专业英语复习
会计专业英语复习资料.doc
会计专业英语复习资料.doc会计专业英语复习资料⼀、短语中英互译1、会计分录2、投资活动3、后进先出法4、客观性原则5、注册会计师6、权责发⽣制7、累计折旧8、资产负债表9、经营决策10、银⾏存款11、到期⽇12、历史成本13、source document14、nominal rate15、credit sale16、sum-of-years-digits method17、economic entity assumption18、financial position19、fixed assets20、public hearing21、income statement22、sales discount23、value added tax24、trade mark25、bank overdraft⼆、从下列选项中选出最佳答案1、Generally，revenue is recorded by a business enterprise at a point when ：( )A、Management decides it is appropriate to do soB、The product is available for sale to consumersC、An exchange has taken place and the earning process is virtually completeD、An order for merchandise has been received2、Why are certain costs capitalized when incurred and then depreciated or amortized over subsequent accounting periods？( )A、To reduce the income tax liabilityB、To aid management in making business decisionsC、To match the costs of production with revenue as earnedD、To adhere to the accounting concept of conservatism3、What accounting principle or concept justifies the use of accruals and deferrals？( )A、Going concernB、MaterialityC、ConsistencyD、Stable monetary unit4、An accrued expense can best be described as an amount ( )A、Paid and currently matched with revenueB、Paid and not currently matched with revenueC、Not paid and not currently matched with revenueD、Not paid and currently matched with revenue5、Continuation of a business enterprise in the absence of contrary evidence is an example of the principle or concept of ( )A、Business entityB、ConsistencyC、Going concernD、Substance over form6、In preparing a bank reconciliation，the amount of checks outstanding would be：( )A、added to the bank balance according to the bank statement.B、deducted from the bank balance according to the bank statement.C、added to the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.D、deducted from the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.7、Journal entries based on the bank reconciliation are required for：( )A、additions to the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.B、deductions from the cash balance according to the depositor’srecords.C、Both A and BD、Neither A nor B8、A petty cash fund is ：( )A、used to pay relatively small amounts。
(完整)心理学专业英语复习资料
心理学专业英语复习资料I. Translate the Following English Phrases into Chinese1. Research Methods 研究方法2。
Psychophysics 心理物理学3. Theories of Learning 学习理论4。
Social Cognition 社会认知5． Personality Test 人格测试6。
Extraneous Variable 无关变量7。
Longitudinal Study 纵向研究8。
Crystallized Intelligence 晶体智力9。
Motor control 运动控制10. Corpus Callosum 胼胝体11。
Group Thinking 群体思维12。
Social Loafing 社会懈怠13. Social Exchange 社会交换14. Social Approval 社会赞许15。
Diffusion of Responsibility 责任分散16。
Recency Effec 近因效应17． Trace Decay 痕迹消退18。
Retrograde Amnesia 倒摄遗忘19. Social Support 社会支持20. Self—efficacy 自我效能21。
Case Study 个案研究II. Translate the Following Chinese Word Groups into English1。
机能主义 functionalism2。
自我实现 self—actualization3．一般规律研究法 nomothetic method4。
分层抽样 stratified sampling5. 外在信度 external reliability6. 选择性注意 selective attention7。
知觉恒常性 perceptual constancy8. 自我概念 self concept9. 液体智力 fluid intelligence10. 安全型依恋 secure attachment11. 性别图示 gender schema12。
计算机专业英语复习题完整版
计算机专业英语复习题标准化管理处编码[BBX968T-XBB8968-NNJ668-MM9N]1.home page 主页2.graphical user interface (GUI) 图形用户界面3.artificial intelligence 人工智能4.carbon copy 打字副本5.field 字段6.software suite 软件套装7.desktop operating system 桌面操作系统ser printer 激光打印机9.machine language 机器语言10.relational database 关系数据库11.menu bar 菜单栏12.secondary storage 辅助存储器；二级存储器13.system software 系统软件二、1.内存 memory2.输入设备 input device3.扬声器 speaker4.局域网 local-area network5.传输控制协议 transmission control protocol6.集成电路 integrated circuits7.上下文敏感 context sensitive8.微处理器 microprocessor9.只读存储器 Read-only memory10.触摸屏 touch screen11.像素 pixel12.多媒体 multimedia13.自动换行 word wrap三_________.A、peopleB、OSC、keyboardsD、proceduresE、software( abc ) 2、For microcomputer, there are three basic system units:____________ .A、Desktop system unitsB、Notebook system unitsC、Personal digital assistant system unitsD、Arithmetic-logic units( a ) 3、Language translators convert programming statementsinto__________.A、machine languagesB、UNIXC、service programsD、operating systems( b ) 4、The ____________is a list of commands or options from which you can choose.A、iconB、menuC、windowD、pointer( a ) 5、Database management systems are comprised of tables that are made of rows called __________ and columns called __________ .A、fields, recordsB、ranges, sheetsC、records, fieldsD、records, ranges( abcd )6、The four main computer operations are _________.A、inputB、processingC、outputD、storageE、compile( c ) 7、RAM is a kind of____________ memory.A、permanentB、smartC、temporaryD、flashE、expansion（ acd ）8、Which are the types of non-impact printer: ____________ .A、 thermal printerB、dot matrix printerC、laser printerD、ink-jet printerE、all of above（ a ）9、What is an extension of a driver in Windows environmentsA、.drvB、.txtC、D、.sysE、.win( c ) 10、The following answers ____________ is the system software.A、PHOTOSHOPB、EXCELC、Windows NTD、POWERPOINT ( bde ) 11、In monitors, the three primary colors are__________ .A、yellowB、redC、whiteD、greenE、blue( ab ) 12、Typically, the first page of a Web site is referred to as its__________ .A、home pageB、web pageC、HTMLD、URLE、site( ) 13、The new addressing system IPV6 defines an IP address as a ______________number. A、16-bit B、32-bit C、64-bitD、128-bit四、（一）Laptop computers are popular all over the world. People use themon trains and airplanes, in airports and hotels. These laptops connect people. Westlake College in Virginia will start a laptop computer program that allows students to do schoolwork anywhere they want. Within five years, each of the1500 students at the college will receive a laptop. The laptops are part of a＄10 million computer program at Westlake, a 110-year-old college. Thestudents with laptops will also have access to the Internet. In addition, theywill be able to use e-mail to “speak” with their teachers, their classmates,and their families. However, the most important part of the laptop program isthat students will be able to use computers without going to computer labs.They can work with it at home, in a fast-food restaurant or under the trees-anywhere at all!Because of the many changes in computer technology, laptop use in higher education, such as colleges and universities, is workable. As laptops becomemore powerful, they become more similar to desktop computers. In addition, the portable computers can connect students to not only the Internet, but alsolibraries and other resources. State higher-education officials are studyinghow laptops can help students. State officials are also testing laptopprograms at other universities, too. At Westlake College, more than 60 percentof the staff use computers. The laptops will allow all teachers to use computers in their lessons. As one Westlake teacher said, “Here we are in the middle of Virginia and we’re giving students a window on the world. They can see everything and do everything.”笔记本电脑在世界各地流行。
英语专业四级六级复习-专四专八写作必备高级词汇总结
英语专业 四级/六级真题解析词汇在考试中的作用可以说是决定性的，不管是考哪个部分都离不了词汇，尤其是写作!!!如果你想写出一篇好作文，那高级的词汇一定是必须的!不要再用那些老掉牙的词汇啦!一、高级常见词汇1解决：Solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle2损害：Damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair, undermine, jeopardize3给与：Give, offer, render, impart, provide, supply, afford4培养：：Develop, cultivate, foster5优势：Advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength6缺陷：Disadvantage, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness7使迷惑：Puzzle, bewilder, perplex, baffle8重要的：Key, crucial, critical, important, significant, vital, substantial, indispensable, imperative 9认为：Think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, be fully convinced10保护：Protect, conserve, preserve11确保：Assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge12有害的：Bad, baneful evil, harmful, detrimental13要求 ：Request, demand, needs, requisition14消除 ：Eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away, smooth away15导致：Lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, generate16因此：So, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, accordingly, as a result, because of this, as a result of this17增长至：Grow to，rise to，increase to，go up to，climb to，ascend to，jump to，shoot to 18降低至：Dip to，fall to，decline to，decrease to，drop to，go down to，reduce to，slump to，descend to，sink to，slide to19保持稳定：Level out，do not change，remain stable，remain still，remain steady，be stable，maintain the same level，remain unchanged，be still，remain the same level，stay constant，keep at the same level，level off，stabilize，keep its stability，even out20急剧地：Dramatically，drastically，sharply，hugely，enormously，steeply，substantially，considerably，significantly，markedly，surprisingly，strikingly，radically，remarkably，vastly，noticeably21平稳地：Steadily，smoothly，slightly，slowly，marginally，gradually，moderately，mildly22宣称：Allege, assert, declare, claim23发生：Happen, occur, take place24原因：Reason, factor, cause25发展：Development, advance, progress26有益的：Useful, helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding，advantageous27影响：Influence, impact, effect28明显的：Clear, obvious, evident, self-evident, manifest, apparent, crystal-clear29占：Comprise, take up, account for, constitute, consist of, make up, occupy, hold, compose30与…相比：Compared with，compared to，in comparison with，in comparison to，by comparisonwith，by comparison to31对比而言：By contrast，in contrast，on the other hand，on the contrary=，conversely32展示：Show, reveal, illustrate, demonstrate, depict, present, represent, describe33大约：Approximately，almost，about，around，nearly，roughly34波动：Fluctuate，go ups and downs，display a fluctuation，demonstrate a fluctuation35事实上：Practically，in practice，essentially，in essence，in reality，in effect，in fact，as a matter of fact，it is a fact that36换言之：Namely，that is to say，in other words，to put it like this，to put it differently，to put it from another way，to put it from another angle二、替换词汇always--invariablyamount--quantityas a result--consequentlybasically--essentially, in essence, substantiallyable—capable, in a(n) positionall the time--continually, continuously, constantly, perpetuallya lot--noticeably, considerably, a great deal, substantiallya lot of--many, numerous, a wide variety of(themes),a whole range of, a wide spectrum of(problems, themes, etc),an abundance of(opportunities, sources etc.)later--subsequent(ly)less and less--decreasing(ly)let, allow--permitlike--to be partial to sth, likingliking--predilection for sth, partiality for sthbe amount to—constitutebecome smaller --be the decrease/decline, decrease, decline, diminish, dwindle, recede become worse--deterioratebefore--prior tobegin--commencebetter--superiorbe(come) used to --be(come) accustomed tobig--major, significant, substantialcarry out--conduct, execute, commit, implementchange--alter, alteration, modify, modificationdo--conduct, transact(business)do not--fail to, omit toend--conclusion(to bring sth. to a conclusion)enough--ample, sufficient, adequate(grounds, evidence, preparation, resources etc) everywhere--ubiquitous(mistakes),pervasive(influence)fairly--comparatively, moderatelyfind out-- ascertain(the cause of sth, the truth of sth, whether sth. is true or not, what really happened etc) discern, discover(the cause of, factors behind sth ,etc)fitting--proper, appropriatehatred--animosityhave--contain, be equipped with, possessif--in the event of, in case(of)in the end--eventually, finally, ultimatelykeep(doing)--continue, continually, continuously, consistently, constantly, persist in know--be aware of, conversant with, familiar withlong--extensive(coverage, footnotes, passages, scope),protracted (delay, negotiations), prolonged(illness, interrogation)look at--consider, examine(argument, fact),explore, investigate(possibility),observe(behavior)money--funding, funds, resourcesmore and more--increasinglymuch--considerably, substantiallyneed--demand, requirenext to--adjacentnow--at present, at this juncture, at this moment, currentlyoften--frequent(ly)quick(ly)--rapid(ly),prompt(ly)rich, wealthy--affluent, opulent(society, life-style)right--appropriate, correct, properset up--establish(a new state, a government, a business),institute(custom, inquiry, restrictions, democracy, rule, government)sharp--abrupt, drastic(rise and falls)show--demonstrate, evince, manifestside--aspect(of a problem)small--minor/insignificant (problems, differences etc),marginal(differences)therefore--consequentlything--element, aspect, object, factor, considerationtoo--excessively, inordinately, undulytoo many--an excessive number of, a disproportionate number oftoo much--excessive(ly)try--endeavor, striveunderstand--appreciateups and downs--vicissitudes (of war, history, fortune)very--extremely, in the extreme, immensely, intenselyyield--produce(results)三、结构词汇：文章开头常用词语、As far as...is concerned 就……而论……例如：As far as the weather is concerned, I do not think it matters.As far as we know 据我们所知例如：As far as we know, things are going well.As the saying goes 俗语说例如：As the saying goes, "Blood is thicker than water."Generally speaking 一般来说例如：Generally speaking, women live longer than men.I am of the opinion that...我认为例如：I am of the opinion that your plan won't work in this situation.In the beginning 首先例如；In the beginning some of us took no interest in the subject.It is no secret that...毋庸讳言例如：It is no secret that Peter will propose marriage to Maria.So (As) the story goes 传说例如：As the story goes, she left her husband as soon as she discovered that he had no money.Sometimes... sometimes... 