最好的非谓语动词导学案附答案

非谓语动词（Non-predicate Verbs ）
非谓语动词是高考的重点和热点，也是我们英语学习中所碰到的难点之一。

非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定
式（to do ），V-ing 分词（又分为现在分词和动名词）和V-ed 过去分词。

I.不定式（The Infinitive ）
定义：动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能独立作谓语，但它仍保持动
词的特点，既可以有时态和语态的变化又有自己的宾语和状语。

动词不定式的否定形式是由not 或never 加不定式构成。

Try _________________________________. 尽量下次不要再迟到。

He _________________________. 他希望我们永远不要再见到她。

二、动词不定式的用法：
动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。

因此在句中可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状
语。

（一）不定式做主语：不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。

e.g: To finish the building in a month is difficult.
To lose heart means failure.
完成句子：To see is ________________. 眼见为实。

To wait is better than _____________. 等待比离开好。

注: 1) 不定式作主语时,谓语用________数
2) 当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it 做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。

it 做形式主语，不定式放
在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中：
(1) It is/was +adj.+of sb. to do…
It’s good/kind/nice/bad/clever/wise//silly/stupid/foolish/ honest
(2) It is/was +adj.+for sb.+to do…
It is easy / difficult / hard / probable/possible / right / wrong / unnecessary/important
(3) It is +a +名词+(for) to do...
It is a pity / a pleasure / a pleasant thing / one’s duty / an honor / a
shame / a crime / no easy job… to do
(4) It takes (sb.) some time / courage / patience …to do…
It requires courage / patience / hard work… to do…
完成句子：
It’s kind__________________________。

你帮我是好的
It’s silly ______________________________________________.
学生考试作弊是愚蠢的
It’s an honor____________________________________________.
参加这样重要的会议我们对我们是一件荣誉的事。

It is important____________________________________.
对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。

主动形式 被动形式
一般式 to do
完成式 进行式 无 完成进行式 无
It’s good man ners__________________. 排队等候是很有礼貌的。

It made us very angry _____________________________________
听到他那样跟他妈妈说话我们很生气。

It is very hard___________________________________________.
十分钟完成这件工作是难的。

It takes us two hours______________________________________.
从这乘飞机到巴黎用我们两个小时的时间。

（二）不定式做表语
eg My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.
Your mistake was not to write that letter.
完成句子：
Our plan is ____________________for the peasants’ children.
我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。

The problem is _____________________.
问题是怎样才能准时到达哪儿。

（三）不定式作宾语
以不定式结构为宾语的动词有：ask, agree, care, choose, demand, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等只能用动词不定式作宾语口诀（接不定式作宾语的动词）想要学习早打算（want、learn 、plan）
快准备有希望（prepare 、hope、wish、expect）
同意否供选择（agree、offer、choose）
决定了已答应（decide、be determined、promise）
尽力去着手做（manage、undertake）
别拒绝别假装（refuse、pretend）
失败不是属于你（fail）
e.g. Tom refused to lend me his pen.
We hope to get there before dark.
另外，不定式在某些复合宾语中作宾语时，常常用it代表不定式，而将真实宾语放在补足语之后。

如：
Do you think it better to translate it in this way?
I feel it my duty to serve the people heart and soul.
汉译英：
I feel ____________________________________________________.
我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是一件很光荣的事情。

All of us think ____________________________________________.
大家认为学好英语很重要。

Do you consider ?你认为不去更好吗
（四）不定式做宾语补足语如：
He want you to be his assistant. I saw her cross the street.
完成句子：
I would like you___________________. 我想请你帮我做英语练习。

I never expected the shoes ______________________.
我从来没想到鞋子这么快就穿破了。

注:1. 如果谓语动词为感官动词或使役动词，在主动语态中作宾补的不式不可带to，这些动词有三使、两听、五看、一感觉、半帮助。

have, make, let, hear, listen to, watch, see, look at, observe, notice,feel, help等。

