英语的两种修饰法：矛盾修饰法矛盾修饰法跟PUN(双关语)
英语中的修辞手法及英英释义
英语中的修辞手法及英英释义英语中的修辞手法有很多种，以下是其中几种常见的修辞手法及其英英释义：1.Metaphor（隐喻）：a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is used torepresent something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity or parallelism between the two.2.Simile（明喻）：a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is used torepresent something by comparing it to another thing, using words such as "like" or "as" to make the comparison.3.Synecdoche（提喻）：a figure of speech in which a part is used to representthe whole or vice versa, such as using the term "head" to refer to a person's entire body.4.Personification（拟人）：a figure of speech in which non-human objects orconcepts are given human characteristics or abilities, such as using words like "the night sings" to describe the darkness.5.Hyperbole（夸张）：a figure of speech in which an object or event isexaggerated or exaggerated for effect, such as using words like "I wasstarving for days" to describe a short period of hunger.6.Irony（反讽）：a figure of speech in which the intended meaning of astatement is the opposite of its literal meaning, such as using words like"nice weather we're having" when it's raining.7.Oxymoron（矛盾修饰法）：a figure of speech in which two opposite orcontradictory words or phrases are used together to create a paradoxicaleffect, such as using words like "bittersweet" to describe a mixed feeling of happiness and sadness.这些修辞手法都可以增强语言的表达力，帮助传达更深刻的意义。
英语修辞格Pun的分类比较研究
外语翻译摘要在英语中，英语修辞格Pun能够制造出多样性、多功能的修辞效果，已被广泛应用。
本文在解释Pun的基础上，从语意模糊这个视域来探索Pun的分类，并重点对同音双关（homophonic puns）和歧义双关（asteismus）等五个方面进行比较研究，为研究Pun提供新的研究视角。
关键词修辞格Pun分类比较A Classified and Comparative Study on the English Rhetorical Device Pun//Tong HaixiaAbstract In English,the English rhetorical device Pun has been widely used as it can produce diversified and multi-functional rhetorical effects.Based on the explanation of Pun,this paper ex-plores the classification of Pun from the perspective of semantic ambiguity,and focuses on the comparative study of homophonic puns and asteismus,in order to provide a new perspective for the research of Pun.Key words rhetorical device;Pun;classification and comparison1Pun在英语语言应用中，Pun是一种比较常见的修辞格，“Webster’s New World Dictionary”对Pun作了如下的解释：“the humorous use of a word,or of words which are formed or sounded alike but have different meanings,in such a way as to play on two or more of the possible applications”。
矛盾修辞格和双关语的翻译
That old man who got drunk all day lived a life of busy idleness.
The mother is undergoing the joyful pain, and painful joy of childbirth.
The Definition of Oxymoron
In oxymoron apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce a special effect.
即将两个字面意义相互矛盾甚至对立的词语紧密地 置于一处，形成修饰与被修饰或限制与被限制的关 系。处于矛盾修辞格之中的词或词组，从字面上看， 其语义自相矛盾，似乎违背逻辑和常理，但细加揣 摩却意味深长，尽在情理之中。
4. Better a witty fool than a foolish wit. 与其做愚蠢的智人，不如做聪明的愚人。
5. It is an open secret that the doctor and the nurse are already of one mind.
这位医生和护士情投意合已成为公开的秘密。
4.动词＋副词
副词与动词意义相悖，起修饰、限制作用， 如：
the moon shone darkly. 月亮发出黯淡的光。
5.名词＋名词
把两个语义对立的名词放在一起，或构成合成词， 或把前者作为中心词，使主体事物的矛盾性更加突 出、鲜明。这种情况下两个名词之间的主次关系不 是十分明显，往往用来形容二者之间的难以取舍， 或进退两难的境地，或者是复杂难辨的感情。如：
英语常用修辞格分类
Figures of SpeechSimile (明喻):Wrong ideas may harm man just like diseases.Her face is as white as a paper.Metaphor (暗喻):He is the soul of the team.My desk is flooded with paper.There are a few lordly poplars before the house.The charcoal fire glowed and dimmed rhythmically to the stroke of the bellows. Personification (拟人):The leaves are trembling in the cold wind.Metonymy (转喻,借代):His unfriendly tongue surprised her.The grey hair should be respect.Synecdoche (提喻，部分整体):The farms were short of hands during the harvest season.They share the same roof.England won the football.Euphemism (委婉):He unfortunately passed away last year.He is out visiting the necessary.Irony (反语):You are a fine