时而……时而……例如：Sometimes we are busy and sometimes we are not.There is no denying the fact that...无可否认例如：There is no denying the fact that he has done the wrong thing.Whether do... or not 不管怎样例如：Whether he works or not, I don't think he will pass the exam.四、衔接转折常用词语A case in point is... 恰当的例子是例如：A case in point is the recent bank robbery.A more interesting thing is that... 更为有趣的是例如：A more interesting thing is that he can speak several languages besides English.A more important fact is that... 更重要的事情是例如：A more important fact is that he broke law.As a matter of fact 事实上例如：As a matter of fact, mathematics finds its application in every science.Compared with... 与……相比例如：Compared with your suggestion, his is much better.Considering... 考虑到例如：Considering the weather, we had better call off our picnic.Contrary to... 与……相反例如：Contrary to what I thought, he proved to be successful.Contrary to all expectations 出乎意料例如：Contrary to all expectations, he failed.For that matter 关于这点例如：Alice didn't come, and for that matter, she didn't even telephone.Further, we hold opinion that... 而且我们认为例如：Further, we hold opinion that the mismatched couple ought to part as soon as possible. In accordance with... 根据例如：In accordance with your wishes, I have written to him.Not because...but because... 不是因为……而是因为例如：She married him, not because she loved him , but because she needed his money.On account of 由于例如：Jim couldn't come here on account of the bad weather.On second thoughts 经再三考虑例如：On second thoughts, I am not going to Changchun.Therefore, we should realize that...因此，我们应认识到例如：Therefore, we should realize that self-conquest is the greatest victory.With regard to your proposal, I think that... 关于你的建议，我认为例如：With regard to your proposal, I think that it will work well in practice.五、章段结尾常用词语Above all 最重要的是例如：Tom did well in all his subjects but, above all, in English.After all 毕竟例如：He said he would not come in, but he came in after all.All in all 总的来说例如：Sometimes he is bad-tempered, but all in all he is an excellent teacher.All things considered 总而言之例如：All things considered, you did very wisely.Consequently, most people believe that... 结果，大多数人相信例如：Consequently, most people believe that this peculiar man can work miracle.Finally, we hope that... 最后，我们希望例如：Finally, we hope that the friendship between us will last forever.For short 简言之例如：Massachusetts Institute of Technology is called MIT for short.In brief 简言之例如：John is smart, polite, and well-behaved. In a word, he is admirable.In the last analysis 归根结底例如：In the last analysis, political independence and economic independence are inseparable.It may be confirmed that... 可以肯定例如：It may be confirmed that the news about the earthquake in Turkey is true.The long and the short of it 总而言之例如：The long and the short of it is that we must go, whatever they say.。
计算机专业英语期末考复习资料
英语翻译成汉语：1、In order to solve a computational problem, its solution must be specified in terms of a sequence of computational steps, each of which may be performed by a human or a digital computer．If you want to solve the computational problem with a computer, you should learn how to program．The task of developing programs for the soultion of computational problems is referred to as programming．Computer programming is the process of planning and creating a sequence of steps for a computer to follow．In general，this process will help us resolve a problem，which is either too tedious (冗长的) or difficult to work out otherwise．So programming is breaking a task down into small steps．译：为解决计算问题，其解决方案必须被指定在一个计算步骤的序列，每一个可能由一个人或一个数字计算机。
如果你想解决计算问题的计算机，你应该学会如何计划。
制定发展任务的计划称为编程。
计算机编程的过程中规划和创建一个序列的计算机执行步骤。
一般来说，这个过程将帮助我们解决一个问题，是太冗长的或难以解决的方式。
专业英语八级复习资料
八级是通过考试发展的英语等级认证。
英语专业八级考试(TEM-8，Test for English Majors，Grade 8)，全称为全国高等学校英语专业高年级阶段统测。
接下来为你专业英语八级复习资料, 希翼对你有匡助。
美国概况1. In area, the United States is the largest country in the world.A 2ndB 3rdC 4thD 5th2.The 50th state in America isA AlaskaB TexasC HawaiiD Rhode Island3. Mauna Loa, the world’s largest active volcano, is located inA HawaiiB AlaskaC TexasD Perth4. Richard Nixon resigned in 1974 because of .A the Great DepressionB the Black Power MovementC the Watergate ScandalD the Isolation policy5.All the following universities are located in New England EXCEPTA YaleB HarvardC MITD Berkeley6.The United States has less than 6% of the world’s population; yet it produces about of the total world output.A 20%B 25%C 30%D 35%7.What forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States?A The Rio Grande RiverB The southern Rocky MountainsC The Colorado RiverD The Gulf of California8. The US formally entered the Second World War inA 1937B 1939 C1941 D 19439. The Presidents during the American Civil War was .A Andrew JacksonB Abraham LincolnC Thomas JeffersonD George Washington10 The emblem of the Democratic Party is .A elephantB donkeyC bearD bull答案及解析:1.C 按领土面积计算：美国是继俄罗斯，加拿大，中国之后的第四名。
会计专业英语复习资料
Post test 1 基本概念1. Things of value owned by an entity: assets Money: cashClaims of creditors: liabilitiesClaims of investors: equity2. 2 types of sources of funds：Stronger claim: liabilitiesLesser claim: equity3. A balance sheet reports the status of an entity ....ata point of time.4. Give the fundamental accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Equity5. The above equation is consistent with what concept?: Dual-aspect concept6. Money-measurement concept states that accounting reports only facts that can be expressed in monetary amounts.7. A balance sheet does not report all the facts abouta business. What concept limits the amount or type of information that can be reported? Money-measurement concept8. Brown Company has 10000 dollar cash. Its owner withdraws 100 dollars for his own use. The owner is (no better or worse off) than he was before. Brown company now has (less) cash. The fact that this event affects the owner differently than it affects the company is an illustration of the entity concept.9. The entity concept states that accounts are kept for entities as distinguished from the persons who own those entities.11. The going-concern concept is: Accounting assumes that an entity will continue to operate indefinitely.12. The asset-measurement concept is: if reliable information is available, accounting focuses on the fair value of assets. Nonmonetary assets are reported at their original cost.13. An item can be reported as an asset if it passes 3 of the following: item is valuable, item was acquired at a measurable cost, item is owned or controlled by the entity.14. Goodwill is a favorable name or reputation purchased by the entity.15. An asset is classified as current if it is cash or is expected to be converted into cash in the near future, usually within one year.16. A liability is classified as current if it becomes due in the near future, usually within one year.17. Marketable securities are current assets. Investments are noncurrent assets.19. An insurance policy paid in advance of the time period covered is an example of a prepaid expense.20. A building, an item of equipment, and an automobile may all be examples of plant and property.21.Parker Company operates a furniture store. On December 31,2005,it had 30 desks that it was holding for sale. These would be reported as inventory. The desk that is used by the president of Parker Company would be reported as plant and property.22.Fox Company sold $1,000 of goods on credit to Golden Company. This would be recorded as an account receivable of Fox Company and as an account payable of Golden Company.23. Indicate whether the following statements about the balance sheet of a corporation are true or false:a. Assets list all the valuable things owned bythe entity----Fb. The amount reported for the paid-in capitalitem is approximately the fair value of the stock-----Fc. The amount reported for total equity isapproximately the fair value of the corporation’sstock---Fd. Total equities (also called “net worth”) showapproximately what the entity is worth.----Fe. Retained earnings is the amount of cashretained in the entity.-----FPost test 2 资产负债表的变更：收入的核算1.On January 2, John Brown started the BrownCompany. In January, Brown Company did thefollowing things:a. It received $5,000 cash from John Brown asits capital.b. It borrowed $10,000 from a bank, giving anote therefor.c. It purchased $4,000 of inventory for cash.d. It sold $2,000 of its inventory for $6,000 to acustomer, who paid $3,500 cash and agreed to pay$2,500 within 30 days.e. It purchased an auto for $7,000. It paid$2,000 down and gave a note to the automobiledealer for the remaining $5,000f. Brown withdrew $1,000 cash for his personaluse.g. Brown was offered $10,000 for his equity inthe business, but he refused the offer.On a separate piece of paper, prepare a roughdraft of a balance sheet for Brown Company as of theclose to business January 31, and an incomestatement for January.Brown CompanyBalance Sheet as of Jan31AssetsCash……………………………………$11,500Accounts Receivable…………………2,500Inventory………………………………….2,000Automobile………………………………7,000Total………………………………………$23,000Liabilities and EquityNotes Payable………………………$15,000Paid-in Capital…………………………5,000Retained Earnings……………………3,000Total……………………………………$23,000Brown CompanyIncome Statement for January Revenue...........................$6,000Expense ...........................$2,000Income ............................$4,0002.Brown Company's income was $4,000, but itsRetained Earnings was only $3,000. Reread the firstframe and choose the item (a-g) that explains thedifference. f3.John Brown claims that the inventory as of January31 is worth $6,000, as shown by the fact thatinventory costing $2,000 was actually sold for $6,000.Would you change the balance sheet ?...(No). This isan illustration of the asset-measurement concept.Nonmonetary assets are reported at their cost ratherthan their worth or fair value.Post test 3 会计记录和系统1. On March 5, Kay Company purchased $6,000 ofinventory, paying cash. Prepare a journal entry forthis transaction below.Journal2001 Transactions Dr. Cr.March 5Inventory6,000Cash6,0002. On March 10, Kay Company made a $15,000 sale toa customer who paid $6,000 cash and agreed to payto the other $9,000 in 30 days. The merchandise soldhad cost $8,000. Prepare a journal entry for the sale,below.Journal2001 Transactions Dr. Cr.March 10Cash6,000Accounts Receivable9,000Revenues15,0003. On March 10, Kay Company made a sale for$15,000 for merchandise that had cost $8,000.Prepare a journal entry to record the cost of the salebelow.Journal2001 Transactions Dr. Cr.March 10 Expenses8,000Inventory8,0004. Recall from the previous frames that revenuesfrom the sale on March 10 were $15,000 and that themerchandise sold had cost $8,000. Prepare theclosing entries.Journal2005 Transactions Dr. Cr.March 31Revenues15,000Retained earnings15,000March 31Retained earnings8,000Expenses8,0005-10. Omit11.A critic said that the company had $25,000 cash atthe beginning of March and $25,000 at the end ofMarch, and since its cash balance was unchanged, itcouldn't be said to have any income in March. Thiscriticism is (incorrect).12.The reason the criticism is incorrect is becauseincome is an increase in retained earnings, notnecessarily in cash. For example, the sales revenue ofKay Company in March was $15,000 and its incomewas $7,000 even though $9,000 was received in cash.Post test 4 营业收入和货币资产1. The conservation concept states that increases inequity are recognized only when they are reasonablycertain, while decreases in equity are recognized assoon as they are reasonably possible.2. The materiality concept states: disregard trivialmatters but disclose all important matters.3. What is the length of the usual accounting period?One year. Financial statements prepared for shorterperiods are called interim statements.4. Cash accounting reports items that increase ordecrease cash. Accrual accounting reports items thatchange equity or retained earnings, even thoughthese changes may not affect cash.5. Increases in equity associated with the entity’soperations during a period are revenues, anddecreases are expenses. The difference betweenthem is labeled income.6. The realization concept states that revenues are recognized when goods or services are delivered.7. H Company manufactures a table in August and places it in its retail store in September. R Smith, a customer, agrees to buy the table in October, it is delivered to him in November, and he pays the bill in December. In what month is the revenue is recognized? (November)8. The receipt of cash is a debit to Cash. What is the offsetting credit and (type of account) for the following types of sales transactions?Account Crediteda. Cash received prior to delivery. Advances from customers (a liability)b. Cash received in same period as delivery. Revenuec. Cash received after the period of delivery. Accounts receivable (an asset)9.Similarly, revenue is a credit entry. What is the offsetting debit when revenue is recognized in each of these periods?Account Debiteda. Revenue recognized prior to receipt of cash. Accounts receivableb. Revenue recognized in same period as receipt of cash. Cashc. Revenue recognized in the period following receipt of cash. Advances from customers10.In February, H Company agrees to sell a table to a customer for $600, and the customer makes a down payment of $100 at that time. The cost of the table is $400. The table is delivered to the customer in March, and the customer pays the remaining $500 in April. Give the journal entries (if any) that would be made in February, March, and April for both the revenue and expense aspects of this transaction. February:Cash100Advances