（5）周商吾老师的教材（以下简称周）P752.四阶段法分为哪几个阶段，各自得功能是什么（15）周P109-1203.ＩＴＳ的意义（２０）陆Ｐ２８３4.家庭小汽车增多，如何看待２０，３－４任选一，陆Ｐ３０６、ｐ１７5.城市土地使用规划不变，没有多少基建项目，适应采用中立模型法还是增长系数法作出行分布预测？５周Ｐ１１２－１１８6.全有全无分配与概率分配各自得区别１５周Ｐ１２０－１２１7.你的硕士论文立题依据、技术路线、关键技术、评价指标等４０8.试述城市交通战略规划的任务。

陆Ｐ１６9.举例说明层次分析法，系统分析法、优化算法在交通工程中的作用10.政府在交通领域的作用。

2002秋交通工程1.交通模型中的分配模型，举出三个模型，说明其假设、稳定性分析、适用条件2.在外环和之间要修建高架道路，请提出其他可行方案，并比较3.请概述曾经完成课题的主要思想，谈你的看法4.任选交通方面社会热点问题，谈自己的看法5.写一份项目建议书6.市长说要解决住房问题，方法之一建设卫星城，请问从交通的交通如何考虑2002年秋交通控制1.对信息工程在交通中的应用的理解，谈一谈交通信息化2.交通控制系统主要包括几部分，关键技术及理论3.对道路进行系统控制，如何控制，关键技术及理论4.ITS的主要研究内容，关键技术5.硕士论文的主要思想，与交通信息工程及控制学科的相关性。

高级管理学6(同济大学)第六讲、冲突管理简介

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七、结论
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2、意识到冲突可能有益于组织只是问题的一部分，更重要的是管理者要能够鉴别建设性冲突和破坏性冲突的临界状态。

冲突太多或太少都是不恰当。没有一定的冲突会使组织对变化反应迟钝、缺乏革新观念；而冲突过多又可能造成混乱、无序、不合作和分裂。
School of Economics and Management,Tongji University 6
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六、冲突的影响
1.冲突与绩效
高組織績效低 A 低衝突水平
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B
C 高
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情况
冲突水平
冲突类型
组织内活动性质
冷漠、停滞不前、对改革没有反应、缺乏创意
工作绩效
A
低
功能失调
低
B
适当
功能正常
生活化、能自我批评、能革新
高
C
高
功能失调
破坏性、无秩序、不合作
低
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2.冲突太少?
冲突过少判断准则：
加拿大的休‧J‧阿诺得和美国的丹尼尔‧C‧菲尔德曼提出，管理者不妨问自己已下十个问题：

同济大学管理学概论历年试题

98年一.简答（7 选6）1. 为什么说“决策过程”是计划工作的核心？（P102，P99）2. 试讨论群体参与决策过程的优缺点。

（P116）3. 为什么说建立标准是实施控制的基础？（P289）4. 管理的任务是什么？（P4）5. 销售智能中的品种政策与生产职能中的品种政策在内容上有何联系与不同？（老版）6. 为什么说“计划工作不能消除风险”？（P73）7. 谈谈你对企业采用IS09001族标准的看法.（P34）二. 研讨题（7 选6）1. 组织中的人际沟通是达成该组织目标的重要基础，请阐述产生组织中人际沟通障碍的原因，以及如何能有效地克服这些障碍。

（P277）2. 试用一个例子来阐述示意公式“工作成绩=能力X干劲”的含义，并讨论组织中领导者的激励作用。

（P241）3. 试比较发行股票、债券和进行资产抵押这三种企业可能选择的筹资方式的优缺点。

（老版）4. A.H.Maslow 的“需要层次理论”把人的需要按其重要性和发生的先后次序排成五个层次，请阐述您对这五个层次“重要”的认识。

（P252）5. P.F.Drucker 提出“目标管理”有助于在管理实践中纠正三种错误观点，即过分“强调各人技能第一” ，“强调集中”和“不同层次的见仁见智” 。

请阐述这三种错误观点将导致组织中的不良后果，并讨论“目标管理” 对纠正这三种错误观点的贡献。

（P46）6. K.Lewin 认为组织变革应包括三个步骤；解冻、转变、再冻结。

试阐述您对这三个步骤内容的理解。

（P56，P198）7. 古典组织理论强调以工作为中心，又称X理论。

试阐述这一理论对人的本性的假设和您对这些假设的看法。

（P24，P126）99 年1. 什么是管理的效率和有效性？如何看待这两者之间的关系？（P8）2. 什么是目标管理？如何理解目标管理的具体内容？（P46）3. 什么是计划工作？为什么说“计划工作不能消除风险”？（P71，P73）4•什么是权利委任？为什么说“权利委任并不意味着）P155, P154委权人放弃权利”？（．5. 什么是组织中的正式群体和非正式群体？这两类群体对于实现组织目标各有哪些影响？（P244）6. 什么是领导者和被领导者？在组织中，是否上级就是领导者，下级就是被领导者？为什么？（P217，P218）7. A.H.Maslow 的需要层系论把人的需要分为哪几大类？人的行为受哪类需要的影响最大？（P252，P255）8. 组织中的人际沟通有什么作用？其沟通过程由哪些因素连接而成的？（P273，P274）9. 请用示意公式“工作成绩=能力X干劲”来讨论组织中激励的作用。

经管学院-同济大学博士入学考试试题高级管理学 2007

同济大学博士入学考试试题高级管理学2007
一、在公司里员工往往缺乏开放的心态来接受领导的负面反馈，对来自领导的负
面的反馈也往往较为抵触与生气，领导与往往为了避免这样的冲突而在沟通的方法上事先精心准备，不过越是这样越是达不到沟通的效果。