goalkeeper, allowing the other side to score six goals. Overstatement/hyperbole (夸大的叙述):Thanks a million.She wept oceans of tears.His anger nearly burst his belly.His friends praised his daughter’s performance to the skies.She eats like a bird.Understatement (保守的陈述):“What do you think of the roast duck?” “Not bad.”He has got heart trouble, but it is nothing serious.Transferred epithet (转移修饰语):The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder.He crashed down on a protesting chair.Oxymoron (矛盾修饰法):She read the long-awaited letter with a tearful smile.Parting is such a sweet sorrow.Alliteration (头韵):Time and tide wait for no man.Pun (双关):They pray for you today and prey on you tomorrow.Women have a wonderful sense of right and wrong, but little sense of right and left.Customer: Waiter, will the pancakes be long? -Waiter: No, sir, round.In the window of a hearing-aid shop: “Trust us, over 5000 ears (years) of experience.”-Why can you never expect a fisherman to be so generous?-Because his business makes him sell fish (selfish).Analogy (类比):Knowledge is to the mind what nutrition is to the body.Antonomasia (换称, 专有名词代普通名词,人名、地名):He spent the whole winter in the Windy City. (Chicago)Shanghai is the New York of China.Allusion (暗示):Grammar may be his heel of Achilles.语法是他的大弱点。
英语的两种修饰法：矛盾修饰法矛盾修饰法跟PUN(双关语)
矛盾修饰法矛盾修饰法(Oxymoron)矛盾修饰法矛盾修饰法(Oxymoron)是将两个互相矛盾，互不调和，的词放在同一个短语中，产生特殊的深刻含义的一种修辞手段。
用它来状物写景，能突出事物的实质；用它来描绘人物，能使其更加鲜明；用它来表达复杂的思想感情或意味深长的哲理，能使其更强烈，更深刻。
它是一种紧缩隽语。
矛盾修饰法是将两个意思截然不同的词放在一起，结合成一个词组，而对语是通过平行结构引起两个概念的对比。
矛盾修饰法：从哲学上讲，是对立的统一；从艺术上讲，更能体现出描写主体的个性化，更具渲染力。
例如：1.a clever fool聪明的傻瓜2.a victorious defeat胜利的失败3.cruel kindness残酷的仁慈4.expressionless expression毫无表情的表情5.sick health憔悴的健康6.a living death行尸走肉7.with careful carelessness小心翼翼又漫不经心地8.bright and dark既光彩夺目，又朦胧黑暗9.dove-feather’d raven披着白鸽羽毛的乌鸦10.with her disagreeably pleasant laugh（她）自鸣得意却令人讨厌地笑起来11.an honorable villain体面的恶棍12.There was an audible stillness, in which the common voice sounded strange.(from Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser)这时是一片听得见的寂静，连人声听起来都是异样的。
(选自美国作家西奥多•德莱塞的长篇小说《嘉莉妹妹》)(作者用audible来修饰stillness，匠心独具地从反面烘托环境，使人耳目一新，过目难忘。
矛盾的对立面取得了高度的一致，形成了完美的统一。
英语修辞之双关——Pun
1、Pun[pʌn]Definition：The pun, also called paronomasia, is a form of which suggests two or more meanings, by exploiting multiple meanings of words, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect.Typology(or types)1、The homophonic pun（谐音双关）.The homophonic pun, a common type, utilizes the exploitation [,eksplɔi'teiʃən] of word pairs which sound alike (homophones) but are not synonymous.A homophonic pun exploits words which are spelled the same (homographs) but possess different meanings and sounds. Because of their nature, they rely on sight more than hearing, contrary to homophonic puns. They are also known as heteronymic puns.a common type, uses word pairs which sound alike (homophones) but are not synonymous(the meaning is diffirent).Examples：①In George Carlin's phrase "Atheism is a non-prophet institution", the word "prophet 'prɔfit] " is put in place of its homophone "profit'prɔfit] ", altering the common phrase "non-profit institution".②"Pinky and the Brain" cartoon film series: "I think so, Brain, but if we give peas a chance, won't the lima beans feel left out?" which plays with the similar - but not identical - sound of "peas" and "peace".