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(全)高考英语长难句翻译详解

(全)高考英语长难句翻译详解

高考英语长难句翻译详解第一种:倒装句和感叹句倒装和感叹都是通过对词序的调整来强调或者感叹,那我们在翻译的过程中,只需要吧句子变为原来的陈述句模式就可以了。

1. 倒装句。

例:Never was his work about the history of Roman Empire valued by contemporary critics.生词:empire n. 帝国contemporary adj. 当代的;同时期的critic n. 批评家这是一个完全倒装句,我们还原语序就可以得到以下句子:His work about the history of Roman Empire was never valued by contemporary critics.再来分析:His work(主语)about the history(定1)of Roman Empire(定2)was never (小状语)valued(谓语)by contemporary critics(小状语).根据我们之前的翻译规则:定语倒序;小状前置,翻译为“他关于罗马帝国的历史的作品从未被当时的批评家所重视。

”2. 感叹句。

例:What a remarkable day in life it is!生词:remarkable adj. 精彩绝伦的先还原语序:It is a remarkable day in life.再把小状in life前置翻译:"这是生命中多么精彩的一天啊!"第二种:名词性从句包含宾语从句,主语从句,表语从句和同位语从句(在翻译是,表语从句可以当作表语从句来看待)我们先看一个简单的例子:I think that the man in the car is Tom.(划线部分为宾语从句)我们先翻译名词性从句部分“车里面的那个男人是Tom”然后,再放到原来的主干里面去翻译“我觉得城里面的那个男人是Tom”所以,我们得出了名词性从句的调整规则:先把名词性从句看做一个单独的句子翻译,然后带入原句即可。

长难句翻译详解

长难句翻译详解

长难句翻译详解Plastics is made from water which is a natural resource inexhaustible and available everywhere, coal which can be mined through automatic and mechanical processes at less cost and lime which can be obtained from the calcinations of limestone widelypresent in nature.【分析】原文是一个典型的英语复杂长句,由42个单词组成,全靠一个逗号和几个连词结合成一个多层次的、内容丰富的句子。

主句的主干是:Plastics is made from water, coal and lime; water, coal 和lime之后各有一个定语从句,其中的后两个定语从句还是被动语态。

所以,按照汉语的表达习惯,翻译时要化整为零,可以把主句和各个定语从句分开译成短句,其中的一些状语比如at less cost也可以单独处理成短句。

【译文】塑料是由水、煤和石灰制成的。

水是到处可以获得的、取之不尽的一种自然资源;煤可以通过自动化和机械化来开采,成本较低;石灰可由煅烧自然界广泛存在的石灰石而得到。

Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.【要点】此句为一个多层次的并列结构,”by”以前的部分为句子的主体部分,由“and”连接的两个并列的分句组成。

经典托福阅读长难句翻译

经典托福阅读长难句翻译

1. Accordingto conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy andserves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeperbreathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallowbreathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.【译文】根据传统的理论,当人们无聊或者困倦的时候,打哈欠会出现。

打哈欠通过深呼吸来逆转血液中氧含量的降低,从而的起到提高警觉的功能。

而血液中氧含量的降低是由浅呼吸导致的,而浅呼吸又伴随着缺觉或无聊。

2. The keyfactor in the success of these countries (along with high literacy, whichcontributed to it) was their ability to adapt to the international division oflabor determined by the earlyindustrializers and to stake out areas ofspecialization in international markets for which they were especially wellsuited.【译文】这些国家成功的关键因素(促成这个因素的是高识字率)是他们有能力适应由早期的工业化国家决定的劳动力国际分工并占领了他们特别适合的国际市场中的专业化领域。

3. In the second case, pollinators(insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has itspollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would beif they were carried by the wind only.【译文】在第二个案例中,传粉者(昆虫和鸟)从开花植物中获取食物,而植物也使得它们的花粉和种子相比于只通过风传播的更加高效。

长难句翻译

长难句翻译

31. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back.[参考译文]一些机构终于松了一口气,但是其他一些机构,包括教堂,倡导生命之权的团体和澳大利亚医学协会,尖锐地抨击这个法案,指责法案的通过过于匆忙。