from customers100March:Accounts receivable500Advances from customers100Revenue600March:Expenses400Inventory400April:Cash500Accounts receivable50011.At the end of 2005, M Company had accounts receivable of $200,000, and it estimated that $2,000 of this amount was a bad debt. Its revenue in 2005, with no allowance for the bad debts, was $600,000. A. What account should be debited for the $2,000 bad debt? RevenueB. What account should be credited? Allowance for doubtful accountsC. What amount would be reported as net accounts receivable on the balance sheet? $198,000D. What amount would be reported as revenue on the 2005 income statement? $598,00012.In 2006, the $2,000 of bad debt was written off.A. What account should be debited for this written off? Allowance for doubtful accountsB. What account should be credited? AccountsreceivablePost test 5 费用的核算；损益表1. An expenditure occurs in the period in which goodsor services are acquired. An expense occurs in theperiod in which goods or services are consumed.2. A certain asset was acquired in May. There wastherefore an expenditure in May. At the end of May,the item was either on hand, or it was not. If it wason hand, it was an asset; If it was not on hand, it wasan expense in May.3. Productive assets are unexpired costs. Expensesare expired costs.4. The matching concept states that costs associatedwith the revenues of a period are expenses of thatperiod.5. Expenses of a period consist of:a. costs of the goods and services delivered duringthat period.b. other expenditures that benefit operations ofthe period.c. losses6. If Brown company pays rent prior to the periodthat the rent covers, the amount is initially reportedas credit to cash and a debit to Prepaid Rent, which isan asset account. If Brown Company pays the rentafter the period covered, the amount is initiallyrecorded as a debit to Rent Expense and a credit toAccrued Rent, which is a liability account.7. A brand new machine owned by Fay Company wasdestroyed by fire in 2005. It was uninsured. It hasbeen purchased for $10,000 with the expectationthat it would be useful for 5 years. The expenserecorded in 2005 should be $10,000.8. Gross margin is the difference between salesrevenue and cost of sales.9. gross margin percentage: (gross margin)/(salesrevenue)10. The difference between revenues and expenses inan accounting period (or the amount by which equity[i.e., retained earnings] increased from operatingactivities during the period) is called net income.11. A distribution of earnings to shareholders is calleddividends(股利).12. retained earnings at the end of the period=retained earnings at the beginning of the period + netincome–dividends.Post test 6 存货和销售成本1. A dealer sells a television set for $800 cash. It hadcost $600. Write journal entries for the four accountsaffected by this transaction.Dr. Cash800Cr. Revenue800Dr. Cost of Sales600Cr. Inventory6002. When using the perpetual inventory method (永续盘存), a record is kept for each item, showingreceipts, issues, and the amount on hand.3. Write an equation that shows how the cost of salesis determined by deduction:Cost of sales = beginning inventory+purchases –ending inventory4.Omit5.In periods of inflation, many companies use theLIFO method in calculating their taxable incomebecause LIFO gives a higher cost of sales and hence alower taxable income.6. A company discovers that the fair value of itsinventory is $1000 lower than its cost. What journalentry should it take?Dr. Cost of Sales1,000Cr. Inventory1,0007. In a manufacturing business, what three elementsenter into the cost of a manufactured item?Direct material, direct labor, and overhead.8. Period costs become an expense during the periodin which they were incurred.9. Product costs become an expense during theperiod in which the products were sold.10. One type of overhead rate involves use of thetotal direct labor costs and total production overheadcosts for a period. Write a ratio that shows how theoverhead rate is calculated.(Total production overhead costs)/(Total directlabor costs)11. A given finished item requires $50 of directmaterials and 5 hours of direct labor at $8 per hour.The overhead rate is $4 per direct labor hour. At whatamount would the finished item be shown ininventory? $110 = 50 + 40 + 2012. An inventory turnover of 5 is generally better thanan inventory turnover of 4 because it indicates thatless capital is tied up in inventory, and there is lessrisk that the inventory will become obsolete.Post test 7 非流动资产和折旧1. The amount at which a new plant asset is recordedin the accounts includes its purchase price plus allcosts incurred to make the asset ready for itsintended use (such as transportation andinstallation).2. A plant asset is acquired in 2005. It is expected tobe worn out at the end of 10 years and to becomeobsolete in five years. What is its service life? ---Fiveyears.3. Ordinarily, land is not depreciated because itsservice life is indefinitely long.4.A plant asset is acquired in 2005 at a cost of $20000.Its estimated service life is 10 years, and its estimatedresidual value is $2000 :a. The estimated depreciable cost of the asset is$18,000b. If the straight-line depreciation method is used,the depreciation rate for this asset is 10 percent.c. What amount will be recorded as depreciationexpense in each year of the asset’s life?---$1,800d. What amount will be debited and what accountwill be credited to record this depreciation expense?Dr. Depreciation expenseCr. Accumulated depreciatione. After five years have elapsed, how would thisasset be reported on the balance sheet?1) Plant------$20,0002) Less accumulated depreciation-------$9,0003) Book value-------$11,0005. A machine is purchase on January 2, 2005, for$20,000 and its has an expected life of five years andno estimated residual value.a. If the a machine is still in use six years later, what amount of depreciation expense will be reported in for the sixth year?----zerob. What amount, if any, will be reported on the balance sheet at the end of the sixth year?1) It will not be reported.-----X2) It will be reported as follows:Machine$20,000Accumulated depreciation$20,000Book value$06. A machine is purchase on January 2, 2005, for $50,000. It has an expected service life for 10 years and no residual value. Eleven years later it is sold for $3,000 cash.a. There will be a gain of $3,000b. What account will be debited and what account credited to record this amount?Dr. CashCr. Gain on disposition of assets.7. Given an example of each of the following types of assets, and give the name of the process used in writing off the cost of the second and third type. Asset type\Example\Write-off processPlant Asset\m achine, b uilding\Depreciation Wasting asset\c oal, o il ,m inerals\Depletion Intangible asset\g oodwill, t rademark \Amortization 8. Conoil Company purchased a producing oil property for $10,000,000 on January 2, 2005. It estimated that the property contained one million barrels of oil and that the property had a service life of 20 years. In 2005, 40,000 barrels of oil were recovered from the property. What amount should be charged as an expense in 2005?------$400,0009. Wasting assets and intangible assets are reported on the balance sheet in a different way than building, equipment, and similar plant assets. The difference is that wasting assets are reported at the net amount and plant assets are reported at cost, accumulated depreciation, and net amount.10. In calculating its taxable income, a company tries to report its income as low as it can. In calculating its financial accounting income, a company tries to report its income as fairly as it can.11. As compared with straight-line depreciation, accelerated depreciation writes off more depreciation in the early years of an asset’s life and less in the later years. Over the whole life of asset, accelerated depreciation writes off the same total cost as straight-line depreciation.12. Companies usually use accelerated depreciation in tax accounting because it reduces taxable income and hence income tax in the early years.13. Assume an income tax rate of 40%. If a company calculated its financial accounting income (before income taxes) in 2005 as $6 million and its taxable income as$4 million, what amount would it report as income tax expense on its 2005 income statement?----$2,400,00014. Fill in the missing name on the following table:Income tax expense $100,000Income tax paid -60,000Deferred income tax$ 40,000 The $40,000 would be reported on the balance sheet as a liability.。
专业英语复习
The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen.“土木”这个词是从拉丁语“citizen”派生而来。
Civil engineering，the oldest of the engineering specialties，is the planning，design，construction, and management of the built environment．This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles，from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.土木工程，最老的工程专业，是建筑环境的规划、设计、施工和管理。
这个环境包括从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施的所有根据科学原理建造的结构物。
Civil engineers build roads，bridges，tunnels，dams，harbors，power plants，water and sewage systems，hospitals，schools，mass transit，and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations．土木工程师修建道路、桥梁、隧道、大坝、港口、发电站、水系统和污水系统，医院、学校、公共交通系统，以及现代化社会和大量人口集中的地方所必需的其他公共设施。
En vironmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area：the potential for air and groundwater pollution，the project’s impact on local animal and plant life，and how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment．环境专家要研究工程对当地区域的影响：潜在的空气污染和地下水污染，工程对当地动植物的影响，以及工程怎样设计才能满足政府对保护环境的要求。
英语专业语言学复习资料.doc
1Arbitrariness: Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the f act that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. For example, f or the same animal dog, in English we call it /d0g/, inCh inese as “gou”, but “yilu” in Japanese.2Duality:To human language, the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds and letters) combine to f orm meaningf ul units (words) at anotherlevel.3A descriptive linguisticsattempts to tell what is in the language, it attempts to describe the regular structures of the language as they are used, not according to some view of how they should be used. While the prescriptive linguistics tells people what should be in the language and tries to lay down rules to tell people how to use a language. Most modern linguistics is descriptive, whereas traditional grammars are prescriptive.4Immediate constituent analysis: The approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents by using binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents is called immediate constituent analysis. IC analysis is a hierarchical analysis showing the dif ferent constituents at dif ferent structural levels based on the distribution of linguistic f orms. The best way to show IC structure is to use a tree diagram. The f irst divisions or cuts are known as the immediate constituents(ICs), and the f inal cuts as the ultimate constituents(UCs).5Assimilation:Sounds belonging to one word or one syllable can cause changes in sounds belonging to neighboring words or syllables. As the f ollowing sounds bring about the change, this process is called regressive assimilation.e.g. a vowel becomes [+nasal] when f ollowed by a [+nasal] consonant.6Phonetics: The study of linguistic speech sounds that occur in all human languages , how they are produced, how they are perceived, and their physical properties, is called phonetics. The task of phonetics is to identif y what are speech sounds in a language, and then to study their characteristics. It includes three main areas: articul atory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics.7 Phonology: It is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. It is based on a theory of what every speaker of a language unconsciously knows about the sound patterns of that language. 8 Allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language.9Recursiveness：It refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any def inite limit. The rules introducing prepositional phrases also introduce the important concept of recursion.10 Stress: The prominence given to certain sounds in speech. When a word has more than one syllables, one of them will be pronounced with more prominence than others. This brings us to another speech sound phenomenon, that of stress. When a word belongs to dif ferent word classes, the stress of the word will be sometimes placed on diff erent syllables. When all the words above are stressed on thefirst syllables, they are nouns, but if they have the second syllables stressed, the words become verb s. Stress may also have af unction at the sentence level. In this case, the phonetic f orm of word stress may be show which part of sentence is in f ocus.11Morphology: is thus the study of the internal structure, f orms and classes of words, intended structure relevant rule f or word f ormation.12Allomorph: An allomorph is a member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme. Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme. Allophones are in complementary distribution, allomorphs are also in complementary distribution, that is to say, they cannot occur in the same environment. e.g. -s, -es, and -en are all allomorphs (in writing) of the plural morpheme.13Derivation: the f ormation of new words by adding aff ixes to other words or morphemes in morphology and word f ormation.14Acronym: words which are composed of the first letter of a series of words and are pronounced as single words. Exmples: NATO, radar and yuppy.15blending: A single new word can be f ormed by combining two separate f orms. Typically, blending is finished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of another word. For example, brunch is f ormed by the shortened f orms of breakfast and lunch.16Compounding:is the f ormation of new words by joining two or more stems. We have three types of compounds: 1, noun compounds:noun+noun: armchair, rainbow; 2, verb compounds: verb+verb: to sleep-walk; 3, adjective compounds: verb+adjectives: stir-crazy17Root: Some morphemes like car, talk, f riend and tour can stand alone as words. Such morphemes are called f ree morphem es. A word must contain an element that can stand by itself, that is a free morpheme, such as talk. Such an element is called a root. remains when all aff ixes are stripped from a complex word, e.g. system f rom un- + system + atic + ally. 18Minimal pairs and sets: The phonologist is concerned with what differences are signif icant, or technically speaking, distinctive. A distinctive diff erence is one that brings about the change of meaning. In order to determine which are distinctive sounds, the customary practice is to set up minimal pairs-pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound.19Stem: A “stem” is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an aff ix can be added. It may be the same as , and in other cases, dif ferent from, a root. For example, in the w ord “f riends” , “f riend” is both the root and the stem, but in the word “f riendships”, “f riendships” is its stem, “f riend” is its root. Some words (i. e., compounds ) have more than one root ,e.g., “mailman” , “girlf riend” ,ect.20Suffix: Af f ixes can be joined to the end of the root or stem, in which case they are called suff ixes.An “affix” is the collective term f or the type of f ormative that can be used, only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem). Aff ixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classif i ed into three subtypes: pref ix, suff ix and inf ix, e. g. , “mini-”, “un-”, ect.(pref ix); “-ise”, “-tion”, ect.(suff ix).21Syntax: the term used to ref er to the structure of sentences and to the study of sentence structure.22IC analysis: the approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents byusing binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents. 23Semantics: the study of linguistic meaning.24Sense: the inherent part of an expression’s meaning, to gether with the context, determines its ref erent. 25Reference: (in semantics) the relationship between words and \ the things, actions, events and qualities they stand f or. An example in English is the relationship between the word tree and the object “tree” (ref erent) in the real world.26Seven types of meaning: Conceptual meaning; thematic meaning ; connotative meaning; social meaning; affective meaning；ref l ective meaning; collocative meaning;后5种称associ ative meaning27Lexical gap: the absence of a word in a particular place in a semantic field of a language. For instance, in English we have brother versus sister, son versus daughter, but no separate lexemes f or “male” and“f emale” cousin.28Pragmati cs: can be def ined as the study of languages in use. It deals with how speakers use languages in ways which cannot be predicted f rom linguistic knowledge alone, and how hearers arrive at the intended meaning of speakers. In a broad sense, pragmatics studies the principles observed by human beings when communicate with each other. We can roughly say that pragmatics takes care of meaning that is not covered by semantics. So people use the f ormula as itsdef inition:PRAGMATICS=MEANING-SEMANTICS. 29Anaphora: a process where a word or phrase (anaphor) refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation.30Cohesion: the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the different elem ents of a text. This may be the relationship between di ff erent sentences or different parts of a sentence.31Coherence: the relationship that links the meanings of utterances in a discourse or of the sentences in a text.32Prototype: what members of a particular community think of as the best example of a lexical category, e.g. f or some English speakers “cabbage” (rather than, say, “carrot”) might be the prototypical vegetable. 33 Prototype theory: a theory of human categorization that was posited by Eleanor Rosch. Following this theory, natural categories are organized according to prototypes which are considered as the most typical or representative of the category. A robin or sparrow is regarded as a prototype of the category of “bird”. People decide whether an entity belongs to a category by comparing that entity with a prototype.34iconicity: a feature of a language which means that the structure of language reflects in some way the structure of experience, that is, the structure of the world, including the perspective imposed on the world by the speaker. Caesar’s historic words “Veni, vidi, vici (I ca me, I saw, I conquered)” is a good case to prove the iconicity of order(the similarity between temporal events and the linear arrangement of elements in a linguistic construction). Iconicity of distance a ccounts f or the fact that things which belong together conceptually tend to be put together linguistically, and things that do not belong together are put at a distance. This entails that conceptual distance corresponds to linguistic distance not merely physical distance. eg: a, I killed the chicken. b, I caused the chicken to die. Iconicity of complexity: The phenomenon that linguistic complexity ref lects conceptual complexity is usually called iconicity of complexity.35Reflective meaning: is the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meanings, when one sense of a word f orms part of our response to another sense. Ref lective meaning is the product of people’s recognition and imagination.36Ambiguity: It refers to the phenomenon that an expression has more than one meaning. Two diff erent types of ambiguity can be distinguished on the basis of what is causing it: lexical ambiguity (more than one word meaning) and structural ambiguity (more than one synt actic structure) 37The diacritics: are additional symbols or marks used together with the consonant and vowel symbols to indicate nuances of change in theirpronunciation38Complementary distribution: [p.pH] are two different phones and are varivants of the phoneme /p/such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme. In this case the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution, because they never occur in the same context. [p] occurred af ter [s] while [ph] occurs in other places.39syllable: A unit in speech which isof t en longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word.41 the difference between derivational affix and inflectional affix (1)Inf lectional aff ixes very of t en add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem. E.g. toys, walks, John’s, etc. In contrast, derivational aff ixes of ten change the lexical meaning.E.g. cite, citation, etc.(2)Inf lectional aff ixes don’t change the word class of the word they attach to, such as flower, flowers, whereas derivational aff ixes might or might not, such as the relation between small and smallness f or the f ormer, and that between brother and brotherhood f or the latter. (3)In English, inf lectionalaff ixes are mostly suffixes, which are always wordf inal. E.g. drums, walks, etc. But derivational aff ixes can be prefixes or suffixes. E.g. depart, teacher, etc.定义：Derivational morphemes which are used to make new words in the language and are of ten used to make words of a di ff erent grammatical category from the stem Inflectional morphemes, which are not used to produce new words, but rather to show aspects of the grammatical f unction of a word.。
英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结
英语语言学一、名词解释第一课1.Synchronic共时性: S aid of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” intime.\ A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.ngue语言: The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.nguage: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication.4.Arbitrariness任意性:One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that theforms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.第二课1.Phoneme音位: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. Thebasic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.2.Allophone音位变体: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.3.Minimal pair最小对立体: When two different forms are identical in every way except for onesound segment which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form aminimal pair.第三课1.Morphology形态学: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2.Derivational morphemes派生词素:Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical classof words are called…3.Inflectional morphemes曲折词素: Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on.第四课1.Syntax语法句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentencesand the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2.Syntactic categories句法范畴: Words can be grouped together into a relatively small numberof classes, called syntactic categories.3.Deep structure 深层结构: Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties, is called deep structure or D- structure.4.Surface structure 表层结构: Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence whichresults from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure.第五课1.Reference指称: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world;it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.2.Homonymy同音异义: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings havethe same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.3.Hyponymy 上下义关系: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.第六课1.Pragmatics语用学: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2.Utterance话语: a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication.3.Utterance meaning话语意义: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.4.Illocutionary act言外行为: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.二、简答题第一课1．What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?Phonetics: The study of sounds used in linguistic communication. It describes individual speech sounds and indicates their physical or phonetic properties.Phonology:It studies the ways in which these sounds form patterns and systems and how they work to convey meaning in the system of language.Morphology:A field of linguistics focused on the study of the forms and formation of words in a languageSyntax: A set of rules that govern how words are combined to form phrases and sentences.Pragmatics: the study of the use of language in a social context.2．What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?The important characteristics which should be included in a good definition of language are separately: systematic, arbitrary and vocal.First of all, language is a system. It has its own set of rules for people to abide by, or people will use the language in a wrong way.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.3．What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C.Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?1) Arbitrariness: no natural/motivated/logical relationship between the sign and what thesign stands for.2)Productivity:provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent beforeand for understanding novel messages.3) Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of stuctures, or two levels.4) Displacement: can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future5) Cultural transmission第二课1. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be moreinterested in the different between say[i]and[i],[p] and[ph],a phonetician or a philologist? Why? 语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同?语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别?为什么?Phonetics — description of all speech sounds and their find differences.Phonology — description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning.A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos such differences will not cos differences inmeaning.2. What is phone? How is it different from a phoneme? how are allophones related to a phoneme?Phone is a phonetic unit, it has no meaning.Phoneme is a phonological unit with distinctive value .The phoneme /l/ can be realized as dark/l-/and clear/l/,which are allophones of the phoneme /l/Allophones---actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts.第三课1. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Suffix: -ingMeaning: denoting a verbal action, an instance of this, or its resultStem type: added to verbsExamples: fighting: denote the action of battlebuilding: denote the action of constructionSuffix: -ableMeaning: able to beStem type: added to verbsExamples: avoidable: able to be prevented fromcalculable: able to be measured or assessedSuffix: -istMeaning: denoting a member of a profession or business activityStem type: added to nounsExamples: dramatist: a person who writes playsdentist: a person who treats the teeth disease2. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.1)prefix: un-meaning: denoting the absence of a quality or state; notstem type: added to nounsexamples: unacademic: not adopting or characteristic of a scholarly approach orlanguageunhappy: not happy2)prefix: anti-meaning: opposed to; againststem type: added to nounsexamples: anti-abortion: opposing or legislating against medically inducedabortionanti-art: against the traditional art3)prefix: re-meaning:once more; afresh; anewstem type: added to verbsexamples: restart: start once morereaccustom: accustom (someone) to something again第五课1. What are the major types of synonyms in English?