I felt my blood run cold.
What made you think like that?
但如果句子是被动语态，则to不可省略。

He was made to clean the windows as a punishment.
Someone was heard to come up the stairs.
完成句子：
Though he often __________________, today he was made________ by his little sister.
尽管他经常弄哭他的小妹妹，但今天他却被他的小妹妹弄哭了。

He is often heard__________________. 经常有人听到他唱这首歌。

注:2. get,等词也有“让”“叫”的意思，和使役动词意思相近，但它后面的不定式作宾语补足语必须要有to。

如：完成句子：
I’ll get him __________________________. 我将让他再试一次。

注: 3. allow, permit, advise, consider, forbid,等跟doing 作宾语，跟
不定式做宾语。

但refuse, agree, hope, demand等不跟复合宾语。

（五）动词不定式做定语
①序数词、形容词最高级或被only, last, next等词修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。

完成句子：
He is always __________________________________________.
他总是第一个来最后一个离开。

The next person _________________________ is Dr. Baker.
下一个出席会议的人是贝克先生。

②还有一些名词经常带不定式作定语。

如：attempt, decision, promise, plan, intention, failure, wish, determination, ability, time, way, chance, courage, opportunity等。

如：
We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.
注意：不定式为不及物动词或所修饰的名词是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词。

完成句子：
Give me a knife _____________.（削苹果）
Some people have no house ___________(住) especially in Beijing.
The fox found a box ____________________(站着).
Could you lend me a pen _________________(写字)
This is the tool _______________________(劳动).
Give me a piece of paper _______________(写字).
I have nothing ________________________(担心).
如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
（六）不定式做状语
不定式做状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示目的、结果、原因等。

1:表目的
例如：To learn a foreign language well, you must try your best
He came here in order to see Charlie.
I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him
完成句子：
_______________ the young plants from the sun, Mother put them in the shade.
为了保护幼苗不被太阳晒坏，妈妈把它们放到了阴凉处。

He got up very early this morning __________________________. 今天早上他起身很早以免上学再迟到。

注：1. in order to置于句首或句中，so as to只放在句中.
In order to draw maps properly, you need a special pen.
注：2.不定式结构表示目的时，通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语 e.g. He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly.
判断正误：①To save money, every means has been tried.
To save money, he has tried every means.
②To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
注：3 不定式做目的状语放在句末时不用逗号，而Ving做目的状语放在句末时用逗号。

He worked hard to enter key university.
He worked hard, entering key university.
2. 表结果
不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型
①so …as to …
Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time?
②such (…) as to …
I’m not such a fool as to believe that.
③adj./adv. + enough to …
The boy is old enough to go to school.
④too … to …
His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.
⑤ only to find, only to be told 出乎意料之外的结果
What I said to make you angry.
注意：too…to通常表示太……而不……，但在下列句子中没有否定的意思。

She is only too glad to stay at home.。

He is too anxious to know the examination results.
完成句子：
The question is too .
对我来说，这个问题很难回答。

He said he was clever enough __________________ it by himself.
他说他足够聪明可以独自应付这件事。

Will you be ___ kind _________________ the radio?
请你帮我把收音机调低一点好吗？
He woke up only __________in hospital. 他醒来发现自己在医院里。

The water is ______________. 这水不适合饮用。

The room is very comfortable ___________. 这个房间住起来很舒服
3.不定式作形容词的状语，
如：I’m glad to meet you.
I’m anxious to know the result.
I’m sorry to say that.
完成句子：
They are surprised ______________________________________.
得知他死亡的消息，他们很惊讶。

We are proud __________________________________________.
成为新中国的青年，我们感到很骄傲。

另外，hard, difficult, easy, fit，comfortable等词也可以接动词不定式。

这时候，作句子主语的除了是表示人的词外，还可以是表示物的词。

如：
完成句子：
The question is .这个问题容易回答。

The box is .这个箱子搬起来很沉。

The ice is .冰太薄不能在上面滑。

She is .和她工作很好。

The pen is 这支笔写字流畅。

The water is _________________________. 这水不适合喝。

注意：后两句中的不定式与句子的主语或宾语之间是动宾关系，此时如果不定式动词是不及物动词，则需要带上适当的介词。

▲与疑问词连用。

疑问代词who, what, which和疑问副词when,where, how连词whether等后加动词不定式，构成不定式短语，在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。