但是大势已定,不可逆转。

32. In Australia- where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.[参考译文]在澳大利亚--人口老龄化,延长寿命的技术和变化看的社会态度,这些因素都在发挥作用一一其他的州也会考虑制定相似的关于安乐死的法律。

33. There are, of course, exceptions. Small--minded officials, rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.[参考译文]当然,例外是存在的。

考研英语长难句分析详解含翻译go

考研英语长难句分析详解含翻译go

考研英语长难句分析详解含翻译1、Nothing worth having comes easy.It will test if you really deserve what you want.You have to show them that you are more than worthy for it.If something comes easy, then maybe it’s not for you.Easy come, easy go.有价值的事物不会轻易得到,它会考验你是否值得拥有它。

你需要证明自己完全值得所渴望的一切,如果事情来得太容易,未见得真属于你,因为来得容易去得快。

2、The quieter you become, the more you can hear.You have to settle down and listen to the voices around you.Make use of them to improve and learn.And most importantly, don't forget to listen to your heart.你的心越安静,越能听到更多,安住身心,倾听身边所有的声音,通过倾听学习和提升自己,最重要的,记得谛听自己的心声。

3、Life is not a race, it is a battle.We have different battle to take on in our lives.Struggles and problems to solve.We just have to figure out that it is the foundation of our strength.That we will be ourselves after winning the battle.生活不是一次比赛,而是一场战役。

长难句翻译详解-推荐下载

长难句翻译详解-推荐下载

Plastics is made from water which is a natural resource inexhaustible and available everywhere, coal which can be mined through automatic and mechanical processes at less cost and lime which can be obtained from the calcinations of limestone widely present in nature.【分析】原文是一个典型的英语复杂长句,由42个单词组成,全靠一个逗号和几个连词结合成一个多层次的、内容丰富的句子。

主句的主干是:Plastics is made from water, coal and lime; water,coal和lime之后各有一个定语从句,其中的后两个定语从句还是被动语态。

所以,按照汉语的表达习惯,翻译时要化整为零,可以把主句和各个定语从句分开译成短句,其中的一些状语比如at less cost也可以单独处理成短句。

【译文】塑料是由水、煤和石灰制成的。

水是到处可以获得的、取之不尽的一种自然资源;煤可以通过自动化和机械化来开采,成本较低;石灰可由煅烧自然界广泛存在的石灰石而得到。

Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.【要点】此句为一个多层次的并列结构,”by”以前的部分为句子的主体部分,由“and”连接的两个并列的分句组成。

长难句翻译技巧与实例讲解

长难句翻译技巧与实例讲解

长难句翻译技巧与实例讲解
长难句是指由多个分句组成,句法结构复杂,表达内容深刻且难以理解的句子。

在翻译过程中,遇到长难句时,我们可以使用以下几个技巧来进行翻译。

1. 分割句子:将长难句分成几个简单的短句,分别翻译,然后再将它们连在一起,
形成一句完整的句子。

这样做有助于理解句子的结构和意思,也可以减少翻译过程中的困难。

例如:
原句:The girl, who had been abandoned by her parents, grew up in an orphanage and finally became a successful lawyer.
翻译:这个女孩小时候被父母遗弃,在孤儿院长大,最终成为了一名成功的律师。