并举例1)dialectal synonyms-----synonyms used in different regional2)Stylistic synonyms: synonyms differing in style3)Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning4)Collocational synonyms: what words they go together with5)Semantically different synonyms: differ from the words themselves2. Explain with examples “homonymy”, “polysemy”, and “hyponymy”.Homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones. When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs. When tow words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms. The examples are as followed:Homophones: rain/reign night/knight piece/peaceHomographs: bow v./bow n. tear v./tear n.Complete homonyms: fast adj./fast v.Polysemy: while different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such a word is calleda polysemic word. The more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired morethan one meaning. For example, the word table has at least six meanings when we look it up in the dictionary:1. a piece of furniture2.all the people seated at a table3.the food that is put on a table4. a thin flat piece of stone, mental, wood, etc5.orderly arrangement of facts, figures, etc6.part of a machine-tool on which the work is put to be operated onHyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other. For example,Superordiante: flowerHyponyms: rose, tulip, carnation, lily, morning golory第六课1. What does pragmatics study? How does it differ from traditional semantics?答： Generally speaking, pragmatics is the study of meaning in the context. It studies meaning in a dynamic way and as a process. In order to have a successful communication, the speaker and hearer must take the context into their consideration so as to effect the right meaning and intention. The development and establishment pragmatics in 1960s and 1970s resulted mainly from the expansion of the study semantics. However, it is different from the traditional semantics. The major difference between them lies in that pragmatics studies meaning in a dynamic way, while semantics studies meaning in a static way. Pragmatics takes context into consideration while semantics does not. Pragmatics takes care of the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.2. What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts Searle has specified? What is the illocutionary point of each type?答：(1) representatives: stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true(2) directives: trying to get the hearer to do something(3) commissives: committing the speaker himself to some future course of action(4) expressives: expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing(5) declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying somethingThe illocutionary point of the representatives is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said, in other words, when performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true. Stating, believing, sweating, hypothesizing are among the most typical of the representatives.Directives ate attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do some- thing. Inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, wanting, threatening and ordering are all specific instances of this class.Commissives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action, i.e. when speaking the speaker puts himself under a certain obligation.Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical ones.The illocutionary point of expressives is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance. The speaker is expressing his feelings or attitudes towards an existing state of affairs, e.g. apologizing, thanking, congratulating.The last class “declarations” has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.3. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?答： Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows:Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:(1) The maxim of quantity① Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of theexchange).② Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.(2) The maxim of quality① Do not say what you believe to be false.② Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.(3) The maxim of relationBe relevant.(4) The maxim of manner① Avoid obscurity of expression.② Avoid ambiguity.③ Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).④ Be orderly.。
专业英语复习题
科技英语考试范围及其复习资料句子翻译有什么错误可以给我发消息，阅读理解做好了的，答案发给我哈。
复习题：Translation.（翻译）★sentence:(句子翻译考试20个从中选六个)1.Data is a collection of un-oragnized facts which can include woeds numbers images and sounds. 数据收集的是无组织的事实，它可以包括文字，数字，图像和声音的。
2.A computer cinsists of a variety of hardware components that work together with softw are to （没来得及抄完呀，谁抄好了这条给我发扣扣）3.There hardware components include input devices,output devices a system unit storage and communication devices.有硬件部件包括输入设备，输出设备系统单元的存储和通信设备4.An input device allows a user to enter and commands into the memory of a computer.一种输入设备允许用户输入和命令向计算机存储。
5.Storage differs from memory,which can hold these items permanently whereas memory holds these memory holds items only temporanrily.外存和内存不一样，它可以支持永久存储，然而内存只暂时存储数据。
6.A hard disk provides mush grester storage capacity than a floppy disk.硬盘能提供比软盘更大的存储容量。
00196专业英语复习题
00196专业英语复习题特别强调：本资料仅供教师使⽤，不得直接发给学⽣及对外交流！000196旅游英语复习题Ⅰ.选择题（Directions:In this section,you are given 30 questions,beneath each of which are four choices marked A,B,C, andD.You are to make the best choice either to complete the incomplete statement or to answer the question）1.Which of the following statement is NOT true?A. Morris dancing in French rural communities owes much to tourism.B. Through travel,people are finding friends in every corner of the earth.C. Tourism contributes to both preservation and development of the world's culture heritage.D.The social significance of tourism is very true for the individual travelers.2.A well-known example of the large scale destruction of an ecosystem through vegetation removal to accommodate tourist facilities is the case of the _______.A. coastal regions of AustraliaB. European AlpsC. Acropolis in AthensD. Snowdonia in Wales3.Which of the folloing is NOT included in the fabled Five Mountains in China?A. HuashanB. LushanC. SongshanD. Taishan4.In 1985,_______ became the first international hotel company to open a hotel in China bearing its own name.A. SheratonB. Holiday InnC. Hilton InternationalD.IBIS(France)5._______ inns and taverns,in particular,gained a reputation for cleanliness and comfort and set the standard for accommodation in other parts of Europe.A. SwissB. GermanC. FrenchD. English6._______ are the primary destinations for the Chinese at present.A. Some European countries.B. Some North American countries.C. Some ASEAN countries.D. Some South American countries.7.Tourist expenditures have different effects on a destination economy:sales by food vendors to restaurants are _______ effect;while taxi fares and airline ticket sales are _______ effect.A. induced;directB. direct;indirectC. indirect;directD. induced;indirect8.In the U.K.,the Queen's Silver Jubilee is in _______.A. 1977B. 1967C. 1987D. 19579.As to the various pollutions,which of the following is NOT true?A. In the US,many dunes have been destroyed by the use of beach buggies.B. In the UK,many dunes have been seriously eroded by motor cycle rallying.C. In Spain,the removal of coral for commercial sale damages coastal regions.D. Footpaths in Snowdonia in Wales have been eroded by over-use.10.China is a mountainous country.Hills,mountains,and plateaus cover _______ of the total area.A. 1/3B. 3/4C. 2/3D. 1/211.The Western Council for Travel Research in _______ employed the term visitor.A. 1965B. 1964C. 1963D. 196212.Which of the following country is not a member of OECD?A. FinlandB. LuxembourgC. VietnamD. Italy.13.Which of the following is not mentioned as WTO's objective?A. To facilitate,in travel,people's access to education and culture.B. To act as an international agency of coordination and cooperation to spread tourism.C. To avoid discrimination between contracting countries.D. To improve the conditions of country dwellers and so to contribute to an expanding world economy.14.Which of the following country is not a member of OECD?A. SingaporeB. TurkeyC. JapanD. Greece15.In Europe _______ are the two leading contenders for a global reservations system.A. SABRE and GALILEOB. GALILEO and APOLLOC. GALILEO and AMADEUSD. APOLLO and AMADEUS16._______ is recognized as the national flag-carrier.A. The private airlineB. The public airlineC. The chartered airlineD. jet airline17.In 1995,an average of _______ of domestic travelers went on sightseeing in China.A. 52.4%B. 54.2%C. 56.4%D. 54.6%18.Which of the following is not an international visitor?A. A crew member of a foreign vessel or aircraft stopped in the country on a lay-over.B. An employee of international bodies on a mission lasting less than one year,or a national returning home for a temporary.C. One who visits in the capacity of a diplomat or a member of the armed forces.D. A foreign commercial or business traveler.19.According to Maslow,self-actualization need excludes _______A. personal developmentB. self-discoveryC. satisfaction of inner desiresD. exploration and evaluation20.The first task of a brochure is to _______.A. save spaceC. attract attentionD. be beautiful21. ________ Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.A. DespiteB. In spite ofC. BecauseD. Although22. These little things aren't important ________ themselves, but put together, they can cause troubles.A. byB. inC. forD. at23. If there were any inhabitants of the moon, they would see our earth reflecting the light of the sun, again like a huge mirror ________ in the sky.A. hangB. hangedC. hungD. hangs24. When we call a word “learned,” we do not mean that it is used by learned persons alone,________ simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books and the cultivation of literature rather than to the actual needs of ordinary conversation.A. soB. sinceC. butD. for25. ________ is accepted as true often is relatively, and not absolutely, true. A. What B. ThatC. WhichD. It26. I ________ awake for about two hours last night.A. lieB. liedC. laidD. lay27. In theory, every person will have ________ to an unlimited amount of information with the development of telecommunication satellites.A. entryC. entranceD. opening28. It is in Iran ________ the family members are involved in the wedding preparations.A. whereB. in whichC. thatD. from which29. I have never before met ________ as he is.A. so an intelligent personB. a so intelligent personC. so intelligent personD. so intelligent a person30. The role of the father in the traditional family was to provide ________ his family.A. forB. withC. upD. overⅡ.阅读理解题Directions: Read the following two passages and then choose the best answer to each question.(1)Greenspace facilities are contributing to an important extent to the quality of the urban environment.Fortunately it is no longer necessary that every lecture or every book about this subject has to start with the proof of this idea.At present it is generally accepted,although more as self-evident statement than on the base of a closely-reasoned scientific proof.The recognition of the importance of greenspaces in the urban environment is a first step on the right way,this does not mean,however,that sufficient details are known about the functions of greenspace in towns and about the way in which the inhabitants are using these spaces.As to this rather complex subject I shall,within the scope of this lecture,enter into one aspect only namely the recreative function of greenspace facilities.The theoretical separation of living,working,traffic and recreation which for many years has been used in town-and-country planning,has in my opinion resulted in disproportionate attention for forms of recreation far from home,whereas there was relatively little attention for improvement of recreative possibilities in the direct neighborhood of the home.We have come to the conclusion that this is not right,because an important part of the time which we do not pass in sleeping or working,is used for activities at and around home.So it is obvious that recreation in the open air has to begin at the street-door of the house.The urban environment has to offer as many recreation activities as possible,and the design of these has to be such that more obligatory activities can also have a recreative aspect.The very best standard of living is nothing if it is not possible to take a pleasant walk in the district,if the children cannot be allowed to play in the streets,because the risks of traffic are too great,if during shopping you can nowhere find a spot for enjoying for a moment the nice weather,in short,if you only feel yourself at home after the street-door of your house is closed afteryou.31.According to the author,the importance of greenspaces in the urban environment _______.A. is still unknownB. is usually neglectedC. is being closely studiedD. has been fully recognized32.The theoretic separation of living,working,traffic and recreation has led to _______.A. the disproportion of recreation facilities in the neighborhoodB. the location of recreation