作文跑题的6大陷阱,80%的考生都被带跑了!
XP正版序列号XP好用的正版序列号
XP正版序列号XP好⽤的正版序列号收集的XP正版序列号VOL版:DG8FV-B9TKY-FRT9J-6CRCC-XPQ4G(上海版)MRX3F-47B9T-2487J-KWKMF-RPWBY(⼯⾏版)QC986-27D34-6M3TY-JJXP9-TBGMD(⼴州版)QHYXK-JCJRX-XXY8Y-2KX2X-CCXGD(⼴州政府版)T72KM-6GWBP-GX7TD-CXFT2-7WT2B(上海版)2005年上海政府0686版谢谢⼤家的⽀持,帮我点下需要的⼴告谢谢我会更加努⼒整理我的百科服务⼤家 QC986-27D34-6M3TY-JJXP9-TBGMD(珆塆交⼤学⽣版)VMXC2-M9HKH-DRYGC-FHQ7H-BJY33(0408版)TDWGX-DMF97-BJYDQ-X9DJV-CYHWQ(不明)G6X78-XG4KV-3MXT7-FT8YM-F3YW3(不明)T8FMX-Q4HQJ-3JW77-JGPDC-FY9DG(不明)MFBF7-2CK8B-93MDB-8MR7T-4QRCQ(北京版)FCKGW-RHQQ2-YXRKT-8TG6W-2B7Q8(韩⽂版)DRXKM-94K47-38QVX-F8K7R-2H7CD(⽇⽂版)RFYPJ-BKXH2-26FWP-WB6MT-CYH2Y(英⽂版)7HPVP-8VHPV-G7CQ3-BTK2R-TDRF3(英⽂版)BCJTW-2M9JH-M8HHT-KWWWM-3444Y(英⽂版)CD87T-HFP4C-V7X7H-8VY68-W7D7M(英⽂版)OEM版:华硕:家庭版:KR63J-B34MB-CVP9K-T478G-8Y3XG联想:家庭版: PWBPT-6PGKF-TP6MY-299P4-CPXQG (XXXXX-119-0001544-XXXXX)专业版: FCDGH-QW3DJ-VBC6C-9BYTX-4GKQJ (XXXXX-119-0001553-XXXXX)VF4HT-MPWB8-TWV6R-K6QM4-W6JCMH3B8D-MQPF9-WQMFB-GV3R4-VTF7W(04年联想版)DELL:家庭版: RCBF6-6KDMK-GD6GR-K6DP3-4C8MT (XXXXX-119-0001024-XXXXX)专业版: XJM6Q-BQ8HW-T6DFB-Y934T-YD4YT (XXXXX-119-0001024-XXXXX)KG7G9-67KHV-4FQKV-4DYXK-BHQTJCOMPAQ: 家庭版: KG27H-JV9M6-2CXKV-GMP22-HF2BQ (XXXXX-119-0001015-XXXXX)专业版: KYKVX-86GQG-2MDY9-F6J9M-K42BQ (XXXXX-119-0001015-XXXXX)HP:家庭版: MK48G-CG8VJ-BRVBB-38MQ9-3PMFT (XXXXX-119-0001067-XXXXX)专业版: DMQBW-V8D4K-9BJ82-4PCJX-2WPB6 (XXXXX-119-0001067-XXXXX)P2BXT-D7Y8P-F6WF2-HYXYP-49TJDACER:家庭版: CXCY9-TTHBT-36J2P-HT3T3-QPMFB (XXXXX-119-0001006-XXXXX)专业版: BW2VG-XXDY6-VW3P7-YHQQ6-C7RYM (XXXXX-119-0001006-XXXXX)KDD3G-HGVGM-M24p4-6BMMY-9XHF8IBM:家庭版: DMY26-78CX9-Q89DP-Q8QK8-VF2B8 (XXXXX-119-0001076-XXXXX)专业版: HCBR8-FGC2K-RY7BM-HM3KT-BKVRW (XXXXX-119-0001076-XXXXX)清华同⽅:家庭版: KMHJF-9M82Y-YPFV7-YQHXH-F9JW8 (XXXXX-119-0001794-XXXXX)专业版: M68XC-TX2C9-PKK8H-GP8JH-RC8XB (XXXXX-119-0001805-XXXXX)TCL:家庭版: XPGYX-J7BF9-4YJVV-7MWK9-WQT3Y (XXXXX-119-0001607-XXXXX)七喜:家庭版: GJMY6-GMJHY-2VJ79-K67WT-KQHYT (XXXXX-119-0001661-XXXXX)Samsung:家庭版: XVX72-2WCXQ-48VWH-T66HT-C7R2B (XXXXX-119-0001085-XXXXX) TOSHIBA家庭版: WDHPC-6WQPF-W3R3K-J2VF4-JFP8W (XXXXX-119-0001114-XXXXX) SONY:专业版: K7RGC-CDXYJ-FTYH2-Y3VVV-KBYC7 (XXXXX-119-6385501-XXXXX)⽅正:家庭版:FK4VC-XP9C3-BD78M-68492-BP9BY (XXXXX-119-0002964-XXXXX)专业版:F4G2M-BH2JF-GTGJW-W82HY-VMRRQ (XXXXX-119-0002973-XXXXX)富⼠通:家庭版:JY6V8-QV6YB-BD3GX-67DC9-JT7WD (XXXXX-119-0001373-XXXXX) TOSHIBA:家庭版:WDHPC-6WQPF-W3R3K-J2VF4-JFP8W (XXXXX-119-0001114-XXXXX)惠普英⽂:KYKVX-86GQG-2MDY9-F6J9M-K42BQ(XXXXX-119-0001015-XXXXX)P2BXT-D7Y8P-F6WF2-HYXY9-49TJD序列号:6XKGD-PGHV3-D46CB-XQ8V3-V7FTJ法语专业版⼤量微软贵宾VIP序列号(1) H2HYJ-28PQM-6HGFG-CWMMD-V2C62M74XB-7K8Y4-YT6MY-B6XX4-PWBF4VVBQJ-VHP8J-7DHHP-FK68Y-YHY2VD2Q4M-M47JY-FVXFJ-JPRKR-6GG82RCB4W-27GPV-HKPF7-WH43D-V6XPDY88HJ-4K4VP-W6Y3H-BWH6M-43GCPM7D6F-3GY6B-PWXPF-JPPYD-8XD2JFWFX8-2VBWD-2K8T7-R26QW-93T3CPW2DM-BHPPK-YV8V3-VFYVY-VQFKD8W4DX-VDYKX-JYFYC-VY4Q3-YJ4PD93XDW-CQTX4-PJ2Y4-YHRW4-G4DBFD2H37-MCK77-8YW4V-7C3YQ-K98RJQ3MM2-PX8HT-DG34Y-MH7Q4-WDG3WTRHB3-TTDC6-QDTKW-8GRQY-G7H6M3VHPK-BYHDR-X63B6-8FFFM-P6TW2CB4F7-JHGCM-47K6G-PB7BY-BX2W3TMYYT-RYXXQ-BHJ78-F6TWC-97BXTYTTD2-BQHYG-8F4D2-WCVHC-64TTTGRPC7-FVKTR-MXVMJ-4TD33-JMDF8DXVWV-PDKBH-2PK6Y-YQWCP-GQ43TFWT4K-YXKYV-FTWJG-B6WJF-CB73X273M3-4KG6D-34MMY-XYFWF-2P4VYTC2PX-Y77HM-QJQ7X-BHVBT-QF9PC4MXCM-8R7Q8-V74VD-6PPWY-QQBPMF4K8K-K6XFX-K7M68-M6P4P-MVV6YWFMT2-DWMYG-JYHVK-DCXYD-7M84BBWWYK-6QF64-7KJPR-HJBJ7-JD9G9V3QXP-MBQPK-RQGB3-6XFJR-2P2BBQXYMP-G3WTH-DX3RT-VX8FR-7MDHH44V3B-JHRC3-T4PRP-C4GHK-FTT2F3TC47-R6GKX-KMM3V-37DR2-K3CGBX8CXT-B38P8-MR6CG-XGJ76-734BXMWXP3-28PMK-CQYD7-QV6VC-X7F66YTX4R-RPQJC-2FTT2-XGH23-KDPHDCJ78M-4DDKT-6CCQF-VFB7J-6HM9QGKH26-V6VWJ-3YYJY-QFF2P-PYXBHJP6M2-HJCFC-8KCJ6-M2KMW-69B9TW4DYV-RJ7VP-X78K7-7KF78-DT8JD3F276-7BYC6-WT46Q-JMR7W-KT9F6H7CJG-Y7HPQ-W3D2C-3H64M-6FVVCT3RMP-XXVR7-TGGMK-H74VG-Y3YQVPJCYY-P6TQ4-DMPY4-4WGXV-4DJRB74GFB-DDKVK-V3M28-73GYW-MTFJWDFHFT-4XQRX-4J76Q-PKPP8-72TT6G7HBY-RPXFX-JFTP2-YYVVX-8W9QD VJGX6-R7VQ8-P6GW8-J6RPK-4QCB9 KMG2X-6D8XP-M23XR-6FWKX-B8JRH CRTGH-B68P2-XB6JC-44GCD-X9JHMP6PMF-2YWVR-XTHRJ-H2RM6-3BCVD WKM33-X3KC3-GWRJ3-MF2RR-QPGW7 7H7MF-Y6H36-KQ2W3-3QWMP-MG4V9 BXGG6-3M3VH-2QV7R-M6XGV-34XMP FJPJ4-33W73-68XT3-YRYJX-JJ3P9 HFWXW-4MPRF-H7WJD-P6JQV-4X6RK W8Y84-JTWGP-PFWDQ-G4D37-DQWWK 6MH6Y-G82FC-73XR4-TMW7H-CRGC2 Y3K3R-G2R7W-WMM6G-YW2KY-TXKMD KXPM7-B64RQ-7DWJP-7DT8Y-VGK2H 22WXC-BDHBH-D6XTY-8V7FC-6YCW3 V3PB3-H6MMJ-7BDHD-P3BWJ-K9J9P BCVB6-PWK3H-GMXQB-Y84XF-JHTJ4 BTMT7-MJV82-MV4FV-2GYMB-7GWC9 FPBY6-J33HB-RDVTJ-HFPKT-4C7WY2DD2D-3Y7JY-B8P27-6XPD8-M9VQF DHWBP-RJBCX-GXDCV-7YBBQ-MW9VW 7RWJY-C4H4G-28R8J-67JKB-WBX3D DB43K-FY62D-8C8X7-KCW3M-RMX4G 7PKQG-Y244T-HJGKJ-WD6MM-86DX3 THT72-6RFVK-6R3MK-TV8H3-KJFP2P7YRP-DWGPY-G34BX-4R8MC-X4GGY QTHKF-XP37X-GGDDH-M7P8D-RBMHJ 2TBP7-VTJDW-HGVBC-M37CJ-72WBD TG47B-6QVYK-CWKKJ-FXPQY-283MG DYFK6-63K44-74QW4-D44WC-F7PDV TPC7B-MGV6W-H2GY6-YRX4Q-9PQ9G 3CWQB-8Q78J-YMVY3-DBMCW-K3HV3 WQGR2-RJWGW-2VCMV-B284Q-BGMXH 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XWGPK-JRKGF-TGWKC-3T7M4-BGCBC YF8PG-GH747-DMTC3-2797D-6WBWM VTB7G-JDRHV-JRV7K-3BX4B-3TW6TFF7BH-G3TQF-GRQFX-PPF38-MH6MX CCYFQ-CYK72-HTB3Y-MF37F-DHXQK 4876D-XRHK2-PHG2T-JVJWY-72D6VPV77H-MCP3H-VBBJD-WQF8M-XK8DW⼤量微软VIP序列号(2)QYRY6-4Y3WR-QVR86-MDJMY-4C694 VGPT2-PV626-2X6T7-D7R6Q-7GRQJWF47Q-DGPDW-FMJBY-3RWY2-K3Y6D CWWQT-VQ3RH-TPWPQ-HRJRP-9P8FV 3WFVR-J3R6R-3TFVX-Y2GC8-VMP9Q47PQQ-D2F6R-FJ3QV-RV2GH-3JQBGGK2MH-MFXGX-KWQBT-RWK8J-QGR8G MPH32-4B3G8-2MVHQ-6V4QK-4VWG974GFB-DDKVK-V3M28-73GYW-MTFJW DFHFT-4XQRX-4J76Q-PKPP8-72TT6G7HBY-RPXFX-JFTP2-YYVVX-8W9QD VJGX6-R7VQ8-P6GW8-J6RPK-4QCB9 KMG2X-6D8XP-M23XR-6FWKX-B8JRH CRTGH-B68P2-XB6JC-44GCD-X9JHMP6PMF-2YWVR-XTHRJ-H2RM6-3BCVD VJGX6-R7VQ8-P6GW8-J6RPK-4QCB98Y32G-27HKV-TGGGM-4YDKG-DGKH2 CGXJJ-DXCMJ-7CD7D-7BMJT-PCCPH8GMVK-JGX6P-T36GY-P7K2Q-GD2MPT8WT3-VHMDT-JDHP2-KKGYH-7R4467VDYJ-3HYPJ-63CBQ-Y22QH-GM2B2 7777W-HB76V-68FBQ-PTHT6-PBHCH Windows XP PRO build 2600 or XP pro 2600 evaluation:7VF4T-D7QMK-CC87K-P2468-3M4PQX3BTD-7P44K-2FWW2-3DGB8-B88DJT3GXK-WDT8Y-XMKD3-Q6MQD-DT862 VG2PR-HTKCV-TC3D8-XVTDR-D2WHD PQQRK-GFPHC-QVJC8-6MTJQ-R8DKV J84TF-7CTBW-JH3TB-YXR3W-BJBRQJ84TF-7CTBW-JH3TB-YXR3W-BJBRQ 23QFT-DVY67-6G2VV-7JM76-BWQR3 68YG6-DCFRM-B7KYT-TJRMF-CXJKX 68YG6-DCFRM-B7KYT-TJRMF-CXJKX 87H3J-HD7TM-V66FW-PBDBX-HVH4R YG4WP-9YXKX-QM2YV-PR4X7-KDJTC CHXHP-PB2FG-B68BB-H8XGF-7V2PY K74GF-Y232R-PH3RR-YKB4H-PJCV3 BRJX8-FWBHG-2RXWK-H84W7-628J4 4V2YV-HHHX4-CKVDY-4R486-498V2G87BW-MYGY7-4FWGY-CCHQB-8FJ3B 6KM4D-2Q76R-278RX-QMXJD-88D7V4JRPY-6XGY7-2MY2V-BWRX7-YCHGP WMMJQ-8TKHC-MC7TJ-7WCF2-D8BRY RJQ6X-R4C2W-FFMT7-TGXVQ-9GTVG VM3QK-HYQ8B-VHVFB-DBQWP-XW83Y GYBRP-VG8CH-JRHTV-X8C7J-6GYMB F3RJW-XFQWM-4FH6Q-3CTMR-R82GR 8J8K6-GPMBM-RWVFV-2Y8VX-B66JY8J8K6-GPMBM-RWVFV-2Y8VX-B66JY 88F24-PGH68-DTMQM-8VV47-DG7283JJQX-H6YQB-CCX7K-6WXCK-Q6BYR XBB6Y-G6QWG-WPCFQ-F8B6B-HMCPW WYTDP-6YFYF-4KFGJ-GHRYY-9KPHH 6WF3Q-TRX4M-47PRY-MFQXV-86PJG F2R8R-QJJ3V-KJKMT-64T4T-B78YT BTHFD-Y6FCP-7KMCT-7JYXH-CBPFR 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Comparison of Fifth-OrderWENO Scheme and (2)