2. 解释关系:长难句中的分句之间存在着各种关系,如并列关系、因果关系、转折
关系等。

在翻译时,可以使用适当的连词或状语从句来表达这些关系。

3. 使用连接词:长难句中的分句之间通常需要使用连接词来表达句子的逻辑关系。

常见的连接词有and、but、or、so等。

例如:
原句:She is beautiful and intelligent.
翻译:她又漂亮又聪明。

4. 注意上下文语境:在翻译长难句时,要充分考虑句子所处的语境,尤其是上下文
的意思和内容。

有时候,即使一个句子很长,但是在上下文中的意思很明确,翻译时可以忽略其中的一些细节。

在翻译长难句时,我们应该灵活运用各种翻译技巧,同时要充分理解句子的结构和意义。

通过对上下文的分析和对句子之间逻辑关系的把握,可以更准确地翻译出长难句的含义。

高中英语长难句的分析以及翻译

高中英语长难句的分析以及翻译

长难句分析句子翻译
1,把两个机器人同时发送到火星不同地区,而两个机器人可以观察到火星山两边的情况,这个想法真激动人心。

2,当Peter进来时,坐在桌边的女士向他爽朗笑了笑。

在Peter告诉她他在找什么房子后,她让Peter交了6磅买了一份大约有6个要出租房子的女房东的名单。

3,人们在做决定时的思维和打牌时的思维完全一样--- 做决定时,我们不仅仅要考虑到我们的想法,而且还要考虑到别人会如何想你的想法;还有你会如何考虑别人是会怎样想你的想法的。

4,我被告知这个机器有许多用处。

5, 研究表明,用人单位最希望他们雇员能够有与人交际的能力。

这种能力被92%的公司认为是最重要的。

6,最终尽管有些社会学的学生在找第一份工作时比学工科的同学要
困难些,但是一些刚刚大学毕业的社会学学生并不后悔他们专业选择。

7,不久他的家人特别是小查理都很清楚,他是不适合做医生的。

8,Birdie 整天在房子和花园忙活,所以晚上他总能把他的住所(巢穴)弄得很好。

英语长难句翻译及解析

英语长难句翻译及解析

基础导学阶段长难句44 (注释)(01) (10-R-1)【译文】我们甚至感到陌生的是:从20世纪初期到第二次世界大战之前,这一期间的英国报纸评论内容不拘一格。

那时候报纸非常便宜,而且人们认为发表时尚的人文批评可以给刊登评论的出版物增加色彩。

分解】句子的主干为:“We are … removed from … reviews (句子主干部分)… at a time (时间状语)… ”。

细化分析:“published”过去分词短语修饰“reviews”,其后紧接“in England”与“between …”地点和时间状语。

之后,“at a time”与“between”之间相互解释,“time”之后的“when”引导修饰其的时间定语从句。

(02) (10-R-1)【译文】纽曼说,“具有才智或文学天赋让自己在新闻从业中面对困难坚持不懈的作家如此之少,以至于我总想把新闻业定义成一个“受贬低的术语”,即“不受读者喜爱作家对受读者喜爱作者的称呼”。

【分解】句子的主干为:“So few … have … (主句主干部分)… that (引导结果状语从句)I am tempted to (从句部分的主谓)…”。

细化分析:整个句子只要理顺了“so … that”的倒装结构(前半部分是倒装的)就不难理解了。

主句中,“to keep … journalism”不定式修饰“brains or gift”部分。

从句中有“define … as”介词短语。

最后,“of contempt”修饰“a term”,“applied …(to)…”也修饰“a term”。

(03) (10-R-3)【译文】然而,如果要发生社会流行现象,每个人在受到影响之后定会去影响自己的熟人,熟人再去影响他们的熟人,如此循环往复。

有多少其他人关注这些处于传播网络的人群,与最初那个有影响力的源头关系不大【分解】句子的主干为:“… each person … must … influence … acquaintances …(第1个分句的主干部分);(分号引出另一个分句)how many others pay attention … has …”。

英语阅读长难句和翻译

英语阅读长难句和翻译

英语阅读长难句和翻译It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet.由于因特网的使用,计算所使用的纸张的数量是很难的,然而几乎任何在办公室工作的人能告诉你,当引进电子邮件后,打印机就开始超时工作。

也就是说近年来人们对于纸张的日益需求主要是由于因特网越来越多的使用。

It happened that father had sent us upstairs because he thought he would be able to lock the door—which was twenty feet away—before the animal reached it.事情发生是这样的,爸爸先把我们送上楼,因为他原以为他能够在那个动物赶到之前(距离20英尺远)将门锁上。