facilities far from homeC. relatively little attention for recreative possibilitiesD. the improvement of recreative possibilities in the neighborhood33.The author suggests that the recreative possibilities of greenspace should be provided _______.A. in special areasB. in the suburbsC. in the neighborhood of the houseD. in gardens and parks34.According to the author,greenspace facilities should be designed in such a way that _______.A. more obligatory activities might take on a recreation aspect.B. more and more people might have access to themC. an increasing number of recreative activities might be developedD. recreative activities might be brought into our homes35.The main idea of the passage is that _______.A. better use of greenspace facilities should be made so as to improve the quality of our lifeB. attention must be directed to the improvement of recreative possibilitiesC. the urban environment is providing more recreation activities than it did many years agoD. priority must be given to the development of obligatory activities(2)The actual work of cleaning and caring for the guest room is performed by the room attendants.Their duties include recognizing the guests,introducing room facilities and service,making or changing beds,dusting furniture,sweeping or cleaning floors and carpets,washing bathrooms,replacing towels and washing clothes,making up room and doing turn-down service.They should also supply any personal service to satisfy the guests' reasonable demands,such as wake-up service,room service,laundry service,shoeshine service and baby-sitting service.Whenever and wherever possible,the staff should offer to do extra things for the guests.In addition,they are expected to check up rooms and report any signs of damage or wear and tear that may make repairs and maintenance necessary.Finally,to be competent hotel staffs,they should be capable of handling with unexpected emergency and try to minimize the damage or negative influence.Room attendants have an intimate contact with the guests.A guest may ask the attendants to make up his room at a certain time,or he may indicate he does not want to be disturbed at all,or he would like to have meals in his room.Almost all hotels provide signs that the guest can hang on the doorknob in either of these cases.In addition,guests frequently ask room attendant for items that are supplied by the housekeeping department,such as irons,transformers,special pillows,extra hangers,cribs for infants and hair dryers.In some hotels,the room attendants pick up and deliver clothing for the laundry and valet service.Heavier chores are performed by men who are usually called housemen.Their work involveswindow-washing,shampooing carpets,polishing metals,removing and cleaning draperies,cleaning the public areas of the hotels,and many other tasks that might be beyond the physical capacities of women.The housemen also run errands for thehousekeeping department,such as providing guests with extra things on request.36.heavy chores are performed by _______.A. housekeepersB. housemenC. room attendantsD. assistants37.The word “intimate" in the first line of the second paragraph means _______.A. close and familiarB. clearC. internalD. interesting38.The word “crib" in the phrase “cribs for infants" means _______.A. copyB. boneC. foodsD. a bed for new baby39.From this passage we can know that _______.A. room attendants work very hard .B. room attendants are very kindC. room attendants are the busiestD. room attendants' work are very important40.Housemen do the following except _______.A. washing windowB. serving foodsC. running errands for the housekeeping departmentD. cleaning draperies（3）We can make mistakes at any age. Some mistakes we make are about money. But most mistakes are about people. “Did Jerry really care when I broke up with Helen?” “When I got that great job, did Jim really feel good about it, as a friend? Or did he envy my luck?”“And Paul-why didn't I pick up that he was friendly just because I had a car?” When we look back, doubts like these can make us feel bad. But when we look back, it's too late.Why do we go wrong about our friends——or our enemies? Sometimes what people say hides their real meaning. And if we don't really listen, we miss the feeling behind the words. Suppose someone tells you, “You're a lucky dog.” Is he really on your side? If he said, “You're a lucky guy” or “You're a lucky gal,” that's being friendly. But “lucky dog”? There's a bit of envy in those words. Maybe he doesn't see it himself. But bringing in the “dog” bit puts you down a little. What he may be saying is that he doesn't think you deserve your luck.“Just think of all the things you have to be thankful for” is another noise that says one thing and means another. It could mean that the speaker is trying to get you to see your problem as part of your life as a whole. But is he? Wrapped up in this phrase is the thought that your problem isn't important. It's telling you to think of all the starving people in the world when you haven't got a date for Saturday night.How can you tell the real meaning behind someone's words? One way is to take a good look at the person talking. Do his words fit the way he looks? Does what he says quare with(符合) the tone of voice? His posture? The look in his eyes? Stop and think. The minute you spend thinking about the real meaning of what people say to you may save another mistake.41. In the first paragraph, the writer recalls some things that happened between him and his friends. He ________.A. feels happy, thinking of how nice his friends were to himB. feels he may not have “read” his friends' true feeling correctlyC. is sorry that his friends let him downD. thinks it was a mistake to have broken up with his girl friends, Helen42. In the second paragraph, the writer talks about someone saying, “You're a lucky dog.” He is saying that ________.A. the speaker of this sentence is just being friendlyB. this saying means the same as “You're a lucky guy” or “You're a lucky gal.”C. the word “dog” shouldn't be used to apply to peopleD. sometimes the words give a clue (线索) to the feeling behind the words43. This passage tries to tell you how to ________.A. avoid mistakes about money and friendsB. “size up” peopleC. avoid mistakes in understanding what people tell youD. keep people friendly without trusting them44. In listening to a person the important thing is ________.A. to notice his tone, his posture, and the look in his eyeB. to listen to how he pronounces his wordsC. to check his words against his manner, his tone of voice, and his postureD. not to believe what he says45. The phrase …puts you down? (Para 2, Line 7) can be replaced by another phrase “________”.A. makes you humbleB. reduces you to silenceC. press you downD. makes you sadⅢ.Fill in the blanks with the proper phrases given below.Make some changes if necessary:(20%)be involved in come into service add to be identical to attribute to appropriate for consist of cut down give rise to submit to see leave angry take catch find provide interesting do go46.I have little to _______ what people already know.47.I _______ a research project at present.48.He _______ his success _______ hard work.49.These bad conditions _______ declined tourism in the area recently.50.That area's future weather pattern might _______ long,dry periods.51.The large jet airliner _______ last year.52.The law in that country requires that a wife _______ herself _______ her husband.53.You must _______ the expenditures to what is essential.54.John liked Bob's car so much that he bought a car which _______ Bob's.55.The joke is not _______ such a formal occasion.56. There is no way to escape ________ the work today.57. We will have a visit to the seaside ________ the weather remains clear.58. Had I left a little earlier, I ________ the train.59. The last train ________, we had to walk home.60. A few years later she came home only ________ that her hometown had greatly changed.61. The more she thought about it, ________ she grew.62. I'm sure he ________ Tokyo by this time tomorrow.63. We become used to ________ blood on the news on television, or in full color in newspaper and magazines..64. It is ________ novel I have ever read.65. I can't find the recorder in the room. It must ________ by someone else.Ⅳ.Indicate whether each of the statements is true(T) or false(F)( )66.The most important job of the flight attendants is the safety and comfort of the passengers.( )67.The place where the pilot sits to fly the plane is called the cockpit.( )68.At the end of the flight, passengers use their airline tickets to locate and identify their luggage.( )69.A validated ticket means that the passenger has paid for it and that the airline must provide transportation. ( )70.A reservation card is proof that a reservation was made.( )71.The gift shop manager must be able to speak to all the guests who come into the shop.( )72.Media refers to all the ways of spreading information.( )73.Generally, radio reaches the largest and broadest market, cutting across many different social and income groups. ( )74.The guide has to escort tourists to activities or show them special sights.( )75.A single passenger train may have as many as 20 cars all pulled by the engine at the front of the train.Ⅴ.Phrase translationPart one: Translation the following phrases into English:76.天然公园77.包价旅游78.特别服务项⽬79.珍稀植物和动物80.单位成本81. 他⾛都不会，更不⽤说跑了。
计算机专业英语 复习
Chapter 11.Raw, unprocessed facts, including text, numbers, images, and sounds.a.data2.Perform specific tasks related to managing computer resources。
h。
utilities3.Type of application programs that are more narrowly focused on specificdisciplines and occupations。
f。
specialized4.Also known as servers. b。
midrange computers5.The most widely used handheld computers are smartphones and ___。
d。
PDAs6.Type of memory that is sometimes referred to as temporary storagebecause its contents will typically be lost if the electrical power to the computer is disrupted. e。
RAM7.The most important kinds of secondary media are hard disks，solid—statestorage, and ___。
c。
optical disks8.The type of solid—state drive widely used for transporting data andinformation between computers and a variety of specialty devices。
g. USB9.Type of file created by electronic spreadsheets to analyze things likebudgets and to predict sales。
词汇学复习资料 大纲 英语专业必考
Chapter11.word:A word is the smallest unit of spoken written language which has meanings and can stand alone. A word is a minimal free form that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function2. A word is(1)A minimal free form of a language;(2)a sound unity;(3)a unity of meaning;(4)a form that can function alone in a sentence.3.1 the physical structure of the word(1)Phonetics is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for the description, classification and transcription.(2)Morphology is the branch of linguistics, which studies the internal structure of words and rules by which words are formed. In other words, it identifies the smallest meaningful units in a language which are called morphemes and look into the ways the morphemes are arranged to form words.2.2 the semantic structure of the word（1）the word is a unit of speech or writng, which serves the purposeful human communication.（2）the word can be perceived as the total of the sounds that comprise it（3）the word , in writing, is seen as a sequence of letters bounded on either side by a blank space.（4）the word, viewed linguistically, possesses its physical structure (form) and semantic structure (meaning).4.V ocabulary:V ocabulary refers to all the words used in a particular kind of work, business or known to a particular person.5.V ocabulary and Lexis :Lexi, a mass noun, is defined as the total stick of words in a language.6.Lexicology: the study of meaning and uses of words论述对词汇学的理解包括内容：Lexicology is the part of linguistics which studies words. This may include their nature and function as symbols, their meaning, the relationship of their meaning, and the rules of their composition from smaller elements. Lexicology also involves relations between words, which may involve semantics, derivation, usage and sociolinguistic distinctions. Any other issues involved in analyzing the whole lexicon of a languages.Chapter21.The development of English vocabulary. The history of English language can be divided into 3 periods:a/ Old English period (449—1100)the former inhabitants, the Celtic, the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons and Jutes Anglo-Saxon as Old English, Old English contains 50-60 thousand words, which consists of the basic word stock.*3个重大事件：(1)Teutonic Conquest 乔顿征服(2)Christianity(Latin word)(3)Scandinavian invasionb/ Middle English period (1100-1500)characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066.The French loan words were found in law and governmental administration (judge, justice）1150-1204:French occupied the dnoinant position1204-1500:English gradually come back to a positionc/ Modern English period (1500--)the early stage of this period ( including the years between 1500-1700), the Renaissance brought great changes to the vocabulary. borrowing from Latin, Latin were now mostly connected with science and abstract ideas. Greek borrowings were mostly literary, technical and scientific words2.The origins of English words2.1 the native words: Anglo-Saxon elements2.2 the loan words: French, Latin, Greek, Scandinavian, other European elements, ChineseChapter31. American English: is the form of English used in the United States. It includes all English dialects used within the United States.2. British English: is the form of English used in the United Kingdom. It includes all English dialects used within the United Kingdom.3. The history:(1)17th century: The English language was first introduced to the American by British colonization, beginning in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia.Early in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American history.The language taken there was Elizabethan English(2)The War of Independence : It marks the end of the colonial period.The political independence brings the tendency to develop an American brand of English.4.Americanism: A word, phrase or idiom characteristic of English as it is spoken in the US.5.Difference: pronunciation / spelling/ vocabulary / habitual expression/ grammarChapter41.Neologism(新词): a neologism is a recently coined word, phrase or usage. It can also be an existing word or phrase which has been assigned a new meaning.Chapter51.morpheme:A morpheme is the minimal meaningful units of which the language is composed. Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.2.分类：(1)free morphemes (自由词素)(2)bound morphemes (黏着词素): bound root +affixA. Inflectional affixes (-s ,-es ,ing,-er ,or -(e)d,est)B. Derivational affixes(3)content and function morpheme(4)derivational and Inflectional morpheme3.Root, stem, base词根、词干、词基A root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. (词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分)A stem is that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.(词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分)A base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem. (词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式)词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。