试评价上下级的沟通，如何才能做到有效的上下级沟通？
二、什么是管理？管理的目的是什么？并对他们作出评述。

三、控制的定义是什么？控制的意义是什么？控制定义有哪三个要素？
四、对于企业的社会责任有两种不同的观点：（1）纯经济的观点认为企业就是
追求利润的最大化，除此以外没有任何其他的目的与任务（2）社会经济的观点认为企业除了追求利润以外还应该承担社会责任。

试讨论这两种观点。

五、目前国际上许多大企业纷纷降服务业务外包，中国是其中的一个大的市场，
国家也出台政策鼓励积极建立许多外包基地，试用Fayol 在管理的14 条原则中的分工原则分析外包的必要性，企业为什么要外包？。

管理学考博试题

南开大学管理学考博试题2010本试题仅供考博参考之用1.从《科学》杂志中摘选了一篇短文，关于“夜猫子”和“早起者”两类人群的清醒程度与头脑活动区域的关系。

问题：这篇论文的研究主题是什么，你会如何设计研究路线，采用何种研究方法？该篇论文采用了什么研究范式，它能否被管理学研究所采用？根据这篇论文，你觉得在读博期间该如何开展研究工作？你觉得你身上有何成为合格博士生的素质？（40分）2.2010年国家自然科学基金重点项目指南——中国企业领导行为研究（G0205），本研究要求以中国企业的CEO为研究对象（包括成功和失败企业的CEO），通过理论研究和实证研究、访谈、观察、实验等方法，研究中国制度环境和文化背景下企业领导的行为模式、领导方式、决策机制与模式和领导力对企业创新能力、战略决策以及企业成长与发展的影响，探索中国特色的领导理论，通过比较研究（可选择跨国公司或国际企业的CEO为比较对象）与理论创新，丰富组织和领导学理论，总结中国特色管理形成的制度背景和阶段性。

问题：如果你参与申请和研究工作，你觉得有哪些管理理论与该研究课题有关？（20分）3.有学者认为中国的管理学研究有如下阶段：从跟随型研究到模仿型研究，再到修正型研究，目前到初步创新型研究，请分别解释什么是跟随型研究，模仿型研究，还有修正型研究？（20分）4.材料分析题（20分）材料一：不同时代下企业寿命周期特点，有逐渐缩短的趋势材料二：两幅图反映6岁的小孩和60岁的老人血红细胞的数量和质量都不同。

从以上材料中找到一个可以研究的问题，并分析为什么这个问题值得研究？上海交通大学安泰管理学院管理学考博试题20062006年一、下面的说法是否赞同并提出自己的见解（这种题目要表示出自己的见解，赞同还是不赞同，然后阐述为什么，最后再一次简明表达结论性见解）1.企业家已成为当今中国最为稀缺的资料。

2.对于现在的企业而言，对员工进行的培训是至关重要的，员工的终身学习和培训教育是企业发展不可缺少的。

2000年同济大学《管理学概论》考研真题

9.非正式群体（P244）
10.利润（P304）
二. 什么是领导者和被领导者？为什么管理者与领导者是两个不同的概念?（8 分 P219）
3.
三.获得长期资本有哪几种方式？它们各有什么优缺点现？
（8 分老版）
第2页共 3
四. P.E.Drucker 认为目标管理有助于纠正在管理实践中的三种错误观点，你知道是指哪三种错误观点？有什么后果？目标管理为什么能有助于纠正这三种观点？（15 分 P46）
同济大学 2000 招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试《管理学概论》真题
（网友回忆版）
一. 概念题（5×10）
1. 领导影响力（P218）
Байду номын сангаас
2.
权利委任（P154）
3.群体压力（P245）
4.人际沟通（P273）
5.管理效率（P8）
6.计划工作（P71）
第1页共 3
7.管理（P4）
8.竞争型决策（P105）
五. X 理论对人的本性有哪些假设？你如何看待这些假设？（10 分 P24，P126）
六.请用 K.Lewin 组织变革的三个步骤来解释目前盛行的管理重组现象.（9 分 P56，P198）
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同济大学博士研究生入学英语考试样题