How could I ever get him to finish unloading the car without screaming at me and making a scene in front of the other girls, who I would have to spend the rest of the year with?我怎么才能让父亲卸完车上的行李而不向我大喊大叫,在其他女孩子面前出洋相呢?我还要和这些女孩一起度过以后的日子。

2023新高考二卷 长难句(翻译版)

2023新高考二卷 长难句(翻译版)

2023新高考二卷长难句(翻译版)1.Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden.2.More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.3.And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.4.If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places ina city that are relatively wild.5.Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them.6.Since June 2017, right before the arrival of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I havebeen helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English.7.They talk to the flood of international tourists and to visiting Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on the pandas, which are on loan from China.8.George, the husband, was trying to be calm, but I could tell this was hard for him, having to leave his dog to a stranger and trust that everything would work out.。

名词性从句长难句和翻译

名词性从句长难句和翻译

我们如此轻易地被减肥产品的承诺和潜能所吸引, 以至于不去考虑减肥产品对我们的影响。
方式状语
10. The next morning the stranger, actually a
sorcerer (巫师) ,thanked her by granting (允准) her wish that anyone who climbed up her tree should not be able to come back down until she permitted it. 第二天早晨,那个陌生人,实际上是个巫师,作为 感谢允准了她的愿望——凡是爬到她树上的人不经 她的允许是不能下来的。
翻译
10.我认为帮助父母做家务是我们的职责。 I think that it’s our duty to help parents do some housework. 11. 毫无疑问,那里的孩子急需关爱和帮助。 There is no doubt that children there are badly in need of care and help. 12.我最感兴趣的是文学书,尤其是由著名作家写的。 What interests me most is literary books,especially those by famous writers.
翻译
7.我认为十年后我的生活将大不一样。 I think that my life in ten years will be greatly different from what it is now. 8. 现在我们要做的最重要的事是保护那些正受到灭 绝威胁的野生动物。(threaten) What is the most important thing for us to do is to protect the wild animals which are being threatened with extinction. 9. 我们应该充分利用好我们所拥有的去解决问题。 We should try our best to make full use of what we have already had to solve the problem.

考研英语长难句译文及分析

考研英语长难句译文及分析

考研英语长难句译文及分析考研英语长难句译文及分析But somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless,连词时间状语主语谓语宾语phony or, worst of all, boring, as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.宾语方式状语从句。

译文:但从19世纪的某个时期以来,越来越多的艺术家们开始认为快乐是无意义的、虚伪的,甚至让人生厌的,就像我们从华兹华斯笔下的“水仙花”到波德莱尔笔下的“恶之花”所经历的.转变那样。

分析:本句的主干是…more artists began seeing happiness as…。

开头的连词but表转折,短语somewhere from the 19th century onward为时间状语。

主句中,第一个as构成see…as…结构,表示“把……视为……”;第二个as为连词,引导方式状语从句,表示“正如……”。

In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize,插入语让步状语从句those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the in formation.主语谓语状语宾语从句译文:换句话说,不管两个人在记忆力方面表现出多大的先天差异,但和每个人对信息进行“编码”的能力相比,这些差异就显得没那么重要了。

分析:本句包含一个由whatever引导的让步状语从句。

主句是一个被动句those differences are swamped by…,其中主语是those differences ,谓语是are swamped , 介词by之后的成份是施动者,和介词by一起构成了介宾短语,做句子的状语。

高考英语长难句语法解析及翻译

高考英语长难句语法解析及翻译

高考英语长难句语法解析及翻译第1句时间状语从句,定语从句1. When he returned, the boy was able to describe everything he had seen to the old man.长句分析:(1) When 引导的是时间状语从句;(2) He had seen: 是一个定语从句,修饰先行词everything. 由于定语从句缺少宾语,因此省略了关系代词that。

注意:先行词为不定代词everything时,关系代词不可使用Which;(3) To the old man: 是做动词describe的宾语补足语;(4) Describe: 描述. Describe something to somebody : 向某人描述某物;长句翻译: 当他回来时,这个男孩能向老人描述他所看到的一切。