城市轨道交通专业英语复习
城市轨道交通专业英语复习城市轨道交通专业英语复习提纲考试题型：①英汉互译②选择题（10题）③英译汉④汉译英⑤作文一、词汇Aaccess to platforms 站台入口additional coach 加挂列车additional train 加开列车arrival and departure siding 到发线assistant driver/motorman 副司机assistant station master 副站长ATC signal 列车自动控制信号automatic door operation 自动开关车门automatic train control （ATC）列车自动控制automatic train operation （ATO）列车自动运行，列车自动驾驶Bbaggage office/room 行李房ballast 道砟，道床berth ticket 卧铺车票boarding gate 检票口box car/wagon 棚车Ccab 司机室，驾驶室carriage with cushioned berths 软卧车carriage with cushioned seats 软坐车carriage with hard seats 硬座车carriage with semi-cushionedberths 硬卧车check ticket 检票，查票chief conductor 列车长chief dispatcher 调度长city railway 城市铁路coach NO.6 六号车厢consist 列车编组顺序表【美】；车列【美】container 集装箱crew 乘务组；乘务人员crew car 宿营车crew member/man乘务人员crew room 乘务员室Ddining-car 餐车direct train 直达车down direction 下行方向Eelectric multiple-unit（EMU）电动车组emergency braking 紧急制动entrance 入口，进站口exit 出口，出站口express ticket 特快车票Ggrade crossing 平面交叉；平交道口，道口【美】guests’waiting-room 贵宾候车室Hhead driver=head engineer 司机长heavy rail 重轨high-speed intercity train 高速城际列车hump 驼峰hump yard 驼峰调车场Iinformation bureau 问讯处【美】in transfer to 中转到issuing station 售票站Llevel crossing 平面交叉，平交道口light rail 轻轨locomotive 机车locomotive depot 机务段long-distance passenger train 长途旅客列车lower berth 下铺luggage office=baggage office 行李房，行李托运处luggage storage service 行李寄存处Mmaglev（magnetically levitated）train 磁悬浮列车main-line coach 干线客车maintenance维修，保养metro 地铁middle berth 中铺monorail 单轨铁路Ppassenger service 客运passenger station 客运站people mover 小型快速交通系统personal rapid transit system 小型快速交通系统pick-up goods train 摘挂列车platform 站台points 道岔Rrailway signaling 铁路信号railway station 火车站railway transport/transportation 铁路运输rapid transit 快速交通系统reception and departure of trains 接发列车refund of ticket 退票rolling stock 机车车辆总称round-the-clock service 昼夜服务round-trip fare 往返票价Sservice charge 手续费Service Counter 服务台station attendant 车站服务员station facilities 车站设备Station Master 站长station operator 车站值班员straddle monorail 跨骑式单轨铁路suspended monorail 悬挂式单轨铁路Tterminal 终点站；枢纽ticket office=booking office=reservation office 售票处ticket valid 车票有效期time interval 时间间隔to endorse ticket 签票TOFC（trailer on flat car）平车装运的集装箱挂车tunnel 隧道；地道Uunclaimed baggage 无人认领行李underground 地铁unmanned crossing=unstaffed level crossing 无人看守道口up direction 上行方向upper berth 上铺Vvehicle 车辆；运输工具Wwaiting room 候车室waiting-room for soft seat passengers 软席候车室二、选择题Unit 21、The dictionary definition of a train is a long line ofvehicles traveling in （C）direction.A、differentB、leftC、the sameD、right2、A maglev train floats about（A）mm above the guideway on a magnetic field.A、10B、11C、9D、83、Because there are no wheels running along there is no wheel（B）.A、maintenanceB、noiseC、disturbanceD、resistance4、Of the 5,000 km that TGV trains serve in France，only about （C）km is high speed line.A、1,000B、1,100C、1,200D、1,3005、The vast majority of resistive force at high speed is（A）resistance.A、airB、frictionC、electricityD、heatUnit101、A rapid transit usually has high capacity and frequency，with large trains and total or near total（C）separation from other traffic. A、level B、part C、grade D、whole2、Power is commonly supplied by means of a single live third rail at（A）volts.A、600 to 750B、700 to 850C、500 to 650D、800 to 950 3、Metro systems generally use（B）power.A、ACB、DCC、overheadD、return4、Rubber tires system is much （A）than conventional steel-wheeled trains.A、quieterB、noisierC、largerD、smaller5、Some cities with steep hills incorporate（C）railway technologies into their metros.A、undergroundB、suspendedC、mountainD、conventionalUnit141、（A）is a station sited where a railway line ends or terminates.A、A terminusB、An interchangeC、A unionD、A depot2、A（C）is a stopping place that may not even have platform.A、taxi rankB、bus bayC、haltD、pub3、Some stations have unusual platform layouts,due to space constraints of the station location,or the （D）of the railway lines.A、curveB、elevationC、parallelD、alignment4、Considerrations for people with disabilities include elevator or （A）access to all platforms,matching platform height to train floors,etc.A、rampB、humpC、campD、lamp5、There are safety measures for disabled people,such as（B）markingof platform edges and covering of third rail.A、audibleB、tactileC、tastefulD、smellyUnit161、Propulsion for the train is typically provded by a separate locomotive,or from individual motors in self-prolled（B）.A、single unitB、multiple unitC、double unitsD、triple units2、A train hauled by two locomotive is said to be（A）.A、double-headedB、single-headedC、triple-headedD、multiple-headed3、Special trains are also used for track maintenance,this is called （C）.A、RPOB、TPOC、MOWD、TOFC4、Tilting is a system where the passenger cars automatically （A）into curves,reducing the centrifugal forces.A、leanB、goC、moveD、run5、The trains are electrically powered,usually by（B）rail.A、firstB、secondC、thirdD、fourth三、对话A:Are you a conductor? 你是列车员吗？B:No,I am a station attendant. 不，我是车站服务员。
计算机专业英语复习
计算机专业英语复习Chapter 11.Raw, unprocessed facts, including text, numbers, images, and sounds.a.data2.Perform specific tasks related to managing computer resources.h. utilities3.Type of application programs that are more narrowly focused on specificdisciplines and occupations.f. specialized4.Also known as servers. b. midrange computers5.The most widely used handheld computers are smartphones and ___.d. PDAs6.Type of memory that is sometimes referred to as temporary storage becauseits contents will typically be lost if the electrical power to the computer is disrupted. e. RAM7.The most important kinds of secondary media are hard disks, solid-statestorage, and ___. c. optical disks8.The type of solid-state drive widely used for transporting data andinformation between computers and a variety of specialty devices.g. USB9.Type of file created by electronic spreadsheets to analyzethings like budgetsand to predict sales.i. worksheet10.Provides a multimedia interface to the numerous resources available on theInternet.j. WebBook1. Consists of the step-by-step instructions that tell the computer how to do its work.f. program2. Another name for a program.g. software3. Enables the application software to interact with the computer hardware.i. system software4. Type of computer that is small enough to fit on top of or alongside a desk yet is too big to carry around.a. desktop5. A container that houses most of the electronic components that make up a computer system.j. system unit6. Devices that translate the processed information from the computer into a form that humans can understand.d. output7. Unlike hard disks, this type of storage does not have any moving parts, is morereliable, and requires less power.h. solid-state8. The most widely used communication device.b. modem9. A type of a file that might contain, for example, audience handouts, speaker notes, and electronic slides.e. presentation10. A communications system connecting two or more computers.c. networkMultiple Choice1. The rules or guidelines for people to follow when using software are called:Procedures programsRules utilities2. The part of almost all of today’s computer systems tha t uses the Internet and allows users to greatly expand the capability and usefulness of their information systems.Connectivity hardwareUSB Web3. Specialized programs that are designed to allow particular input or output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system are known as:basic programs device drivershi defs tablets4. The least powerful, yet the most widely used and fastest-growing type of computer is the: Mainframe microcomputer Midrange supercomputer5. The newest type of computer that is smaller and lighter than a notebook and typically does not have a keyboard but uses a touch sensitive screen for input.Netbook notebookTablet server6. Devices of this type translate data and programs that humans can understand into a form that the computer can process.Input outputsolid state tablet7. The type of secondary storage device that uses rigid metallic platters to store programs and very large data files.hard disk optical disksolid state Web8. Three types of optical discs are CDs, DVDs, and:Flash hi defMagnetic RAM9. The revolution that will dramatically affect the way we communicate and use computer technology.Wireless tablet PCUSB Web10. Type of computing that uses the Internet and the Web to shift many computer activities from a user’s computer to computers on the Internet.Cloud browserInternet WebBook1. The keyboard, mouse, monitor, and system unit are:Hardware output devicesstorage devices software2. Programs that coordinate computer resources, provide an interface, and run applications are known as:application programsoperating systemsstorage systemsutility programs3. A browser is an example of a:general purpose applicationspecialized programsystem applicationutility program4. Although not as powerful as a supercomputer, this type of computer is capable of great processing speeds and data storage.Mainframe midrangeNotebook tablet5. The smallest type of microcomputer:handheldnotebookmidrangetablet6. RAM is a type of:Computer memoryNetwork secondary storage7. Unlike memory, this type of storage holds data and programs even after electrical power to the computer system has been turned off.primaryRAMROMsecondary8. The type of file created by word processors to save, for example, memos, term papers, and letters.databasedocumentpresentationworksheet9. Uses the Internet and the Web to shift many computer activities from a user’s computer to computers on the Internet.cloud computinghigh definitionnetworkUSB10. The largest network in the world is [the]:FacbeookInternetWebUSBChapter 2Matching1. This project launched the Internet.a. ARPANET2. Programs that provide access to Web resources.b. browsers3. The browser interprets the HTML instructions and displays___.i. Web pages4. Web based e-mail accounts do not require an e-mail program to be installed on your ___.e. computer5. The billions of unwanted and unsolicited e-mail.h. spam6. Photos, lists of personal interests, contact information, and other personal information displayed on Facebook.g. profiles7. Web site designed to allow visitors to fill in missinginformation or correct inaccuracies. j. wiki8. Evaluate the accuracy of information on the Web by considering authority, accuracy, objectivity and _____.f. currency9. Clients, the Internet, and service providers are basic components of this type of computing.d. cloud10. Type of electronic commerce that involves the sale of a product or service from one business to another.c. B2BBook1. The most popular Internet activity.a. communicating2. The most common way to access the Internet is through a(n).e. ISP3. Transmission of electronic messages over the Internet.c. e-mail4. Type of instant messaging service that supports a variety of different IM services.i. universal5. The premier business-oriented social networking site.f. LinkedIn6. Another name for a blog.j. Web log7. Publishes short sentences that only take a few seconds to write.g. microblog8. Maintain huge databases relating to information provided on the Web and the Internet.h. search services9. Electronic commerce involving individuals selling to individuals.b. C2C10. The basic components of cloud computing are clients, service providers, and the___.d. InternetMultiple Choice1. The Web was introduced in 1991 in Switzerland at the:APIX CERNInternet Spider2. These programs use a URL to connect to Web sites.Browsers spamProtocols utilities3. A type of communication that allows two or more people to contact each other via direct, live communication.e-mailIMsocial networkingWebmail4. The most widely used social networking site:CERNLinkedInTwitterFacebook5. To evaluate the accuracy of information you find on the Web, you should consider the sites’ authority, accuracy, objectivity, and:currencyobjectivitylocation6. The