③Seven days without water makes one week(weak)2、The homographic pun（同形异义双关）exploits words which are spelled the same (homographs) but possess different meanings and sounds. Because of their nature, they rely on sight more than hearing, contrary to homophonic puns. They are also known as heteronymic puns.Examples：Douglas Adams's line "Y ou can tune a guitar, but you can't tuna fish. Unless of course, you play bass." (Bible)The phrase uses the homophonic qualities of "tune a" and "tuna", as well as the homographic pun on "bass", in which ambiguity is reached through the identical spellings of /ˈbeɪs/ (a string instrument), and /ˈbæs/ (a kind of fish).3、Homonymic puns(同音异义双关语), another common type, arise from the①exploitation of words which are both homographs and homophones.The statement "Being in politics is just like playing golf: you are trapped in one bad lie after another" puns on the two meanings of the word lie as "a deliberate untruth" and as "the position in which something rests".②a joke repeated by Isaac Asimov gives us "Did you hear about the little moron who strained himself while running into the screen door?", playing on 'strained' as "to give much effort" and "to filter".4、compound pun is a statement that contains two or more puns.Examples:①a complex statement by Richard Whately includes four puns: "Why can a man never starve in the Great Desert? Because he can eat the sand which is there. But what brought the sandwiches there? Why, Noah sent Ham, and his descendants mustered and bred."[8]This pun uses "sand which is there/sandwiches there, "Ham/ham", "mustered/mustard", and "bred/bread".5、A recursive pun is one in which the second aspect of a pun relies on the understanding of an element in the first.Examples:① the statement "π is only half a pie." (π radians is 180 degrees, or half a circle, and a pie is a complete circle).②"Infinity（无限大）is not in finity（有限的）," which means infinity is not in finite range.③"A Freudian slip is when you say one thing but mean your mother."[9] Finally, we are given "Immanuel doesn't pun, he Kant（康德）" by Oscar Wilde.6、Visual puns are used in many logos, emblems, insignia, and other graphic symbols, in which one or more of the pun aspects are replaced by a picture. In European heraldry, this technique is called canting arms.Visual and other puns and word games are also common in Dutch gable stones as well as in some cartoons Examples:① Visual and other puns and word games are also common in Dutch gablestones;② In some cartoons such as Lost Consonants and The Far SidePuns in comedies、jokes、literatureIn Romeo and Juliet when Mercutio begs Romeo to dance, Romeo refuses.Unlike Mercutio’s shoes with “nimble soles,” Romeo says that he has a “soul of lead.” At one point, Romeo asks for a torch, saying “being heavy [sad], I will bear the light.”Captain Aubrey: "Do you see those two weevils, Doctor?...Which would you choose?"Dr. Maturin: "Neither. There's not a scrap of difference between them. They're the same species of Curculio."Captain Aubrey: "If you had to choose. If you were forced to make a choice. If there were no other option."Dr. Maturin: "Well, then, if you're going to push me. I would choose the right-hand weevil. It has significant advantage in both length and breadth."Captain Aubrey: "There, I have you!...Do you not know that in the Service, onemust always choose the lesser of two weevils?"Other great works of literature have included puns as well. Poet John Donne, whose name rhymed with “done,” often punned his name in his own poetry. In one of his hymns, he even puns the name of his wife Anne More, with the line “Thou hast not done, For I have more.”Our Bible reveals to us the character of our God with minute andremorseless exactness ... It is perhaps the most damnatorybiography that exists in print anywhere. It makes Nero an angelof light and leading by contrast. [Msark Twain]Falling in love is not at all the most stupid thing that people do —but gravitation can not be held responsible for it. [AlbertEinstein]Prediction is very difficult, especially about the future. [NielsBohr]Essentially, all models are wrong, but some are useful. [George E.P. Box]The best material model of a cat is another, or preferably thesame, cat. [Norbert Wiener]As a child, I received instruction both in the Bible and in theTalmud. I