第2句目的状语从句,宾语从句2. The robot will have to have a certain way to receive the program so that it knows what it is to do.长句分析:(1) so that : 引导了一个目的状语从句,so 前面的句子是主句,that 后面的句子是目的状语从句;(2) what 引导的是it knows的宾语从句,充当knows的宾语,it是指示代词,指代的是robot. What在宾语从句中充当do的宾语;(3) have to : 不得不;劝告或建议时用;表示一定真实或肯定发生;(4) have a way to do something : 拥有做某事的方法;长句翻译:机器人必须有一个特定的方式来接收程序,这样它才能知道它要做什么。

第3句定语从句3. The company Jackie chose planned to employ only one person, but more than twenty people applied for the job.长句分析:(1) 并列连词but 链接了两并列句,前面一个句子为复合句;(2) Jackie chose: 是一个定语从句,用来修饰先行词company 的,由于定语从句中缺少宾语,所以该定语从句省略了关系代词that/which;(3) Choose: 选择;选取;挑选;决定;过去式:chose, 过去分词:chosen;(4) Plan to do something: 计划做某事;(5) More than + 数量词: 超过,多余,相当于over;(6) Apply for : 提出申请;申请…职位;请求;长句翻译: 杰基选择的那家公司只打算雇用一个人,但有二十多个人申请了这份工作。

长难句分析(翻译版)

长难句分析(翻译版)

Translation from English to Chinese1.Halfway across the room, a small pistol in his hand, stood a man. (倒装)一个男人站在屋当中,手里拿着一把小手枪。

2.Splendid is the architecture of Manhattan, the heart of the city, with its one hundred and moreskyscrapers. (倒装)市中心曼哈顿的建筑有着百余座摩天大厦,甚为壮观。

3.On the job, Chinese women seem more confident, despite their traditional pretty manners, thando American women in their work places. (倒装)在工作单位里,尽管中国妇女有着她们传统的温文尔雅的举止,但她们在工作中所表现的自信心似乎比美国妇女更强。

4.Along with this disparagement(轻视、蔑视)of a compliment is the American tendency to laughat one’s own mistakes and admit one’s weaknesses. (倒装结构)美国人在自贬别人对自己称赞的同时,还有一种倾向,那就是嘲笑自己的错误并承认自己的弱点。

5.But unpopular as red has been in the past, at the moment it is a favorite hair style. (倒装)但是,尽管在过去红色不受欢迎,眼下红色染发剂却是最招人喜爱的颜色。

6.No less costly to Third World nations is the steady migration of well-trained professionals insearch of a life, any life, in America. (倒装)使第三世界国家付出同样高昂代价的是,受过良好训练的专业人士不断涌向美国去谋生,无论什么样的生活。

高中英语长难句及翻译

高中英语长难句及翻译

高中英语长难句及翻译1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.[参考译文] 美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的,在这种经济中,消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。

2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.[参考译文] 因此,在美国的经济体系中,个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合,一起决定了什么应该被制造,以及资源如何被用来制造它们。

3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.[参考译文] 另一方面,如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降,那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给,而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。