同济大学博士研究生入学英语考试样题I V ocabulary （10%）For each of the following sentences there are four choices. Choose the best one to complete the sentence.1. The directions were so ____ that it was impossible to complete the assignment.A) ingenious B) ambitious C) notorious D) ambiguous2. Our ________ host always enjoys having friends to share his Lucullan suppers.A) cursive B)martial C) fractious D) convivial3. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ____a violent act previously seen on television.A) modifying B) stimulating C) accelerating D) duplicating4. This kind of material can _____heat and moisture.A) delete B) compel C) repel D) constrain5. The damage to his car was ____; therefore, he could repair it himself.A) considerable B) appreciable C) negligible D) invisible6. The ____of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people.A) implementation B) expedition C) demonstration D) manifestation7. One of the responsibilities of the Coast guard is to make sure that all ships _______ follow traffic rules in busy harbors.A) cautiously B) dutifully C) faithfully D) skillfully8. The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to be _______ the welfare of his animals.A) critical about B) indignant at C) indifferent to D) subject to9. The chairman of the board _______ on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the firm can no longer afford to employ.A) compelled B) posed C) pressed D) tempted10. Using extremely different decorating schemes in adjoining rooms may result in _______ and lack of unity in style.A) conflict B) confrontation C) disturbance D) disharmony11. Corrupt politicians who condone the activities of the gamblers are equally _______.A) cryptic B)esoteric C)culpable D)occult12. I don’t know the details for I just gave your manuscript only a(n) _______ gl ance.A) cursory B)cumbrous C)onerous D)obscure13.the Red Cross society helped _________ families to survive the war in the Persian Gulf.A) demure B)destitute C)assiduous D)sedate14. the man felt ________ when the girl turned down his proposal of marriage.A) despondent B) fabulous C)dilapidated D)fortuitous15. the boy gave a ______ look at his classmate’s test paper when the teacher turned.A) frivolous B)furtive C)frenetic D)frigid16. Rubber boots are ___________ to water.A) imperious B)impetuous C)impervious D)impeccable17. Missiles were mounted at various points to _______ the enemy aircrafts.A) integrate B)jeopardize C)intercept D)interrogate18. Being careless, she had her arm _____ by the barbed wire.A) lacerated B)lamented C)juggled D)bemoaned19. The wrestler’s _______ maneuvers made it difficult for his opponent to obtain a hold.A) hermetic B)protean C)titanic D)procrustean20. Psychoanalysis can help a patient recall long-forgotten experiences lost in the ______ recess of his mind.A) labyrinthine B)chimerical C)iridescent D)mercurialII Reading Comprehension (50%)Passage 1There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accomplished by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual invent-ors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopterminsulin, and streptomycin. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel, television, silicons, and plexiglass were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.Despite these findings, we are urged to support monopoly power on the grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources; that only the prodigious assets of the giant corporation or conglomerate can afford the kind of expenditures that can produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditures for research, we find that of the more than $ 35 billion spent each year in this country, almost two-thirds is spent by the federal government. More than half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, do much to protect our diminishing resources. Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the competitive process is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by a single corporation, investment in innovation--a risky and expensive budget item--might meet resistance from management and stockholders who might be more concerned with cost-cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budgets, it would be an egregious error to assume that the monopolistic producer should be equated with bountiful expenditures for research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Furthermore, the firm with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue new techniques and different products, since with little vested interest in capital equipment or plant it is not deterred from in-vestment in innovation. In some cases, where inter-industrycompetition is reduced or even entirely eliminated, the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress.The conglomerates are not, however, completely exempt from strong competitive pressures; there are instances in which they, too, must compete, as against another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.16. According to the passage, important inventions of the twentieth century ________.A. are not necessarily produced as a result of governmental support for military weapons research and development.B. came primarily from the huge laboratories of monopoly industries.C. were produced at least as frequently by independent inventors as by research teams.D. have greater impact on smaller firms than on conglomerates.17. It is the author"s belief, as expressed or implied in the passage, that________.A. monopoly power creates an environment supportive of innovation.B. governmental protection for military research will do much to protect our dwindling resources.C. industrial giants, with their managerial bureaucracies, respond more quickly to technological change.D. firms with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue innovations because they are not locked into old capital equipment.18. Management and stockholders might be deeply concerned with cost cutting rather than innovation if _______.A. their company is faced with strong competition in a field not dominated by one of the industrial giants.B. they are very stable and secure and hold a monopoly position in their industry.C. they are part of the military-industrial complex and are the recipients of federal funds for product development.D. they have produced some of the important inventions of this century.19. Which of the following statements is neither expressed nor implied in the passage?A. Important inventions have been produced, in the past, by individuals as well as by corporate teams.B. The federal government"s research funds are funneled into pure research as well as military research.C. The development of the automatic transmission is not credited to organized industrial research.D. Industrial giants may deliberately suppress innovations to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence.20. The author"s purpose in this passage is to____.A. advocate an increase in governmental support of organized industrial research.B. point out a common misconception about the relationship between the extent of industrial research and the growth of monopolistic power in industry.C. describe the inadequacies of small firms in dealing with the important matter of research and innovation.D. show that America"s strength depends upon individual ingenuity and resourcefulness.III Translation from English into Chinese (20%)Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the verge of despair.I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy---ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what at last I have found.With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward reward the heavens（这句话似乎不完整）. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberated in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a haled burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and I would gladly live it again if the chance were offered to me.有三种简单却强烈的情感支配着我的生活，它们分别是：对爱的渴望，对知识的探求，以及对人类的苦难不可抑制的怜悯。

同济大学管理学概论试题(98-05)

同济大学管理学概论试题（98-05）2005-5-6 12:53 PM（转贴）05年下面简单分析今年的考卷一.名次解释1 超y理论2 例外管理3 速动比率4 管理科学学派5 组织6 甘特图7 岗位说明书8 管理方格图9 TQM全面质量管理10 核心能力今年名次解释明显比去年要回归课本,好像只有最后两个是课本提到的但是没有明确写明具体含义的,但是在我所看到的参考书中基本上都涵盖了这些知识点,唯一不足的是对于干特图和速动比率这些考点基本上没有比较权威的解释,只能通过理解来加以阐述的这样对于答案的精确度有影响.不过还是老话,写的多应该没有错,只要你不要离题写.二选择题1 默会知识明晰化----------外化2 领导生命周期理论--------命令-说服-参与-授权(高成熟度)3 行为由（）支配--------动机4 14条管理原则提出者------法约尔5 管理幅度----------------4(mba的考题)6关键的少数---------------例外原则7决策的理解---------------关键词,多个选项中选择的过程8扁平式组织机构-----------mba考题9胡萝卜加大棒是何理论----x理论,人性假说中有写道10关于盈亏选择------------变动成本与题目中的额外生产价格相同都是1600,所以接不接盈亏相当选择题相对简单,掌握书本全面的话基本上应该不会有原则性错误,除非是粗心看错.三.简答1 举例说明管理有效性和效率及它们之间的关系此题比较灵活,重点是举例上有新意,同时不要离题.先将有效与效率解释一下,然后举两个以上的例子,最好是正反两个,最后总结一下就好了.2 试阐述熊彼特关于创新的五个方面？试阐述它对现代企业创新的意义熊比特是创新思想的领袖人物,从最近的趋势来看,创新也越来越收到管理学界的重视,是考试的热点之一.先将5方面简单阐述,然后结合对管理创新的影响来写意义.发挥余地较大.3 阐述霍桑试验的重要意义及梅奥得出的关于企业管理的新见解霍桑试验是管理学的重点之一,梅约的理论是管理学的第二次重大变革.意义在于对以后的行为学派,激励学派,人际学派,领导学派,人性假说学派产生了深远影响.他所提出的理论书上有,不过最好结合参考书多看一些,包括实验的一些过程与具体的实验类别.4 网络计划图中的关键路径法的重要意义计划方法中的重点,其实也是一种控制方法.这个主要介绍一下网罗图方法,以及关键路线法的意义,发挥余地大,要注意语言表达.5 谈谈你对官僚机械组织的看法韦伯的所提出的管理组织,对于早期管理影响大,属于理论结合实际点.发挥余地大.可以先解释再谈看法,最后联系实际,写上小结.四案例分析今年的案例相对简单,主要是可以写的点比较多,不像去年比较狭隘,很难发挥.今年是以你作为管理顾问来对组织中的两个人的问题来提出解决方案.我觉得涉及到了以下几块:大的知识点:1.冲突以及冲突管理注意事项2.激励理论运用,主要是激励相容,激励有效性,公平理论3.非正式组织的群体规范,群体压力,以及如何处理非正式组织与组织的关系4.沟通问题,组织中的沟通存在一定的问题,需要有效沟通,化解冲突.小的知识点:1.非正式沟通的利弊(应对看待谣言的问题)2.组织结构,权责的确立问题(涉及到组织变革与发展问题,展开不要太大)3.集权分权问题(案例中首尾都有说道,这不是我的职责......但是又没有明确说明责任的落实情况,权利的设置出现权责不清,所以需要重新设计组织结构)4.绩效考评方面重新设计有效的绩效考查方法04年2005-5-6 12:54 PM一、名词解释（10*5分）1.管理幅度2.经验主义学派3.目标管理4.滚动计划法5.激励相容6.学习型组织7.流程再造8.企业组织的管理成本9.权变组织结构10.马斯洛的需要层次理论二、选择（10*2分）具体题目不记得了，只能简要回忆如下，望见谅。

