罗宾斯《管理学》期末考试试题
斯蒂芬·罗宾斯《管理学原理》复习资料(全)
I.《管理学原理》复习资料II.第一章：管理导论1.管理：管理者在特定的环境条件下，以权利为依托，以可利用的资源为保障通过对组织资源的合理配置和对组织活动科学的计划、组织、领导和控制，以实现组织的目标过程。
2.管理者：协调与监管其他人工作，以使组织目标达到的人。
（基层、中层、高层）3.组织的特点是什么？●有明确的目标●精密的结构●人4.管理的职能？计划、组织、领导、控制5.明茨伯格的管理角色●人际关系角色（名义领袖、领导者、联络员）●信息传递角色（监管、宣传、发言）●决策制度角色（企业家、危机处理者、谈判者）6.卡茨的管理技能●技术技能：（工作特定领域的知识和技术）●人际关系技能（合作、沟通、协调）●概念技能（思考和表达想法的能力）高层管理者更为重要其他（管理人力资源、激发承诺、管理变革、使用有目的性的人脉网络等7.承诺升级：决策者做出错误决策时，决策者仍倾向于做出同样的决策III.第二章决策1．决策的过程（八个）●明确决策标准●为标准分配权重●开发备选方案●分析备选方案●选择备选方案●执行备选方案●评估决策效果2.管理者决策的方式●理性假设：问题清晰、不模糊；有实际的目标；方案结果皆可知；最终选择利益最大化●有限理性：受到处理信息能力的限制●直觉决策：基于感觉、经验●基于事实3.决策的分类●程序化：经常反复出现、性质相近的示例性问题，按程序化步骤、常规原则和方法进行决策。
●非程序化：针对偶然的、新颖的、性质的和结构不明的问题进行决策。
4.决策的条件●确定性：存在确定的目标、面对确定的自然状态的各个行动方案都有确定的结果的决策●风险●不确定性：不确定目标和自然状态12种常见的决策错误和偏见包括过度自信、即时满足、锚定效应、选择性知觉、确认、框架效应、可获得性、代表性、随机、沉默成本、自利、事后聪明5.怎么理解决策？广义的决策是人们针对所要决绝的问题，对未来活动的方向、目标、内容，以及程序、途径、方式、措施等进行设计和计划，制定并选择出行动方案。
2022年石家庄铁道大学工程管理专业《管理学》科目期末试卷B(有答案)
2022年石家庄铁道大学工程管理专业《管理学》科目期末试卷B（有答案）一、选择题1、罗宾斯（Stephen P.Robbins）概括了管理的四项职能，法约尔（Henri Fayol）则概括了管理的五项职能。
前者与后者相比，有三项职能是相同的，不同的一项是（）。
A．领导 B．协调 C．控制 D．组织2、“奖金”在双因素理论中称为（）。
A．保健因素B．激励因素C．满意因素D．不满意因素3、组织行为学尤其关注的是（）。
A．组织中人们的心理状况B．人们的行为在工作中的表现C．人们在工作中的活动D．活动所创造的组织绩效4、（）的结构设计使企业可以把精力集中在自己做得最好的业务上，而把其他业务活动外包给这方面做得最好的公司。
A．网络组织B．虚拟组织C．无边界组织D．项目型组织5、科学管理的产生是管理从经验走向理论的标志，下面哪个选项不属于科学管理对管理发展的贡献？（）A．组织设计优化 B．时间和动作的研究C．任务管理 D．作业人员与管理者的分工协调6、当态度之间以及态度与行为之间存在任何不协调或不一致时，我们称之为（）。
A．态度紊乱 B．认知失调C．知觉混乱D．晕轮效应7、钱德勒是最早对战略和结构的关系进行研究的管理学家，他研究的结论是（）。
A．结构跟随战略B．战略跟随结构C．战略与结构无关D．不同组织的战略与其结构的关系各不相同，需要权变理解8、以下哪一个不是激发组织创新力的因素？（）A．结构因素 B．人力资源因素C．技术因素 D．文化因素9、如果管理者非常重视组织成员的高满意度，则（）沟通网络是最有效的。
A．轮式 B．全通道式 C．小道消息D．链式10、依据情景领导理论，当下属有能力但无意愿干领导希望他们干的工作时，以下哪种领导风格最为合适？（）A．告知 B．推销 C．参与 D．授权二、名词解释11、组织发展12、非程序化决策13、集中战略14、利益相关者15、管理学16、组织结构17、矩阵型结构18、路径—目标理论三、简答题19、简述霍桑实验的结论及其意义。
2022年山东女子学院人力资源管理专业《管理学》科目期末试卷A(有答案)
2022年山东女子学院人力资源管理专业《管理学》科目期末试卷A（有答案）一、选择题1、当一个管理者组织制订公司战略以寻求企业进一步发展时，他扮演的管理角色是明茨伯格所说的（）。
A．领导者 B．发言人C．企业家D．混乱驾驭者2、罗宾斯（Stephen P.Robbins）概括了管理的四项职能，法约尔（Henri Fayol）则概括了管理的五项职能。
前者与后者相比，有三项职能是相同的，不同的一项是（）。
A．领导 B．协调 C．控制 D．组织3、公司产品设计部接受了一项紧急任务，该任务的完成需要进行严密的控制，同时又要争取时间和速度。
在这种情况下，最适合采用哪种沟通网络？（）A．Y式沟通网络 B．全通道式沟通网络C．轮式沟通网络 D．环式沟通网络4、以下哪一个不是激发组织创新力的因素？（）A．结构因素 B．人力资源因素C．技术因素 D．文化因素5、科学管理的产生是管理从经验走向理论的标志，下面哪个选项不属于科学管理对管理发展的贡献？（）A．组织设计优化 B．时间和动作的研究C．任务管理 D．作业人员与管理者的分工协调6、当态度之间以及态度与行为之间存在任何不协调或不一致时，我们称之为（）。
A．态度紊乱 B．认知失调C．知觉混乱D．晕轮效应7、沸光广告公司是一家大型广告公司，业务包括广告策划、制作和发行。
考虑到一个电视广告设计至少要经过创意、文案、导演、美工、音乐合成、制作等专业的合作才能完成，下列何种组织结构能最好的支撑沸光公司的业务要求？（）A．直线式B．职能制C．矩阵制D．事业部制8、在组织设计中，用来描述组织中各项工作标准化以及员工行为受规则和程序约束程度的变量或要素是（）。
A．工作专门化 B．正规化C．管理跨度D．部门化9、管理者在制定决策时，面临这样一种条件：在这种条件下，决策者能够估计出每一种备择方案的可能性或者结果。
我们称这种决策制定条件为（）决策。
A．确定性 B．不确定性 C．风险性 D．概率性10、企业选择产业中的一个或者一组细分市场，制定专门的战略向此市场提供产品或者服务，这是典型的（）。
2022年山东师范大学行政管理专业《管理学》科目期末试卷A(有答案)
2022年山东师范大学行政管理专业《管理学》科目期末试卷A（有答案）一、选择题1、以下哪一个不是激发组织创新力的因素？（）A．结构因素 B．人力资源因素C．技术因素 D．文化因素2、罗宾斯（Stephen P.Robbins）概括了管理的四项职能，法约尔（Henri Fayol）则概括了管理的五项职能。
前者与后者相比，有三项职能是相同的，不同的一项是（）。
A．领导 B．协调 C．控制 D．组织3、（）的结构设计使企业可以把精力集中在自己做得最好的业务上，而把其他业务活动外包给这方面做得最好的公司。
A．网络组织B．虚拟组织C．无边界组织D．项目型组织4、竞争优势是使组织别具一格和有与众不同的特色，这种与众不同的特色来自组织的（）。
A．战略 B．结构 C．文化 D．核心能力5、（）是第一个将管理定义为一组普遍适用的职能的人，他认为管理是人类所从事的一种共同活动。
A．明茨伯格B．法约尔C．德鲁克D．韦伯6、企业选择产业中的一个或者一组细分市场，制定专门的战略向此市场提供产品或者服务，这是典型的（）。
A．增长型战略 B．别具一格战略 C．专一化战略 D．公司层战略7、在组织设计中，用来描述组织中各项工作标准化以及员工行为受规则和程序约束程度的变量或要素是（）。
