英汉翻译比较comparison
英汉翻译 英汉两种语言的对比
derivation, composition and conversion, etc.
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第二章：英汉语言现象比较——构词比较
II. Word-building
The major ways of word-building in English are composition, conversion, and derivation (affixation). And in Chinese we have the same major ways. English：
Conversion: paper the window, empty the basket, elbow
one’s way, ups and downs, many ifs;
He bicycled off a moment ago.
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第二章：英汉语言现象比较——构词比较
Derivation: able-unable, take-mistake, hope-hopelesshopelessness, act- inaction
Greek: paper, alphabet, dialogue, comedy
Chinese: tea, chow mein, kowtow, toufu,
Originally English had its gender, case, number,
conjugation—these complicated changes. Because of the
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第二章：英汉语言现象比较——练习
I love my love with an E, because she's enticing; I hate her with an E, because she's engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; her name's Emily, and she lives in the east. (Dickens, David Copperfield) 译2：
英汉翻译(10)定语从句的翻译
• The custom officer took up his suitcase, which was opened immediately in his presence.
• 海关官员拿起他的手提箱，并立即当着他的面打开。
• Trams, which disappeared from Britain many years, are still used in several European cities.
• A true friend is, as it were, a polished mirror which reflects our features, good and bad, as they are.
• 一个真正的朋友，就好象一面磨光的镜子，它把我们的 面貌，不论好的，坏的， 都如实地反映出来。
3）Translating Attributives with Adverbial Functions
• Rendered into a clause of cause • The strike would prevent the docking of
ocean steamships which require assistance of tugboats. • 罢工会使远洋轮船不能靠岸，因为它们需要拖国家不讨饭就活不下去。”
• There was that in Rawdon’s face which cuased Becky to fling herself before him.
• 罗登脸上的表情使得贝姬扑到他身前。
• They are aware that they are participating in a movement which is shaking the world and which brings together in its ranks, in its forward march, all peoples aspiring to freedom and justice.
英汉修辞对比与翻译
第七讲 英汉修辞对比与翻译
5. 英语多用长句和复合句。 With the gaining of our political freedom you will remember that there came a conflict between the
point of view of Alexander Hamilton, sincerely believing in the superiority of government by a small group of public-spirited and usually wealthy citizens, and, on the other hand, the point of view of Thomas Jefferson, and advocate of government by representatives chosen by all the people, and advocate of the universal right of free thought and free personal living and free religion and free expression of opinion and, above all, the right of free universal suffrage.
第七讲 英汉修辞对比与翻译
修辞是提高语言表达效果的手段。翻译工作既注意一般修辞又要注意特殊修 辞。 1）用词要贴切
翻译中应特别重视选词，要对原文和译文所用词语在词义的范围、轻重、分 寸及色彩方面仔细琢磨，反复推敲，以求译文用词精当、贴切。例如：
“修辞”是语言表达的艺术。使用修辞格的目的是为了使语言更加生动形象、鲜明突出,或者 使语言更加整齐匀称,音调铿锵,加强语言表现力和感染力,引起读者丰富联想的效果。修辞方式 （格）的本质就是所要解决怎样艺术而有效地运用语言形式来恰当地表达思想内容。
新编英汉翻译教程5 Comparison between English and Chinese
That is our policy and that is our declaration. —— W. Churchill 这就是我们的国策。这就是我们的宣言。
发展体育运动，增强人民体质。 Promote physical culture, and build up People’s health.
3. 普通人在办公处和家庭中使用电子计算机的时代 已经到来。 The time has come when ordinary people can use electronic computers both in the office and at home. 4. 学科技、学英语，对社会主义现代化建设很重要。 学科技、学英语，对社会主义现代化建设很重要。 It is important to study English as well as science and technology for our socialist modernization drive.
Ⅴ. Static vs. Dynamic
A mastery of Chinese and English is essential for E-C or C-E translation.