am a Jew, but I am enthralled by the luminous figure ofthe Nazarene. [Albert Einstein]One morning I shot an elephant in my pajamas. How he got intomy pajamas I'll never know. » [Groucho Marx]Puns often are used in the titles of comedic parodies. A parody of a popular song, movie, etc., may be given a title that hints at the title of the work being parodied, substituting some of the words with ones that sound or look similar. Such a title can immediately communicate both that what follows is a parody and also which work is about to be parodied, making any further "setup" (introductory explanation) unnecessary.Examples would include the Star Trek: V oyager episode entitled "False Profits" (a pun on the saying 'false prophets') or the episode of Psych entitled "The Polarizing Express" (spoofing The Polar Express and the definition of polarization, which means 'to break into factions')Non-humorous puns were and are a standard rhetorical and poetic device in English literature. Puns and other forms of word play have been used by many famous writers, such as Alexander Pope, James Joyce, Vladimir Nabokov, Robert Bloch, Lewis Carroll, John Donne, and William Shakespeare, who is estimated to have used over 3,000 puns in his plays.[citation needed]Here is an example from Shakespeare's Richard III:"Now is the winter of our discontent made glorious summer by this son of Y ork"(Son/sun)Shakespeare was also noted for his frequent play with less serious puns, the "quibbles" of the sort that made Samuel Johnson complain, "A quibble is to Shakespeare what luminous vapours are to the traveller! He follows it to all adventures; it is sure to lead him out of his way, sure to engulf him in the mire.It has some malignant power over his mind, and its fascinations areirresistible."[14] Elsewhere, Johnson disparagingly referred to punning as "the lowest form of humour".[citation needed]In the poem A Hymn to God the Father, John Donne, married to Anne More,reportedly puns repeatedly: "Son/sun" in the second quoted line, and twocompound puns on "Donne/done" and "More/more". All three arehomophonic, with the puns on "more" being both homographic andcapitonymic. The ambiguities serve to introduce several possible meanings into the verses."When Thou hast done, Thou hast not done / For I have more.that at my death Thy Son / Shall shine as he shines now, and heretoforeAnd having done that, Thou hast done; / I fear no more."。
双关与Pun的对比
双关与Pun的对比双关与Pun的对比摘要：双关和Pun是英汉两种语言当中相对应的一种修辞格，在各种场合下，只要应用得当，都能够巧妙曲折的表达出相应的内容。
但两者也有很大的区别。
文章主要就双关和Pun的定义、分类、手段进行对比，分析两者的不同。
关键字：双关；Pun；对比在英语中，与双关相对应的是Pun。
双关是一种很常见的修辞格，它言此及彼，使得语言幽默，语义含蓄，耐人寻味。
现代，除了在文学作品中和人们的日常对话中以外，双关作为一种幽默、辛辣的语言，在广告和新闻报刊、杂志等领域也被广泛运用，展示着其独特魅力。
但是，由于中外各种因素的影响，两者并不能完全等同。
以下就定义、分类、手段和功能进行对比，分析两者的相同和不同之处。
一、定义的对比根据《辞海》的定义，双关语即修辞学上辞格之一，利用语言文字上同音或多义的关系,使一个词或一句话关涉到两件事。
而朗文词典对Pun的解释是(Longman Dictionary of American English)对pun 的解释为：“also play on words. An amusing use of a word or phrase that has two meanings, or words with the same sound but different meanings.”韦氏三版新国际英语词典(Webster’s Third New International Dictionary)给pun下的定义为：“The humorous of a word in such a way as to suggest different meanings or applications or of words having the same or nearly the samesound but different meanings: a play on words.”通过定义的对比，不难看出，汉语的双关侧重的是双重的含义，涉及到的是两件事。
双关与pun的对比
Ｗａｌｋｅｒ的遗产；二指她继承了祖传的撒谎本领；
Ｂｅｎｊａｍｉｎ Ｆｒａｎｋｌｉｎ（你的论点响当当，除声音响亮之
三指她的钩鼻子；四指她特殊的习惯——说话时
总是钩起手指点着自己的鼻子。此处的“Ｈｏｏｋ— ｅｙ”是狄更斯运用ｐｕｎ的一个精彩例子，一词四 关。可见，这里的ｐｕｎ与汉语中的“双关”是不对 应的。 二、分类对比 国内的修辞学者一直把双关分为两种：谐音 双关和语义双关。谐音双关是利用音同或音近的 条件使词语或句子语义双关。例如：
ｏｒ
ｏｆ
ｍｏｒｅ ｗｏｒｄｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｓａｍｅ
ｎｅａｒｌｙ ｔｈｅ
ａｓｔｏ
ｓａｍｅ ｓｏｕｎｄ ｗｉｔｈ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｍｅａｎｉｎｇｓ，ＳＯ
ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅ
ａ
ｈｕｍｏｒｏｕｓ ｅｆｆｅｃｔ．”（用一个词去暗示两