长难句中文翻译

长难句中文翻译
8 在普通的私人谈话中,我们所共有的背景信息通常足够丰富,使得我们能够填补那些没有说出的信息。
9 就好像对于写作规则的关注能使得我们更好的阅读一样,对于公共演讲中诸如“你知道”这样的语言的滥用的关注,能使得我们成为更好的听众。
(11)只有当所有美国民众在晚间新闻中能够看见诸如发生在蒙哥马利等地的游行运动的时候,这些人权运动才会成为全国人民所关注的事情,而不是一系列的孤立的“当地小事”。
(15)现存的印地安人在许多方面依然被现代美国人认为是神秘的,外来的,深不可测的,就好像那些美国人的祖先在350年前刚刚踏上美洲土地时对印第安人的印象一样。
(16)那些我们所熟悉的在欧洲找到的编年体历史文献(在印地安社会)并不存在,取而代之的是一些口口相传的历史片段,神话传说,名言警句,宗教仪式,这一切使得那些受过大学教育的学者觉得印第安人的历史是不确切的,不可靠的,令人生疑的。
(17)每个现代观察者(历史学者),无论是在世界上的什么地方接受的教育,都曾经听说关于印第安人的传说。
(18)对于他们(历史学者)中的一些人而言,恰恰是那些深深的植根于(人们脑海中的)对于印地安的神秘传说把他们吸引到了这个领域(印地安历史)中来。
(19)尽管大多数的买家不会把车开到崎岖的地方去,而只是把车停在当地的商店停车场,但重要的市场策略是给人们植入这样的一种印象:“你可以征服崎岖的土地!”。
26 想想这个结果(由时空穿梭所引起的因果倒置)就会令人头痛,而多年以来那些科幻小说家却对这个话题乐此不彼。
27 伟大的收藏家、学者R.P.K在得知自己的藏品罗马花神雕像不是文艺复兴时期的作品,而是现代赝品的时候,告诉给那个卖家“没关系,因为这件作品的美不会因为年代是否久远而改变。”
28 然而VM的暴露也不是因为他(主动)停止欺骗人们,而是因为他不得不将自己从更严重的非法贩卖国宝的罪名中洗脱出来。

考研英语长难句分析详解含翻译lose

考研英语长难句分析详解含翻译lose

考研英语长难句分析详解含翻译1、Courage is the discovery that you may not win, and trying when you know you can lose.勇气,就是明知自己可能会输,却还是一往无前。

2、We can complete it step by step however long the road is and it can't be completed however short the road is if you don't even mark your footprint.再长的路,一步步也能走完,再短的路,不迈开双脚也无法到达。

3、An unacceptable love needs no sorrow but time- sometime for forgetting. A badly-hurt heart needs no sympathy but understanding.一段不被接受的爱情,需要的不是伤心,而是时间,一段可以用来遗忘的时间。

一颗被深深伤了的心,需要的不是同情,而是明白。

4、Life is often playing jokes on us. What you’re expect will far away from you and the one you held tightly will finally hurt you most.生活时常和我们开着玩笑,你期待什么,什么就会离你越远;你执着谁,就会被谁伤害得最深。

5、Some questions are better left unanswered.有些问题的答案,还是不听为好。

6、I thought I don't deserve you but actually..you don't deserve me.曾以为我配不上你…事实上,是你不值得拥有我。

2024考研英语长难句解析含译文语法分析where从句

2024考研英语长难句解析含译文语法分析where从句

2024考研英语长难句解析含译文语法分析where从句Successful communication occurs in any case where what the writer wanted to have received finds its way into the reader's possession. The writer's skill and the reader's skill converge upon a common end.【翻译】成功的沟通会在这样的情况下出现,即当作者希望将来某时已经接收了的信息,确实进入了读者的内心,为读者所拥有。

作者的技能和读者的技能在同一个目的上交汇在一起了。

【语法分析】第一句是一个主从复合句。

主句是where之前的部分。

从句是where 引导的定语从句,修饰前面的名词case.大家要注意where引导的从句并不一定是状语,这主要取决于把它放在什么位置上。

如果是单独存在,它就是一个状语,例如,Where there's a will, there's a way.有志者事竟成。

如果跟在一个名词后面,像这一句,在名词case的后面,它就是定语。

当它出现在系动词后面时,where从句又成了表语,例如,This is where the twin tower used to be.这是双子塔曾经的所在地。

如果把它放在谓语动词之前,它可能就是主语从句,例如,Where he is isn't known yet.他在哪儿现在还不清楚。

好,接着再看,在where从句里又出现了一个主语从句,what the writer wanted to have received.主语从句就是当一个句子放在主语的位置上,作主语的时候,这个句子就叫主语从句。

要注意,主语从句作主语时,是被看作一个单数名词来对待的,所以如果是一般现在时,谓语要用单三来表示,加s.本句的谓语动词find就加了s.在主语从句中wanted to have received里,wanted后面跟的是不定式的现在完成时,表示将来完成时,即当时希望的、将来某个时刻已经接收到的信息,这是比较复杂的时态。