同济大学博士入学考试考题--企业管理学

同济大学博士入学考试考题
企业管理学（共七题）
1．波特提出的五种竞争战略，其中之一是抢占市场战略，即突然出现在竞争对手面前，让对手卒不及防。

有人说提高转换成本可以防止竞争对手采用这种战略，你对此是否同意？如果同意，请解释为什么小商小贩十年前可以发财，现在却发不了财？并说明如何对待替代品竞争者。

（15分）
2．目标成本的含义是什么？请你解释目标成本的指导思想和含义。

实施目标成本的步骤有哪些？目标成本的制定有哪些方法？（15分）
3．人力资源管理的发展趋势是什么？在知识经济下对人力资源的管理将更为复杂，对此可采取哪些对策？（15分）
4．质量控制体系的排列图、直方图、控制图的目的是什么？在控制图中，点子处于怎样的分布状态时，表明质量处于非控制过程状态。

（15分）5．消费者对电视机的最高承受价格是2500元，如果批发商的利润是5％，零售商要求的毛利为20％，问（1）电视机厂家的出厂价格为多少？（2）如果厂家的成本和费用合计大于（1）中计算的价格，你认为应如何处理，说明你的理论根据。

（10分）
6．设某一旧设备现在的变现价值为80 000元，可继续使用4年，继续使用的相关资料如下：
购买新设备的投资为500 000元，可使用10年，第10年末的残值为80 000元，假设折现率为12％，问是否应更换旧设备？如果更换，在第几年更换最宜。