种或两种以上的意义或引起不同的联想，或者用 两个或两个以上发音相同或相近而又意义不同的 词，以产生一种幽默效果。） 汉语的“双关”在语言结构上表现为双指，在 语义上表现为双重性，即具有词汇意义和情境意 义，但后者才是双关的重点。修辞者希望传达的 是隐藏在词汇意义下的情景意义。但不管从“双 关”的命名，还是从它的缘起来看，“双关”都是“双 重含义”或“关涉两种事物”［１］（ｐ１０¨。在这一点
（７）第二天，又上课了。几个相当用功的学生兴 冲冲的给老师送上了几个答题的卷子。一…・ “你们算了！”老师笑着说，“算了！算了！” “我们算了。算了。我们算出来了！”（徐迟《哥德
巴赫猜想》）
ｗｅｉｇｈｔ”字面上是“扛重物”，同时又喻
指“挑起生活重担”，所以也是双关型隐喻。 可见，比喻也是英、汉语构成双关的重要手段 之一，这种“双关型隐喻”多见于文学作品。 （二）汉语特有的双关手段 １、彼此双关 彼此双关是汉语自己独特的双关形式。它的 音、形、意三者都是一致的，只是借此事说彼事而 已。例如：
英语修辞手法整理版
1.parallelism 平行结构1)I felt foolish, self-conscious and clumsy.2)He is totally consistent in what he says and how he does it.3)Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bearany burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty.2.anadiplosis 连珠1)He gave his life; life was all he could give.2)It‟s the profit now, not the product. Half the time we cheat the foreman, the foremancheat the management, the management cheat the customers. And the customers are we.3.pun 双关语1）Then there was the man in the restaurant.“You are not eating your fish,” the waitress said to him.“Anything wrong with it?”“Long time no sea,” the man replied.2) My faith has gone.3) I‟m almo st finished.4) Try our sweet corn. You will smile from ear to ear.5)I finally figured out how government works. The Senate gets the bill from the House, thePresident gets the bill from the Senate, and we get the bill for everything.6)“Fourth floor,” sho uted the passenger to the elevator.“Here you are, son.”“How dare you call me …son‟?”“Sir, I called, or whatever, I‟ve brought you up, anywhere.”4.Simile 明喻/直喻1）New China is like a red sun rising in the east.2) She spoke hurriedly, as if her heart had leaped into her throat at the boy‟s words.5.metaphor 暗喻/隐喻1）Joe was a lion in the battle.2) Learning was climbing the mountain.6.allegory 讽喻，寓意1）No rose without a thorn(刺).2) It‟s time to t urn swords into ploughs.3) All that glitters is not gold.7.synecdoche 提喻即汉语中的指代1）More hands are needed at the moment.2) The famous port used to be a harbor which is crowded with masts桅杆.8.personification 拟人法1）The sun kissed the green field.2) The thirsty desert drank up the water.3) The trees and flowers around them danced heartily as if touched by merry mood.9.oxymoron 矛盾修饰法1）cruel kindness2) dully bright3) the sound of silence4) white darkness10.paradox 反论，拟论即悖论1）More haste, less speed.2) The child is father to the man.11.euphemism 委婉语1）I was wondering if you could spare a few minutes to go over my report.2) I don‟t think that it is his idea.3) I would like to hear your views.4) He is now staying at the correctional center.2)I have to retire for a moment. (My I go somewhere?)12.alliteration 头韵1）Promise, Problem and provision1)US trade policy is often viewed as inconsistent, incoherent, and incomprehensible to thecountries of the origin.2)One man‟s disaster is another man‟s delight.3)Fine and fit.13.assonance 母韵，元音韵1)fair and square, near and dear2)The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.14.consonance 尾韵1)healthy and wealthy2)Fit or fat?3)When I lent, I was a friend; when I asked, I was unkind.4)Rough and tough.5)There is probability rather than certainty6)Spare the rod, spoil the child.。
矛盾修辞格和双关语的翻译
By then the snow had made a blanket of white darkness ,but I knew only too well there should have been no creek there . ——Maheegun My Brother 大雪白的让人睁不开眼睛，像一张毯子一样 铺满大地。
3. …though I cannot be said to be a flattering honest man, it must be denied but I am a plain-dealing villain… 我固然不是一个阿谀的正人君子，可是谁也不可 否认我是一个正大光明的小人。
4. Better a witty fool than a foolish wit. 与其做愚蠢的智人，不如做聪明的愚人。
英语矛盾修饰法 的翻译
Oxymoron
Content
The Definition of Oxymoron The Formation of Oxymoron The Pragmatic Function of Oxymoron The Translation of Oxymoron
将英语矛盾修饰法译成汉语时，必须注重原文字里 行间的深刻含义，必要时需摆脱原语的语法规范和 思维模式的束缚，遵循汉语的修辞规范，建立新的 语义关系，才能取得良好的翻译效果。常见的翻译 方法有： 等值翻译法 对称拆译法 融会贯通法
1.等值翻译法
人类对客观世界有共同的认知与感受，虽然 这种感受会以各种方式表现在各自的文化载 体——语言中，相通的感知则可以把原文的 形式和结构不作多少改变直接移植到汉语中 来。例如： beautiful tyrant 美丽的暴君 a damned saint 横行的圣人