例如：He didn’t kn ow what to do next.
I haven’t decided whether to go to Japan.
How to get rid of waste is a great problem for the world today.
I’m not sure whether to go to the re.
On hearing the news, he didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
完成句子：
__________________ has not been decided.什么时候出发还没有定。

The problem is .
问题是怎样才能准时到达哪儿。

注：介词后一般不直接不定式，但可以接疑问词+不定式短语作宾语。

完成句子：
Mary gave some advice on .
玛丽提了一些如何学习英语的建议。

I have no idea of . 我不知道该怎么做。

▲不定式的复合结构
由for + 名词或代词+ 动词不定式构成的复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、状语等。

由for 引出的不定式复合结构，经常与以下形容词连用：
easy / difficult / hard / probable/possible / right / wrong / unnecessary/important
例如：It is necessary for you to finish the work before Friday.
It’s tome for us to go to school.
There are a lot of difficulties for us to overcome.
Can you arrange for a car to take us there?
It’s for you to decide. He put the paper on the desk for you to read.
完成句子：
His idea is .
他的主意是让我们乘不同的车去旅游。

由of 引出的不定式复合结构，经常与以下形容词连用：brave, careless, good, honest, kind, nice, rude, stupid, silly, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, wise clever,等。

例如：It’s kind of you to say so.
完成句子：
It’s brave the burning building to save the baby!
你真勇敢，冲进着火的大楼里救这个婴儿
▲不定式的省略
1. 不定式省略to的规则：
前面我们已经谈到，在一些使役动词和感官动词后的不定式作宾语补语时，不定式符号to常常省略，下面还有几种情况请大家注意：
①在why引起的一些疑问句中，疑问词直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形。

完成句子：
Why ? 为什么花这么多钱？
Why ? 为什么不再让她试一试？
②在had better, had best , would rather, would rath er…than, cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but 等结构后直接跟动词原形或not +动词原形。

完成句子：
You’d better.
你最好听一听老师的看法。

I would rather . 我宁愿工作而不愿闲坐。

Rather than , he always prefers to ride a bicycle.
他宁愿挤公共汽车也不愿骑自行车。

Liu Hulan would rather die than . 刘胡兰宁死不屈。

③作介词but，except，等的宾语不定式，前面有实义动词do,
to do，不定式符号to省略。

I have nothing to do but lie down and sleep．
They did nothing but watch TV last night．
完成句子：
Last evening I did nothing but .
昨晚上我除了修理农具外，没有做其它的事情。

Now there was nothing he could do except .
现在他只有认输。

如but 之前没有do，其后的不定式则一般要加to。

如：
完成句子：
I’m afraid we have no choice but .
恐怕我们别无选择，只好乘出租车了。

They desired nothing but .他们只想成功。

④在出现并列的动词不定式时，为了避免重复，后面的不定式符号to可省略。

完成句子：
I really don’t know
我真的不知道该说什么，该干什么。

Can you help me to attend the meeting at 2:00 p.m.?
你能不能帮我打电话给他，叫他下午两点来开会？
⑤当主语部分有动词do的某种形式时，用作表语的不定式可以省略to。

如：All you do now is (to) complete the form. The only thing to do now is (to) go on.
但如果两个不定式有对比的意思，则不定式符号to不可被省去。

To wait is better than to leave.
完成句子：
I came
我是来夸你的，不是来骂你的。

The purpose of the new technology is
新技术的目的是为了使生活更容易，而不是使生活更艰难。

2. 省略do保留to：
上文中出现了某一动词或动词短语，下文中再遇到此动词的不定式结构时，往往要省略动词不定式，但通常省略动词原形或短语而保留不定式符号to：
注意：1. 若被省略的不定式为to be短语，则通常应保留to be。