A．工作专门化 B．正规化C．管理跨度D．部门化8、“奖金”在双因素理论中称为（）。
A．保健因素B．激励因素C．满意因素D．不满意因素9、当态度之间以及态度与行为之间存在任何不协调或不一致时，我们称之为（）。
A．态度紊乱 B．认知失调C．知觉混乱D．晕轮效应10、科学管理的产生是管理从经验走向理论的标志，下面哪个选项不属于科学管理对管理发展的贡献？（）A．组织设计优化 B．时间和动作的研究C．任务管理 D．作业人员与管理者的分工协调二、名词解释11、组织变革12、决策13、差别化战略14、强文化15、管理技能16、机械式组织和有机式组织17、学习型组织18、路径—目标理论三、简答题19、解释定量方法对管理学的贡献。
罗宾斯管理学习题集判断题
罗宾斯管理学习题集判断题第一章：管理与组织导论1. 一个管理人员应具备的管理技能有领导技能、人事技能和技术技能三种。
（×）2. 管理的目的在于“有效地”作出决策，提高组织活动的成效。
（×）3. 领导是管理的首要职能。
(×)4. 在管理的定义中，效率是指实现组织目标的程度，效果是指以最少的投入获得最大的产出。
（×）5. 亨利·明茨伯格认为管理者实际上在扮演10种不同的角色，分别为人际关系、信息传递和决策制定。
（√）6. 管理是同别人一起或通过别人使工作活动完成得更为有效和更有效果的过程。
（√）7. 组织是一种实体，它具有明确的目的，包含各种资源以及各种精细的结构。
（×）8. 传统的组织是根据任务定义工作，而新型的组织的根据职位定义工作（×）第二章：管理的昨天和今天1.梅奥认为，在共同的工作过程中，人们必然发生相互之间的联系，产生感情，自然形成一种行为准则或惯例，要求个人服从，这就形成了正式组织。
（×）2.从19世纪末期到20世纪初期，诸多学者提出比较系统的管理理论，比如，泰罗的科学管理理论，法约尔的行政管理理论。
（×）3. 韦伯提出的行政性组织用在低效率的公共行政管理部门。
（×）4. 切斯特·巴纳德提出了一个理想的工作场所，并主张花在改进劳动力状况上的金钱是一种民智的投资（×）5. 全面质量管理理论认为低成本是提高生产率的唯一途径。
（√）6. 创业精神包括发现机会和调动资源去开发这些机会。
（√）第三章：组织文化与环境：约束力量1. 一般环境对组织的影响是直接的、长期的、潜在的。
（×）2. 管理的基本问题就是要在应付变动的外部环境中进行有效的资源配置。
（√）3. 组织的领导层一旦变动，组织文化一般会受到很大影响，甚至立即消失。
（×）4. 组织文化由创新与风险承受力、关注细节、成果导向、员工导向、团队导向、进取性等六个维度。
罗宾斯《管理学》第九版试题
罗宾斯《管理学》第九版试题罗宾斯《管理学》第九版试题Chapter 10 – Organizational Structure and DesignTrue/False QuestionsA MANAGER’S DILEMMA1. According to the boxed feature, ―A Manager’s Dilemma,‖ Nokia was once involved in industries rangingfrom paper to chemicals and rubber.True (moderate)2. According to the boxed feature, ―A Manager’s Dilemma,‖ Nokia has been competing in thetelecommunications industry since 1965.False (moderate)DEFINING ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE3. Organizational design is the organization's formal framework by which job tasks are divided, grouped, and coordinated.False (difficult)4. The concept of work specialization can be traced back a couple of centuries to Adam Smith's discussion ofdivision of labor.True (moderate)5. The degree to which tasks in an organization are divided into separate jobs is division of labor.True (moderate)6. Historically, many organizations have grouped work actions by function departmentalization.True (moderate)7. Grouping jobs on the basis of product or customer flow istermed customer departmentalization.False (moderate)8. Geographic departmentalization has greatly increased in importance as a result of today’s competitivebusiness environmentFalse (moderate)9. A group of individuals who are experts in various specialties and who work together is a cross-functional team.True (moderate)10. Authority is the individual's capacity to influence decisions.False (difficult)11. Authority is synonymous with responsibility.False (easy)12. Responsibility is the rights inherent in a managerial position.False (easy)13. A manager's span of control refers to the number of subordinates who can be effectively and efficientlysupervised.True (moderate)14. The classical view of unity of command suggests that subordinates should have only one superior to whom they report.True (easy)15. The trend in recent years has been toward smaller spans of control.False (easy)16. When decisions tend to be made at lower levels in anorganization, the organization is said to bedecentralized.True (moderate)17. Decentralization describes the degree to which decision making is concentrated at a single point in theorganization.False (moderate)18. In the last 35 years, there has been a trend of organizations moving toward increased decentralization.True (easy)19. Appropriate organizational structure depends on four variables: the organization's strategy, size, technology, and degree of environmental uncertainty.True (difficult)20. Standardization refers to the degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized and the extent towhich employee behavior is guided by rules and procedures.False (moderate)ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN DECISIONS21. An organic organization tends to be characterized by high specialization, extensive departmentalization,narrow spans of control, high formalization, a limited information network, and little participation indecision-making by low-level employees.False (moderate)22. An organic organization would likely be very flexible.True (moderate)23. Innovators need the efficiency, stability, and tight controls of the mechanistic structure.False (easy)24. The relationship between organizational size and structure tends to be linear.False (difficult)25. Joan Woodward attempted to view organizational structure from a technological perspective.True (moderate)26. Woodward demonstrated that organizational structures adapted to their technology.True (moderate)27. Woodward's findings support that there is "one best way" to organize a manufacturing firm.False (moderate)28. The strength of the functional structure is that it focuses on results.False (moderate) it is the strength of divisional structure.\\\\\\\29. According to the text, a functional structure creates strategic business units.False (moderate)COMMON ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGNS30. Project structures tend to be rigid and inflexible organizational designs.False (easy)Multiple ChoiceA MANAGER’S DILEMMA31. Accordi ng to t he company profile in ―A Manager’s Dilemma,‖ the organizational structure of Nokia is best described as ______________.a. mechanisticb. organic (moderate)c. centralizedd. formalized32. The factor contributing the most to Nokia’s success in the mobile phone industry according to the company profile in ―A Manager’s Dilemma‖ is ______________.a. new product development (moderate)b. government subsidiesc. national trade barriersd. weak competition33. ______________ is the process of creating an organization's structure.a. Human resource managementb. Leadingc. Organizing (moderate)d. Planninge. DepartmentalizationDEFINING ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE34. According to the text, a(n) ______________ is the formal framework by which job tasks are divided,grouped, and coordinated.a. mission statementb. environmental scanc. internal resource analysisd. organizational structure (moderate)35. Which of the following is not one of the six key elements in organizational design?a. work specializationb. departmentalizationc. chain of commandd. bureaucratic design (difficult)e. span of control36. Work specialization is also known as ______________.a. departmentalization.b. centralization.c. span of