做英汉/汉英翻译必须掌握好汉语与英语。 做英汉 汉英翻译必须掌握好汉语与英语。 汉英翻译必须掌握好汉语与英语
The very sight of it makes me feel nervous. 一看到它，我就感到紧张。 一看到它，我就感到紧张。 I am sure of it. 对此我深信不疑。 对此我深信不疑。
Animate)
Ⅶ. Passive vs. Active Ⅷ. Indirect vs. Direct Ⅸ. Substitutive vs. Repetitive Ⅹ. Synthetic vs. Analytic
英汉语对比与翻译
There isn’t much to live for in this jail of a house. (Charles Dickens) 住在这监狱一样的房子里，活着没有多大 意思。 My fool of a doctor told me to make my will. (John Galsworthy) 我那笨蛋医生叫我写遗嘱。
Lecture One
Comparison between English and Chinese vs. Translation
引子
There
isn’t much to live for in this jail of a house. He was open now to charges of willful blindness. 人不犯我，我不犯人。 我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没 有。 一匹马骑两个人。 他赢得起，输不起。 沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌
C-E: from personal to impersonal
一看到那棵大树，我便想起了童年的情景。 The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood. 近来忙于其他事务，未能早些复信，深感抱 歉。 I am very sorry that the pressure of other occupations has prevented me from sending an earlier reply to your letter.
汉语动词常常重复或重叠
说是的说是，说非的说非，莫衷一是。 Some say “yes” and others say “no”; I don’t know whom to follow. 说说笑笑，跑跑跳跳，孩子们过得十分愉 快。 Talking and laughing, running and jumping, the children had a good time.
1-Tertium Comparationis
Tertium Comparationis译名商榷冉诗洋（山东济南山东大学外国语学院；重庆涪陵长江师范学院）摘要：翻译译名问题是一个不容忽视的问题，许多译名往往让人看不懂，带有明显的翻译腔，这在很大程度上限制人们对该术语的理解和阻碍该理论该领域的发展。
在几个文本翻译研究方面的书籍中，Tertium Comparationis汉译名不仅译名不统一，且其译名并没有体现该术语的基本含义和特征。
根据译名规范要求，结合翻译研究学科语境，在此基础上提出新的参考译名，希望通过该译名问题的探讨让人们意识到翻译术语进一步规范的重要性和必要性，促进译名研究甚至翻译研究的发展。
关键词：Tertium Comparationis，术语规范化，术语翻译Discussion on the Chinese Translations of “Tertium Comparationis”Abstract:Naming in translation is a problem that cannot be neglected, as many translated names are unkown and unacceptable with the sense of translationese, which to some degree hinders the understanding to the terms and the development of the theory even the whole field. According to the different texts containing the terms “Tertium Comparationis”and their different Chinese translations, their Chinese translations are different from each other and some of them do not represent the basic characteristics and contents of the terms. Based on the requirements and norms of naming in translation, combining with the discipline context of translation studies, it is to put up a new referent name for them, and by this way to help others to realize the importance and necessity of standadization or normalization of translation terms, which will improve the development of study on naming in translation as well as translation studies.Key Words: Tertium Comparationis, standardization of terms, translation of terms很多读者特别是非专业研究者和初学者在阅读或研究中往往会碰上大量术语，尤其是从外文翻译的术语，由于很难理解其意义，给阅读和研究造成困难，“术语系统的成熟是一门学科理论形成的重要标志”[1]。
中国人易犯的英汉翻译错误
《中国人易犯的英汉翻译错误》时间和潮流不等人记得我在大学念书时教室后面的墙上有一条英语标语：Time and tide wait for no man. 我们当时都译成“时间和潮流不等人”。
现在知道这样译是错误的：且不说tide不是“潮流”而是每天都会涨落的“潮（水）”，更重要的是没有正确理解其中的and一词，因而未能将这条标语的真正含义译出来。
这里的and其实是英语中一种特殊的用法，其前后的词语构成了一种比喻，即说前者和后者属于同样情况。
我们知道，涨潮落潮是月亮的引力造成的，每天涨落的时间总是比前一天晚40多分钟，不以人的意志为转移。
这句英语标语的确切意思是“时间（尽管看上去好像是无穷的，其实）和潮水一样，是不会等待任何人的。
”这种用法并不是孤立的例子，请看这一句：Kings band bears often worry their keepers. 这一句的意思是说：“国王和狗熊一样，是伺候他们的人日子不好过”，可以借译为中文的谚语“伴君如伴虎”。
下面各句都是由and组成的含有比喻的句子（有的颇有哲理，有的未必正确，还有的可以博诸位一笑。
所付中文译文仅供参考）。
1.Truth and roses have thorns about them.真理和玫瑰一样，往往都带刺儿。
2.Guests and fish stink within three days.鱼放三天会发臭，客待三天讨人嫌。
3.Truth and oil are ever above.真理和水里的油一样，总是（飘在上面）显而易见的。
4.A strong man and a waterfall cut their own path.一个坚强的人就像瀑布，能自己开出路来。
5. A false friend and a shadow attend only when the sun shines.假朋友犹如阴影，只有出太阳时才出现。
6.Noble deeds and hot baths are the best cure for depression.心情不好时，做点儿善事会像洗个热水澡一样，使人振作起来。
英汉动物类习语比较及其翻译
英汉动物类习语比较及其翻译Ξ欧 忆 贾德江(南华大学大学外语部 衡阳市 421001)摘 要 动物习语在英汉两种语言中的出现频率都很高。
英汉民族思维方式和文化背景不同,同一动物所承载的喻义也就会出现差异。
一方面,指称意义相同的动物形象,其喻义,即它在原语和译语中的语用含义可能相去甚远,甚至完全相悖。
另一方面,有些动物形象,在原语中含有丰富的语用意义,而在译语中却丢失,因而在译语中不能产生等值的意象联想。