pun英语双关语解释
pun英语双关语解释pun（双关语），通常是指用一个单词的两个（或多个）含义，或用两个（或多个）发音相同或相近而意义不同的词，达到一语双关，幽默含蓄之效果。
谚语：Don’t trouble troubles until troubles trouble you. （麻烦不来找你，别去自找麻烦。
）这是一句采用双关语的谚语。
句中第一与第四个trouble 是名词“麻烦”的意思，而第二与第三个trouble 是动词“找麻烦”的意思。
这一谚语的基本意思是：不要去找“麻烦”的麻烦，直到“麻烦”来找你的麻烦。
英语中的pun（双关语），多见用于谚语俚语、名人名言、广告海报和幽默笑话。
例句：1、He is not a grave man until he is a grave man.要等到他躺在坟墓里，他才会严肃起来。
（句中前一个grave是形容词，意思是“严肃的”，后一个grave 是名词，意思是“坟墓”。
这句话的基本意思是：他不是一个严肃的人，除非他成了坟墓里的人。
）2、Learn some craft when young, that when old you may live without craft.趁年轻时学一点手艺，以便在年老时可不靠行骗为生。
（句中两个craft都是名词，前一个craft 的意思是“手艺”，后一个craft 的意思是“骗术”。
）3、Not everything that can be counted counts and not everything that counts can be counted.并非所有重要的东西都计算得清楚，也并非所有计算得清楚的东西都重要。
（这是爱因斯坦的一句名言。
句中用动词count 的两个不同含义“计算”与“重要”，生动含蓄表达了这句至理名言。
）4、We must all hang together, or assuredly we shallall hang separately.我们大家必须团结一致，否则我们一定都会被分开处死。
英语的修辞方法有哪些
英语的修辞方法有哪些？[英语外语]收藏转发至天涯微博悬赏点数 10 5个回答芒果之恋2009-02-18 08:54:45英语的修辞方法有哪些？回答回答ws2002iou2009-02-18 08:55:031. oxymoron矛盾修辞法：是将两个互相矛盾，互不调和，的词放在同一个短语中，产生特殊的深刻含义的一种修辞手段。
比如：a clever fool聪明的傻瓜true lies真实的谎言2.paradox悖论，指事物自相矛盾。
比如：It is a paradox that such a rich country should have so many poor people li ving in it.如此富足的国家竟有如此多的穷人, 这是个矛盾的现实.6276571412009-02-18 08:55:11一些语言和文章之所以流传广泛，经久不衰，是因为它们极有表现力，其中不乏准确恰当的修辞手段，从而使文章更加形象生动、意蕴丰富并且引人入胜。
本文根据《大学英语》中出现的最常见的几种修辞格加以分析，希望有助于大家在学习英语的过程中能够恰当地选择修辞手段来丰富自己的表达。
明喻(SIMILE)明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有A S,LIKE, AS IF, AS THOUGH 等。
例如：● HE JUMPED BACK AS IF HE HAD BEEN STUNG, AND THE BLOOD RUS HED INTO HISWRINKLED FACE.（他往后一跳，好像被什么东西叮了一下似的，他那张布满皱纹的脸顿时涨得通红。
）在《品尝家》一文中老人对“ ”的慷慨施舍的反应如同被蜜蜂叮过一样，生动地刻画出一个处境凄凉内心却极度敏感的可怜老人的形象。
● THE CHEQUE FLUTTERED TO THE FLOOR LIKE A BIRD WITH A BROKE N WING.(支票跌落到地上，像一只断了翅膀的小鸟。
pun英语双关语集锦课件.doc
pun英语双关语集锦课件.docPUN所谓pun，通常是指利用一个单词的两个含义，或者利用两个特定的单词，达到“一语双关”的目的。
双关语（pun）是英语中一种常见的修辞手法。
该修辞格巧妙利用词的谐音、词的多义或歧义等，使同一句话可同时表达不同意义，以造成语言生动活泼、幽默诙谐或嘲弄讥讽的修辞效果，使人读来忍俊不禁、英语中双关语的构成通常需要两个基本条件，即双重情境（double context ）和多义词或同音异义词。
其构成方式主要有以下四种：1）同音异义双关（谐音双关）指在一个语境中巧妙运用两个或多个词语的同音或谐音达到讽刺或具诙谐意味的效果。
eg1. Seven days without water makes one weak.七天不进水，人就会虚弱。
weak 和week 是同音异义词。
因此这句话听起来可以理解为：Seven days without watermakes one week.eg2. You earn your living and you urn your dead.生前劳碌奔命，死后化灰入土。
earn 与urn(火化)同音异义，用在一起显得俏皮，别有趣味。
2）同词异义双关（多义词双关）指在同一语境中运用一个词语的两种意思巧妙地达到幽默风趣的效果，使读之别有韵味。
eg1. A: What's the longest sentence in the world?世上最长的句子是什么？B: Prison for life. 无期徒刑。
sentence既有“句子”的意思，也有“刑期”的含义。
eg2. Women have a wonderful sense of right and wrong, but little sense of right and left.女性对善恶感觉惊人，而对左右感觉麻木。
该句借用同词异义双关讽刺女性方向感差，开车左右不分。
eg3.We must all hang together, or we shall all hang se-parately. 我们必须团结一致，否则将一一被绞死。
英语修辞格中双关语pun的妙用
英语修辞格中双关语(pun)的妙用孙文成(吉林农业科技学院外语学院)双关语p un是文学语篇中常见的修辞格之一．目的是通过在特定语境中一个词可能有双重含义．或一个词语跟其读音相同或相近的另外一个词可能存在的联系．制造出多功能的修辞效果。
另一方面双关不仅仅是一种修辞方法．更是一种语言文化的集中反应。
双关语pun在英语中运用较早。
pun一词来自拉丁语par ono m azei n．意为“以不同的名称称呼”。
它的修辞功能主要有幽默、讽刺、机智、含蓄，因此常见于幽默故事、笑话、谜语、儿歌之中。
同时它也可以用于正式场合，表达严肃的思想和深邃的情感。
莎士比亚、萧伯纳、马克吐温、狄更斯、海明威等诸多英美作家都是运用双关语的行家里手．通过采用双关语来增加他们文学作品的韵味和艺术感染力。
因而也备受广告创造者的青睐。
英语中双关语的构成需要两个基本条件．即双重情境和多义词或同音异义词。
其构成方式主要有三种：请看以下的例句。
一、同音异义双关(谐音双关)1．W e m us t al l hang t og et he r,or m o st ass ur edl y．w e s hal l al l ha ng s epar at el y．我们大家必须紧紧地团结在一起．否则我们大家就必然会一个一个地被绞死。
此句名言出自美国政治家、发明家和作家富兰克林之口，句中两处用到ha ng一词，妙在它一词双关，前者与t oget her搭配。
意为“紧紧团结在一起”。
后者与s epar at el y搭配．意为“一个一个被绞死”。
深刻而幽默地说明不团结便灭亡的道理。
2．W hen a w om an com pl a i ne d t o he r but che r t I l at hissa us age t as ted l i k e m eat at one end，a nd but br e ad at t he ot h er, he r epl i ed，。
浅析英语修辞格双关(Pun)
浅析英语修辞格双关（Pun）双关(Pun)是英语中一种常见的修辞方式。
《牛津英语词典》(The Oxford English Dictionary. 1989. Oxford: Clarendon Press. V o1.xII.P832)对其的定义是：The use of a word in such a way as to suggest two or more meanings or different associations, or the use of two or more words of the same or nearly the same sound with different meanings, so as to produce a humorous effect.”双关可以使语言意蕴丰富，诙谐幽默，或具有嘲弄讽刺的修辞效果，达到吸引读者的目的。