put.Phys.doi:10.4208/cicp.110212.021112a Vol.14,No.3,pp.599-620 September2013Comparison of Fifth-Order WENO Scheme andFinite Volume WENO-Gas-Kinetic Scheme forInviscid and Viscous Flow SimulationJun Luo,Lijun Xuan and Kun Xu∗Mathematics Department,Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Clear Water Bay,Kowloon,Hong Kong.Received11February2012;Accepted(in revised version)2November2012Available online25January2013Abstract.The development of high-order schemes has been mostly concentrated onthe limiters and high-order reconstruction techniques.In this paper,the effect of theflux functions on the performance of high-order schemes will be studied.Based on thesame WENO reconstruction,two schemes with differentflux functions,i.e.,thefifth-order WENO method and the WENO-Gas-kinetic scheme(WENO-GKS),will be com-pared.Thefifth-orderfinite difference WENO-SW scheme is a characteristic variablereconstruction based method which uses the Steger-Warmingflux splitting for invis-cid terms,the sixth-order central difference for viscous terms,and three stages Runge-Kutta time stepping for the time integration.On the other hand,thefinite volumeWENO-GKS is a conservative variable reconstruction based method with the sameWENO reconstruction.But,it evaluates a time dependent gas distribution functionalong a cell interface,and updates theflow variables inside each control volume byintegrating theflux function along the boundary of the control volume in both spaceand time.In order to validate the robustness and accuracy of the schemes,both meth-ods are tested under a wide range offlow conditions:vortex propagation,Mach3step problem,and the cavityflow at Reynolds number3200.Our study shows thatboth WENO-SW and WENO-GKS yield quantitatively similar results and agree witheach other very well provided a sufficient grid resolution is used.With the reduc-tion of mesh points,the WENO-GKS behaves to have less numerical dissipation andpresent more accurate solutions than those from the WENO-SW in all test cases.Forthe Navier-Stokes equations,since the WENO-GKS couples inviscid and viscous termsin a singleflux evaluation,and the WENO-SW uses an operator splitting technique,itappears that the WENO-SW is more sensitive to the WENO reconstruction and bound-ary treatment.In terms of efficiency,thefinite volume WENO-GKS is about4timesslower than thefinite difference WENO-SW in two dimensional simulations.The cur-rent study clearly shows that besides high-order reconstruction,an accurate gas evolu-tion model orflux function in a high-order scheme is also important in the capturing of600J.Luo,L.Xuan and K.Xu/put.Phys.,14(2013),pp.599-620 physical solutions.In a physicalflow,the transport,stress deformation,heat conduc-tion,and viscous heating are all coupled in a single gas evolution process.Therefore,it is preferred to develop such a scheme with multi-dimensionality,and unified treat-ment of inviscid and dissipative terms.A high-order scheme does prefer a high-ordergas evolution model.Even with the rapid advances of high-order reconstruction tech-niques,thefirst-order dynamics of the Riemann solution becomes the bottleneck forthe further development of high-order schemes.In order to avoid the weakness of thelow orderflux function,the development of high-order schemes relies heavily on theweak solution of the original governing equations for the update of additional degreeof freedom,such as the non-conservative gradients offlow variables,which cannot bephysically valid in discontinuous regions.PACS:02.60Cb,47.11.Df,47.45.AbKey words:WENO scheme,gas-kinetic scheme,Euler equations,Navier-Stokes equations,high-order methods.J.Luo,L.Xuan and K.Xu/put.Phys.,14(2013),pp.599-620601 smoothness-dependent weight to each stencil and results in a(2r−1)th order accuracy. The WENO reconstruction is more accurate,efficient and stable than the ENO reconstruc-tion.So far,the WENO schemes have found wide applications.The general impression is that the WENO scheme is not sensitive to thefluxes used,such as Lax-Friedrichs or Steger-Warming.The full accuracy of the scheme mainly depends on the order of the re-construction.One of the purpose of the current paper is to test the effect offlux functions on the performance of high-order schemes.It turns out that besides the high-order ini-tial reconstruction theflux modeling also plays an essential role to capture accurateflow evolution,and to reduce the sensitive dependence of the solution on the initial recon-struction,especially in a barely resolvedflow region.Allflux functions are equivalent in a well-resolvedflow region,because theflux consistency plays a dominant role here.But their performance may deviate from each other in not well-resolved cases,such as3or4 points inside a boundary layer.Currently,in order to increase the accuracy of the WENO scheme,many attempts have been tried to develop hybrid schemes,where the WENO is used in the discontinuous region and high-order compact scheme is used in the smooth region[13,18].The aim of the hybrid scheme is to basically develop a method which could make a smooth transition between the upwind and central difference method,be-cause the fundamental basis of the1st-order Riemann solver for wave decomposition and theflux splitting technique contradicts with theflow physics in the smooth region,where the high-order spatial and temporal evolution are fully coupled.In the smooth region,the traditional central difference approximation with Cauchy-Kowalevskaya technique is far more appropriate to describeflow evolution than upwind concept.The Riemann solu-tion is a low order dynamic model,which is needed to model discontinuousflow in order to introduce enough dissipation.And this amount of dissipation is closely related to the initial jump at the cell interface[26].Without modifying the1st-order Riemann dynamic model,the development of high-order schemes becomes a game of reconstruction,since the interface jump is the only freedom many high-order schemes are able to control.Un-fortunately,there is no principle to design such an optimal and universal interface jump, and this kind of research will be endless.In order to get out of this dilemma,the use of a high-order dynamic evolution model,which could make a smooth transition between the upwind and central difference scheme,is necessary.For a second order scheme for the inviscidflow,we have such a high-order dynamic model,which is the generalized Riemann solver and the gas-kinetic scheme[1,11].In the past decades,a gas-kinetic scheme(GKS)based on the kinetic equation has been developed for the modeling of gas evolution process starting from a discontinu-ity[12,16,26].Theoretically,the GKS does not target to solve accurately the gas kinetic BGK model[2],but uses the kinetic equation to do the modeling around a cell interface. In the GKS evolution,the whole process from particle free transport to the Navier-Stokes (NS)or Euler solution formation has been recovered[9,28].Theflow regime of the gas evolution depends on the ratio of time step to the particle collision time.In the smooth flow region,based on the Chapman-Enskog expansion,a time dependent gas distribu-602J.Luo,L.Xuan and K.Xu/put.Phys.,14(2013),pp.599-620 tion function corresponding to the NS or Euler solutions can be obtained accurately by the GKS.This limiting formulation is basically the central difference method.In the dis-continuity region,where the physical solution cannot be well resolved by the numerical cell size,theoretically it is not necessary to know the precise”macroscopic”governing equations here,because it is not needed to incorporate a precise amount of numerical dissipation.But,in such a region the gas evolution model should follow a path which is consistent with the physical one,such as keeping a non-equilibrium gas distribution function at a cell interface to cope with the dissipative mechanism of a physical shock layer[11,29].This limiting case is theflux vector splitting upwind method.The advan-tage of the GKS is that theflux function makes a smooth transition from a upwind(kinetic scale)to a central difference(hydrodynamic scale)method.Recently,based on the WENO reconstruction and high-order gas-kinetic solution [12],afinite volume high-order WENO-gas-kinetic scheme(WENO-GKS)has been de-signed and tested for multi-dimensionalflows[15].Different from the traditional WENO scheme,the WENO technique is only used in the data reconstruction of the conservative flow variables at the beginning of each time step.Starting from the high-order recon-struction,a space and time dependent gas distribution function is obtained along the tangential direction of a cell interface,from which the numericalflux is evaluated and used in afinite volume scheme.In GKS,there is no need to use the Runge-Kutta time stepping and Gaussian