control.d. formalization.e. division of labor. (easy)37. The term ______________ is used to describe the degree to which tasks in an organization are divided intoseparate jobs.a. work ethicsb. managerial capitalismc. social responsibilityd. work specialization (moderate)38. When did the idea of enlarging, rather than narrowing, job scope begin?a. 1950sb. 1960s (moderate)c. 1970sd. 1980se. 1990s39. Which of the following is not an example of the classical viewof division of labor?a. assembly-line productionb. Burger Kingc. Taco Belld. TQM (moderate)e. Kentucky Fried Chicken40. ______________ is the basis on which jobs are grouped inorderto accomplish organizational goals.a. Departmentalization (moderate)b. Centralizationc. Formalizationd. Coordinatione. Efficiency41. A local manufacturing organization has groups of employees whoare responsible for sales, marketing,accounting, human resources, etc. These are examples of what concept?a. authorityb. chain of commandc. empowermentd. departmentalization (moderate)e. social grouping42. Grouping sporting equipment in one area, men's clothing in another area, and cosmetics in a third area, is anexample of what kind departmentalization?a. customerb. product (easy)c. geographicd. processe. outcome43. Sales responsibilities divided into the southwest, midwest, southern, northern, and western regions would bean example of ______________ departmentalization.a. productb. geographic (easy)c. processd. outcomee. customer44. Grouping activities on the basis of customer flow is______________.a. functional departmentalization.b. product departmentalization.c. geographical departmentalization.d. process departmentalization. (moderate)e. technological departmentalization.45. What type of departmentalization expects that each department will specialize in one specific phase of the process or product production?a. productb. geographicc. process (easy)d. outcomee. customer46. What kind of departmentalization would be in place in a government organization where different publicservice responsibilities are divided into activities for employers, children, and the disabled?a. productb. geographicc. processd. outcomee. customer (moderate)47. Which of the following is not a form of departmentalization suggested by your text?a. functional departmentalizationb. product departmentalizationc. geographical departmentalizationd. process departmentalizatione. technological departmentalization (difficult)48. Today's competitive business environment has greatly increasedthe importance of what type ofdepartmentalization?a. geographicb. customer (difficult)c. productd. processe. outcome49. According to the text, managers are using ______________, which are groups of individuals who areexperts in various specialties and who work together.a. specialized teamsb. cross-demanded teamsc. cross-functional teams (moderate)d. simple structured teams50. Which of the following is a contemporary addition to thehistorical view of departmentalization?a. increased rigidityb. cross-functional teams (moderate)c. enhanced centralizationd. elimination of product departmentalizatione. addition of sales departmentalization51. Bringing together the company's legal counsel, research