（20分）
7．您为报考“企业管理”专业博士生作了哪些准备？例如所进行的科研项
目和发表的论文。

假如您成为一名博士生，您准备进行哪些方面的工作？（10分）。

同济大学管理科学与工程博士英语考试真题

同济大学管理科学与工程博士英语考试真题全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: Tongji University PhD in Management Science and Engineering English ExamIntroduction:The PhD in Management Science and Engineering at Tongji University is a prestigious program that attracts top scholars and researchers from around the world. To gain admission to this program, candidates must pass a rigorous English exam that tests their language proficiency and academic writing skills. This article will provide a sample of the types of questions that may be included in the exam.Sample Exam Questions:1. Essay Question:Write an essay discussing the impact of technological advancements on the field of management science and engineering. Consider how innovations in artificial intelligence, data analytics, and automation are shaping the future of thisdiscipline. Provide examples of companies or organizations that have successfully implemented these technologies to improve their operations.2. Reading Comprehension:Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:"Supply chain management plays a critical role in the success of modern businesses. By optimizing the flow of goods and services from suppliers to customers, companies can reduce costs, improve efficiency, and enhance customer satisfaction. However, disruptions in the supply chain can have serious consequences, leading to delays, stockouts, and lost revenue."a. What is the importance of supply chain management in modern businesses?b. How can disruptions in the supply chain impact a company's operations?3. Case Study Analysis:Read the following case study and answer the questions that follow:"Company X is a manufacturing firm that produces electronic devices. Due to increased competition and changing consumer preferences, the company is facing declining sales and profitability. As a management consultant, how would you advise Company X to improve its performance and regain its competitive edge?"a. Identify the challenges facing Company X.b. Propose a strategic plan to help Company X overcome these challenges.Conclusion:The English exam for the PhD in Management Science and Engineering at Tongji University is designed to assess candidates' ability to communicate effectively and analyze complex information. By practicing with sample questions like the ones provided in this article, applicants can better prepare themselves for success in the program.篇2Tongji University Management Science and Engineering PhD English ExamInstructions:1. This exam consists of four parts: listening comprehension, reading comprehension, writing, and speaking.2. Total exam time is 4 hours.3. Students are required to bring their own pens, pencils, and erasers. No electronic devices are allowed during the exam.Part 1: Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)1. Listen to the recording and answer the following questions.a) What is the main topic of the conversation?b) Who are the two speakers and what is their relationship?c) What are the three main points discussed in the conversation?Part 2: Reading Comprehension (60 minutes)Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.Passage: In today's highly competitive business world, effective leadership is crucial for the success of any organization. Leaders must possess a combination of skills, including excellent communication, strategic thinking, and the ability to motivateand inspire their team members. Without strong leadership, a company is unlikely to survive in the long run.Questions:1. Why is effective leadership important in business?2. What skills must a leader possess to be successful?3. How can a leader motivate and inspire team members?Part 3: Writing (90 minutes)Choose one of the following topics and write an essay of 500-700 words.1. The impact of technology on modern business2. The importance of diversity in the workplace3. Strategies for improving employee productivityPart 4: Speaking (30 minutes)Students will be given a topic to discuss for 5-10 minutes. The topic will be related to current management issues or trends. The student will be evaluated on their fluency, vocabulary, coherence, and critical thinking skills.Good luck to all students taking the exam! Remember to stay calm and focused, and do your best.篇3Tongji University Doctoral Program in Management Science and EngineeringPhD English Exam Sample QuestionsWelcome to the Tongji University Ph.D. Program in Management Science and Engineering English exam. This exam is designed to assess your English proficiency and readiness for advanced study in the field of management science and engineering. Please read each question carefully and provide detailed responses in English.Section 1: Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions that follow.Passage:Recent studies have shown that companies that prioritize sustainability and social responsibility tend to perform better financially in the long run. This is because consumers are increasingly looking for environmentally friendly and sociallyconscious products and services. Companies that fail to meet these expectations risk losing market share to more responsible competitors. In addition, sustainable practices can also lead to cost savings and efficiency improvements within the organization.Questions:1. What is the relationship between sustainability and financial performance according to recent studies?2. Why do companies that prioritize sustainability have a competitive advantage in the market?3. How can sustainable practices benefit organizations beyond just social responsibility?Section 2: WritingWrite an essay of 500-600 words on the following topic:"In your opinion, what are the key challenges facing businesses in the 21st century in terms of sustainability and social responsibility? How can companies overcome these challenges and achieve long-term success?"Section 3: Oral PresentationPrepare a 10-minute oral presentation on a topic related to management science and engineering. You will be assessed on your ability to communicate clearly and effectively in English.Good luck with your exam! We look forward to welcoming you to the Tongji University Ph.D. Program in Management Science and Engineering.。

博士生综合考试参考题

光纤传感技术在矿山安全监测中的应用
（）
116.光纤传感器在矿上安全监测领域应用过程中面临哪些问题？
117.光纤激光瓦斯传感器与红外瓦斯传感器有什么区别？
118.一个简单的光纤传感监测系统构成需要什么元器件？
119.光纤传感技术还有何其他应用？
Tunneling in Various Ground Conditions: Examples and Numerical Simulation
（）
120.成功地建立隧道工程数值模型的关键是什么?
121.围岩的剪切塑性流动与脆性片帮（岩爆）有何区别？
122.哪种围岩失稳应考虑时间相关性（即蠕变）问题？
123.哪种数值方法最适合模拟低应力条件下的节理岩石？
注：本参考题适用于2010年5月综合考试（口试）；
口试时专家将根据研究生的选题情况、所学专业等参考此有关的参考题进行提问。
54.天然气水合物的主要分布区域
55.天然气水合物中的烃类气体主要有几种成因类型
构造热液白云岩化作用与白云岩储层
.01)
56.生物调节作用是否否定蒸发泵模式？
57.原生白云岩与微生物关系密切，次生白云岩与微生物的关系？
58.热液埋藏白云岩与原生孔隙关系密切，对白云岩的勘探是否就是找断裂裂缝？
多基线数字近景摄影测量系统lensphoto的应用案例
这个新观点会有什么后果？
多孔超细粉体表面特征及测试技术（）
42.孔径主要分类
43.单层吸附理论以基本假设
44.比表面积计算方法
沉积地质学研究进展与思考（）
45.煤田地质、煤炭地质和煤地质这三者到底有什么区别?
46.沉积学研究关于沉积特征定量研究国际国内的进展？