point integration along a cell interface for the update offlow variables inside each control volume.Among all WENO schemes we tested,thefinite difference WENO method with Steger-Warmingflux splitting gives the best results.The detailed formulation of this WENO scheme is presented in Section3.In order to show the effect of aflux function on the per-formance of high-order schemes,the numerical solutions of thefinite difference WENO-Steger-Warming scheme(WENO-SW)will be compared with that of thefinite volume WENO-GKS.The test cases are carefully chosen in order to test the accuracy,the shock-capturing ability,the robustness,and the stability of the schemes.In order to eliminate the numerical error due to the complicated geometry,all tests are conducted in rectangu-lar meshes.The5th-order WENO reconstruction is used on the characteristic variables in the WENO-SW,and the same WENO reconstruction is used on the conservative vari-ables in the WENO-GKS.The reason we use conservative variables for the WENO-GKS is that the scheme is not sensitive to the variable used in the reconstruction,because the evolution of the whole reconstructed curves will be followed dynamically in theflux evaluation.2The5th order WENO reconstructionThe5th order WENO reconstruction on a uniform rectangular mesh is a standard recon-struction method[20].Assume that Q is the variable to be reconstructed.¯Q i is the cell averaged value inJ.Luo,L.Xuan and K.Xu/put.Phys.,14(2013),pp.599-620603 the ith cell.Q l i and Q r i are the two pointwise values reconstructed at the left and right interfaces of the ith cell.The5th WENO reconstruction is defined as,Q r i=2∑s=0w s q(s)i,Q l i=2∑s=0˜w s˜q(s)i,whereq(0)i=16¯Qi+1−16¯Qi−1+53¯Qi+1,q(2)i=16¯Qi−1+116¯Qi−73¯Qi+2,˜q(1)i=16¯Qi−16¯Qi−2+53¯Qi,w s=αs(ǫ+βs)2,˜w s=˜αs(ǫ+βs)2,s=0,1,2,β0=134(3¯Q i−4¯Q i+1+¯Q i+2)2,β1=134(¯Q i−1−¯Q i+1)2,β2=134(¯Q i−2−4¯Q i−1+3¯Q i)2,d0=˜d2=35,d2=˜d0=1604J.Luo,L.Xuan and K.Xu/put.Phys.,14(2013),pp.599-620 The BGK equation in2-D isf t+ u·∇f=g−f2(u2+v2+ξ2) T,dξ=dξ1dξ2···dξK,and K is the number of degrees of internal freedom,i.e.,K=(4−2γ)/(γ−1)for2-Dflow andγis the specific heat ratio.Since the mass,momentum, and energy are conserved during particle collisions,f and g satisfy the conservation con-straint, (g−f)ψαd u d v dξ=0,α=1,2,3,4,(3.3)at any point in space and time.The integral solution of(3.1)isf( x,t, u,ξ)=12g l,r0((a l,r1)2+d l,r11)x2+1J.Luo,L.Xuan and K.Xu/put.Phys.,14(2013),pp.599-620605Here g l0and g r0are two Maxwellian distribution functions which correspond to the left and right macroscopic variables respectively.For example,g l0corresponding to W l= (ρl,(ρl U l),(ρl V l),(ρl E l))T has the formg l0=ρl λl2eλl((u−U l)2+(v−V l)2+ξ2),(3.7)whereλl equals to m/2kT l,m is the molecular mass,k is the Boltzmann constant,and T l is the temperature.For the modeling of the local equilibrium distribution function g,we can use the Taylor expansion of the equilibrium state and getg( x,t, u,ξ)=¯g+¯g¯a1x+¯g¯a2y+¯g¯At+12¯g(¯a22+¯d22)y2+¯g(¯a1¯a2+¯d12)xy+1τ t0g(−ut′,y−vt′,t′, u,ξ)e−(t−t′)/τdt′=C1¯g+C2¯g¯a1u+C1¯g¯a2y+C2¯g¯a2v+C3¯g¯A+12C1¯g(¯a22+¯d22)y2+C2¯g(¯a22+¯d22)vy+12C5¯g(¯A2+¯B)+C6¯g(¯A¯a1+¯b1)u+C3¯g(¯A¯a2+¯b2)y+C6¯g(¯A¯a2+¯b2)v,(3.10) ande−t/τf0(−ut,y−vt, u,ξ)= C7f l0(−ut,y−vt, u,ξ),u>0,C7f r0(−ut,y−vt, u,ξ),u<0,(3.11) whereC1=1−e−t/τn,C2=(t+τ)e−t/τn−τ,C3=t−τ+τe−t/τn,(3.12a) C4=(−t2−2τt)e−t/τn,C5=t2−2τt,C6=−τt(1+e−t/τn),C7=e−t/τn.(3.12b) In any numerical simulation,numerical dissipation is necessary in order to cope with the limited cell resolution.In order to add numerical dissipation but not change theflow606J.Luo,L.Xuan and K.Xu/put.Phys.,14(2013),pp.599-620 property,in(3.12),we distinguish two particle collision times.One is the physical one (τ)which corresponds to the real collision time in the Chapman-Enskog expansion for the Navier-Stokes solution,and another one is the numerical one(τn)which takes into account the effect of initial pressure jump at the cell interface.As considered in[15],the BGK-NS solver uses√τ=µ/¯p,τn=µ/¯p+β∆x√¯λ+β∆xJ.Luo,L.Xuan and K.Xu/put.Phys.,14(2013),pp.599-620607 becomesW n+1ij =W n ij+12∆x i−1∆x∆y t n+1t n12∆y j[F i−1/2(t,y)−F i+1/2(t,y)]dydt,(3.16)where F j−1/2(t,x),F j+1/2(t,x),F i−1/2(t,y),F i+1/2(t,y)are thefluxes along the four cell in-terfaces respectively.Because the time-dependentfluxes can be explicitly integrated along a cell interface in the GKS,thefinal scheme presents a high-orderflow transport through the interface within a time step without using Runge-Kutta time stepping and flux construction at Gauss points.3.2WENO-Steger-Warming schemeThe WENO-SW solves the hydrodynamic equationsW t+F(W)x+G(W)y=F v(W,W x,W y)x+G v(W,W x,W y)y,(3.17) where W is the conservative variables,F and G are the inviscidfluxes,and F v and G v are the viscousfluxes.For afinite-difference scheme,we need to construct both inviscid and viscousfluxes at the cell interface.The following WENO scheme is the5th orderfinite-difference WENO-Steger-Warming scheme,where the Steger-Warming splitting[23]is used to obtain the inviscidfluxes at the cell interface.3.2.1Inviscidflux reconstructionThe x-directionflux F can be decomposed asF=RΛLW,(3.18) whereΛ=diag[λ1,λ2,···,λn]is a diagonal matrix with eigenvalues of∂F/∂W,R is the right eigenvector matrix and L is the left one,n is the number of the equations.Then,F can be split according toF=F++F−.(3.19) In the Steger-Warming splitting,F±=RΛ±LW,Λ=Λ++Λ−.(3.20) andΛ±=diag[λ±1,λ±2,···,λ±n]withλ±i=λi± 2(i=1,···,n),(3.21)whereεis a small constant.In our simulation,ε=1.0e−3.For the construction of the numerical x-directionfluxˆF i+1/2,j at the cell interface (x i+1/2,y j)of the cell(i,j),we use the following steps.608J.Luo,L.Xuan and K.Xu/put.Phys.,14(2013),pp.599-6201.Split thefluxes F i+l,j(l=−2,···,3)in the surrounding cells to get F±i+l,j(l=−2,···,3).e the variable W i+1/2,j=(W i,j+W i+1,j)/2to calculate the left and right eigenvector matrixL i+1/2,j and R i+1/2,j at the cell interface.3.Change the conservativefluxes F±i+l,j(l=−2,...,3)to the characteristicfluxes˜F±i+l,j(l=−2, (3)by˜F±i+l,j=L i+l/2,j F±i+l,j(l=−2,···,3).e the5th order WENO reconstruction(see Section2)on the characteristicfluxes˜F±i+l,j(l=−2,···,3)to get the characteristicflux˜F±i+1/2,j,and calculate thefinal characteristicflux˜Fi+1/2,j =˜F+i+1/2,j+˜F−i+1/2,j.5.Construct thefluxes for the conservative variables at the cell interface byˆFi+1/2,j=R i+1/2,j˜F i+1/2,j.In a similar way,we can get the y-directional numericalfluxˆG i,j+1/2at the cell inter-face(x i,y j+1/2).3.2.2Viscousflux reconstructionThe viscousfluxes F v and G v are related to the derivatives offlow variables.For the NS equations,we need to calculate T x,U x,U y,V x and V y in order to get the x-direction viscousflux F v,where T is the temperature,U is the x-direction velocity,and V is the y-direction velocity.So,the basic step is to construct the derivatives of a variable q.Firstly,in each cell(i,j),we use a6th-order central difference to calculate the deriva-tive,i.e., ∂q60∆x.(3.22)Then,with all the derivatives,we can calculate the x-directional and y-directional viscous fluxes F v i,j and G v i,j in each cell.Finally,the numerical viscousfluxes at the cell interfaces can be calculated by the6th order central interpolationˆF vi+1/2,j =37(F v i,j+F v i+1,j)−8(F v i−1,j+F v i+2,j)+F v i−2,j+F v i+3,j60.(3.23b)3.2.3Time evolutionThefinal numericalfluxes at the cell interface are denoted byˆF i+1/2,j=ˆF i+1/2,j−ˆF v i+1/2,j,(3.24a)ˆG i,j+1/2=ˆG i,j+1/2−ˆG v i,j+1/2.(3.24b)With the above numericalfluxes,we can get the increment∆W i,j=ˆF i+1/2,j−ˆF i−1/2,j∆y.(3.25)A3rd-order TVD Runge-Kutta method is used tofinish the time evolution,W(1)i,j=W n i,j−∆t∆W i,j(W n),(3.26a)W(2)i,j =34[W(1)i,j−∆t∆W i,j(W(1))],(3.26b)W(n+1)i,j =13[W(2)i,j−∆t∆W i,j(W(2))].