type of electronic commerce in which a business sellsa product to the general public.B2BB2CC2CP2B7. This type of computing frees users from owning, maintaining, and storing software and data:networkclouddesktopWeb8. These programs are automatically started and operate asa part of your browser.filtersFTPplug-insspiders9. FTP, Web-based, and BitTorrent are types of:file transferprotocolsspam blockerswikis10. This type of suite can be used to maintain your security and privacy while you are on the Web:browser securityfilterplug-inInternet securityBook1. The network that connects computers all over the world.CERNInternetLANWeb2. The rules for exchanging data between computers.protocolsWebWWW3. Client-based e-mail accounts require this special program to be installed on your computer.e-mail clienthyperlinkJavautility4. Communities of individuals who share a common interest typically create Facebook: clientsgroupspagesprofiles5. E-mail that does not require an e-mail program installed on a user's computer is known as:a bloga podcastWebmaila utility6. A very well-known microblog.LinkedInGoogle+TwitterWikipedia7. These programs continually look for new information and update search services’database programs.filtersIMspiderswikis8. Using a keyword, a search engine returns a list of related sites known as:blogshitspodcastsstrikes9. This is the Internet’s equivalent to traditional cash.digital cashe-commerceiCashInternet dollars10. Using file transfer utility software, you can copy files to your computer from specially configured servers on the Internet. This is called:downloadingfilteringblogginguploadingChapter 3Matching1. Application software can be divided into two categories: basic and ___.h. mobile apps2. This GUI uses a system of ribbons, tabs, and galleries.a. ribbon3. This application can be used to analyze sales trends and also evaluate and graph stock market trends.g. spreadsheet4. A feature of most word processors that enables users to quickly apply predefined formatting characteristics to text.i. styles5. A specialized graphics program for editing or modifying digital photographs.e. image editor6. Bitmap images are also referred to as _____ images.f. raster7. A program that sets up or structures a database.b. DBMS8. Illustration programs are used to create and edit _____ images.j. vector9. Graphics that typically appear as black and white boxes that automatically link mobile devices to a variety of different content including games, text, videos, and web sites.c. QR codes10. A collection of separate application programs bundled together and made available asa group.d. software suiteBook1.Toolbars typically appear below the menu bar and include small graphic elements called _____.a. buttons2. Simplifies the process of making a selection from a list of alternatives by graphically displaying the effect of alternatives before being selected.d. galleries3. A general purpose program that creates text-based documents.j. word processor4. Program that organizes, analyzes, and graphs numeric data.g. spreadsheet5. A collection of related data.c. database6. Also known as a photo editor, this specialized graphics program edits or modifies digital photographs.e. image editor7. The overall site design for a Web site is commonly represented in a graphical site ____.f. map8. A Web site that provides access to specific mobile apps is known as an app _____.h. store9. A type of suite that is stored at a server on the Internet and is available anywhere you can access the Internet.b. cloud10. A type of specialized suite that includes a variety of programs designed to make computing easier and safer.i. utilityMultiple Choice1. The portion of the application that allows you to controland to interact with the program.dialog boxgalleryuser interfacewindow2. The type of gui that uses tabs to organize groups of related items.charactergalleryribbontraditional3. This application software organizes, analyzes, and graphs numeric data.spreadsheetword processordatabasepresentation graphics4. A collection of related data equivalent to an electronic file cabinet:databasespreadsheetword processorpresentation graphics5. These programs allow you to mix text and graphics to create publications of professional quality focusing on page design and layout.image editorspresentation graphicsworkbooksdesktop publishing6. These readers allow mobile devices to use their digital cameras to scan quick response codes.mobile readerscamera scannersRC scannersQR code readers7. A Web site that provides access to specific mobile apps is called a(n):mobile storeapp storeiPhone appssmartphone store8. A collection of separate application programs bundled together and available as a group is a:integrated packagesoftware suiteapp suiteoffice apps9. One downside of using a _________ is that you are dependent on the server providing theapplication to be available whenever you need it.cloud suiteoffice suiteutility programWindows program10. Google Docs, Zoho, and Microsoft Office Web Apps are examples of:basic applicationscloud suitesutility suitesspecialized applicationsBook1. This type of software works with end users, application software, and computer hardware to handle the majority of technical details.applicationgeneral purposesystemutility2. A rectangular area that can contain a document, program, or message.dialog boxformframewindow3. Programs that create text-based documents.DBMSsuitesspreadsheetsword processors4. Programs that organize, analyze, and graph numeric data such as budgets and financial reports.DBMSsuitesspreadsheetsword processors5. Programs that allow you to mix text and graphics to create publications of professional quality.databasedesktop publishingpresentationproductivity6. The type of image consisting of geometric shapes.bitmaprasterribbonvector7. An online diary or commentary.bitmapblogHTMLvector8. Programs that combine a variety of visual objects to create attractive, visually interesting presentations.DBMSpresentation graphicsspreadsheetword processor9. Graphics that typically appear as black and white boxes that automatically link mobile devices to a variety of different content.QR Codesbitmapsraster imagesvectors10. Also known as an online suite.cloudintegratedofficeutilityChapter 4Matching1. Programs that allow particular input or output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system.b. device drivers2. Operating systems allow users to interact with application programs and computer hardware through a user ___.e. interface3. This type of interface uses graphical elements such as icons and windows.d. gui4. In a ribbon gui these divide menus into major activity areas.h. tabs5. While there are hundreds of different operating systems, there are only three basic categories: network, stand-alone, and ___.c. embedded6. The most recent Mac OS X version.g. Mountain Lion7. Originally developed by a graduate student at the University of Helsinki, Linus Torvalds, this operating system is a popular and powerful alternative to Windows.f. Linux8. Mobile operating system for many of Hewlett-Packard's smartphones and tablet computers.j. WebOS9. Utility program that reduces the size of files so they require less storage space and can be sent more efficiently over the Internet.i. file compression10. Wizard that provides step-by-step guidance for selecting hardware drivers and installing drivers.a. add a deviceBook1. Programs that perform specific tasks related to managing computer resources.h. utilities2. Restarting a running computer without turning off the power.j. warm boot3. Type of operating system that controls and coordinates networked computers.f. NOS4. An operating system is often referred to as the software environment or___.g. platform5. OS X Lion feature to display and provide direct access to applications.e. Launchpad6.A type of software that allows a single physical computer to operate as though it were two or more separate and independent computers.i. virtualization7.Mobile operating system that that is owned by Google and is one of the fastest-growing mobile operating systems.a. Android8.Type of program that guards computer systems from viruses and other damaging programs.b. antivirus9. If a file cannot be saved on a single track, it has to be____.d. fragmented10. Program that works with the operating system to allow communication between a device and the rest of a computer system is called a device____.c. driverMatching1. This system software coordinates computer resources, provides a user interface, and runs applications.device driveroperating systemtranslatorutility2. Starting or restarting a computer is called:bootingaligninginitializingstartup3. Type of operating system used for handheld devices such as smartphones, cable and satellite television tuner boxes, video game systems, and other small electronics.cellembeddednetworkstand-alone4. The operating system is often referred to as the software environment or the software:desktopserverplatformwindow5. An approach in which a single physical computer can support multiple operating systems that operate independently.simulationhostingmultitaskingvirtualization6. An operating system released in 2012 with a user interface very similar to the interface used with tablets and smartphones with functionality similar to Windows 8.OS X Mountain LionOS X LionLinuxChrome7. An approach that allows a single computer to run multiple operating systems at the same time.multitaskingvirtualizationV.R.Windows8. Developed by Apple, based on Mac OS and is used as the platform for the iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad.iOSBlackberry OSAndroidWindows Phone 89. A Windows utility program that locates and eliminates unnecessary fragments and rearranges files and unused disk space to optimize operations.BackupDisk CleanupDisk DefragmenterRestore10. Dangerous programs that can be “caught” in a variety of ways including opening e-mail attachments and downloading software from the Internet.appspamutilityvirusBook1. What type of software works with users, application software, and computer hardware to handle the majority of technical details?applicationdesktopLinuxsystem2. The programs that convert programming instructions written by programmers into a language that computers understand and process are language:converterslinguistsmanagerstranslators3. The ability to switch between different applications stored in memory is called:diversionmultitaskingoperational interferenceprogramming4. Graphic representations for a program, type of file, or function:appiconimagesoftware5. This operating system feature is controlled by a mouse and changes shape depending on its current function.dialog boxmenumousepointer6. The operating system based on Linux, designed for Netbook computers, and focused on Internet connectivity through cloud computing:ChromeMacUnixWindows7. The mobile operating system developed by Apple and originally called iPhone OS:AndroidBlackBerry OSiOSMac OS8. A utility program that makes copies of files to be used in case the originals are lost or damaged:Backup and RestoreDisk CleanupDisk DefragmenterCompactor9. A troubleshooting utility that identifies and eliminates nonessential files, frees up valuable disk space, and improves system performance:Backup and RestoreDisk CleanupDisk DefragmenterCompactor10. Windows makes it easy to update drivers with Windows:BackupRestoreDriverUpdateChapter 5。
地质类专业英语复习资料
1、学科名称：Mineralogy 矿物学. Petrology 岩石学. Geomorphology 地貌学. Geochemistry 地球化学. Geophysics 地球物理. Sedimentology沉积学. Structural geology 构造地质学. Economic geology 经济地质学. Stratigraphy 地层学. Paleogeography 古地理学.Precambrian前寒武纪.paleozoic 古生代.mesozoic中生代.cenozoic新生代.aqueous 水成论.uniformitarianism均变说.catastrophism灾变说.remote sensing遥感.space shuttle航天飞机.engineering geology 工程地质学.geological mapping 地质填图. 古生物学paleontology mineral composition/component of rock 岩石组分elongate shape 椭圆形. Granulite麻粒岩.halo变质环带. geologic structure地质构造. tectonic构造.debris残骸;碎片;破片;残渣.2、常见矿物mineral：Granite花岗岩. quartz石英. feldspar长石. fluorite萤石. Dolomite白云石. cassiterite锡石. stibnite辉锑矿.silica tetrahedrons硅氧四面体.sheet silicates片状硅酸盐。
chain silicates链状. framework silicates框架硅酸盐. mica云母. chert/flint 燧石. hornblende角闪石. amphibole闪石. augite普通辉石. olivine橄榄石.orthoclase正长石. 斜长石plagioclase. 硅石silica. 玛瑙agate. 碧玉jasper。
应用技术学院-计算机专业英语复习资料
应用技术学院-计算机专业英语复习资料专业英语复习资料一、请写出以下单词的中文意思。
1、floppy disk软盘2、printer打印机3、optical disk光盘4、formatting toolbar 格式工具条5、formula方程式6、relational database关系数据库7、antivirus program抗病毒程序8、fragmented破碎9、user interface用户界面10、bus line总线11、smart card智能卡12、motherboard主板13、digital camera数码相机14、fax machine传真机15、ink-jet printer喷墨打印机16、access time访问时间17、direct access直接存取18、Bluetooth蓝牙19、digital signal数字签名20、protocols协议21、operating system 操作系统22．requirements analysis 需求分析23．network security 网络安全24．data structure 数据结构25．decision support system 决策支持系统26．software crisis 软件危机27．computer virus 电脑病毒28．email attachment 电邮附件29．central processing unit ( CPU )中央处理单元30．ink-jet printer 喷墨打印机31. multimedia 多媒体32. software life cycle软件生命周期33. structured programming 结构化程序34. functional testing 功能测试35. word processor 文字处理36. code windows 代码窗口37. firewall 防火墙38. LAN local area network局域网39. hacker 黑客40. switch 开关41．数据库管理系统database management system42．传输控制协议transmission control protocol43．多文档界面multiple document interface 44．面向对象编程Object-oriented programming 45．只读存储器read-only memory46．数字视频光盘Digital Video Disc47．计算机辅助设计computer aided design48．结构化查询语言Structured Query Language49．通用串行总线Universal Serial Bus50．企业之间的电子商务交易方式EDi二、单项选择题。