engineer, and marketing specialist for a project isan example of a(n) ______________.a. empowered team.b. process departmentalization.c. product departmentalization.d. cross-functional team. (moderate)e. continuous improvement team.52. The ______________ is the continuous line of authority that extends from upper organizational levels to thelowest levels and clarifies who reports to whom.a. chain of demandb. chain of command (easy)c. demand hierarchyd. continuous design structure53. To whom a worker reports concerns which aspect of organizational structure?a. chain of command (moderate)b. departmentalizationc. pay structured. line of commande. authority framework54. ______________ entitles a manager to direct the work of a subordinate.a. Responsibilityb. Legitimate powerc. Rankd. Operating responsibilitye. Authority (moderate)55. ______________ is the obligation to perform assigned activities.a. Authorityb. Responsibility (easy)c. Chain of commandd. Unity of commande. Formalization56. The ______________ principle (one of Fayol’s 14 principles of management) helps preserve the concept ofa continuous line of authority.a. unity of demandb. unity of command (moderate)c. demand structured. continuous demand57. Span of control refers to which of the following concepts?a. how much power a manager has in the organizationb. the geographic dispersion of a manager's subunits ofresponsibilityc. how many subordinates a manager can effectively and efficiently supervise (moderate)d. the number of subordinates affected by a single managerial ordere. the amount of time it takes to pass information down through a manager's line of command58. Other things being equal, the wider or larger the span of control, the more ______________ theorganizational design.a. bureaucraticb. democraticc. effectived. efficient (difficult)e. classical59. Wider spans of control may be viewed as more efficient, but eventually, wider spans tend to have whateffect on organizations?a. reduced effectiveness (difficult)b. increased turnoverc. loss of managerial powerd. customer dissatisfactione. rigid chains of command60. An organization that spends money on maintaining a well-trained work force can expect which of thefollowing span-of-control outcomes?a. increased contempt for managementb. increased voluntary turnoverc. centralized authorityd. less direct supervision (moderate)e. increased need for managerial-level employees61. A high-tech manager who supervises the development of a new computer chip needs ______________compared to a manager who supervises the mailing of unemployment insurance checks at the localgovernment office.a. about the same span of controlb. a narrower span of control (difficult)c. a wider span of controld. a more informal span of controle. elimination of the span of control62. In general, span of control is ______________ for managers.a. increasing (easy)b. decreasingc. staying the samed. significantly decreasinge. no longer important63. ______________ describes the degree to which decision making is concentrated at a single point in theorganization.a. Decentralizationb. Centralization (moderate)c. Transnationalismd. Cross sectional analysis64. If lower-level employees provide input or