(3.26c)4Numerical examplesFor all tests in this paper,the time step is determined by the CFL condition with CFL number0.5.4.1Mach3step problemThe Mach3step problem wasfirst proposed by Woodward and Colella in[25].The com-putational domain is[0,3]×[0,1].A step with height0.2is located at x=0.6.The upstream velocity is(U,V)=(3,0).The adiabatic slip Euler boundary condition is implemented at all boundaries.As explained in[25],the corner of the step is the center of a rarefaction fan and itis a singular point of theflow.Theflow will be much affected by the numerical errorsgenerated just in the neighborhood of this singular point.Almost for all WENO schemes,in order to get better results,a special treatment introduced in[25]has been applied.Or,a refined mesh is used around the corner.In order to avoid confusion and compare theresults of the WENO-GKS and the WENO-SW truthfully,there is no special treatmentanywhere in the current study.The parameterǫ=10−6in the5th order WENO recon-struction is used.In the WENO-GKS,α=0andβ=100for numerical collision time in (3.14).Figs.1,2and3present the numerical solutions from both WENO-SW and WENO-GKS with different number of mesh points,i.e.,120×40,60×20,and30×10.All these results are consistent with theflow structures in[25].Based on the thesefigures,the WENO-SW gives a large tilted Mach stem above the up surface of the step,and the WENO-GKS presents a much straighter and shorter one.After a few shock reflections, the shock front of the WENO-SW gets smeared and disappeared in the case with30×10 mesh points case.But,for the WENO-GKS,the shock reflection can be observed clearly in the coarse mesh case.This illustrates that WENO-SW has large numerical dissipation in comparison with WENO-GKS.In order to understand why the WENO-SW has a tiltedFigure1:Mach3the WENO-GKS5.(upper one)and the WENO-SW(lower one).In eachfigure,there are50contours from0.5toFigure2:Mach3the WENO-GKS (upper one)and the WENO-SW(lower one).In eachfigure,there are50contours from0.5to5.Mach stem,the WENO-GKS is tested for the NS solution with Reynolds number1000, but with the Euler boundary condition.Fig.4shows the comparison of WENO-SW for the inviscidflow and WENO-GKS for the viscousflow.It shows that the solution given by the WENO-SW is more close to a viscous solution.This indicates again that a high level of numerical dissipation exists in the WENO-SW.Figure3:Mach3the WENO-GKS (upper one)and the WENO-SW(lower one).In eachfigure,there are50contours from0.5to5.Figure4:Mach3Upper one:NS solution with Reynolds number1000by the WENO-GKS.Lower one:Euler solution by the WENO-SW.In each figure,there are50contours from0.5to5.4.2Isentropic periodic vortex propagationThis is a test for the accuracy of the Euler solutions(see[13,20]).The initial condition is given byκ(U(x,x,0),V(x,y,0))=(1,1)+e1−r2,S(x,y,0)=1,8γπ2Figure5:Isentropic periodic vortex propagation:density distribution at t=10(1period)by the WENO-GKSFigure6:Isentropic periodic vortex propagation:density distribution at t=100(10periods)by the WENO-GKS (WGKS)and the WENO-SW(WSW).where the temperature T and the entropy S are related to the densityρand the pressurep byT=pργ,and(¯x,¯y)=(x−5,y−5),r2=¯x2+¯y2,and the vortex strengthκ=5.The computational domain is[0,10]×[0,10].The periodic boundary condition is used in both directions.The numerical results with80×80and40×40cells at t=10(1period)and t=100 (10periods)are shown in Figs.5and6for both WENO-SW and WENO-GKS.In order to show the relationship between the parameterǫin the WENO reconstruction and the accuracy of the numerical solution,we test this case with two differentǫ,which are EPS1 (ǫ=10−6)and EPS2(ǫ=10−2).Theoretically,a large value ofǫpresents a reconstruction with more equally weights for different stencils.For a smoothflow,a smallǫmakes thereconstruction to reduce to a3rd order interpretation.A largerǫbalances the weights of different stencils and make the reconstruction to be close to the5th order interpolation. As shown in Figs.5and6,for such a smoothflow,in general,the reconstruction with EPS2will give more accurate and less dissipative results than that from EPS1for both WENO-SW and WENO-GKS.At the same time,for both meshes the results from WENO-GKS are more accurate than these from WENO-SW,especially at a mesh size40×40and t=100,see Fig.6.At time t=10and40×40mesh points,see Fig.5,EPS1introduces numerical dissipation and presents undershoot for both WENO-SW and WENO-GKS. However,with EPS2,the WENO reconstruction introduces overshoot for both schemes. But,in both cases due to the time accurate gas evolution model in the gas-kinetic scheme, the WENO-GKS could increase the undershoot and decrease the overshoot in compari-son with WENO-SW.In other words,the WENO-GKS has a better capacity to drive the solution in the correct direction due to the participation of the subcellflow distribution in the construction of the dynamicalflux function.More specifically,the gas-kineticflux function does not only depend on theflow variables at the cell interface,but also takes into account the whole curve evolution around the interface.Based on the above test,we can clearly realize that even though the gas-kinetic scheme is not solving the inviscid Euler equations directly,it gives accurate inviscid solution. In general,the numerical dissipation of the gas-kinetic scheme is less than the schemes based on the Riemann solvers,since the GKS can make a smooth transition from the up-wind to the central difference.This is one of the reason for the reduction of numerical dissipation in GKS in the smoothflow region.4.3CavityflowThe cavityflow at low Mach number is a standard test case for validating incompress-ible or low speed NSflow solvers.This is also a good test case for the shock capturing scheme in validating its capacity in capturing the Navier-Stokes solutions,especially with the non-linear limiters involved.For a directional splittingfinite volume scheme,it will be difficult to present an accurate viscous solution with strong vortex structure.Fortu-nately,thefinite difference WENO-SW is an intrinsic multi-dimensional scheme due to its simultaneous evaluation of∂x and∂y terms of the NS equations at a grid point.At the same time,thefinite volume WENO-GKS has a multi-dimensionalflux function as well, where both x-and y-directionflow derivatives contributes to theflux in the interface normal direction.Theflow is bounded by a unit square and is driven by a uniform translation of the top boundary.In the simulation,the diatomic gasγ=1.4is considered.The boundary is isothermal and nonslip,and theflow condition is Ma=0.3and Re=3200,where Ma is the Mach number and Re is the Reynolds number.Since the benchmark solution is from incompressible NS equations,in order to avoid kinematic dissipation[6,27],most simu-lations in the past are based on the numerical methods for the incompressible equations or the artificial compressibility ones,where a continuous initial reconstruction across acell interface is assumed.However,here we are going to use the same shock capturing WENO reconstruction in the cavity simulation.This is challenge for any shock captur-ing NSflow solver,because the cell interface discontinuity may generate large numerical dissipation.In order to get the best results for the WENO-SW,we tested many boundary condi-tion treatments andfinally choose the following reconstruction.The special treatment is the following.The temperature and velocities are given directly since the boundary is isothermal and nonslip.Other data at the boundary are extrapolated from theflow.For the WENO-SW,the three layer interfaces close to the cavity wall but inside the compu-tational domain are specially treated.For thefirst layer cell interface,a3rd-order extrap-olation is used to reconstruct the conservative variablefluxes.For the second interface, a4th-order interpolation is used to reconstruct the conservative variablefluxes.For the third interface,a5th-order upwind interpolation is used to reconstruct the characteristic fluxes.We use a4th-order interpolation to reconstruct the viscousfluxes at all of the three interfaces.For the WENO-GKS,the boundary treatment is relatively simple.A5th-order extrapolation for the conservative variables is used at the boundary.Firstly,we compare the efficiency in the cavity simulation for both schemes.The results are shown in Table1.As shown in the table,the WENO-GKS is about4times slower than the WENO-SW.This shows that the speed of WENO-GKS is similar to afinite volume WENO scheme.As shown in[21],the computational cost of thefinite volume WENO scheme is indeed at least4times more expensive than thefinite difference one in a two-dimensional simulation.Table1:Average computational time for one time-step.WENO-GKS33×33cells 4.3276e-0037.4369e-002For the cavityflow simulations,we use three sets of meshes,which are101×101, 65×65,and33×33for both schemes.Fig.7shows the distributions of streamline for both schemes with a mesh of65×65points.Except around the up left corner,the streamlines from both WENO-SW and WENO-GKS are close to each other.The results of U-velocity along the vertical symmetric line at x=0.5and V-velocity along the horizontal symmetric line at y=0.5with different mesh sizes will be presented in detail.Fig.8shows U and V velocity distributions for a mesh with101×101points. The benchmark solution is from[5,24].As shown in thisfigure,the results from both WENO-SW and WENO-GKS are consistent with the reference solutions.The reconstruc-tion with EPS1presenting a better shock capturing property turns out to be more dissipa-tive than those with EPS2.This is clearly observed in the V-velocity for the WENO-SW. The WENO-GKS solutions are less sensitive to the values ofǫ.At such a refined mesh, it is hard to distinguish the two solutions from WENO-GKS.The overall solutions from WENO-GKS are closer to the benchmark ones than the WENO-SW results.。
Y系列电机型号大全(最新整理)
Y系列电机常用型号对照表电机型号意义Y 系列三相异步电动机为全封闭自扇风冷式鼠笼型交流异步电动机,它是我国统一设计的最新系列,防护等级为IP44. Y系列电动机具有高效、节能、起动转矩大、性能好、噪声低、振动小、可靠性高、功率等级和安装尺寸符合IEC 标准以及使用维护方便等优点。
Y系列电动机适用于不含易燃、易爆或腐蚀性气体的一般场所和无特殊要求的机械上,如:金属切削机床、水泵、风机、运输机械、搅拌机、农业机械、食品机械等。
Y系列电动机的型号由四部分组成:第一部分汉语拼音字母Y表示异步电动机;第二部分数字表示机座中心高(机座不带底脚时,与机座带底脚时相同);第三部分英文字母为机座长度代号(S—短机座、M-中机座、L—长机座),字母后的数字为铁心长度代号;使用条件环境温度:不超过40℃.海拔:不超过1000米。
相对湿度:不超过95℅额定电压:380伏。
额定频率:50赫兹。
接法:3千瓦及以下为Y接,4千瓦及以上为Δ接。
工作方式:连续(S1)。
例型号:Y132S1-2 3KWY..。
.Y表示异步电动机132.。
.。
第二部分数字表示机座中心高毫米数(机座不带底脚时,与机座带底脚时相同);S-。
...第三部分英文字母为机座长度代号(S—短机座、M-中机座、L—长机座),字母后的数字为铁心长度代号;1—。
.。
.字母后的数字为铁心长度代号;-2。
.。
.第四部分横线后的数字为电动机的极数,这是一台2极电动机.3KW表示电机功率的数字,这是一个完整的电机型号。
Y132S1—2 的意义就是:系列+机座号+极数第一部分汉语拼音字母Y表示异步电动机;第二部分数字表示机座中心高(机座不带底脚时,与机座带底脚时相同);第三部分英文字母为机座长度代号(S—短机座、M—中机座、L-长机座),字母后的数字为铁心长度代号;使用条件环境温度:不超过40℃。
海拔:不超过1000米。
相对湿度:不超过95℅额定电压:380伏.额定频率:50赫兹。
伊顿 KJ2028S系列 接线盒 数据表
产品概述 KJ2028S全天候接线盒内部可安装浪涌保护器,光纤模块等多样化电气元件。
配合裕华防爆摄像机,满足不同场景的现场安装需求。
产品特性• 304或316L 不锈钢• IP68• 工作温度-40ºC ~ +60ºC• 内部可用空间 250(L) x 180(W) x 75(H) mm• 6个出线孔• 室内、室外全天候KJ2028S系列接线盒IP68防护不锈钢材质All specifications, dimensions, weights and tolerances are nominal (typical) and Eaton reserve the right to vary all data without prior notice.No liability is accepted for any consequence of use.Eaton No.189, Liuyanghe road Xinbei District Changzhou Jiangsu, China ********************© 2023 Eaton All Rights Reserved Printed in UK Publication No.DSYH0029/ October 2023Eaton is a registered trademark.All other trademarks are property of their respective owners.表面处理表面喷涂工作温度-40ºC ~ +60ºC 大气压强80~110KPa 湿度≤95%RH (+25°C )防护等级IP68(1.2m/45min)净重4.4Kg 毛重8Kg 输入电压250V / 2A 线缆引入标准6xM25x1.5,若有其他要求需在订货时说明适用线径标准6~ 12mm,若有其他要求需在订货时说明安装方式室内、室外壁挂安装箱体内部空间250(L)X180(W)X75(H)mm DSYH0029/ 10/23347MM 105MM4-φ8130MM268MM 249MM。
麦克维尔产品手册
750
800
800
850
850
900
950
1000
1100
1200
1300
输入功率
kW
447.3
462
489.1
504.5
518.5
526.4
558.4
587.5
619.9
680.1
759
824.7
电源
380V/3N〜/50Hz
注:■ 以上选型适用于冷冻水进/出水温度为 12℃/7℃,冷却水进/出水温度为 32℃/37℃,换热器流程数为 2 流程。
40 热泵热水机组
模块式空气源热泵热水机组MHA
42 末端空调机组
组合式空气处理机组 MDM 洁净室用空气调节机组 MDX 单壁柜式空气处理机组 MSW 双壁柜式空气处理机组 MDW 超薄吊顶式空气处理机组 MHW 卧式暗装风机盘管 MCW 立式暗装风机盘管 MFCW 立式明装风机盘管 MFMW 天花嵌入式风机盘管 MCKW 卧式明装风机盘管 MCMW 吊顶式全热热回收新风机组 HRB
79 轻型商用空调机组
天花嵌入式分体空调器 MCK-T 明装吊顶/座地式分体空调器 MCM-D 暗装吊顶式分体空调机组 MCC-T 风冷冷风/热泵型管道式空调机 MDB“T”系列 风冷冷风/热泵型管道式空调机 MDB“M”系列 风冷冷风/热泵型管道式空调机 MDB“S”系列 “旋风”系列水冷柜机 MWCP 屋顶式空调机组 MRT
六位码、选装包中文描述对照表0620
6位码
个数 4
9
9
11
8
9
9
10
5
183
朗行
C D E 2 3 4 6 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 6 2 3 4 6 2 3 4 C 9 B H T
风尚版 舒适版 豪华版 尊雅版 尊荣版/蓝驱版 至尊版/旗舰版 御尊版 风尚版 舒适版 豪华版 出租车 都会版 风尚版/进享版 菁英版/耀智版 旗舰版 都会版 风尚版 菁英版 旗舰版 风尚版 舒适版 豪华版 CROSS GTI 风尚版 豪华版 舒适版
A42
全新帕萨特
H L P R C J
1.4T 1.8T 2.0T 3.0L 1.4L 1.6L
BR2
全新一代 桑塔纳
591
途观
A B C
1.8T 2.0T 1.4T
592
全新途观
A B C
1.8T 2.0T 1.4T
E F
1.4L 1.6L
621
新波罗
A G
1.4T 1.4T
9R3
新途安
6位代码描述简明对照表
黑内 米内 棕内(只适用于菁英版、旗舰版) 蓝驱内饰(只适用于蓝驱版) 黑内 米内
7 2 4
DSG(DQ200) MT(MQ250) DSG(DQ200)
风尚版只有黑色内 饰Cross只有米黑镶 米黑镶拼(只适用于Cross) 拼GTI只有黑色内饰 黑内(只适用于GTI) 黑内 米内 风尚版只有黑色内 饰
1 3 4
AT 2驱(AQ450) AT 4驱(AQ450) MT 2驱(MQ350)
TW YY
1 3 4 X 3 4
AT 2驱(AQ450) AT 4驱(AQ450) MT 2驱(MQ350) MT 蓝驱(MQ350) AT(AQ250) MT(MQ200)
QBZ-80、120、200(N)智能说明书
第一节 开始工作前.....................................................................................................................................3
第二章 个人安全.............................................................................................................................................. 5
第六章 技术数据............................................................................................................................................ 23
第一节 储存................................................................................................................................................10 第二节 运输................................................................................................................................................10
警告!9#线严禁接地
SAE J1100 JUL2002机动车辆尺寸
SAE J1100 JUL2002——机动车辆尺寸1.范围——此SAE工业标准为汽车尺寸定义了一系列测量方法和标准程序。
这些尺寸主要为了评估在设计环境中(例:CAD)车辆的设计目的。
所有标准中的尺寸可以以此测量。
除此之外,一些尺寸可以从实际车辆中获得。
如果尺寸在物理属性状态下测得,值的一些偏差是可以预见的。
所以要仔细区分设计目的尺寸和物理状态下所得的尺寸。
除非另有说明,所有的尺寸测量都是垂直于三维参考系统(见SAE J182),除了地面相关尺寸是垂直于地面。
所有的尺寸都是在汽车空载状态下测得,除非另有说明。
所有的尺寸从基本车辆上测得,不包括正常生产选择(RPO)或附件,除非另有说明。
尽管许多术语和尺寸使用了人体身上的部位名称,但它们不能被解释成显示占用者的设备、性能或舒适度的衡量方法。
2.参考2.1应用出版物——以下出版物在这里的某种程度上形成了此规格的一部分。
除非另有说明,SAE出版物的最新版本将被应用。
2.1.1 SAE出版物——Available from SAE,400 Commonwealth Drive,Warrendale,PA,15096-0001。
SAE J182——机动车辆标准号SAE J287——驾驶员手部控制区域SAE J826——定义和测量汽车座椅的使用设备SAE J941——机动车辆驾驶员眼睛范围SAE J1052——机动车辆驾驶员和乘客头部位置SAE J1516——设备工具参考点SAE J1517——选择驾驶员座椅位置2.1.2 ISO 出版物——Available ANSI ,NY 10036-8002.ISO 3832——乘用车——测量参考体积的方法。
2.2 相关出版物——以下提供的出版物仅作信息目的,并不是此规格的要求部分。
2.2.1 ISO出版物——Available from ANSI,25 West 43rd Street,New York,NY 10036-8002。
一川电机 伺服电机驱动器 技术手册
2.1.2 380V 伺服驱动器接线图 ...................................................................................................- 9 -
2.1.3 接线说明 ..........................................................................................................................- 10 -
1.7 伺服单元与电机型号适配 ................................................................................. - 5 -
第 2 章接线 .......................................................................................................- 8 -
2.2 CN1 通信接口 .................................................................................................. - 12 -
2.3 CN2 控制接口 .................................................................................................. - 13 -
2.5.1 位置控制接线图(标准版) ................................................................................................- 19 -
水泵 isw80-160
长沙自平衡多级泵厂家宏力水泵整理 水泵ISW80-160型单级单吸离心泵概述:
水泵ISW80-160型单级单吸离心清水泵,适用于工业和城市给排水,亦可用于农业排灌。
用于输送清水或物理及化学性质类似于水的其他液体,被输送液体温度不高于80℃,允许进口压力0.6MPa.
水泵ISW80-160型不锈钢单级单吸离心泵参数范围:
流量:Q =11.4m3/h
扬程:H =16.5m
水泵ISW80-160型卧式单级离心泵结构型式:
泵为卧式安装,水平轴向吸入,向上径向吐出。
泵为悬架式结构,检修时不需拆卸进、出口管路,即可退出转子部件进行检修。
泵是通过普通弹性联轴器或加长弹性联轴器与电动机联结,泵的轴封采用软填料密封。
轴承为单列向心球轴承,采用润滑油润滑。
水泵ISW80-160型单级卧式离心泵旋转方向:
从电机端看,泵为顺时针方向旋转。
水泵ISW80-160型单级单吸离心泵主要零件材质:
过流部件材质一般为普通灰铸铁。
水泵ISW80-160型单级单吸离心泵成套范围:
成套供应泵,电动机、公用底座、联轴器等,还提供底阀、止回阀、闸阀。
汽车知识大全
2.4混合气形成方式
●化油器
化油器式是一种已经被淘汰的燃油供给方式,主 要利用高速气流将汽油雾化,并与空气充分混合, 然后汽缸将混合气吸入并点燃做工。 化油器的缺点是控制不够精确,在正常驾驶时不 能迅速对发动机负荷的改变作出反映,调整混合气 浓度。致使发动机经常处于不充分燃烧的状态,所 以尾气排放中有害物质含量无法满足日益严格的排 放法规,同时会产生较高的油耗,到上世纪90年 代末,即被国家明令禁止生产,现在已经完全被淘 汰了。 使用车型:1994年产普桑JV化油器发动机、90年 代的夏利等。
●发动机位置以曲轴纵横标准划分 发动机位置以曲轴位置为标准,将发动机分为横 向式(常用英文”Q”表示)和纵向式(常用英 文”L”表示)两种放置类型。 曲轴和车体方向成直角的叫横置发动机,一般前 驱车均为横置发动机,例如:大众速腾、标致307、 丰田凯美瑞等。 曲轴和车体方向平行的叫纵置发动机,一般后驱 车和全驱车多数都为纵置发动机,例如:奔驰C级、 宝马3系、丰田锐志等。 发动机放置位置有出现6种情况,分别是:前置 发动机,横向;前置发动机,纵向;中置发动机, 横向;中置发动机,纵向;后置发动机,横向;后 置发动机,纵向。
●单点电喷
以喷油嘴取代了化油器,进气总管中的节流阀体 内设置一只喷射器,对各缸实施集中喷射,汽油被 喷入进气气流中,形成可燃混合气,由进气岐观分 配到各个气缸内。 单点电喷实现了电子控制,供油量精确度有所提 高。但是,化油器和单点喷射存在一个共性的缺陷, 燃油雾化与进气混合的位置处于进气管距离气缸的 最远端,油气混合后,要分配给各个气缸,无法实 现精确的按比例并且均匀的油气混合,所以油耗高 且动力低。所以单点电喷现在基本也被淘汰了,使 用的车型很少。 使用车型:吉利豪情1.3L 三缸单点电喷发动机、 奇瑞首款风云1.6L发动机。
伦渠数控第六代智能数控清角机(六轴六把刀)
Sixth generation of intelligent CNC corner cleaning machine (six axis and six cutters)1.PurposeThis machine is specialized used for PVC doors and Windows 90degree corner cleaning that welding slag .2. The structure featuresThis machine adopts the industrial PC as the control center,and adopt touch LED as the man-machine interface as well as the specialized corner-cleaning software developed by our company.(Operating system supports display in Chinese and English)I t can be finished at the same time various profiles welding corner of hashidate oriented,external slope,exteral ellipse arc,the upper and lower surface,sealing rubber slot and internal surface that Welding slag cleaning .So it can comprehensive processing.According to the different profiles can be set up to store 100 kinds of cleaning programs , has perfect functions, easy operation, fast speed, high precision, high efficiency, high degree of automation, etc.Is a large and medium-sized PVC doors and Windows processing enterprises of high-grade practical corner cleaning equipment.After the machine to add the "automatic rotary feeder", which can realize the automatic rotation Angle of feeding, welding automatic cleaning function, greatly reduce artificial, reduce costs and improve efficiency.If with conveying the workbench and welding connection, this machine can be composed of PVC Windows and doors production line.。
东风吸污车主要技术参数
90
其它
1,罐体有效容积:11.2立方米,罐体外形尺寸(直段长×直径)(mm)5000×1800;外形长/轴距对应关系为(mm):8500/4500,8700/4700。2,侧防护左右对称采用冷弯型钢/Q235,螺栓连接。后防护采用冷弯型钢/Q235,焊接,截面高300mm,截面宽50mm,下边缘离地高500mm。3,随底盘选装驾驶室。按照带有卫星定位功能的行驶记录仪。ABS型号为:3631010-C2000,生产厂家为:东科克诺尔商用车制动系统(十堰)有限公司。
28/27,28/24
轮胎规格
9.00R20 16PR,10R22.5 16PR,10.00-20 16PR,10.00R20 16PR
钢板弹簧片数
9/10+8
前轮距(mm)
1940,1900,1810,1965
燃料种类
柴油
后轮距(mm)
1860,1800,1800,1860
排放标准
GB17691-2005国Ⅴ,GB3847-2005
发动机型号
发动机生产企业
排量(ml)
功率(Kw)
YC4EG160-50
ISD185 50
ISD210 50
YC6JA180-50
ISB170 50
ISB180 50
ISB190 50
广西玉柴机器股份有限公司
东风康明斯发动机有限公司
东风康明斯发动机有限公司
广西玉柴机器股份有限公司
东风康明斯发动机有限公司
××
额定载客(人)
准拖挂车总质量(Kg)
驾驶室准乘人数(人)
3,2
载质量利用系数
接近角/离去角(°)
28/10
印字轮明细表
顶立两芯扁线
11 模具 印字轮
凹印字
顶立两芯圆线
12 模具 印字轮
凹印字
统元三芯圆线 统元 VDE 两芯扁 线 ( 可出韩国电 线) 日新黄绿地线
13 模具 印字轮
凹印字
14 模具 印字轮
油印字
15 模具 印字轮 16 模具 印字轮 17 模具 印字轮 18 模具 印字轮
油印字 油印字 油印字
NO
大类 中类 1 模具 印字轮 2 模具 印字轮 3 模具 印字轮 4 模具 印字轮
规格 凹印字 凹印字 凹印字 凹印字
印字轮内容 NSW25099 VDE H03VVH2-F 2*0.75MM2 300/300V POWERSUN F-5013219 NSW25099 VDE H03VV-F 3G 0.75MM2 300/300V POWERSUN F-5013219 NSW25099 VDE H03VV-F 2*0.75MM2 300/300V POWERSUN F-5013219 UL E340419 SPT-2 2*18AWG(0.824MM2) 105 ℃ 300V VW-1 POWER-SUN C(UL) SPT-2 2*0.824MM2 (18AWG) 105 ℃ 300V FT2 -LF(UL)E340419 SVT 3*18AWG(0.824MM2) 105 ℃ 300V VW-1 POWER-SUN C(UL) SVT 3*0.824MM2 (18AWG) 105 ℃ 300V FT2 -LF(UL)E340419 SVT 2*18AWG(0.824MM2) 105 ℃ 300V VW-1 POWER-SUN C(UL) SVT 2*0.824MM2 (18AWG) 105 ℃ 300V FT2 -LF(UL)E350880 SPT-2 2*18AWG(0.824MM2) 105 ℃ 300V VW-1 C(UL) E350880 SPT-2 2*0.824MM2(18AWG) 105 ℃ 300V FTI TIAN JU (UL)E350880 SPT-1 2*18AWG(0.824MM2) 105 ℃ 300V VW-1 C(UL) SPT-1 2*0.824MM2(18AWG)105 ℃ 300V FTI AWM STYLE 20288 105 ℃ 300V 18AWG VW-1 AWM I A/B 105 ℃ 300V FTI TIAN JU E349942 AWM 1015 18AWG 105 ℃ 600V VW-1 C AWM I A/B 105℃ 600V FTI TIAN JU CCC A036162 60227 IEC 52(RVV) 300/300V 3*0.75MM2 VDE VDE KEMA-KEUR + ∽ + ∽ + ∽ FI D N S CEBEC N/15382 H03VV-F 3*0.75MM2 LEADER(TOP RESOURCES) L.M CCC A036152 60227 IEC 52(RVV) 300/300V 2*0.75MM2 VDE VDE KEMA-KEUR + ∽ + ∽ + ∽ FI D N S CEBEC N/15382 H03VVH2-F 2*0.75MM2 LEADER(TOP RESOURCES) L.M CCC A036152 60227 IEC 52(RVV) 300/300V 2*0.75MM2 VDE VDE KEMA-KEUR + ∽ + ∽ + ∽ FI D N S CEBEC N/15382 H03VV-F 2*0.75MM2 LEADER(TOP RESOURCES) L.M CCC A062276 60227 IEC 52(RVV) 300/300V 3*0.75MM2 VDE FI D N S H03VV-F 3G 0.75MM2 NSW23318 K KTL SUO10668001 TOONG YEANR 60227 IEC 52(RVV) 300/300V VDE FI D N S H03VVH2-F 2*0.75MM2 NSW23318 KC KTL SU01066-8001 图标 R TOONG YEAN R VDE H05V-K 1*0.75MM2 70 ℃ 300/500V DONG GUAN NISTAR TRANSMITTING TECHNOLOGY CO.,INC LICENCE NO:40009152 -LFAWM E333601 STYLE 1672 24AWG 105 ℃ 300V VW-1 AWM I A 105℃300V FT2 ZHUANG SHANCHUAN E349942 AWM 1015 16AWG 105 ℃ 600V VW-1 C AWM I A/B 105℃ 600V FTI TIAN JU E249743 AWM 1672 20AWG 105 ℃ CHENGXING C AWM I A 105℃ 300V FTI 300V VW-1