关键词 英汉习语 动物名称 设喻比较 动物习语来源 翻译手法Abstract There are a lot of animal idioms in both English and Chinese.Their modes of thinking and cultural backgrounds are different,so the implied meanings of the same animal are possibly different.On the one hand, their conceptual meanings are the same but pragmatic implications are different.On the other hand,some animals’names have rich pragmatic implications in original language but not in target language,so they cannot produce e2 qual image association.K ey w ords English and Chinese idioms animals’names comparison of metaphors source of animal idioms translation techniques 人类与动物可以说在生态环境中结下了不解之缘。
英汉翻译第4章(英汉对比)
英汉翻译第4章(英汉对比)英语翻译教程English-Chinese Translation (英汉翻译)Linda英语翻译教程第四章词语的翻译英汉两种语言分属语系和语系，两者之间存在着很大的差异。
这种差异首先反映在词汇上。
与翻译关系比较密切的因素主要包括词义、词形，和词的音律和节奏等。
英语翻译教程As you know, our native language Chinese is quite different from English. There is really a big gap between the characteristics of the two languages. In order to learn the translation course better, we have to study the comparison between the source language and the target language. Just because all the theories, methods, techniques concerning EnglishChinese translation are based on the comparison, it is very important to master the languages’ peculiarities.英语翻译教程第一节英汉词义英汉词汇之间本身有着很大的差别，这种差别首先表现在词义上。
英国语言学家杰弗里 . 利奇在他的Semantics ( 语义学) 中把最广义的意义划分为7 种不同的类型：外延意义(概念意义)( denotative meaning )、内涵意义( connotative meaning )、风格意义( stylistic meaning )、情感意义( affective meaning )、联想意义( reflective meaning ) 搭配意义( collocative meaning )、主题意义( thematic meaning )。
比较的作用英语作文带翻译
比较的作用英语作文带翻译Comparison is a powerful tool in writing, particularly in English composition. It allows writers to highlightsimilarities and differences between two or more subjects, making complex ideas more accessible and engaging to readers. The following essay explores the various ways in which comparison can be utilized effectively in English writing.Firstly, comparison can serve as an introductory device to present the subjects of the essay. By beginning with a comparison, the writer can immediately establish the context and set the tone for the rest of the composition. For example, "Much like the towering skyscrapers of New York, the ancient pyramids of Egypt stand as a testament to human ingenuity."Secondly, it can be used to develop arguments by juxtaposing contrasting ideas or situations. This technique can help to emphasize the writer's point of view by showing how onesubject is superior or preferable to another. For instance, "While some may argue that online learning lacks the personal interaction of a traditional classroom, others contend thatit offers unparalleled flexibility and accessibility."Thirdly, comparison can be employed to analyze and evaluate different viewpoints or theories. By comparing andcontrasting these perspectives, the writer can provide a balanced analysis and demonstrate a deeper understanding ofthe subject matter. An example of this might be, "Comparingthe theories of Freud and Jung, one can see that while both explore the subconscious mind, Freud focuses on the role of the unconscious in shaping human behavior, whereas Jung delves into the collective unconscious and archetypes."Lastly, the use of comparison can enhance the conclusion of an essay by summarizing the key points and reinforcing the writer's thesis. It can provide a clear and memorable way to end the composition, leaving a lasting impression on the reader. A concluding comparison might look like this, "Just as a painter uses a variety of colors to bring a canvas to life, so too does an author use comparison to add depth and clarity to their writing."In conclusion, comparison is an essential element in English composition. It not only aids in presenting and developing ideas but also in analyzing and concluding them. By mastering the art of comparison, writers can create more compelling and persuasive compositions.翻译：比较是写作中的一种强大工具，特别是在英语作文中。