如：He is not the man he used to be. 他已不是原来的那个样子了。

2. 有时省略不定式时，同时也可省略to。

如：She may go if she likes (to). 她想去就可以去。

高中阶段还有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子，也可以称它们为插入语。

如：to tell you the truth，to be frank, to begin with, to be brief, to be exact等。

完成句子：
______________________, I hate him. 说老实话，我恨他。

______________________, I don’t agree with what you said.
坦率地说，我不同意你说的话。

II. V-ing (现在分词/动名词)
动词的-ing形式也是一种非谓语动词。

-ing形式仍保留有动词的特征，可以带有其所需要的宾语或状语而构成-ing 短语。

一、V-ing的形式：
V-ing有一般式和完成式。

及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的V-ing则没有被动语态。

注意：
1. V-ing的否定形式是由not 加V-ing构成。

如：
_______________________ his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.
不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。

________________________ made all of us angry.
他没来使我们大家都很生气。

二、V-ing的语法作用
V-ing分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或
形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。

（一）V-ing（短语）作主语：
_______________ is easier than doing. 说比做容易。

注意：在下面两种结构中，V-ing分词也作主语。

①为了保持句子平衡，通常用it作形式主语，而把真实主语放在句末。

如：
It is no use crying over spilt milk.。

It's a waste of time _______________________________.
辩论这事是浪费时间。

②在There is no结构中，通常用V-ing分词。

如：
There is no joking about such matters.
There is no holding back the wheel of history.
2. V-ing（短语）作表语：
①V-ing分词作表语可以表示主语的内容是什么。

如：
Their job is building houses.
The real question is _____________________________________.
真正的问题是了解人民的需要。

②V-ing分词（使役动词）作表语可以表示主语所具有的特征。

This story is very interesting.
The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。

The news is surprising. 这条信息令人鼓舞。

The situation is encouraging. 形式令人鼓舞。

3. V -ing作宾语：
①V–ing作动词宾语。

如：
The students wasted much time (in) playing computer games
We enjoy attending Miss Li\'s class. 我们喜欢听李老师的课。

I suggest _______________________________.
我建议用另一种方法做这件事。

高中阶段常见的能接-ing分词作宾语的动词：mind, suggest, enjoy, admit, appreciate, avoid, delay, dislike, escape, finish, forgive, imagine, keep, miss, practise, resist, risk, deny, allow, permit, advise, consider, forbid 等。

②V-ing作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的宾语，而用it作形式宾语。

如：
I don’t think it possible living in such a cold place.
Do you consider ___________________________?
你觉得再试一次会有好处吗？
③V-ing作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。

如：
I'm against inviting him to dinner.
He went to London in the hope of__________________________.
他去了伦敦，希望能成为一个著名的画家。

注意：在有些句子中，介词常可省去。

如：
I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners.
What can prevent us (from) getting married?
动名词前省略介词in 的常用结构
be careful (in) doing sth
be busy (in) doing sth
have difficulty(in) doing sth
have trouble (in) doing sth
have a problem(in) doing sth
have a good time / fun (in) doing sth
have a hard time(in) doing sth
spend money(time) (in) doing sth
waste money(time) (in) doing sth
There is no difficulty(in) doing sth
There is no need / use(in) doing sth
There is no point(in) doing sth
另外，V-ing可以和一些介词如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides等构成短语，在句中作状语。

如：He left ahead of time ____________________________.
他一句话也没说就提前离开了。

__________________________, she had to take care of four children.
除了做饭和缝纫(sew)以外，她还要照顾四个孩子。

高中阶段常见的带介词to的短语，后接-ing分词或名词。

如：
admit to, contribute to，get down to, lead to ,look forward to, turn to , stick to, point to, see to , be used to , devote oneself to , pay attention to等。