管理学考博试题及答案

管理学考博试题及答案管理学考博试题及答案管理学是一门综合性的交叉学科，是系统研究管理活动的基本规律和一般方法的科学。

管理学是适应现代社会化大生产的需要产生的，它的目的是：研究在现有的条件下，如何通过合理的组织和配置人、财、物等因素，提高生产力的水平。

下面是管理学考博试题及答案，请参考！管理学考博试题及答案一、名词解释（本大题共7小题,每小题3分,共21分）管理目标管理预测决策人员配备激励控制二、单项选择题(本大题共15小题,每小题1分,共15分)在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的,请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内.1．管理的性质不包括（）A.二重性B.科学性C.理论性D.艺术性2．人们常说,身体是“三分治七分养”,对于这件事（）A．反馈控制比前馈控制更重要 B．现场控制比反馈控制更重要C．反馈控制现场控制更重要 D．前馈控制比反馈控制更重要3．打电话请供应商来换一台同目前用坏的机器一样的设备,这是设备的简单替换问题,需要的管理技能主要是（）A. 概念技能和技术技能B.人际技能和技术技能C.技术技能D.人际技能和概念技能4．差别计件工资制是（）的内容之一.A．泰罗的科管理理论 B．法约尔的一般管理理论C．韦伯的行政管理理论 D．现代管理理论5．没有一个固定的信息中心,成员之间总是互相传递信息的是（）A．园型沟通 B．Y型沟通C．全通道型沟通 D．轮型沟通6. 根据计划的明确性,可以将计划分为（）A．长期计划、中期计划和短期计划B．战略性计划和战术性计划C．具体性计划和指导性计划D．程序性计划和非程序性计划7．（）是指企业在计划期内反映有预计现金收支、经营成果和财务状况的预算.A．经营预算 B．投资预算C．财务预算 D成本预算8．目标的制定有一定的高度和难度,这体现了目标的（）A. 差异性 B．层次性C. 时间性 D．先进性9．某企业制造并销售单一成品,固定成本总额为60万元,产品售价为每件30元,单位变动成本为10元,该企业的盈亏平衡时的产量为（）A. 3000 B．2000C. 30000 D．2000010．按照决策的主体,可以将决策分为（）A. 长期决策和短期决策 B．个体决策和群体决策C. 程序化和非程序化决策D．确定型、风险型和不确定型决策11．下列关于管理幅度与管理层次的描述正确的是（）A．管理幅度与管理层次共同决定组织规模B. 为了保证管理效果,管理幅度越大越好C．当组织规模一定时,管理幅度与管理规模成正比关系D.管理幅度越窄,管理层次就越多,组织结构就呈扁平型12．如何留住人才、减少人才的流失、发挥人才优势,这体现的是领导艺术中的（）A．授权艺术 B．决策艺术C．用人艺术 D．创新艺术13．对应试者进行全面的考核和考察,避免以偏概全,这是指人员招聘和选拔原则中的（）A．全面考核原则 B．公开招聘原则C．择优录取原则 D．公平竞争原则14．一个企业的精神文化是指（）A．厂容厂貌 B．职工风貌C．沉淀于企业职工心里的意识形态 D．产品形象15．领导生命周期理论是（）的典型代表A．领导特理论 B．领导行为理论C．领导周期理论 D．领导权变理论三、多项选择题(本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分)在每小题列出的四个选项中有二至四个选项是符合题目要求的,请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内.多选、少选、错选均无分.1．管理者的角色包括（）A．信息传递角色 B．人际关系角色C．领导者角色 D．决策制定角色2．战略评价就是要保证所选的战略具有（）A．经济性 B．适用性C．可行性 D．可接受性3．目标的作用有（）A．导向作用 B．激励作用C．凝聚作用 D．考核标准4．预测的类型有（）A．社会和政治预测 B．科学与技术预测C．环境预测 D．经济预测5．控制过程应包括以下几个步骤（）A．确立标准 B．衡量成效C．纠正偏差 D．改变计划6．激励的作用有（）A．有利于调动和激发员工的积极性B. 有利于将职工的个人目的和企业目标统一起来C．有利于员工利益的实现D.有利于增强组织的凝聚力,促进组织内部的协调和统一7．组织结构的类型有（）A．直线一体化 B．垂直一体化C．矩阵制 D．网络制8．面试中常见的偏差有（）A．第一印象 B．面试官支配与诱导C．个人好恶与偏见 D．相对标准9．构成领导自身影响力的因素有（）A．品德 B．水平C．知识 D．情感10．有效沟通的技巧有（）A．作为信息发送者的管理者有效沟通的技巧B．作为信息传递者的管理者的有效沟通的技巧C．作为信息接受者的管理者进行有效沟通的技巧D．信息沟通的障碍及其排除四、简答题(本大题共5小题,1-4每小题5分,第5题4分,共24分)1．简述管理的特征.2．简述计划工作的程序.3．组织设计应该遵守哪些原则?4．激励的方法有哪些?5．按照不同的标准可以把沟通分成哪些种类?五、案例题（本大题共2道,共20分）一、阿斯旺水坝的灾难规模在世界数得着的埃及阿斯旺水坝在20世纪70年代初竣工了.表面上看,这座水坝给埃及人带来的廉价的电力,控制了水旱灾害,灌溉了农田.然而,实上却破坏了尼罗河流域的生态平衡,造成了一些列灾难：由于罗河的泥沙和有机质沉积到水库底部,使尼罗河两岸的绿洲失去肥源——几亿吨淤泥,土壤日益盐碱化；由于尼罗河河口供沙不足,河口三角洲平原向内陆收缩,使工厂、港口、国防工事有跌入地中海的危险；由于缺乏来自陆地的盐分和有机物,致使沙丁鱼的年捕获量减少1.8万吨；由于大坝阻隔,使尼罗河下游的活水变成相对静止的“湖泊”,为血吸虫和疟蚊的繁殖提供了条件,致使水库区一带血吸虫病流行.埃及造此大坝带来的灾难性后果,使人们深深的感叹：一失足成千古恨!1．阿斯旺水坝的决策属什么类型的决策?为什么?2．关于埃及建造阿斯旺水坝的这项决策,以下（）说法是最不可能成立的.A．人们在作出决策时,对于决策结果究竟要达到什么样的'预定目标,这种认识往往与价值判断有关B．尽管人们可能对决策要实现什么样的预定目标作出事实判断,但决策方案在实施过程中总难免要付出一定的代价C．现实中的决策往往是多目标决策D．任何决策方案在带来实现预定目标所希望的证明效果的同时,往往也可能引起各种负面效果3．埃及阿斯旺水坝的决策给我们提供了什么启示?二、亨利的困惑亨利已经在数据系统公司工作了5年.在这期间,他从普通编程员升到了资深的程序编制分析员.他对自己所服务的这家公司相当满意,很快被工作中的创造性要求所激励.一个周末的下午,亨利和他的朋友及同事迪安一起打高尔夫球.他了解到他所在的部门新雇了一位刚从大学毕业的程序编制分析员.尽管亨利是个好脾气的人,但他听说这新来者的起薪仅比他现在的工资少30美元时,不禁发火了.亨利是在迷惑不解.他感到这里一定有问题.下周一的早上,亨利找到了人事部主任爱德华,问他自己听说的事是不是真的?爱德华带有歉意的说,确有这么回事.但他试图解释公司的处境；“亨利,编程分析员的市场相当紧俏.为使公司能吸引合格的人员,我们不得不提供较高的起薪.我们非常需要增加一名编程分析员,因此,我们只能这么做.”亨利问能否相应提高他的工资.爱德华回答说；“你的工资需按正常的绩效评估时间评定后再调.你干的非常不错!我相信老板到时会给你提薪的.”亨利在向爱德华道了声；“打扰了!”便离开了他的办公室,边走边不停的摇头,很对自己在公司的前途感到疑惑.1．本案例描述的事件会对亨利的工作动力产生什么样的影响?哪一种激励理论可以更好的解释亨利的困惑?为什么?2．你觉得爱德华的解释会让亨利感到满意吗?请说明理由.3．你认为公司应当对亨利采取些什么措施?答案一、1管理是通过计划、组织、控制、激励和领导等环节来协调人力、物力和财力资源,以期更好地达成组织目标的过程.2目标管理是以目标的设置和分解、目标的实施及完成情况的检查、奖惩为手段,通过员工的自我管理来实现企业的经营目的一种管理方法.3预测就是根据过去和现在的已知因素,运用已有的知识、经验和科学方法,对未来环境进行预先估计,并对事物未来的发展趋势做出估计和评价.4决策是对未来的行为确定目标,并从两个或两个以上的可行方案中,选择一个合理方案的分析判断过程,即多方案择优.5人员配备,是指对人员进行恰当而有效地选拔、培训和考评,其目的是为了配备合适的人员去充实组织机构中所规定的各项职务,以保证组织活动的正常进行,进而实现组织的既定目标.6激励是指人类的一种心理状态,它具有加强和激发动机,推动并引导行为指向目标的作用.7控制是指接受系统内外的有关信息,按既定的目标对系统进行监督、检查、发现偏差,采取正确的措施使系统按预定的计划运行,或适当的调整计划,以达到预期目的的管理活动.二、 1-5 CDBAC6-10 CCDCB11-15 ACACD三、1-5 ABD BCD ABCD ABD ABC6-10 ABD BCD ABCD ACD ACD四、简答1特征：管理的载体是组织；管理具有目的性；管理的对象是组织资源；管理是各种职能活动应用的过程；管理的核心是协调各种人际关系；管理活动是在特定的组织内外部环境约束下进行的. 2估量机会；确定目标；明确计划前提；提出可行性方案；评价备选方案；选定方案；拟订支持计划；编制预算.3 统一指挥原则；分工协作原则；权责一致原则；集权与分权相结合原则；有效管理幅度原则；弹性结构原则；经济原则.4 物质利益激励法；目标激励法；榜样激励法；内在激励法；形象与荣誉激励法；信任关怀激励法；兴趣激励法；培训、信息和改善环境.5 按信息沟通的渠道,可分为正式沟通与非正式沟通；按信息沟通的传递方向,可分为单向沟通与双向沟通；按沟通的表现形式,可分为口头沟通、书面沟通和非语言沟通；按沟通的方向,可分为上行沟通、下行沟通和平等沟通.五、案例一、1. 不确定型决策；可以结合案例回答,关键字要包括是根据决策后果判断的类型.2 .C3.只要涉及到决策的选优标准只要达到足够满意、正面效果大于负面效果可酌情给分二、1．亨利变得不满,工作动力会减少,工作积极性降低;过程型激励理论中的公平理论可以解释亨利的困惑,公平理论认为职工被激励的程度不仅受其所得绝对报酬的影响,而且也受到相对报酬的影响.亨利将他的收入和相类似职工的收入比较,结果是不公平的,产生了不公平感,影响了他积极性的发挥.2．不会,使亨利产生不公平感的根本原因没有得到解决.可发挥,酌情给分.3．可以对亨利进行公平心理的疏导,引导其树立正确的公平观：使大家认识到的绝对的公平是没有的；不要盲目攀比,所谓盲目性起源于纯主观的比较,多听听别人的看法,也许会客观一些；不要按酬付劳,按酬付劳是在公平问题上造成恶性循环的主要杀手.可发挥请采纳.。