基本的翻译技巧一般包括
基本的翻译技巧一般包括1).Diction(选词用字); 2).Amplification(增益); 3).Omission(省略);4).Repetiton(重复); 5).Conversion(转换); 6).Restructuring(词序调整); 7).Negation(正说反译，反说正译); 8).Division(长句拆译).遣词用字是任何翻译工作者自始至终需面临的一个现实问题。
由于英汉分属不同的语系，所以在翻译时源语与译语之间往往没用相对固定的词义对应关系。
本期用对比的方式归纳了英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况：1.完全对等，2.多词同义，3.一词多义，4.词义交织，5.无对等词语。
词义辨析是遣词用字的前提。
本期从四个角度探讨了如何判断某一英语词语的准确含义，即1.根据构词法辨别词义；2.根据指代关系辨别词义；3.根据上下文或词的搭配辨别词义；4.根据不同学科或专业类型辨别词义。
在词义辨析的基础上，本期归纳了英语词语翻译的8种常用技巧：1.推演法，2.移植法，3.引伸法，4.替代法，5.释义法，6.合并法，7. 图形法和8.音译法。
1. Correspondence Between English and Chinese at Word Level----英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况In most cases there is no existing pattern for sentence translation, nor are there fixed rules for word transfor mation. Generally speaking, the correspondence between English and Chinese at word level may be categori zed as follows:1) Word-for-word CorrespondenceThis is most evidently shown in proper nouns and technical terms.For example: Marxism = 马克思主义Aspirin ＝阿斯匹林2) One Word with Multiple Equivalents of the Same MeaningThis is a common case in translation.For example:犬：dog, hound, spaniel, mastiff, pointer, setter, retriever, terrier……3) One Word with Several Equivalents of Different MeaningThis is also very common in translation. For example:carry: 搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、搂、抱、端、举、夹、捧…..走：walk, saunter, amble, stride, trudge, trapes, shamble, prance, scamper, clump, tiptoe ….羊： sheep, goat, ram, ewe, lamb……4) Equivalents Interwoven with One Another5) Words Without EquivalentsIn this case, an explanation is given instead of an equivalent.For example:clock-watcher: 老是看钟等下班的人阴： (in Chinese thought) the soft inactive female principle or force in the world阳： (in Chinese thought) the strong active male principle or force in the world（目不识）丁: (not know one's) ABC2. Methods to Discriminate the Original Meaning of an English Word-----词义辨析Since English words are prone to various meanings, it is of vital importance for a translator to discern the rig ht meaning of a given word. And the following are the major methods of discriminating word meaning sugge sted by some linguists.1) Judging from the Word FormationIn order to discriminate the original meaning of an English word, it is necessary for us to have a knowledge of English lexicology, and specifically, a knowledge of word formation, such as compounding, derivation, af fixation, blending, acronym, clipping, etc. A good command of them will help to shed light on the correct me aning of some difficult words.For example, the word ""parabiospheric"", which consists of para-(outside) +bio-(biologic) +spheric (havingthe form of a sphere). After a brief analysis, we may safely put it into ""外生物层的"". Another more complicated instance, pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. This extremely lon g word seems appallingly complicated. However, an anatomic study of its composition enables us to get a cl ear understanding of its meaning: pneumono- (of lung) +ultra- (beyond) + micro (very small) + scopic- (of vi ewing or observing) + silico- (of silicon)+ volcano + coni- ( koni, of dust) + osis (forming the name of a dise ase). Even if we are not sure of the equivalent of this medical term, we may roughly get the right meaning of the long word: a kind of lung disease caused by extremely small silicon particles. And a look into some dicti onary leads us to the definite answer: 硅酸盐沉着病，肺尘病（一种矿工易染的病）。
有关比较的英文作文带翻译
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in comparing Chinese and Western education systems. People are eager to find out the differences and similarities between the two systems and to explore the strengths and weaknesses of each. In this essay, we will examine the key aspects of Chinese and Western education and compare them in terms of teaching methods, curriculum, and cultural influences.