双关的分类大致分为语义双关，谐音双关，习语双关，语法双关以及延伸双关。
一、英语双关的构成１、语义双关语义双关（Homograph）是利用词语或句子的多义性在特定环境下形成的双关，例如：(1) Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man.明天你来找我，你就将发现我已经是个坟墓中的人了。
句中grave有两义，可作“坟墓”或“严肃的”、“重大的”解。
（2）--Why should a fisherman always be wealthy?--Because his business is net profit.为什么渔民总是湿乎乎的，因为他赚的是纯利润。
其中，net既可以指渔网，又可以指纯净的。
（3）Learn some craft when young, that when old you may live without craft.趁年轻时学一点手艺，以便在年老时可不靠行骗为生。
汉语“双关”和英语“Pun”对比研究
汉语“双关”和英语“Pun”对比研究双关语作为“言在此而意在彼”的一种修辞方式，利用一个词语或词组所关涉的表里两层意思来达到一箭双雕的修辞功能。
作为一种重要的修辞方式，无论在汉语修辞还是在英语修辞中，都占有举足轻重的地位。
但这并不意味着汉语“双关”和英语“Pun”就是对等的，它们之间既有很多相似之处，同时在很多方面也存在大量的差异性，比如：定义、类型及修辞功能等方面均不尽相同。
如果我们不了解汉英双关语存在的这些差异，就很可能会在跨文化交际中带来不必要的麻烦。
通过对汉英辞格中双关语的对比研究，可以使从事双关语研究的爱好者扩宽研究视野，从而进一步扩宽双关语的研究范围；使文学翻译者了解不同民族的思维方式、价值观念及审美方式等，从而使其更好地把握汉英双关语的特色，更好的从事翻译工作；使从事二语教学的工作者将汉英双关语的对比推进到外语教学中去，从而能够更好的帮助学生学习语言，了解文化。
总之，通过本课题的研究能使语言学习者更好的学习和把握汉英两种语言之间双关语存在的异同，以便交际双方在以后的交际中更好的运用双关语。
本文共分为六章。
第一章为绪论部分，第二章为本课题的理论框架部分，从汉英对比的理论基础和语境学角度进行分析，从而为第三章的分类及第四章的对比奠定坚实的理论基础。
第三章对《红楼梦》前80回的双关语及《罗密欧与朱丽叶》作品中的双关语进行了归纳与分类。
第四章为本文的中心环节，是在第二章理论背景和第三章分类的基础上，对两本文学作品的双关语进行了对比研究，主要从定义、分类、修辞功能、关键词和表达方式等方面进行对比分析。
第五章主要是基于第二、三、四章节的基础上，从语音联系、语义歧义和双重语境方面对汉英双关的本质特征进行归纳。
第六章主要从理论启示和实用启示两方面探讨了本课题的研究价值，并总结了本课题的发现、启示、局限性以及对今后相关研究的建议。
高英二中的修辞手法
修辞手法(figure of speech)是根据表达需要，运用有效的语言手段来提高语言的表达效果，使语言表达具有准确性、鲜明性和生动性的语言运用方式。
恰当地使用修辞手段，可以使文章更加生动，更具有表现力，蕴意丰富，引人入胜。
常用的修辞手法有：明喻(Simile)、暗喻(Metaphor)、拟人(Personification)、夸张(Exaggeration)、平行法(Parallelism)、头韵(Alliteration)、对比(Contrast)、矛盾修辞法(Oxymoron)、双关(Pun)、移情(Empathy)等。
对于高中生来说，最好能通过例句，结合具体的语境，体会修辞的表达效果。
同时，要求学会欣赏并能模仿造句。
01Simile 明喻明喻（simile）俗称直喻，是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似关系而构成的修辞格。
如：★The country, covered with cherry tree flowers, looks as though it is covered with pink snow.开满樱花的乡村，看起来有如粉红雪铺满地。
★The smile on her face shone like a diamond.她的笑容像宝石一样闪闪发光。
★The scenery along the Lijiang River in Guilin is just like a beautiful landscape painting.桂林漓江的沿途风景就像一幅美丽的山水画。
★ His heart is as hard as a stone.他铁石心肠。
★ Her soul is as pure as snow.她的心灵纯洁无比。
认真观察以上各例，我们会发现它们的特点，由(as) ... as, like等引导，这些引导词被称作比喻词（acknowledging word），它们是辨别明喻的最显著的特征，明喻较为直白，比喻物和被比喻物之间相似点较为明显，所以明喻是一种比较好判断的修辞手法。
英语修辞格双关
Time flies like an arrow, fruit flies like a banana.
They pray for you today and prey on you tomorrow. (其中的pray（祈祷）和prey（捕食）， 发音相同，外形相似，因此这句话的意思 是：他们今天为你祈祷，明天就会加害于 你。)
Driver: Because, Your Honor, it said “Fine for Parking”
（fine: a. 好的； b. 罚款）
Homophone（同音双关）
Paronomasia（近音双关） Antalaelasis（同词异义双关） sylleptic pun (一词多义双关)
Homophone（同音双关） 即利用两个发音相同的单词为条件构成双关 eg： Waiter: You are not eating your fish you ordered? Anything wrong with it?
（pupil: a. 瞳孔； b. 小学生）
Customer: Waiter, I'm in a hurry. Will the girdle cakes(烙饼) be long? Waiter: No, sir, round.
（long: a. 长时间； b. 长的）
Jugde: Tell me why you parked there.
sylleptic pun (一词多义双关)
即利用词语的多义性在特定语境中形成的双关
eg： “A professor tapped on this desk and shouted ‘Gentlemen—order!’ The entire class yelled ‘Beer!’”
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矛盾修饰法矛盾修饰法(Oxymoron)矛盾修饰法矛盾修饰法(Oxymoron)是将两个互相矛盾，互不调和，的词放在同一个短语中，产生特殊的深刻含义的一种修辞手段。
用它来状物写景，能突出事物的实质；用它来描绘人物，能使其更加鲜明；用它来表达复杂的思想感情或意味深长的哲理，能使其更强烈，更深刻。
它是一种紧缩隽语。
矛盾修饰法是将两个意思截然不同的词放在一起，结合成一个词组，而对语是通过平行结构引起两个概念的对比。
矛盾修饰法：从哲学上讲，是对立的统一；从艺术上讲，更能体现出描写主体的个性化，更具渲染力。
例如：1.a clever fool聪明的傻瓜2.a victorious defeat胜利的失败3.cruel kindness残酷的仁慈4.expressionless expression毫无表情的表情5.sick health憔悴的健康6.a living death行尸走肉7.with careful carelessness小心翼翼又漫不经心地8.bright and dark既光彩夺目，又朦胧黑暗9.dove-feather’d raven披着白鸽羽毛的乌鸦10.with her disagreeably pleasant laugh（她）自鸣得意却令人讨厌地笑起来11.an honorable villain体面的恶棍12.There was an audible stillness, in which the common voice sounded strange.(from Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser)这时是一片听得见的寂静，连人声听起来都是异样的。