④下列动词既可跟不定式又可跟Ving的动词，区别如下
（1）.begin和start本身为进行时，或后面动词为心理变化意义的动词时，须接不定式。

When we came in, they were beginning to have supper.
After his explanation, I began to understand it / realize that I was wrong.
(2).有些词后面既可以接不定式．亦可接动名词，但其意义有很大区别，须特别注意：
A．remember，forget，regret接动名词，表示完成意义(=having done)，接不定式，表示将来意义：Please remember ________(bring)me the book I want next time.
I remember ______(see) her (=having seen her) somewhere before.
Don't forget ________(write)to me soon.
I never forget ________(visit) (=having visited) them for the first time.
I regret _______(miss) that good film last week.(后悔干……事)
I regret not ______(take) (not having taken) your advice.
I regret ______(say) I can't take your advice. (遗憾=be sorry)
B．mean：mean to do=want to do打算，想要……；mean doing：意味着，就是
I am sorry, I didn't mean _______(hurt)your feelings，
Learning a foreign language doesn't mean just _______(work) in class.
C．stop：stop to do停下来，要干另一件事，不定式作目的状语；stop doing停止干……，动名词作宾语。

After some time, they stopped _______(work)and had a rest.
After walking some time, they stopped ________(have)a rest.
D．try：try to do，努力，试图干……事；try doing：试着干……事
He searched everywhere and tried _______(find) his key.
He came to the city from the countryside and tried________(find) a job.
The mother is out and the boy had to try _______(cook) for himself.
They tried to succeed and tried ______(do) their experiments again and again.
E．want，need，require接动名词表示被动意义，主语与动名词之间为动宾关系。

The bike requires _________(repair).
These young trees require _____________(look after).
The matter needs ________(think)over.(=to be thought over)
A Mr. Wang wants _______(see) you.
You don't need ________(leave)so early.
F．go on：go on to do继续干和原来不同的另一件事，不定式作目的状语。

go on doing继续干原来同一件事，动名词作宾语。

After a smoke，he went on _______(tell)us that interesting story.
After writing the composition he went on _______(work)out his maths problems.
G．动词advise，allow，permit，forbid后面接单宾语时用动名词，接复合宾语时用动词不定式。

Doctors advise _________ smoking to benefit one's health. 放弃
The doctor advised him _________ smoking so as to improve his health. 放弃
She doesn't allow (permit) _______ in her room.抽烟
I．be used to doing习惯于be used to do被用来做
I ‘m used to __________________. 早晨六点起床
Wood is used _________________. 被用来制作家具
J．can’t help doing情不自禁can’t help to do 不能帮助做
Hearing the news, she _______________.不禁大哭
I couldn’t help ____________________. 打扫教师
4. V-ing分词作补语：
①V-ing分词做see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, lis ten to, observe, 等动词的宾语补语。

I saw two dogs fighting fiercely.
I saw the child being beaten by his father.
注：V-ing分词作宾语表示正在进行的动作；不定式表示动作的全过程或动作的结束。

I heard someone knocking at the door..
I heard someone knock at the door. Three times.
_______________________________我看到一个男孩正在沙滩玩。

________________________________________________________我看到一个男孩穿过了马路上了汽车。

I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.
我下车的时候注意到一个男人匆匆忙忙地从银行里跑出来。

I noticed a man __________________________________爬入银行拿走了一大包钱。

②V-ing分词做have, get, set 的宾补表示一直进行的动作，不定式表示一个将来的动作。

What he said set me thinking deeply.
He set the boy to chop wood.
I’ll have my son see him off.
The farmers had the tractors working all night long.
_______________________________________别让车一直等着。

______________________________________我让着去车站接你。

③做leave, keep, catch, find等动词的宾语补语。

如：
Don’t leave the boy waiting at the gate in such a cold day.
Last night the shopkeeper caught ____________________________ in the shop. 昨晚，店主在商店里抓到一个小孩在偷东西。

④上面这类句子也可变成被动语态，这时，V-ing分词可看成是主语补语。

如：
We were kept waiting for quite a long time. 让我们等了好长时间。

Jill was never heard _______________________________.
人们再也没有听到吉丽唱这首歌了。

⑤ understand sb doing 理解（多用否定句）,understand to do 知道，料定（多用肯定句）; send sb. to do 派, send sb. doing使…..突然;
I can’t understand him speaking to me like that.
I understand him to speak to me like that.
I sent the boy to catch the bird.
The sound of the gun sent the birds flying away.
5. V-ing作定语：
①单个的分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。

如：
____________ room 阅览室___________ pool 游泳池
____________ car 餐车____________ car 卧车
a ____________ car 一辆等待着的车
a ____________ child一个酣睡的孩子
the ____________ news令人振奋的消息
a ____________ speech令人乏味的演讲
②V-ing分词短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面，也相当于一个定语从句。

如：
When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy.
当她出现的时候，约翰穿着一件又脏又破的大衣高兴地跑了过去。

Who is the comrade __________________________?
站在门边的同志是谁？
注：不定式作定语表示将来的动作；现在分词作定语表示正在进行的动作，过去分词作定语表示完成和被动的动作。

The meeting to be held soon is very important.
The meeting being held now is very important.
The meeting held yesterday soon is very important.
6. V-ing分词做状语：时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、伴随
①V-ing分词短语作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时可由连词when, while引出。

如：
Hearing the new s, he couldn’t help thinking the days in the college.
Walking out of the room, he found the boy still there.
While , he nodded from time to time.
他一边看书，一边不时地点头。

________________________, she remembered her childhood.
看到那些画，他想起了她的童年。

②V-ing分词短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。

如：
Being ill, he couldn’t go to school.
Many of us, being so excited, couldn’t go to sleep that night.
________________________________,he asked the teacher for help. 因为不知道如何解这道物理难题，他求助老师。

③V–ing分词短语作结果状语，相当于一个结果状语从句。

如：
By 1820,the population of New York had grown to about 125,000, making it the largest city in USA.
He hit a parked car, thus breaking his leg.
His father died, ______________________________.
他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。

She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground,_____________
______________.她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，把它摔成了碎片。

④V-ing分词也可作条件状，相当于一个条件状语从句。

如：
Having time, I’ll come and help you.
Thinking it carefully, you will not take the job.
___________________, you will find the path leading to the park.
向左转你会发现通向公园的路
⑤V-ing分词作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个较次要的动作，相当于一个并列句句。

如：
“You can’t catch me.” Jane shouted, running away.
They sat in the garden, thinking about the days they spent together.
They sat in front of the house, . 他们坐在房前聊天。

They stood there for half an hour, in the sky.
他们在那儿站了半小时，观察着天上的星星。

⑥让步状语，相当于一个状语从句。

Being ill, he still came to school.
He is unhappy, though having a lot of money.
Whether supporting or not, I’ll go on with it .
⑦方式状语，相当于一个方式状语从句
Children usually count the numbers, by using their fingers.
They show disagreement shaking their hands.
She came . 她向我们跑来。

注：-ing分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语。

三、V-ing分词的复合结构：
V-ing分词的复合结构通常由形容词性物主代词、人称代词宾格、名词所有格或者名词的普通格+-ing分词构成，通常在句中作主语、表语、宾语。

如：
1.主语His coming made us very happy.
Do you think my going there will be of any help?
________________________ made her teacher angry.
玛丽迟到使她老师生气
2.表语What made him angry was their laughing.
What’s troubling me is .
使我烦恼的事情是他们没有足够的经验。

3.宾语He was awakened by someone’s knocking at the door.
Do you mind my opening the window?
Can you imagine the Atlantic Ocean in five days? 你能想象彼得五天之内横跨大西洋吗？
He insisted on .
他坚持主张他儿子上大学。

注：作主语时必须用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格，作宾语时可用人称代词宾格、或名词的普通格+-ing分词，无生命的代词或不定代词常用普通格。

四、高中阶段有一些固定的-ing分词短语，如generally speaking, judging from…, considering…, supposing…，
providing concerning等，它们的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致。