管理学博士资格考试试题

1．人力資源管理涉及哪些具體工作？請列舉5項。

2．如果在需求理論、公平理論和期望理論的支持者之間有一個辯論，每一個理論的代表會怎樣回應這個假設：“錢是激勵績效的最佳辦法”？3．爲一家大型資訊技術公司人力資源部經理，您主要負責3件事情：甄選有前途的雇員、培訓現有員工，評估員工的工作績效。

請你回答下列問題：a.你會向公司推薦什麽性格特徵的員工？應該避免讓什麽特徵性格的人成爲公司的雇員？解釋你的理由。

b.在評估員工工作績效的過程中會出現哪些個人偏向和失誤？哪些措施可以減小這些影響因素？4．關鍵績效指標（KPI）的基本內容是什麽？5．請評論市場細分（segmentation），目標市場選擇（market targeting）和市場定位(market positioning)在市場營銷中的作用。

6．請綜述在產品生命周期各個階段的營銷戰略。

7．請綜述新產品定價策略。

8．組織的戰略定位應考慮哪些因素？又有哪些分析工具？9．What are the basic research methods we usually use to collect data in marketing research?What are the main advantages and challenges of them?10．We usually use the word “construct” to develop our research foundation. What are the main characteristics of a research “construct”?11．Would you please explain what MARKETING is and what is its basic concept?(According to the definition form Philip Kotler)12．簡要評述投資組合理論( Portfolio Theory)13．簡要評述有效市場假說(Market Efficiency Hypothesis)14．簡要評述資本資産定價模型(The Capital Asset Pricing Model)15．簡要評述套利定價理論(Arbitrage Pricing Theory)16．簡要評述期權定價理論(Option Pricing Theory)17．簡要評述資本結構理論(Capital Structure)18．簡要評述公司治理結構(Corporate Governance)19．簡要評述行爲金融理論(Behavioral Finance)20．我國許多大城市，由于水資源不足，自來水供應緊張，請根據邊際效用遞减原理，設計一種方案供政府來緩解或消除該問題。

