翻译理论

Formal correspondence vs. textual equivalence
Definition(P.60) : A formal correspondence is any TL category (unit, class, structure, and element of structure) which can be said to occupy, as nearly as possible, the same place in the economy of the TL as the given SL category occupies in the SL (Catford, 1969: 32). Textual equivalent： “any TL text or portion of text which is observed on a particular occasion…to be the equivalent of a given SL text or portion of text.”
原文I talked to him with brutal frankness． 中译文 (1)我同他谈话用粗暴的坦率。 •(逐词翻译) (2)我同他谈话时，使用了令人不快的真诚的语言。 •（直译) (3)我对他讲的话，虽然逆耳，却是忠言。 •(意译) 原文 His irritation could not withstand the silent beauty of the night. 中译文 •(逐词翻译) (1)他的烦恼不能承受夜晚宁静的美丽。 (2)他的烦恼经不起这宁静的良宵美景的感染。 •(直译) (3)面对这宁静的良宵美景，他的烦恼不禁涣然冰释了。 •(意译)
原语：My father was a doctor. 法语：Mon père était docteur.
Translation Shifts
Shift means departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL. (p.60) Two types：level shifts，shifts of category Level shifts：Catford (1969: 73) defined level shifts as a source language item at one linguistic level with a target language translation equivalent at a different level, i.e. phonology, graphology, grammar, and lexis.
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Sample


原文 It’s raining cats and dogs. 法译文 (1)Il est pleuvant chats et chiens．(逐词翻译) (2)Il pleut des chats et des chiens．(直译) (3)Il pleut à verse．(意译)
7 procedures
7 procedures
1.borrowing: p.56
2.calque： literal translation; semantic change
3. literal translation: Word-for-word translation;most common; Causes for unacceptability
The Translation Shift Approach
Unit IV
Vinay& Darbelnet‟s model Catford‟s “shifts” Czech writing Levý MIko Popovič Van Leuven-Zwart‟s model
Vinay& Darbelnet’s model
Levels and ranks:p.60
3 criteria
Levels and ranks:p.60 extent of translation: full translation vs. partial translation grammatical rank: rank-bound translation vs. unbounded translation, Word for word translation, literal translation vs. free translation levels of language: total translation vs. restricted translation
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4. transposition
Change of a part of speech Obligatory or optional Probably the most common structural change categories
5. modulation
Touchstone of a good translator (p58） Definition: “a variance of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view”… „[a] translation method consisting of changing a point of view, an evocation, and often a category of thought”. Some are “referred to in dictionaries and grammars and …regularly taught”, others not “sanctioned by usage” in the same way. Types of modulation:p.58 e.g.part for whole ( “to wash one‟s hair” for “se laver la tête”) or --most commonly---negation of the opposite ( “forget it!” for “n‟y pensez plus!”)
Stylistique Comparée du franç ais et de l‟anglais, Vinay & Darbelnet, 1958/1995 Direct translation & oblique translation: p.56 literal & free translation
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Sample for level shifts
(SL): He is writing some poetry. (TL): La sedang menulis beberapa puisi.
Structural shifts
John loves Mary.＝SPC 约翰爱玛丽。(主语+谓语+补足语) Tha gradh aig Iain air Mairi．＝PSCA (谓语+ 主语+补足语+附加语) 回译英语 Is love at John on Mary.
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Background information for Catford’s shifts
Translation: “the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)”. A Linguistic Theory of Translation Catford‟s approach to translation equivalence clearly differs from that stipulated by Nida since Catford had a preference for a more linguistics-based approach to translation and this approach is based on the linguistic work of Firth and Halliday. Meaning：“total network of relations entered into by any linguistic form---text, item-in-text, structure, element of structure, class, term in system---or whatever it may be”．
Three levels: p.59
Lexicon Syntactic structures: word order and thematic structure; connectors Message: utterance and its metalinguistoption
Servitude vs. Option: obligatory or not
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Commutation of concomitant variation
原语：My son is six． 法语：Mon fils a six ans． 汉语：我的儿子六岁。 原语：Your daughter is six. 法语：Votre fille a six ans 汉语：你的女儿六岁。
e.g. This text is intended for… Le présent manuel s‟dresse à…
Category shifts
4 subcategories: p.61 structural shifts: the most common form of shift involving mostly a shift in grammatical structure class shifts: shifts from one part of speech to another class: “that grouping of members of a given unit which is defined by operation in the structure of the unit next or above” Unit shifts(rank shifts): different rank(sentence, clause, group word and morpheme) Intra-system shifts：approximately corresponding systems; non-corresponding term
5 steps:
units of translation: lexicological unit + unit of thought The smallest segment of the utterance Examples Numbering translation units
6. equivalence: useful for idioms; the sense instead of the image 7. adaptation Changing cultural reference; game of cricket Eskimo: Lamb of God- Seal of God