THale Waihona Puke aching methodsChinese education places a strong emphasis on rote learning and memorization. Students are expected to absorb vast amounts of information and to regurgitate it on exams. This approach is often criticized for stifling creativity and critical thinking. In contrast, Western education focuses on developing students' analytical and problem-solving skills. Teachers encourage students to think independently and to express their own opinions. This fosters a more dynamic and interactive learning environment.
自考英语二Unit-1--The-Power-of-Language--翻译
Unit 1 The Power of LanguageText A Critical Reading批判性地阅读（翻译）批判性阅读适合于那种作者提出一个观点或试图陈述一个说法的纪实类写作。
批判性阅读是积极阅读。
它不仅仅包括理解作者说了些什么，还包括质疑和评价作者的话，并对此形成自己的观点。
成为一名批判性阅读者需要做到以下几点。
考虑写作背景。
你所读的可能是和你有不同文化背景的人所写的，或者是和你有不同时代背景的人多年以前所写的。
无论哪种情况，你都必须注意并考虑你的价值观和态度和作者所代表的价值观和态度有何不同。
质疑作者的论点。
不要轻信作品的表面意思。
在接受作者观点前，首先要确定作者作出的每一个论点都有足够的论据支持。
找出能支持该论点的事实、实例、和数据。
另外，注意作者是否参考了权威著作。
和同主题文章进行比较。
查看该作者的文章和其他作者关于同一主题的文章是否有一致性。
如果存在不一致性，对不一致的地方背后的论据支持要进行仔细甄别。
分析作者提出的假设。
假设是作者认为具有正确性的前提，基于这些前提作者才能提出论点。
很多时候作者的假设并没有直接说明，这就意味着你必须通过仔细阅读来发现这些假设。
一旦发现某一假设，你必须判断这一假设是否合理。
鉴别文章出处。
鉴别时要确保文章出处真实可信。
例如，如果文章是关于物理学里程碑式的成就，那么爱因斯坦的论述就是可靠的出处。
此外还要确保出处具有相关性。
如果文章主题是诗歌，那么爱因斯坦的论述就不是相关出处。
最后，如果作者写的是某个主题当前的情形，那就要确保出处来源也是当前最新的。
例如，如果作者讨论的是物理学知识的现状，那么爱因斯坦在二十世纪早期进行的研究可能就不适合作出处了。
甄别作者可能带有的偏见。
有关美国政治的书面论述可能因作者是共和党人或民主党人迥然而异。
作者所写的内容很可能反映其带有偏见的立场。
阅读时要考虑到这种偏见存在的可能性。
也就是说，要对文章内容“半信半疑”。
成为一名批判性阅读者，你的思路会不断拓宽，观点会更加合理。
英汉翻译教案 Unit 2 英汉对比与翻译 (二)
大自然为保护鲸，使它不致在北 冰洋受冻，便让它长了一曾厚厚 的脂肪，叫做鲸脂。鲸杀死后， 把鲸脂剥下来熬油，这项工作有 的在船上进行，有的在岸上进行。
3）复合句顺序（短语顺序）
翻译下列句子，注意排列顺序的差异：
Rocket research has confirmed a strange fact which had already been suspected there is a “high temperature belt” in the atmosphere, with its centre roughly thirty miles above the ground.
Unit 3 英汉对比与翻译 （二）
英汉句法现象的对比 英汉句法现象的对比
A: People are always talking about “the problem of youth”. If there is one—which I take leave to one— doubt— doubt—then it is older people who create it,not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings—people just like their elders. beings— There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is wherprove their point they scaled up a chicken to the size of Tyrannosaurus rex and found the giant chicken probably would not have been able to stand. 为了证明自己的观点，他们按比例把一 只鸡放大到暴龙族恐龙大小，结果发现 这只巨鸡可能站都站不住。
英汉语言对比分析[英汉形态学对比分析及其对翻译的美化作用]
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英汉语言对比分析[英汉形态学对比分析及其对翻译的美化作用]Abstract:Morphology is an important branch of general linguistics.From a comparison of morphological characteristics and word formation between English and Chinese,this thesis analyzes the role of morphology in beautifying translation.In four aspects,it emphasizes the role of morphology in beautifying translation.Keywords:morphology;comparison;translation;beautify形态问题是普通语言学中一个非常重要的问题。
在我国,不同学者对形态学有着不同的理解。
英语和汉语分属世界上两大不同的语系——印欧语系和汉藏语系。
就其文字而言,前者是拼音文字,而后者则是非拼音文字。
汉语是一种缺少像印欧语那样的狭义形态变化的语言,因此对于汉语有没有形态也引起了许多争论。
人类研究事物和认识事物的基本方法之一就是比较与对比,这也是语言学研究的一种基本方法。
“只有比较才能看出各种语言表现手法的共同特点和特殊之点。
”形态学对比从本质上来说是一种语言形式对比,而语言形式具有较大的特殊性,不同的语言在形式上有较大的差别。
对比分析研究两种语言的形态学对我们翻译很有帮助。
文字翻译也应该属于语言学研究的范畴,西方学者强调情感内容与符号形式的统一,意大利美学家贝克罗齐(B.Crose)就是这种二重论的代表人物。
他认为美学与语言学并不是分离的,而是一个有机的整体。
英语形态的丰富变化作为语言得以能产的有效机制,在语言的美化中还很少被研究者提及。
英汉语言对比
英汉语言对比一、英汉词汇对比第一节英汉词汇量对比汉字有多少呢？根据统计如下：商朝：甲骨文约为3500—4500字。
汉朝：许慎《说文解字》收录9353字。
清朝：张玉书等《康熙字典》收录47035字。
当代：《中华大字典》收录48000字；《汉语大字典》收录56000字；《中华字海》收录861300字。
根据对文字资料的统计，从商代到现代，一般使用的汉字数量没有显著的变化，可能一直在五六千左右。
近年来制订的具有通用字表性质的汉字标准，基本上维持了这一数目。
如《印刷通用汉字字形表》收字6196个，国家标准《信息交换用汉字编码字符表》收字6763个。
根据近年来实际使用的情况，国家语委在1988年研制成的《现代汉语通用字表》，共收字7000个。
汉语新词语虽然也层出不穷，但极少有新字产生。
偶有新字产生，用偏旁部首加谐音字根一并便成了。
汉语的构词法，不像英语那样不断衍生．靠的是固有的汉字的灵活组构，因此汉字总量总能保持在一定的数量之内。
随着时代的发展，常用汉字不但没有增长，反而有所减少——一些老字不断被赋予新意，而更多的古字则逐渐被时代所淘汰。
英语有多少呢？中型词典如《新英汉词典》收词万余条，《远东英汉大词典》16万余条，像《牛津词典》、《韦氏词典》等大型工具书，收词量一般不下数十万。
英语的总词汇量早就超过了百万大关。
第二节英文文字的效率对比英译汉和汉译英孰难孰易？汉字简捷还是英文简捷？我们从语音、书写形式、文字承载能力和构词四方面加以讨论。
语音的基本单位是音节。
中文（汉语）词汇是以单一双音节为主。
所有拼音文字（例如英文、俄文等）的词汇是多音节的，但是它们中的常见字、常用字也同样是单一双音节，所以它们的效率也比较高，但是它们的音节由于含有辅音。
往往比汉语的音节长些。
在书写形式上汉语中的词并不像英语那样在句中分开书写，因而没有明显的书写形式或标志。
如：John saw Bill．这说明汉字节省空间单位。
其次，汉语中的某些语素可以互换位置而组成不同的词，如“算盘”与“盘算”、“平生”与“生平”、“计算”与“算计”等。
试析英汉习语的异同与翻译
试析英汉习语的异同与翻译【论文关键词】习语比较翻译【论文摘要】英汉两种语言都有着大量习语。
习语是一个民族语言的重要组成部分,蕴涵着丰富的文化内涵。
本文首先对英汉习语的异同进行了比较与分析,进而论述了几种英汉习语的翻译方法,以期能够对英汉习语的互译有所帮助。
Abstract: English and Chinese are both rich in idioms. Idioms are an important part of language and have rich cultural connotations. This paper analyzes and compares English idioms with Chinese ones and then introduces some translation methods of idioms.Key words: idioms; comparison; translation习语除了固定的短语或表达法外,还包括口语体、谚语、格言乃至一些俚语。
英汉两种语言同属较为发达的语言,故都拥有大量习语。
英汉习语源远流长,都有着极其丰富的文化底蕴。
英汉习语反映了两个不同民族的不同的历史、经济生活和思维方式。
英汉习语有极强的概括和表现能力,形象生动,寓意深刻,韵味隽永,为人们所喜闻乐见。
1 英汉习语比较1.1 英汉习语的基本共性1.1.1 结构的固定性习语从其结构来看,有其自身的完整性,其中各个组成部分是固定的,不可任意拆开或替换,如“pull somebody’s leg”(愚弄某人)不可变单数为复数;“by twos and threes”(三三两两)不可按汉语习语改为“by threes and twos”.又如汉语的“去伪存真”不能说成“去假存真”,“三言两语”不能说成“两语三言”,虽然前者和后者意思没有很大不同,但是相沿成习,习惯上人们说的是前者,不是后者。
英汉语言对比：修辞
翻译是两种语言的转换艺术,除掌握两种语言的基
础外,还必须掌握一定的修辞知识和修辞手段这包 括译文词语的锤炼,句式的选择以及各种修辞方式 的运用等。要移植原文的风姿、风味和感情色彩, 以达到“化境”,如果离开了修辞,译文就不能达 意、移情、传神。译文的流畅与简练是与深厚的 修辞素养有很大关系的。
译文：在你听到险恶、沉重的钟声向人们宣告。
我已经离开这个肮脏的世界,与最肮脏的蠕虫为伍时。 不要再为我悲伤。
英语重形合,表达讲究简洁流畅和准确严谨;而汉
语重在“意会”, 英语中修辞手法形式美主要体现为:均衡美、比喻 形象美、简洁美,排比气势美,诗歌的韵律美等; 而汉语往往侧重华丽词语的描写，多用对偶、排 比等 。表达风格上,多用“四言”，“八句”,多 对仗。
例： 他着魔似的驾车狂奔。 He
drove as if possessed by the devil.
她的脸色苍白而带光泽,仿佛大理石似的;一双眼睛又黑
又大,在黯淡的囚房中,宝石似的闪着晶莹的光。 Her face was pale and yet as lustrous as marble, and her large, black eyes sparkled like jewels in that murky cell.
如果撇开语言体系差异因素不谈,而只着眼于修
辞现象时,英汉语言在修辞格式上显然存在着既 相一致又有更有区别的特点。所以,对这两种语 言的修辞现象进行比较分析,从而借鉴和吸收其 中的有益成分,可以丰富本民族语言,提高本民 族语言的交际功能,同时对英汉互译也是一项极 富意义的工作。
从某种角度来看,
例③ No
longer mourn for me when I am dead. Than you shall hear the surly sullen bell Give warning to the world, than I am fled. From this vile world, with villest worms to dwell
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Analytic (分析型）v.s Synthetic （综合型） 政治学习 the study of politics 学习政治 to study politics 克服困难 to overcome difficulties 困难问题 a difficult problem
• • • • •
word class
• English: • noun, pronoun, adjective, article, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection
• Chinese • classifier, mood
• 大小 高矮 长短 冷暖 东西 • 粗细 是非 先后 轻重 参差 • Size height length temperature directions • Thickness trouble priority weight variations
Pronouns in English
• Carlisle Street runs westward, across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn. • 卡莱尔大街往西伸展，越过一座黑色大桥，爬 下山岗又爬上去，经过许多小铺和肉市，又经 过一些平房，然后突然朝着一大片绿色草地中 止了。
• 不一会，北风小了，路上浮尘早已刮净，剩 下一条洁白的大道来，车夫也跑得更快。 （鲁迅《一件小事》） • Presently the wind dropped a little. By now the loose dust had all been blown away, leaving the roadway clear, and the rickshaw man quickened his pace. (Tr. Yang Xianyi & Gladys Yang)
Abstract and Concrete
• • • • • • 他经常冒冒失失地闯进人家的家里。 他烟瘾很大。 我们的呼吁如石沉大海。 He was always an unwelcome intruder. He is a heavy smoker. Our appeal remained a dead letter.
Translation practice
• The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and the lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media. • 由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村 社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于 通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。
• • • •
Are you in? I am in. You are out. He is all over the place. The shirt looks good on you.
Verbs in Chinese
• 老栓正在专心走路，忽然吃了一惊，远远地看 见一条丁字街，明明白白横着。他便退了几步， 寻到一家关着门的铺檐子，蹩进去，靠门立住 了。（鲁迅） • Absorbed in his walking, Old Shuan was startled when he saw the cross road lying distantly ahead of him. He walked back a few steps to stand under the eaves of a shop in front of a closed door.
• Topic comment vs. subject predicate • 他的专业他一点也不喜欢。 • Parataxis vs. hypotaxis 你死了我去当和尚。 人不犯我，我不犯人。
• Pre-modification vs. post-modification 他昨天在学校看了一场电影. 那个在看书的女孩是他的女朋友。
No corresponding or partially corresponding words E.g. 属，风水，豆腐，half brother, half sister 山，青，借，鼠， river ,marry You, parent, brother, uncle
Cultural connotation in words
Day 2
Chinese English Comparison and Translation
A brief comparison of the Chinese language and the English language
• • • • • • Chinese English Typology: Sino-Titetan Indo-European Writing: logographic alphabetic Phonetics: tone intonation Morphology: analytic synthetic Syntax: parataxis hypotaxis
• 他五岁的时候，生了一场伤寒，变成了聋子。 • He became deaf at five after an attack of typhoid fever. • 下雨了。 • 年轻人顶着风，冒着雨，出去骑马。 • The young man went out, against the wind and through the rain, for a ride on horseback.
Translation practice
• 只有四婶，因为后来雇用的女工，大抵非懒即 馋，或者馋而且懒，左右不如意，所以也还是 提起祥林嫂。（鲁迅：《祝福》） • My aunt was the only one who still spoke of Xianglin’s Wife. This was because most of the maids taken on afterwards turned out to be lazy or greedy, or both, none of them giving satisfaction. • (杨宪益、戴乃迭译）
Nouns in English
• The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israeli’s right to exist. • 1967年的联合国文件呼吁解决中东冲突，其基 础是以色列从被占领的土地上撤退，阿拉伯国 家则成仁以色列人的生存权。
• 进了医学院，她住女生宿舍，在食堂吃大锅饭， 天不亮，她就起床背外语单词。铃声响，她夹 着书本去上课，大课小课，密密麻麻的笔记。 （谌容） • In the medical college, she lived in girls dormitory and ate like everybody else in the school canteen. Before daybreak, she would get up to memorize words of a foreign language. With the bell, books under arm, she would go to lectures and classes, taking careful, close-writen notes.
parataxis (意合) v.s hypotaxis (形合）
• English sentences: • subject-predicate, conjunctions, abstract nouns, prepositions, relative clause • Chinese sentences: • order of time, order of space, topiccomment, verbs, word order
• 红，白，黄，牧童，农民，狗，龙 Translation practice: • 红眼病，红茶,红地毯，红色警报，红娘 ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ 红白喜事, 黑市，黑名单, 狗嘴里长不出 象牙,狗急跳墙,白色污染
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手扶拖拉机 拐杖 离合器 防爆警察 救火车 单项选择题 Walking tractor Walking stick Clutch Riot police Fire engine Multiple choice
Different perspective
• • • • • • •
打草惊蛇 亡羊补牢 骨鲠在喉 同舟共济 怒发冲冠 To beat about the bush To lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen • To have a bone in one’s throat • To be in the same boat • To make one’s hair stand on end
I am writing a letter. 我正在写信。 I wrote a letter yesterday. 我昨天写了信。 I have written a letter. 我已写了信。 He has two brothers. I have none. 他有两个哥哥。我一个也没有。