同济大学博士生综合英语考试

The Two CulturesThe separation between the literary and scientific has been getting deeper; there is now precious little communication between the two cultures, but only different kinds of incomprehension and dislike between them.The traditional culture literary is rapidly declining-standing on its precarious dignity, because the traditional culture is conservative and intolerant, whereas the scientific culture which is not restrictive and confident is expansive.There are a good many scientists indistinguishable from literary persons, and vice versa. Nevertheless, as a first approximation, the scientific culture is real enough, and so is its difference from the traditional culture.The scientists are on the up and up, they have the strength of a social force behind them, both the young scientist and old scientists work in dignity in their universities, concentrating on their research.There is a touch of the frontier qualities about the whole scientific culture, and the climate of personal relations is singularly bracing. Although both the scientists and the cultures are egotisms, the difference between them is that unlike the cultures, the scientists’ egotisms are driven by a common purpose.It is hard to describe the how much the traditional culture gets through literary culture. Although a good many scientists have the tastes of literary persons, the literary culture infiltration is much less.Compared with other forms of arts, such as graphic, poetry and novels, music may be the only one art which is cultivated among scientist.The prestige of the traditional culture is high enough for some of them to make a gallant shot at the younger rank-and-file of scientists for they do not read at all. The novelist’ name to the traditional culture is a token of esotery literary excellence, but most technicians do not think so.The different attitudes toward novelist is a measure of the incommunicability of the two cultures, the tradition culture think the scientists are losing a great deal, but the some of that loss is inevitable.The scientists believe that one can’t comprehend the world unless you know the structure of science; probably it is true, because without any scientific understandingmay miss a whole body of experience.so the intellectual of science is penetrating deeper.The greatest enrichment the scientific culture gives us is a moral one. The scientific culture is almost totally immune from the particular temptation made up of moral vanity, self-indulgence and material benefits. But because the two cultures scarcely touch, the tradition culture lack of those moral.On Self-RespectFrom retrospection that the writer once held an opinion that innocence ends when one is stripped of the delusion that one likes oneself, the writer introspects misplaced self-respect.When the writer was a nineteen-year-old girl, she failed to be elected to Phi Beta Kappa, which she had already predicted, but she still couldn’t stand it when the result came.The writer defines the essence of self-respect, she deems that self-respect has nothing to do with approval of others and reputation, because the people with courage can be self-respect without approval of others and reputation.Doing things without self-respect is just like an unwilling audience to an interminable documentary that details his failings over and over again; while the self-respect one has the courage of their mistakes.Happiness or not depends on whether one respect themselves.It is improper for some people deem that one leads a cozy life must own self-respect, the self-respect has nothing to do with superstition which can offer guard to against danger. Self-respect concerns a separate peace, a private reconciliation.People with self-respect have the courage of their mistakes, they known the price of things, they don’t complain unduly of the unfairness, and they exhibit certain toughness, a kind of moral nerve. So self-respect stems from the willingness to accept responsibility for one’s own life.When our grandparents were young, they had instilled the sense that one lives by doing things one does not particularly want to do, they had to put fears and doubts to one side, and had to weigh immediate interests and long-term interests. Thus, whether or not they had self-respect, they knew all about what is self-respect.Self-respect person can recognize that anything worth having its price. They are always willing to accept the risk and willing to invest something of themselves, they may not play at all, but when they do play, they know the odd.Self-respect can be equalized to a discipline, a habit of mind which can be developed, trained and coaxed forth, but can never be faked out.Self-respect is a kind of ritual, helping us to remember who and what we are. So in order to remember who and what we are, we must have known what self-respect is.People will possess everything such as the ability of discriminating, loving, and to remain indifference if they are armed of the intrinsic worth which constitutes self-respect.If we are alienation from ourselves, we will easily despise others and remain blind to our fatal weaknesses, also, we are peculiarly in thrall to everyone we see. So self-respect frees us from the expectations of others, give us back to ourselves, and enrich our interior abundance.On Self-RespectEvery one of us maybe misunderstand the essence of self-respect, especially in vigorous youth or earlier days. It is normal that feeling of less confident occurred often when the young man suffered light or serious setback. There was about the persevering young man at times a certain strain of tenderness, evoked by experiences, disappointments, and hardships in his own life. We will never be mature and happy if we care much about what people thought in our times.The dismal fact is that self-respect has nothing wo do with both the approvals of others and reputation. Just only we respect ourselves can we no longer lies down the notoriously uncomfortable bed the one we make ourselves. Self-respect has nothing to do with the face of things, but concerns instead a separate peace, a private reconciliation. People with self-respect have the courage of their mistakes. Parents with self-respect can set up a good example for their children especially when they are childish.The kind of self-respect is a discipline, a habit of mind that can never be faked but can be developed, trained, coaxed forth. But, those small disciplines are valuable only insofar as they represent longer ones. To have the sense of one`s intrinsic worthwhich constitutes self-respect is potentially to have everything: the ability to discriminate, and to remain indifferent. To lack self-respect is to be looked within oneself., paradoxically incapable of either love or indifference.Only the man who has self-respect can be freed from the expectations of others and give them to themselves. It is just the power of self-respect.作文模版现象解释型Nowadays, there are more and more…….in……, especially the…….it is estimated that…….why have there so many……?may be the reasons can be listed as follows:The first one is…….besides,…..the third one is…..to sum up, the main cause of …..is due to…….It is high time that something were done upon it. for one thing,…..on the other hand,…..all these measures will certainly reduce the number of…..不同观点列举型There is a widespread concern over the issue that …….but it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand，___原因一____. On the other hand, __原因二___. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______. As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more利弊型的议论文Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects asfollows.Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____. Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______. To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.答题性议论文Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem. As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____. Above all, to solve the problem of _作文题目, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say,方法谚语警句性议论文It is well known to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically ) A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____. With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.图表作文的框架As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in thetable(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadilyrising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________. There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing. As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded。