浅析美国空军作战实验室
美国军用环境试验概况
美国军用环境试验概况图1 美军重点鉴定与试验设施分布（图中序号说明见表1）1、美国陆军环境试验场体系美国陆军环境试验网隶属美陆军试验与鉴定司令部（TECOM）管辖，在该机构下设有六个试目前，太阳辐射试验标准主要分为两种体系，一是以MIL-STD-810为代表的美国体系标准，二是以IEC 68-2出版物为代表的欧洲体系标准。
前者只适用于设备，后者既可用于设备，也可用于元器件和材料。
由于这些因素在地球表面有很大差异，因此材料或产品的环境老化是不遵循于一固定的科学理论的，其性能也将随气候条件及材料化学性质的改变而改变。
事实上，环境试验是采用静态与加速两种方法来完成，因为影响材料或产品环境适应性的气候因素非常多变，通常就同时采用几种不同的试验方法来试验材料或产品的综合化学特性。
美国最主要的环境试验标准、方法见图2：图 2 美国环境试验标准体系美国的环境试验场各类环境试验涉及的标准达850个，一方面通过有效的环境试验，评价材料的环境适应性，另外通过环境试验积累大量基础数据以用于制定和修订标准。
同时，由于军民品在使用环境严酷度和性能要求方面的差异，美军另外制定了科学、系统的军用环境试验标准。
在环境条件方面，美军分门别类地研究了全球气候（热带、寒带、沙漠等）的特点、规律以及极值情况，成果反映在MIL-STD-210中。
在试验方法及设备方面，美军制定了统一的环境试验标准MIL-STD-810F、《美国陆军装备试验操作规程》（MTP/TOP）和《国根据轻重缓急进行安排。
全军实行统一收费标准。
在科学技术计划中，技术基础一词指基础研究、应用研究以及对科学家和工程师的培养和教育，这是今后军事发展和应用的基础。
国防部必须寻找到可降低系统的使用、维护和逐步改进费用的技术和应用办法。
在系统采办的每个阶段和在系统的全寿命期间采用这些技术，必须寻找象嵌入式的腐蚀传感器和断裂传感器等新概念、非破坏性试验技术以及提高人工智能诊断工具的速度和效率的新办法，并把它们纳入作战系统。
作战实验：现代化战争的试金石
2016.08作战实验：现代化战争的试金石战晓苏作战实验是研究作战问题的科学实验活动，即运用科学实验的原理、方法和技术，在虚拟作战环境中，运用系统仿真和运筹分析等先进技术方法实证性地研究战争和作战的特点规律，探索性验证作战构想方案计划，为指挥决策和作战实践提供科学依据。
作战实验问题具有前瞻性，主要是关乎军兵种以及军队未来发展、建设和作战等方面的新概念、新作战思想、全新战法训法等。
在全球新军事变革不断深化的情况下，作战实验近年来发展迅速，已经成为世界军事强国争夺军事发展主动权的新领域。
作战实验是大型演练活动的组成部分2015年10月19日～11月6日，美国海军陆战队和北约其他国家军队在西西里岛的特拉帕尼空军基地举行了代号为“2015三叉戟接点”的联合演习。
其间，在欧洲沿海16个地点进行了多场模拟两栖作战演习和陆海空联合作战的演练。
参加演习的有来自北约28个国家和7个合作国，大约30个国家的约3.6万名陆海空的官兵，以及超过200架飞机和60多艘军舰、潜艇，这是北约13年来最大的一场演习。
作为支撑演习的预实践活动，美军组织了一系列作战实验活动。
实验始于2015年７月20日的“快速三叉戟”18国军演，美军以海军陆战队作战实验室为主，专门组织开展了系列先进作战实验，实验一直持续到“2015三叉戟接点”演习结束。
因为美国全球利益的演化，先进作战实验是海军陆战队针对未来安全环境的再平衡和自身调整效果的一个验证手段，旨在加强对作战效果、合成效能和装备需求的整体评估，以此支持战略决策和指挥控制，以确保其作战能力的有效性和可达性。
实验中探索解决未来海空地联合作战重难点问题的途径，以加快海空地联合特遣部队的关键作战能力的高效提升。
经过4个月的先进作战实验，论证课题聚集在联合反舰、联合反潜、防空反导、联合空中打击、攻势布雷、两栖作战等方面，同时还集成了美军近几年在相关领域所做的作战实验成果。
实验主要运用模拟推演、仿真分析、概念演示和技术评价等实验方法手段，重点验证并支持了两栖作战新条令条例研发、战法探索和作战能力融合，突出评估相应的结果效应或力量效能，发现能力短板，找准发展方向。
美国反无人机作战研究
美国反⽆⼈机作战研究美国空军的反⽆⼈机作战研究原标题 [美国空军的反⽆⼈机作战研究]图1.美国海关与边境保护局的⼀架赫尔墨斯-450⽆⼈机。
[保存到相册]美国空军在⽆⼈机领域并不占据垄断地位。
2008年4⽉20⽇，格鲁吉亚的⼀架⽆⼈机在边境巡逻时遭遇了⼀架俄罗斯空军的⽶格-29战⽃机。
这架战⽃机⽤空对空导弹将这架以⾊列制造的赫尔墨斯-450⽆⼈机从天空中击落。
在第⽐利斯战争中，俄罗斯帮助两个地区从格鲁吉亚共和国中独⽴出来。
这次击落事件也使得格鲁吉亚空军在与叛乱分⼦的作战中⽆法使⽤重要的空中⼒量。
⽶格-29并不是第⼀种击落⽆⼈机的战⽃机。
在2003年伊拉克战争前⼣，⼀架伊拉克飞机击落了美国空军的⼀架“捕⾷者”⽆⼈机。
2006年，以⾊列的⼀架F-16在海法湾击落了真主党游击队的⼀架⽆⼈机。
图2.2008年俄罗斯⼀架⽶格-29击落格鲁吉亚赫尔墨斯-450⽆⼈机的视频画⾯。
[保存到相册]2008年的这次事件之所以重要，是因为“反⽆⼈机”任务成为夺取空中优势的正常任务。
实际上，消灭敌⼈的⽆⼈机成为⼀项重要任务。
在未来⼏年，与⽆⼈机的作战对空中、海上和地⾯部队提出了挑战。
现在，美国空军开始制定反⽆⼈机战略。
“我们都认识到⽆⼈机对外国和⾮国家⾏为体的重要性，”负责情报、监视和侦察的副参谋长拉⾥?D?詹姆斯中将说，“这是我们使⽤我们的能⼒来阻⽌敌⼈使⽤⽆⼈机的能⼒的领域。
”对抗⽆⼈机的作战⾏动可以追溯到第⼆次世界⼤战期间。
1944年6⽉，纳粹德国开始向伦敦发射可怕的V-1型喷射推进式炸弹，迫使英国皇家空军开始研究利⽤“暴风”、“蚊”、“喷⽕”和“野马”战⽃机击落这些炸弹的战术。
安装了特殊引信的⾼射炮也发挥了很⼤作⽤。
英国皇家空军共击落了1771枚V-1导弹。
⼆战结束后，苏联和中国都试图研制⾃⼰的进攻型⽆⼈机，但是他们只停留在好奇和探索阶段。
制导和性能上的限制使得早期⽆⼈机不如有⼈驾驶飞机。
伊拉克和其他⼀些国家也有过类似的尝试。
空间作战实验室建设的思考
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美国空军实验室 The US Air Force Research Laboratory AFD-070822-085
The U.S. Air Force Research Laboratoryand Programs for International CooperationDr. M.S. MAURICEDirector, International OfficeAir Force Office of Scientific ResearchAir Force Research Laboratory4040 Fairfax Dr., Ste. 500Arlington, VA 22203Ph: +1-703-588-1772 Fax: +1-703-588-1785 Email: mark.maurice@AbstractThe U.S. Air Force established the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) in October 1997 to consolidate its science and technology (S&T) needs within a single entity. The AFRL, headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, consists of the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) and nine Technology Directorates (TDs) throughout various locations in the U.S. The Laboratory employs approximately 5,700 civilian and military personnel, and invests nearly $2.5 billion annually within the TDs, academia, and industry, pursuing basic research, applied research, and advanced technology development. Despite the size of this investment, AFRL recognizes that world class S&T exists worldwide. Consequently, the Laboratory strives to infuse international S&T into its programs, and to leverage its resources with the investments of friends and allies. Two overseas detachments (located in Europe and Asia) and two domestic offices within AFRL spearhead this effort, and use several programs and strategies to identify and develop international opportunities. The aim of this paper is to describe these programs in detail, and to invite both government and non-government organizations to propose project areas that are of mutual interest and could lead to mutual benefit.IntroductionIn January 1939, Major General Henry H. Arnold, Chief of the Army Air Corps stated: 1“All of us in the Army Air Corps realize that America owes its present prestige and standing in the air world in large measure to the money, time, and effort expended in aeronautical experimentation and research. We know that our future supremacy in the air depends upon the brains and efforts of our engineers.”Only a few years earlier, the American aircraft industry was still in its infancy, and the Army Air Corps was struggling just to acquire planes. MGen Arnold, however, visualized a much larger role for air power with a strong foundation in S&T that included not only the military, but also the best that universities, industry, and civil aviation had to offer. In 1937 he addressed the Western Aviation Planning Conference and stated:“Remember that the seed comes first; if you are to reap a harvest of aeronautical development, you must plant the seed called experimental research. Install aeronautical branches in your universities; encourage your young men to take up aeronautical engineering. It is a new field, but it is likely to prove a very productive one indeed. Spend all the funds you can possibly make available on experimentation and research. Next, do not visualize aviation as merely a collection of airplanes. It is broad and far reaching. It combines manufacture, schools, transportation, airdrome, building and management, airmunitions and armaments, metallurgy, mills and mines, finance and banking, and finally, public security-national defense.”Not only did MGen Arnold’s prophecies prove true more than 60 years ago, but they remain relevant to the technological advantage of the U.S. Air Force today. Nearly 80% of Air Force funded S&T is done by universities and industry, and the Air Force funds not only S&T for short term and medium term evolutionary applications, but also engages in S&T for the revolutionary breakthroughs of the future.The Air Force Research LaboratoryPrior to 1990, there were more than 20 Air Force laboratories and offices engaged in S&T. At Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, for example, there was the Flight Dynamics Laboratory, Propulsion & Power Laboratory, Avionics Laboratory, and Materials & Manufacturing Laboratory. Each of these laboratories had their own Commander and Staff, and dealt independently with the user, even though weapons systems were increasingly reliant on multidisciplinary design and optimization. Consequently, the Air Force streamlined its laboratories into four “Super Labs”. Wright Laboratory, headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, became the center for fixed wing aircraft technologies. Phillips Laboratory, Headquartered at Kirtland AFB, New Mexico, became the center for space related S&T. Brooks Laboratory, at Brooks AFB, Texas, became the center for human effectiveness S&T, and Rome Laboratory, at Rome AFB, New York, became the S&T center for information technologies.Although this new structure was well suited to meet the multidisciplinary needs of S&T programs at the time, the sudden end of the Cold War led to a re-evaluation of priorities, potential adversaries, and cooperative relationships. The U.S. scrutinized the costs of next generation weapon systems in areas where the Air Force already had leading edge technologies, and the country looked for a “peace dividend” savings in defense spending. Consequently, the Air Force needed to re-evaluate its role, and think beyond traditional evolutionary programs.To accomplish this, the Air Force re-organized into one single laboratory with the goal of transforming the Air Force into an Air and Space Force, and then to a Space and Air Force. The Air Force Research Laboratory25,700 people, and is re-sponsible for planning andexecuting nearly $1.3 billionannually in Air Force S&Tfunds, as well as an additional$1.1 billion received by othercustomers of Air Forcetechnologies. This budgetincludes basic research, de-fined as “6.1”, applied re-search (6.2), and advancedtechnology development (6.3). As shown in Fig. 1, 6.1 through 6.3 define the range of S&T. Once a technology has matured beyond advanced technology development, System Program Offices manage further engineering and manufacturing development (E&MD). The distribution of Air Force S&T investment is approximately 13% for 6.1, 42% for 6.2, and 45% for 6.3.The Air Force Research Laboratory comprises nine technology directorates (TDs), and a tenth directorate, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR). As shown in Fig. 2, AFRL receives programmatic direction from the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition), while theAir Force Materiel Command (AFMC) houses its infrastructure. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio servesas the Headquarters of AFRL, along with five of its ten directorates. As shown in Fig. 3, the laboratory is located in several different locations.Fig. 2 Air Force Research Laboratory StructureAFOSR was elevated to the status of a separate center in 1955 to plan, formulate, initiate and manage all Air Force basic research. AFOSR, the single manager of Air Force basic research, invests approximately 70% of its Air Force funds in about 300 academic institutions; the nine technologydirectorates (20%) and industry (10%) conduct the remainder of AFOSR’s programs. AFOSR’s headquarters are in Arlington, Virginia. It is also home to the AFRL International Office, as well as two overseas detachments in Europe and Asia that invest in international research opportunities.Air Vehicles Directorate4 (AFRL/VA) – Headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, AFRL/VA focuses on the core technologies of aeronautical sciences, control sciences, structures, and integration, for applications of hypersonic and long range strike next generation aerospace vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles, and aircraft sustainment.Directed Energy Directorate5 (AFRL/DE) – Headquartered at Kirtland AFB, New Mexico, AFRL/DE focuses on high power microwave technology, laser devices and applications, and laser beam control and optics such as compensation/beam control techniques.Human Effectiveness Directorate6 (AFRL/HE) – Headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, AFRL/HE develops technologies to enhance, train, protect, and sustain the warrior. Their core technology areas include warfighter skill development and training, training simulation, information display and decision support, crew system design technologies, directed energy bioeffects, toxic hazards effects, crew protection, and logistician effectiveness.Information Directorate7 (AFRL/IF) – Headquartered at Rome, New York, AFRL/IF develops technologies for aerospace command and control, and their transition to air, space, and ground systems. Its focus areas include information fusion and exploitation, communications and networking, collaborative environments, modeling and simulation, defensive information warfare, and intelligent information systems technologies.Materials and Manufacturing Directorate8 (AFRL/ML) – Headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, AFRL/ML has a wide array of programs for structural and propulsion materials for air and space applications, materials for sustainment and deployment of the aerospace force, laser-hardened materials for sensing and protection of laser threats, and materials for surveillance sensors and power generation applications.Munitions Directorate9 (AFRL/MN) – Headquartered at Eglin AFB, Florida, AFRL/MN develops S&T for air-launched munitions for defeating ground fixed, and mobile/relocatable, air and space targets. These include ordnance, carriage and release, guidance and control, and assessment and simulation.Propulsion Directorate10 (AFRL/PR) – Headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, AFRL/PR develops air and space vehicle propulsion and power technologies. Their focus areas include turbine and rocket engines, advanced propulsion systems, fuels and propellants for all propulsion systems, and most forms of power technology.Sensors Directorate11 (AFRL/SN) – Head-quartered at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio,AFRL/SN develops sensors for air and spacereconnaissance, surveillance, precisionengagement, and electronic warfare systems.Its core technology areas include radar,active and passive electro-optical targetingsystems, navigation aids, automatic targetrecognition, sensor fusion, threat warning,and threat countermeasures.Space Vehicles Directorate12 (ARFL/VS)– Headquartered at Kirtland AFB, NewMexico, AFRL/VS develops technologies Fig. 4 Air Force S&T President’s Budgetfor space-based surveillance, including space power, structures, and electronics, hyperspectral imaging and multi-color sensing, and autonomous systems. In addition, they develop technologies for space capability protection, including passive and active threat mitigation, threat environment modeling, and environmental hazard sensors.At this time, the President’s Budget for Air Force S&T for fiscal year 2003 is $1.659 billion.Figure 4 shows the distribution of this investment between the AFRL directorates.International Cooperation 13Why AFRL Pursues International S&TJust as MGen Arnold understood that a technologically superior Air Corps would require the best and brightest from all sectors in society, AFRL today recognizes that this must include the international community. International universities, research institutes, governments, and industries provide intellectual stimulus with new ideas and innovative approaches. In the former Soviet Union,for example, computational fluid dynamicists did not have access to the supercomputers used routinely in the U.S. But, through a deeper understanding of the physics they were often able to simplify equation sets to achieve the same results on much smaller machines. By working with the Russians after the Cold War to integrate this theoretical understanding with state-of-the-art computational resources, we can now produce calculations thought impossible just a decade ago.Despite a seemingly large S&T budget, it is significantly smaller in real dollars than it was during the Cold War era. Therefore, to maintain research infrastructure and technical momentum,AFRL must leverage resources with friends and allies. Conducting projects cooperatively not only leverages AFRL’s investment, but it also improves coalition interoperability, which is a much-needed capability in any modern operation. Consequently, the Department of Defense (DoD) leadership mandates cooperation. DoD Directive 5000.1 tasks all elements of DoD to explore cooperation with allied nations before undertaking new programs.As shown in Fig. 6, the U.S. does not have a total monopoly in S&T. In this example,between 1998 and 2000, researchers published approximately 3000 papers on nanotechnology subjects. The U.S. did publish the most by far with nearly 1800 papers, comparedto just over 400 papers for Japan, in second place.However, the papers from Japan, Germany, U.K., China,France, Russia, and Switzer-land (shown as the composite bar on the right), total nearly 1200. Consequently, there is ample opportunity for AFRL to cooperate on nanotechnol-ogy S&T, and in fact the U.S.must to cooperate to maintain a leading edge.When AFRL Pursues International S&TFor AFRL to enter into a cooperative agreement, or to fund research overseas, it must be in the best interest of the Air Force to do so. In general, any international project must fall into one of four categories:Total Fig. 5 Published Papers on Nanotechnology, 1998-20001.When the potential return on investment is high. AFRL does not spend research dollarsoverseas for political purposes. If U.S. investigators can accomplish the effort, the research overseas must be much less expensive, to justify acquiring more for the money. This type of research may come from countries such as Russia, where the dollar is significantly stronger than the ruble. And it also comes from countries such as Japan, where a university may fully pay a researcher’s salary, so that U.S. research funding need only cover supplies and materials.2.When the researcher has unique capabilities. World-class researchers and ideas existworldwide. AFRL widely publicizes its research interests, and pursues unique talent that comes from abroad.3.When the Establishment has unique research facilities. Experimental facilities are thebackbone of S&T, and no country, not even the U.S., can afford a monopoly. When another country has unique facilities, or more timely access to a facility than is available domestically, it is ample justification for pursing the research overseas.4.When it is a cooperative quid-pro-quo exchange toward common goals. AFRL strives todevelop projects with friends and allies to leverage each other’s S&T budgets.How AFRL Pursues International S&TAFRL’s organization and structure, scientist-to-scientist interaction, and several specific international programs discover and mine international S&T opportunities.Organization and StructureOrganizationally, as shown in Fig. 6, the Department of Defense and the Air Force provide policy guidance, program funding, and direction. Quite often, at their broader level, they can see the greater benefits of S&T cooperation. For example, S&T cooperation might help influence foreign military sales (FMS) to the advantage of the U.S. At the laboratory level, however, there must still be a technical benefit. The DoD, Air Force, Department of State, and others may influence how hard we look for cooperative opportunities in certain places, but technical quid-pro-quo is still paramount.formed, it created a ResearchCouncil to ensure that the TDswould truly work cooperativelyin a multidisciplinary fashion.The Research Council, led bythe Chief Technologist, isprimarily comprised of theChief Scientists of eachdirectorate. It serves as anadvisory council to the AFRLCorporate Board, whichincludes the TD Directors andis led by the AFRLCommander. In addition to itsother functions, the Research Council has the responsibility of advising the Corporate Board on all international activity, and strategizing this activity toward the best possible return on investment for AFRL. To assist with this international enterprise, there are four dedicated offices for international activity. AFRL/IA (International Affairs) provides staffing functions through the chain-of-command,provides direct support to the Command Section’s international activity, and hosts internationaldistinguished visitors to the Headquarters. Within AFOSR, there are three offices that serve as liaisons between AFRL researchers and their overseas counterparts through the direction of the Research Council. The European Office of Aerospace Research & Development 14 (EOARD), located in London, UK, primarily serves as a liaison for non-government research in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and the countries of the Former Soviet Union. Similarly, the Asian Office of Aerospace Research & Development 15 (AOARD) liaises with countries in and around the Pacific Rim, India, and Australia. AFOSR/IO 16 (The Air Force Research Laboratory International Office) primarily liaises with non-government researchers in the Americas, and with government researchers worldwide.Scientist-to-Scientist InteractionManagement can guide and encourage international interaction, but scientist-to-scientist interaction leads to some of the best opportunities. As shown in Fig. 7, this can occur through a hierarchy of interaction within the public domain, through a variety of country-to-country exploratory fora, and through active government-to-government cooperative agreements.AFRL scientists andengineers (S&Es) are encouragedto publish their public domainresearch through technical reports,conference papers and journals,and to attend conferences andmake exploratory visits to otherresearch labs. In this sense, allAFRL S&Es serve as talentscouts, both domestically andinternationally.Country-to-country foraare regularly scheduled venues where AFRL leadership and S&Es meet with counterparts from government labs in other countries to seek out new cooperative opportunities. These include the NATO Research and Technology Organization (RTO),17 which has seven Panels overseeing 133current activities among NATO and Partnership for Peace countries; the Technology Cooperation Program (TTCP),18 which has ten groups overseeing 83 current activities between the U.S., U.K.,Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, and Bi-Lateral Air Senior National Representatives and Technical Working Groups that are Co-Chaired by AFRL Command. AFRL currently holds these bi-lateral meetings with Australia, Canada, France, Israel, Sweden, and the U.K.The Air Force uses Government-to-Government agreements if quid-pro-quo exists, and exchanging data or working cooperatively benefits all participating countries. AFRL currently has more than 150 agreements in place, leveraging approximately $30 million per year in Air Force S&T investment. There are several types of agreements, including the following:Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) or Memorandum of Agreement (MOA): MOU/MOAs are formal bi-lateral or multi-lateral arrangements aimed at joint accomplishment of system or topic-specific technology area projects.Technology Research and Development Program (TRDP): These are normally bi-lateral, non-system specific “umbrella” agreements that provide an overarching framework for cooperation. With this agreement in place, it is easier and quicker to develop “sub-agreements” for specific projects or exchanges.Loan Agreement (LA): LAs allow for the loan, or acceptance of a loan of materials, supplies, and equipment in exchange for the data and results produced. LAs are specific to NATO members and some major non-NATO allies.Information/Data Exchange Agreement/Program (IEA, DEA, IEP): These agreements allow for the exchange of technical information/data on specifically designated S&T topics and areas. These agreements are often the foundation for a relationship that leads to joint projects and programs that leverage funds.Project Arrangement (PA): PAs are specific cooperative projects under the “umbrella” of a TRDP MOU/MOA. All PAs must identify clear quid-pro-quo, and they can leverage significant S&T resources.Long Term Technology Program (LTTP): The LTTP provides the framework for the Four-Power NATO Countries (France, Germany, U.K., and U.S.) to collaborate multi-laterally on technologies of mutual interest.International ProgramsFinally, to facilitate an environment where AFRL scientists and engineers can best discover and develop exceptional international research opportunities; AFOSR and the international liaison offices provide the TDs with a number of specific programs.Window Programs: Window programs provide a means for AFRL S&Es to interact internationally with non-government industry and academia. The Window-on-Science program14,15 pays the expenses for approximately 300 visitors each year to share their research with AFRL and explore other programs for possible continued interaction. Any AFRL S&E can very easily nominate and host a visiting scientist for a short term visit, and the large volume of participants in the program nearly insures that several international “success stories” will develop each year. For AFRL S&Es that have been invited to do research abroad with counterparts in non-government establishments, AFOSR manages the Window-on-Europe, Asia, and Canada, Central & South America Programs.3 For these programs, AFRL continues to pay the researcher’s salary, AFOSR pays travel and per diem expenses, and the host establishment provides the research facility.Conference Support Program:14,15 Each year, AFRL supports more than 120 conferences, workshops, and symposia abroad with financial grants of approximately three to five thousand dollars. The laboratory supports these meetings, often jointly with the U.S. Army and/or U.S. Navy, to promote interchange on topics of interest to the DoD, to facilitate attendance and access by U.S. researchers, and to aid the discovery of Window-on-Science candidates.Research Project Contracts and Grants:14,15 Contracts and grants offer the opportunity to directly purchase technologies and capabilities from non-government international sources. These sources usually submit proposals to AFRL through EOARD or AOARD, in response to a Broad Agency Announcement (BAA). BAAs for both basic research (6.1) and applied research (6.2) are publicly accessible on the internet,15 and they specifically detail the S&T that the laboratory wants to acquire outside of the TDs. In addition, AFOSR has an International Research Initiative (IRI) program. The IRI competitively provides a total $2.2M per year to AFOSR (6.1) Program Managers for international opportunities above-and-beyond what they may already be investing in overseas. EOARD and AOARD typically manage about 125 contracts and grants per year on behalf of all of AFRL.The National Research Council (NRC) Research Associateship Program.3,19 This program is open to both domestic and overseas researchers. Research mentors within AFRL provide the NRC with research position descriptions, and scientists ranging from young post-docs to senior professors send the NRC their proposals in response. The NRC has the proposals reviewed, and selects the higher rated applicants to work in the Laboratory for one to two years. During Fiscal Year 2000, for example, 11 of 30 AFRL participants were international.The Engineer and Scientist Exchange Program (ESEP):3 ESEP is a Secretary of the Air Force program administered by AFOSR that allows for AFRL civilian and military S&Es to do research in foreign government institutes, and for overseas government researchers to do research at U.S. Air Force sites. Current ESEP countries are: Australia, Canada, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Korea, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and UK. In addition, ESEP agreement negotiations are in progress with Brazil (to renew an expired agreement), Czech Republic, Italy, Japan, and Poland. AFRL sends up to eight S&Es abroad on a regular two-year cycle, and the lab generally hosts between 10 and 15 S&Es in one- to two-year assignments at any given time.ConclusionsAFRL is proactive in discovering and nurturing international opportunities to acquire world-class research. The design of the Laboratory’s structure and programs efficiently infuse the best the world has to offer into Air Force programs, and offer quid-pro-quo to the S&T programs of U.S. friends and allies. AFRL invites interested researchers to