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Plastics is made from water which is a natural resource inexhaustible and available everywhere, coal which can be mined through automatic and mechanical processes at less cost and lime which can be obtained from the calcinations of limestone widely present in nature.【分析】原文是一个典型的英语复杂长句,由42个单词组成,全靠一个逗号和几个连词结合成一个多层次的、内容丰富的句子。

主句的主干是:Plastics is made from water, coal and lime; water,coal和lime之后各有一个定语从句,其中的后两个定语从句还是被动语态。

所以,按照汉语的表达习惯,翻译时要化整为零,可以把主句和各个定语从句分开译成短句,其中的一些状语比如at less cost也可以单独处理成短句。

【译文】塑料是由水、煤和石灰制成的。

水是到处可以获得的、取之不尽的一种自然资源;煤可以通过自动化和机械化来开采,成本较低;石灰可由煅烧自然界广泛存在的石灰石而得到。

Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.【要点】此句为一个多层次的并列结构,”by”以前的部分为句子的主体部分,由“and”连接的两个并列的分句组成。

第二个分句的主语和一部分谓语省略了以避免重复。

In doing so可以理解为in the process of distinguished themselves from other animals。

第二个分局的完整句子应为and in doing so (they have) ensured their survival。

By所引导的短语里ability带了多个动词不定式做修饰,这些不定式又存在着一个并列的结构,to observe and (to) understand与either……or引导的to adapt to……,to control and (to) adapt it……得并列,and连接。

【译文】人类已把自己和其他动物区别开了。

人类具有观察和了解周围环境的能力,能适应环境,控制环境和根据自己的需要改造环境。

人类就是这样生存了下来。

The medical waste that has fouled beaches in the New York region at the peak of the summer season has taken its toll on business all along the shore, driving vacationers away both from beaches that have been closed and from those that have remained open.【要点】本句主要结构是the medical waste...has taken itstoll...。

that...season引导定语从句,修饰medical waste。

at the peak of the summer season作状语,表时间。

driving...是现在分词作状语,表结果。

that have been closed和that have remainedopen是定语从句,分别修饰beaches和those。

those代替beaches。

【译文】医疗用品生产厂家的废弃物污染了纽约地区的海滨。

时值盛夏,一些海滨浴场关闭,而仍然开放的一些海滨浴场也门可罗雀,大批度假者离此而去,这使得海滨地区的商业蒙受严重损失。

逆序法英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同, 甚至完全相反,这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。

例如:例1. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is itfound free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.分析: 这个句子由一个主句, 两个原因状语和一个定语从句,“铝直到19世纪才被人发现”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有四个谓语结构, 共有五层意思: A. 铝直到19世纪才被人发现; B. 由于在自然界找不到游离状态的铝; C. 由于它总是跟其他元素结合在一起; D. 最普遍的是跟氧结合; E.铝跟氧有很强的亲和力。

按照汉语的表达习惯通常因在前, 果在后, 这样,我们可以逆着原文的顺序把该句翻译成:铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合; 因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力,由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。

所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。

例2. It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste theiropportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.分析: 该句由一个主句, 一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成,“……变得越来越重要”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有三个谓语结构,包含三层含义: A. ……变的越来越重要; B. 如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会; C.得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。

为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯, 我们也采用逆序法, 翻译成:因此, 如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会,就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息,作更多的指导。

这个问题显得越来越重要了。

下面我们再举几个实例:例3. It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learningEnglish seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the languagehave been understood.一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型, 再往下学似乎就越来越难了, 这其中的原因,也许教师比学生更容易理解。

例4. They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroysthe old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.对于以往几代人来说, 旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段,而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动,因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。

例5.A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties. 50年代后期的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而不见的现象,穷知识分子以“跨掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国典型的穷人,正是这个时候大批大学生被赶进了知识分子的贫民窟。

例6. Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位,这在西方倒是人之常情。

例7. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.假如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们, 昆虫将吞噬我们所有的庄稼,害死我们的牛羊家畜, 使我们不能生存于世。

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