Moxa IKS-6728 IKS-6726系列产品硬件安装指南(第二版,2012年10月)说明书
IKS-6728/IKS-6726 Series Hardware Installation GuideSecond Edition, October 20122012 Moxa Inc. All rights reserved.P/N: 1802067280011Package ChecklistThe Moxa IKS-6728/IKS-6726 Series industrial rackmount switches are shipped with the following items. If any of these items are missing or damaged, please contact your customer service representative for assistance.•IKS-6728 or IKS-6726 Switch•RJ45 to DB9 console port cable•Protective caps for unused ports• 2 rackmount ears•Documentation and software CD•Hardware Installation Guide•CD-ROM with User’s Manual and SNMP MIB file•Moxa Product Warranty StatementPanel Layouts1.Model name2.System status LEDs3.Reset button4.Serial console port5.Terminal block for relay outputB storage port7.100/1000Base SFP port status LEDs8.10/100/1000BaseT(X) or 100/1000Base SFP combo ports9.10/100BaseT(X) ports10.Fast Ethernet Interface Modules11.Power sockets for AC power inputs12.Terminal blocks for DC power inputs13.Grounding screwDimensionsUnit = mm (inch)Fast Ethernet Interface Modules (IM-6700 Series)Grounding the Moxa Industrial Rackmount Switch Grounding and wire routing help limit the effects of noise due to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Run the ground connection from the ground screw to the grounding surface prior to connecting devices.Connecting the Power InputsThe IKS-6726/6728 series of switches supports both 110/220 VAC and 24/48 VDC power supplies.AC Power InletsThe connection for PWR1 (power supply 1) and PWR2 (power supply 2) are located on the rear side (shown below). Be sure to use a standard power cord with an IEC C13 connector, which is compatible with the AC power inlet.DC Power Terminal BlocksThe connection for PWR1 (power supply 1) and PWR2 (power supply 2) are located on the rear side (shown below).STEP 1: Insert the negative/positive DC wires into the V-/V+ terminals, respectively.STEP 2: To keep the DC wires from pulling loose, use a small flat-blade screwdriver to tighten the wire-clamp screws on the front of the terminal block connector.STEP 3: Insert the plastic terminal block connector prongs into the terminal block receptor.Wiring the Relay ContactEach IKS-6726/6728 switch has one relay output.FAULT:The relay contact of the 2-pin terminal block connector is used to detect user-configured events. The two wires attached to the fault contacts form an open circuit when a user-configured event is triggered. If auser-configured event does not occur, the fault circuit remains closed. RS-232 ConnectionThe Moxa IKS-6726/6728 has one RS-232 (10-pin RJ45) console port, located on the front panel. Use either an RJ45-to-DB9 or RJ45-to-DB25 cable to connect Moxa IKS-6726/6728 console port to your PC’s COM port. You may then use a console terminal program, such as Moxa PComm Terminal Emulator, to access Moxa IKS-6726/6728’s console configuration utility.RJ45 (10-pin) Console Port PinoutsThe Reset ButtonDepress the Reset button for five continuous seconds to load the factory default settings. Use a pointed object, such as a straightened paper clip or toothpick, to depress the Reset button. When you do so, the STATE LED will start to blink about once per second. Continue to depress the STATE LED until it begins blinking more rapidly; this indicates that the button has been depressed for five seconds and you can release the Reset button to load factory default settings.NOTE DO NOT power off the switch when loading default settingsLED IndicatorsThe front panel of the IKS switch contains several LED indicators. TheSpecificationsRack Mounting Instructions1.Elevated Operating Ambient: If installed in a closed or multi-unitrack assembly, the operating ambient temperature of the rackenvironment may be greater than room ambient. Therefore,consideration should be given to installing the equipment in anenvironment compatible with the maximum ambient temperature (Tma) specified by the manufacturer.2.Reduced Air Flow: Installation of the equipment in a rack shouldbe such that the amount of air flow required for safe operation of the equipment is not compromised.3.Mechanical Loading: Mounting of the equipment in the rackshould be such that a hazardous condition is not achieved due touneven mechanical loading.4.Circuit Overloading: Consideration should be given to theconnection of the equipment to the supply circuit and the effect that overloading of the circuits might have on overcurrent protection and supply wiring. Appropriate consideration of equipment nameplate ratings should be used when addressing this concern.5.Reliable Grounding: Reliable grounding of rack-mountedequipment should be maintained. Particular attention should begiven to supply connections other than direct connections to thebranch circuit (e.g. use of power strips)."Restricted Access Locations•This equipment is intended to be used in RestrictedAccess Locations, such as a computer room, withaccess limited to SERVICE PERSONAL or USERSwho have been instructed on how to handle themetal chassis of equipment that is so hot thatspecial protection may be needed before touching it. The location should only be accessible with a key or through a security identity system.•External metal parts of this equipment are extremely hot!! Before touching the equipment, you must take special precautions to protect your hands and body from serious injury.Technical Support Contact Information/supportMoxa Americas:Toll-free: 1-888-669-2872 Tel: 1-714-528-6777 Fax: 1-714-528-6778 Moxa China (Shanghai office): Toll-free: 800-820-5036 Tel: +86-21-5258-9955 Fax: +86-21-5258-5505Moxa Europe:Tel: +49-89-3 70 03 99-0 Fax: +49-89-3 70 03 99-99 Moxa Asia-Pacific:Tel: +886-2-8919-1230 Fax:+886-2-8919-1231。