share their proposals through the appropriate government-to-government fora, or through AFOSR’s overseas detachments, as the U.S. Air and Space Force of today transforms to the Space and Air Force of tomorrow.References1Daso, D., “Origins of Airpower: Hap Arnold’s Command Years and Aviation Technology, 1936-1945.” /aedc/bios/daso2.htm.2Air Force Research Laboratory, /.3Air Force Office of Scientific Research, /.4Air Vehicles Directorate, /.5Directed Energy Directorate, /.6Human Effectiveness Directorate, /.7Information Directorate, /.8Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, /.9Munitions Directorate, /.10Propulsion Directorate, /.11Sensors Directorate, /.12Space Vehicles Directorate, /.13AFRL International Enterprise Briefing, /content/mission.asp.14European Office of Aerospace Research and Development, /.15Asian Office of Aerospace Research and Development, /aoard/.16Air Force Research Laboratory International Office, /.17NATO’s Research & Technology Organization, http://www.nato.int/structur/rto/rto.htm.18The Technical Cooperation Program, /ttcp/.19Research Associateship Programs, /pga/rap.nsf.。
美军电磁环境效应(E3)实验室建设浅析
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２ １年 ｌ １ ０ １ ２』
美军 电磁环境效应 （３ 实验室建设浅析 Ｅ）
李超 ， 汤仕平 ， 万海军 ， 张勇
Ｋｅ ｏ ｄ ：Ｅ ｅ ｅ ｔ ｍａ ｎ ｔ ｏ ａｉ ｉ ｔ ｌ ｂ ｒ ｔｒ ｏ ｓｒ ｃ ｉ ｎ ｙ ｗ ｒ ｓ ３； ｌ ｃｒ ｏ ｇ ｅｉ ｃ ｍｐ ｔｂｌ ｙ； ａ ｏ ａｏ ｙ ｃ ｎ ｔｕ ｔ ｃ ｉ ｏ
电磁 环境 效应 （３ 是 电磁环 境对 系统 、 Ｅ） 设备 、 装 电磁 兼 容性 研 究 和 试 验 评 估 。其 巾大 型 电磁 兼 容
实验室开阔利用可移动的电磁辐射设施功率放大器包括可移动的200w行波管放大器1348ghz磁控管发射机能产生满足外部电磁环境要求的高强度射频辐射场频率覆盖通信雷达频段并具备用于监测火工品感应电流的感应探头及光电转换器除能对飞机导弹等进行电磁环境模拟外还能进行电磁易损性分析确认武器系统在整个任务周期的安全性可靠性
ａ ａ ａ ｎｄ Ｎ ｖ ｌＳｕｒａ ｅ Ｗ ａ ｆ ｒ ｎｔｒ Ｄａ ｇｒ ｎ Ｄ ｉ ｉｉ ｓ ｆ ｃｕ ｅ ｆｃ ｒａ ｅ Ｃｅ ｅ ｈｌ ｅ ｖｓｏｎ ｗａ ｏ ｓ ｄ．Ｌａ ｏｒ ｔ ｙ ｔ ｓｉ ａ ｉｉｉｓ ｉ ｈｅ Ｕ Ｓ ｍ ｉｉａ ｙ Ｅ３ ｌ ｂ ａｏｒ ｂ ａｏｒ ｅ ｔｎｇ ｆ ｃｌｔｅ ｎ ｔ ｌｔｒ ａ ｏｒ ｔ ｙ ｗ ｅ ｅ ｓ ｍ ａ ｉｅ ｎ ｔ ｅ ｃ ａ ａ ｔ ｒｓｉ Ｓ ｍ ｉｉａ ｙ Ｅ３ ｌｂｏ ａｏ ｙ ｃ ｓｒ ｔｏｎ ｗｅ ｅ ａ ｌ ｅ ｒ ｕｍ ｒｚ ｄ ａ ｄ ｈ ｈ ｒ ｃ ｅ ｉｔｃｓｏｆＵ ｌｔ ｒ ａ ｒ ｔ ｒ ｏｎ ｔｕｃｉ ｒ ｎａｙｚ ｄ．Ｔｈｅ ｐｕ ｐｏ ｅ ｗａｓｔ ｇ ｔｍ ｏ ｅ ｒ ｓ ｏ ｅ ｒ ｕ ｄｅ ｓａ ｄｉｇ Ｓ ｍｉｉａｙ Ｅ３ ａ ｏｒ ｔｒ ｎｄｐｒ ｉ ｅ ｅ ｅ ｃ ｏ ａ ｏｒ ｔｒ ｏｎｓｒ ｔｏ ｎ Ｃｈｉａ． ｎ ｒ ｔ ｎ ｎ ｏｆＵ ｌｔｒ ｌ ｂ ａｏ ａ ｏｖｄｅｒ ｆ ｒ ｎ ｅ ｆ ｒＥ３ｌ ｂ ａｏ ｙ ｃ ｙ ｔｕｃｉ ｎ ｉ ｎ
美国军用环境试验概况
美国军用环境试验概况图1 美军重点鉴定与试验设施分布（图中序号说明见表1）1、美国陆军环境试验场体系美国陆军环境试验网隶属美陆军试验与鉴定司令部（TECOM）管辖，在该机构下设有六个试目前，太阳辐射试验标准主要分为两种体系，一是以MIL-STD-810为代表的美国体系标准，二是以IEC 68-2出版物为代表的欧洲体系标准。
前者只适用于设备，后者既可用于设备，也可用于元器件和材料。
由于这些因素在地球表面有很大差异，因此材料或产品的环境老化是不遵循于一固定的科学理论的，其性能也将随气候条件及材料化学性质的改变而改变。
事实上，环境试验是采用静态与加速两种方法来完成，因为影响材料或产品环境适应性的气候因素非常多变，通常就同时采用几种不同的试验方法来试验材料或产品的综合化学特性。
美国最主要的环境试验标准、方法见图2：图 2 美国环境试验标准体系美国的环境试验场各类环境试验涉及的标准达850个，一方面通过有效的环境试验，评价材料的环境适应性，另外通过环境试验积累大量基础数据以用于制定和修订标准。
同时，由于军民品在使用环境严酷度和性能要求方面的差异，美军另外制定了科学、系统的军用环境试验标准。
在环境条件方面，美军分门别类地研究了全球气候（热带、寒带、沙漠等）的特点、规律以及极值情况，成果反映在MIL-STD-210中。
在试验方法及设备方面，美军制定了统一的环境试验标准MIL-STD-810F、《美国陆军装备试验操作规程》（MTP/TOP）和《国根据轻重缓急进行安排。
全军实行统一收费标准。
在科学技术计划中，技术基础一词指基础研究、应用研究以及对科学家和工程师的培养和教育，这是今后军事发展和应用的基础。
国防部必须寻找到可降低系统的使用、维护和逐步改进费用的技术和应用办法。
在系统采办的每个阶段和在系统的全寿命期间采用这些技术，必须寻找象嵌入式的腐蚀传感器和断裂传感器等新概念、非破坏性试验技术以及提高人工智能诊断工具的速度和效率的新办法，并把它们纳入作战系统。
国防大学模拟台海战争结果：解放军损失惨重
国防大学模拟台海战争结果：解放军损失惨重1992年美国战争实验室问世美军从20世纪70年代开始就将计算机模拟技术用于作战训练。
1992年，美陆军率先建立了6个战争实验室，随后海军和空军也相继建立了各自的战争实验室。
截至2008年6月，美军已拥有50多个各类大、中型战争实验室。
2004年美国战争实验室模拟摧毁伊朗核设施2004年12月20日，美联社消息：美国战争实验室完成了摧毁伊朗核武计划的模拟战争演习，以确定这一计划的可行性。
战争计划设想对伊朗的战争将分三个阶段进行。
第一个阶段是对伊朗军事基地进行空中打击。
空中打击将只需要一天的时间，是整个军事行动中最容易的部分。
战争计划的第二阶段则是对可疑的伊朗非常规武器地点和支援设施进行空中打击。
五角大楼和情报界已确定了300个这样的可疑地点，其中包括125个生物、化学和核设施。
战争计划的第三个阶段是美军从四个方向对伊朗发动地面入侵行动，这一军事活动将需要两个星期的时间。
2005年中国战争实验室诞生，比美国晚了整整13年2005年10月1日，新华社消息：解放军第一个战争模拟实验室在国防大学通过鉴定。
这标志着解放军有了能够在战略、战役层次上进行战争分析、作战训练和武器装备研究综合模拟仿真的战争模拟实验室。
这个实验室可从战争和联合作战的层面研究信息化战争的规律与高层决策，训练高中级指挥人员和参谋人员，研究武器装备体系的运用与发展。
2007年美国太空战争实验室计划启动2007年06月11日，美联社消息：美军即将进行两项太空战实验室计划，一是“空军精确打击技术”模拟演示计划；二是代号为“利剑”的航空高技术演示计划。
这是美军打造未来战争模拟实验室的重要组成部分。
美国计划未来的任何一场战争，都需要在实验室进行预演。
这是美军打造未来战争模拟实验室的重要组成部分，它揭开了美军一直以来秘而不宣的作战实验室计划的面纱。
美军太空战实验计划现已经完成全面验证。
在“卫星跟踪设想”、“太空控制条令”、“对重返大气层宇宙飞行器的卫星跟踪设想”、“银河之路太空战斗机”、“太空鹰眼”、“GPS系统的太空运用”等方面的准备已经完成，具体演练计划都已经交给空军，即将开始实际操作。