这种短语可以被称之为句子的状语，也可当作一个插入语。

如：
_________________________________, he must come from Canada.
从他的口音看他一定来自加拿大。

______________________, we decided to let him attend the concert for free. 考虑到他是多么的穷，我们决定让他免费听音乐会。

五．非谓语动词的一般式和完成时
1. 不定式的一般式(to do )
一般式表示的动作或状态，发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后
My wish is to become a doctor.
Who heard him say that.
I am glad to meet you.
She is waiting to hear your answer.
He seemed to leave soon.
2. 不定式的进行式
如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时, 不定式表示动作正在进行,这时候不定式就要用进行式.（to be doing）
When I went to his home, he happened to be traveling around the world.
They seemed to be talking about something important.
3. 不定式的完成式
如果不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前，就用完成式(to have done) 。

①主补He is said to have written a novel about the Long March.
=It is said that he has written a novel about the Long March.
比较He is said to write a novel about the Long March next month.
=It is said that he will write a novel about the Long March next month.
Einstein is said to have built up his theory when he was in his twenties.
Sadam was reported to have been hanged.
②表语The assistant seemed to be fired.
= It seemed that the assistant would be fired.
比较The assistant seemed to have been fired already.
= It seemed that the assistant had been fired already..
③宾语He pretended to be sleeping when I came in.
=He pretended that he was sleeping when I came in.
比较He pretended not to have seen me.
=He pretended that he hadn’t seen me.
④状语You are lucky to have got tickets to the concert.
= You are lucky that you have got tickets to the concert.
You are lucky to be here.= You are lucky that you are here.
I am glad to meet you =I am glad that I see you.
I am glad to have met you the other day. = I am glad that I met you the other day.
注：谓语动词是表示打算、愿望、意图的动词,如hope，think, want, plan, intend, mean, expect, 加不定时的完成时，表示未实现的愿望,等同于该动词的完成时+不定时的一般时。

would like to, had better, would rather加不定时的完成时也表示未实现的愿望，但加不定时的一般式则表示一个将来的动作。

We meant to have stopped him from ding such a foolish thing.
=We had meant to stop him from ding such a foolish thing.
I’d like to have attended your wedding ,but I had an unexpected visitor. 比较I’d like to attend your wedding this evening.
I’d rather not have told her the news. She is a gossip.
比较I’d rather go fishing tomorrow.
二. V-ing的一般式和完成式：
1. V-ing的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行，或没有时间性的动作。

Being a student, he is interested in books.
They are all interested in climbing mountains.
He takes delight in helping others.
I heard him singing in the next room.
He hurried home, looking behind from time to time.
Not knowing her address, he couldn’t getting in touch with her.
2.V-ing的完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。

①宾语
I regret not having taken her advice.=I regret that I didn’t take her advice.
I regret to say you are wrong.
I don’t remember having ever promised you that.
=I don’t remember that I have ever promised you that.
I apologize for not having kept my promise.
He was praised for having made so much progress.
I have no idea of their having done such a thing.
注：某些动词excuse, remember, forget, regret等和介词后面常用一般式代替完成时。

Excuse me for coming late.
I don’t remember ever seeing him everywhere.
He apologize for interrupting you.
②非限制性定语
The problem , having been discussed for years , has been solved.
The old man, having worked for twenty years abroad, is now on his way to his motherland.
③状语
Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations.
= As he didn’t study his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations.
Not having got well prepared, they decided to put off the meeting.
=As he hadn’t got well prepared, they decided to put off the meeting.
Not having received her letter, he decided to write again.
=As he hadn’t received her letter, he decided to write again.
Not having been there before, he knows little about it.
=As he hasn’t been there before, he knows little about it.
Having been a worker for many years , he knows how to operate the machine.
=After he was a worker for many years , he knows how to operate the machine.
完成句子：
1.They invited us . 他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。

2. He stood aside for me . 他站到一边让我通过。

3. She seemed about this matter.
她似乎已听说过这件事。

4.I am sorry so long.
我很抱歉让你等了这么久。