WindowsXP注册号
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作文跑题的6大陷阱,80%的考生都被带跑了!作文,是语文科目中重要的组成部分,也是学生最需要灵活掌握、发挥的一部分内容。
在初中阶段,同学们在写作中很容易犯的错误之一就是作文跑题,这也会成为通篇文章的最大硬伤,那么如何避免跑题?作文跑题的类型写作文前不审题,对作文要求理解不够深刻有的学生只看一眼作文题目,不看具体要求就开始写作文,结果因不符合要求而跑题。
比如:半命题作文题目为:我的XXX,要求以写人为主,但很多学生没有看清要求,写的是有关动物的作文,那么文章无论写多好都没用。
再比如:有篇作文要求写一个传统节日,传统节日即具有民族特色的节日,也就是中华民族的传统节日,可有的同学却写六一儿童节、三八妇女节、植树节。
不是这些同学没有审题,而是因为他们审题不够细致从而导致作文跑题。
建议:审清文体。
就是要明白写作文是写人,还是记事;是写景,还是状物;是日记,还是书信;是实用文,还是想像文……写人,是写一个人,还是写两个人或是写一群人;叙事,是叙述一件事,还是叙两件或叙几件事,审题时都要弄清楚。
文体如果弄不清楚,作文就会跑题,也就必然导致全文失败。
题目与文章主题不符,没审清重点例如,有一篇命题作文,它的题目是“我和好朋友”,在作文中我们应该强调的就是我们之间的故事,强调的是我们之间曾经发生什么,我们的关系如何等等。
但如果文章着重强调我的好朋友他是什么样的人,他有什么故事等等,这样就不符合文章标题了,导致整篇文章立意不明。
建议:为了避免这个问题,我们在拿到作文题目的时候要先审清题意(包括审清文章标题和审清作文的提示语),先弄清题目让我们写什么,再进行下一步。
关于审清重点,也就是“题眼”,是命题中关系到主题的关键词语,它是题目的核心,把握住了“题眼”,也就把握住了作文的重点。
同是叙述一件事,《一件难忘的事》和《一件童年趣事》这两个文题的写作重点是不同的:《一件难忘的事》的写作重点是突出这件事的“难忘”所在,或高兴、或悲伤、或悔恨、或激动,要把难忘之处描绘出来,能激起读者同悲同喜的情感,就抓住了主题;而《一件童年趣事》的写作重点,则是所叙的趣事必须发生在童年,要把趣之所在描绘出来,这样写出来的文章才更符合主题。
因此说,找准了文题所要写的重点,也就把握住了文章所要表达的中心,选材也就有了范围,组织材料也就有了目标。
文中的议论、抒情句与所叙述的事件不符这是很多同学在写作中会犯的错误。
在文章的开头和结尾,同学们会有意识地加入抒情和议论,但是这些抒情和议论与所叙述的事件传递出的中心思想并不相符。
使文章显得首尾不搭,主题跑偏。
造成这种问题的原因主要是同学们为了叙事而叙事。
可能是由于同学们手头素材较少,想不出符合文章主题的事件,也有可能是同学们刻意抒情、议论而没有考虑文章的主题统一。
建议:为了解决这种问题,同学们就需要在开始动笔写作文之前列提纲。
先明确作文的主题是什么,然后根据主题选择合适的素材和事件。
只有这两点确定了,再进行议论和抒情,才能让整篇文章的主题统一明确。
叙事篇幅过大,没有点明主题的句子这也是很多写作程度比较好的同学常犯的错误,非常遗憾。
同学们可能用了很长的篇幅去叙事,进行细节描写、人物描写等等,让叙事非常生动细致,但遗憾的是,叙事部分没有突出表现文章的主题,导致整篇文章主题不明确、不突出。
建议大家在叙事过程中有意识地扣题、点题。
一方面提醒自己不要跑题,另一方面在叙事过程中不断扣题,能够突出文章的主题,使文章主题鲜明。
如何在叙事中扣题呢?我们可以采用夹叙夹议的办法,在叙事中夹杂议论和抒情,这样就能很好地体现文章中心。
详略不得当,不能体现作文主题同学们在写作中有时候会写跑题了,却不自知,这是为什么呢?因为同学们叙事详略不当。
比如在让同学们写读后感的时候,600字的作文,很多同学用了300字去介绍这本书的作者、这本书的内容、这本书是怎么来的等等。
这就几乎注定了同学们的作文一定会跑题,因为首先在篇幅上设置的就不合理。
建议:这里也是建议大家先写作文提纲,确定好文章的每个部分大约要占多少字,先对篇幅有个整体的把控,至少整篇文章看起来是能很好地体现主题的。
积累的素材少,写作文时头脑不够灵活在写作文时写着写着就没内容可写了,就乱凑字数,这很明显是作文素材积累不够。
也有的学生不会写作文,提起笔来就觉得没什么可写的,往往是老师教过的作文他就背下来,老师没教的作文就不会写。
这样的同学除了多读书多积累词汇,平时多观察以外,还要灵活运用以往写过的作文。
写作建议1.在审题过程中,要特别注意有一类题目范围比较广,可写的内容比较多,各有侧重点,同学们既要认真推敲题意,又要打开思路,展开联想,把文章写活。
比如《校园的早晨》,可以描写早晨校园里师生锻炼身体的火热场面,也可以写同学们刻苦学习的动人情景,还可以摄取若干小镜头、小片断,表现同学们新的道德风尚,或者是热情歌颂园丁为培育新苗不辞辛苦……总之,审题的时候,既要准确地理解题意,紧扣题目来写,又不要把思路限制得很死,避免千篇一律。
2.在审清题目之后,写作文之前最好列一个提纲,不必太详细只要有大体思路即可。
有了思路之后,再将自己所能想到的跟主题有关的例子、名言之类的东西列一下,最后开始写就一般就没问题了。
所以,在写文章之前一定要审好题,认真分析写作要求,按要求去写作文,灵活运用平时积累的字、词、句、段、篇,不要生搬硬套。
这样在写作中就能“随心所欲不逾矩,下笔千言不走题。
”为了提高审题能力,同学们平时可以进行这样一些训练:在课内外阅读中留心各种文章是怎样定题目的,细心领会题目与文章中心和内容的联系;在写各种文体的作文时,注意练习怎样给文章起个醒目而又恰当的题目。
经过不断努力,就能逐步掌握审题方法,增强审题能力。
3.家长在生活中要注意多启发孩子,从小事做起,问问他对一些事物的感想,这样对孩子的思维、答题、写作都有好处。
读童话故事、历史故事和名著时,也都要问问他读懂了什么道理。
比如今年重新火起来的《西游记》,孩子们看得很多,家长别忘了问问他看完的感受,最欣赏谁,每个人的优缺点,为什么最后能取到真经什么的,这些都是抓中心的训练。
慢慢的,他思想有深度了,作文自然有深度了,中心问题就会迎刃而解。
往年中考跑题作文题1.又一次题目中的“又”字,是“又一次”的意思。
但考生却忽略了,“不屑一顾”,把原本得写“两次”的事情省略去一次,如不少考生写了“一次哭泣”、“一次感动”、“一次挫折”等,有的写得情真意切、文采飞扬,遗憾的是这并没有获得评卷老师的青睐,再出采的文笔,也只能令考生“悔之晚矣”。
2.门其实开着考生容易被题目表面的“烟雾”迷惑,不少考生望文生义,想当然,以为题目的要求是写现实生活中的“门”,殊不知,命题者的意图并非如此,因而未能挖掘出“门”的真正内涵来,如“心门”、“情感之门”、“爱心之门”、“理想之门”等等。
考生写出来的文章就像一杯白开水般清澈无味,如一考生写自己放学回家,忘了带钥匙,本以为门被父母锁上,没想到到家一看,门其实是开着,这样的文章太过空洞乏味吧!3.改变了我的生活此题要求学生写真话、抒真情,那考生就“依葫芦画瓢”,照做了,可是他们的话也太真了,没有一点修饰。
有的考生以“电视改变了我的生活”为题,写自己是一个电视迷,电视使他的“眼界”开阔了,如那些眼花缭乱的武侠、言情连续剧,让他乐不思蜀,再也没心思做其他事情;有考生以“网络改变了我的生活”为题,写到网络游戏、QQ聊天、网恋是如何的精彩、如何的过瘾等,他“恍然大悟”,以前的生活太枯燥乏味了。
这都是“要求”惹的祸。
4.请以“走进和谐”为话题作文“和谐”这个词太抽象了,有的学生只知道政治老师讲的那个和谐社会、和谐祖国等等,而不懂得采用“以小见大”写法,选取日常生活中的一件小事来表现这个主题,因而,考生写出来的大话、空话、假话、套话一大堆。
如有考生以“和谐社会”为题,套用了不少政治名词,如“构建”、“小康社会”、“共产主义”等,这些空话让人笑掉大牙。
5.以“我的未来不是梦”为话题作文此题考生容易把“我的未来”与“不是梦”拆开写,造成文章给人一种游离、不协调的印象。
如有的考生先用大篇幅的内容去写我的未来——当一名科学家,而对于“不是梦”只是一笔带过——我会拼搏奋斗,为了我的梦想而努力,我相信在不久的将来,我会是一名著名的科学家。
6.开端考生往往认为“开端”没什么内容可写,三言两语就能写完,特别是写记叙文。
考生们为了要说明“开端”的重要性,就把“结果”也写出来,写着写着,过程也写出来,以为这样才有说服力。
可遗憾的是这样造成了“宾主颠倒”“主次混淆”。
7.请以“忽略的,有时才是最重要的”考生审题时,只看到“忽略的”,而未能重视“有时”,造成理解有失偏颇。
不少考生努力地搜集那些“忽略的”人和事,并付诸笔端,形成文字。
如有的考生写到自己是班里的“差生”,常被老师忽略,但他认为显示他“最重要的”办法就是违纪,这时,他就不再是“忽略的”;有的考生也“逆向思考”,认为“最重要的”,往往被“忽略”,写自己的奶奶在家常被“忽略”,因为她是“最重要的”。
8.请以“中考”为话题作文不少学生把它写成了“诉苦文”,说中考前自己瘦了多少斤、憔悴了多少、颓唐了多少,而自己是怎煎熬过来,或者写到老师那套残酷的“题海战术”让学生身心疲惫,家长的过度关心与期望让学生不堪重负等等,这与命题者的原意相悖。
9.我养成了一个好习惯此题重点在写养成好习惯的过程,可学生却逆道而走,把重点放在了写“自己如何改掉坏习惯”这方面,如有考生要写自己养成了一个“早睡早起”的好习惯,但纵观全文,却丝毫看不出他在养成好习惯的痕迹,看到的是他的牢骚,“睡懒觉”的害处、屡教不改等无关痛痒的文字。
10.生日这个题目与考生的生活经历密切相关,但学生的“生日”,无非就是互送礼物、开party等,因而不少考生也就容易往这方面写,可写出来的文章与命题者的本意却相悖。
如有的考生写到自己的生日宴会是如何的盛大、菜肴是如何的丰盛等,而有的考生也写到生日时,谁的礼物最好,有考生写道,有好友送她一撮泥土,她认为这是最珍贵的礼物,这就有虚构造作的成份了。
11.一起走过考生在写作中,把“一起”漏掉了,变成了自己或其他人的“独角戏”。
如有考生写自己和师生在一起度过了难忘的初中生活,但写着写着,自己却被别人“淹没”了;有的考生在回忆自己与父母一起走过的日子时,为了突出父母的爱,文章也用大篇幢的内容去刻划父母。
12.我心中的歌“歌”是什么?考生往往会误解为“歌曲”,因而不少考生写到自己心中的歌是某首流行歌曲,让人看了眼花缭乱、哭笑不得,接着就写自己为什么喜欢这首歌,缘起何因、启发,写得天花乱坠,可真正能切题的内容却一点也不提。