(选自美国作家西奥多•德莱塞的长篇小说《嘉莉妹妹》)(作者用audible来修饰stillness，匠心独具地从反面烘托环境，使人耳目一新，过目难忘。
矛盾的对立面取得了高度的一致，形成了完美的统一。
)"How you shot the goat and frightened the tiger to death," said Miss Mebbin,with her disagreeably pleasant laugh.──Saki: Mrs. Packletide's Tiger该句中的disagreeably pleasant就是矛盾修饰法，把disagreeably和pleasant两个意义截然相反的词放在一起，揭示了Miss Mebbin企图抓住Mrs. Packletide的虚荣心进行敲诈时那种既讨厌又得意的神态。
再如：The Major again pressed to his blue lips the tips of the fingers that were disposed on the ledge of the wheeled chair with careful carelessness.句中的careful carelessness这两个词似乎是矛盾的，既然是carelessness为什么又careful 呢？但若推敲一下，我们不难发现作者把careful和carelessness用在一起是有其用意的，他所要表达的正是少校那种既小心翼翼又漫不经心的矛盾心理。
矛盾修饰法的特点决定了它的构成，一般有以下几种：形容词＋名词如：tearful joy, proud humility, beautiful tyrant, orderly chaos等等。
副词＋V-ing如：deliciously aching, changelessly changing等等。
副词＋形容词如：dully bright, mildly magnificent, conspicuously absent, mercifully fatal等等。
动词＋副词如：hasten slowly, groan loudly, shine darkly等等。
形容词＋形容词如：bitter sweet memories, bad good news, poor rich guys, cold pleasant manners等等。
动词分词＋名词如：a living death, wolfish-ravening lamb, loving hate, a dammed saint等等。
英语矛盾修饰法有以下几种修辞作用：1.形成鲜明生动的对比，给人以深刻的印象。
Juliet: O serpent heart, hid with a flowering face!Did ever dragon keep so fair a cave?Beautiful tyrant! fiend angelical!Dove-feather'd raven! wolvish ravening lamb!Despised substance of divinest show!Just opposite to what thou justly seem'ist.A dammed saint, an honorable villain!──Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet这是Juliet听到她的表哥Tybalt已被Romeo杀死后说的一段话，作者用了一系列的词意矛盾的词语：用beautiful(美丽的)修饰tyrant(暴君)，用angelical(天使般的)修饰fiend(魔鬼),用dove-feather'd(披着白鸽羽毛的)修饰raven(乌鸦)，用wolvish-ravening(豺狼一样残忍的)修饰lamb(羊羔)，用dammed(万恶的)修饰saint(圣人)，用honorable修饰villain(奸徒)，对比鲜明生动，充分表现了Juliet极其复杂的矛盾心情，给人留下深刻的印象。
再如：He sat in the square and watched them, so changelessly changing, so bright and dark, so grave and gay.changelessly与change是意思相反的两个词，表面上看来好像风马牛不相及，但经推敲后，我们不但不觉得矛盾，反而觉得入情入理，作者需要描写的正是这种"既始终如一，又变化多端"的景色。
生动自然，形象具体。
2.加强语势，起强调作用。
构成矛盾关系的两个词一般属于修饰和被修饰的关系，所以往往强调了被修饰词。
例如：An atmosphere of dangerous calm could be felt throughout the mining region.为了渲染气氛，加强语势，作者用dangerous来修饰calm，给人以一种很不平静的感觉，从而使这种"平静"得到了强调，给人以一种亲临其境的强烈感受。
再如：Here is much to do with hate, but more with love;Why then, O brawling love! O loving hate!O anything, of nothing first create!O heavy lightness! Serious vanity!Misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms!──Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet这里brawling修饰love, loving修饰hate, heavy修饰lightness, serious修饰vanity都是互相矛盾的关系。
吵吵闹闹和相爱，亲亲热热和怨恨，沉重和轻浮，严肃和轻浮，词义都是彼此矛盾的，用在一起更加衬托出爱恨、轻浮和狂妄的程度。
3.言简意赅，起概括作用。
矛盾修饰法对复杂的概念起概括作用，常常语言精练出奇，意思含蓄深刻。
例如：So there he is at last. Man on the moon. The poor magnificent bungler. He can't even get to the office without undergoing the agonies of the dammed, but give him a metal, a few chemicals, some wire and twenty or thirty billion dollars and there he is up on a rock a quarter of a million miles up in the sky.──Russell Baker: New York Times这是美国专栏作家Baker为《纽约时报》写的一篇专栏文章中的一段，作者用The poor magnificent bungler的矛盾修饰法，非常简洁生动地概括讽刺了美国政府花费几百亿美元用于航天事业，从而使人登上了月球，但却忽视了美国最基本的社会问题──改善生活质量的问题。
含义深刻，寓意明确。
再如：Better a witty fool than a foolish wit.PUN一、“pun”与“双关”的定义比较(一)“pun”的定义及其对应例证1、《牛津英语词典》(The Oxford English Dictionary. 1989. Oxford: Clarendon Press. V o1.xII.P832)给“pun”下的定义：“The use of a word in such a way as to suggest two or more meanings or different associations, or the use of two or more words of the same or nearly the same sound with different meanings, so as to produce a humorous effect.”(用一个词去暗示两种或两种以上的意义或引起不同的联想，或者用两个或两个以上发音相同或相近而意义不同的词，以产生一种幽默效果。
)例(1) Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man.明天你来找我，你就将发现我已经是个坟墓中的人了。
句中grave有两义，可作“坟墓”或“严肃的”、“重大的”解。
例(2) Learn some craft when young, that when old you may live without craft.趁年轻时学一点手艺，以便在年老时可不靠行骗为生。