are actually given the discretion to make decisions, theorganization is ______________.a. formalized.b. centralized.c. decentralized. (easy)d. mechanistic.e. organic.65. Recently, there has been a distinct trend toward ______________.a. smaller spans of control.b. decentralized decision-making. (moderate)c. decreased flexibility.d. emphasis on chain of command.e. mechanistic organizations.66. Which of the following factors WOULD NOT influence an organization to have a higher degree ofcentralization?a. Environment is stable.b. Company is geographically dispersed. (difficult)c. Company is large.d. Decisions are significant.e. Organization is facing a crisis.67. ______________ refers to the degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized and the extentto which employee behavior is guided by rules and procedures.a. Standardizationb. Centralizationc. Chain of commandd. Strategye. Formalization (moderate)68. All of the following factors indicate that a decentralized organization would be most effective EXCEPTwhen ______________.a. the environment is complex.b. decisions are relatively minor.c. the organization is facing a crisis. (difficult)d. the company is geographically dispersed.e. effective implementation of strategies depends on managers having involvement and flexibilityto make decisions.69. Which of the following factors describes an environment in whicha high degree of decentralization isdesired?a. Environment is complex, uncertain. (moderate)b. Lower-level managers do not want to have a say in decisions.c. Decisions are significant.d. Company is large.e. Organization is facing a crisis or the risk of company failure.70. The ______________ organizational structure is characterized by high specialization, extensivedepartmentalization, narrow spans of control and high formalization.a. mechanistic (easy)b. organicc. contingencyd. adhocracye. functional71. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a mechanistic organization?a. high specializationb. wide spans of control (moderate)c. high formalizationd. limited information networke. extensive departmentalization72. What type of organizational form follows classical principles such as unity of command?a. organicb. linearc. decentralizedd. mechanistic (moderate)e. adhocracyORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN DECISIONS73. Which of the following would likely be found in mechanistic organizations?a. wide span of controlb. empowered employeesc. decentralized responsibilityd. few rules and/or regulationse. standardized job specialties (difficult)74. All of the following are characteristics of an organic organization EXCEPT:a. narrow spans of control. (moderate)b. cross-hierarchical teams.c. free flow of information.d. low formalization.e. cross-functional teams.75. In the early years of Apple Computers, its desire for highly proficient and creative employees who operatedwith few work rules was an example of what type of organization?a. bureaucraticb. mechanisticc. volatiled. nouvellee. organic (difficult)。
管理学期末试题测试练习(含答案)
管理学期末试题测试练习(含答案)1．管理的四项基本职能分别是：、、和控制。
2．泰勒强调科学管理的核心是一场“”。
3. “三分法理论”将领导行为分为：、民主型和独裁型。
4. 是决策的前提。
5. 管理者的三种基本的管理技能：技术技能、和。
6. 效率和是衡量决策的标准；两种相比；更重要的是。
7. 学习型组织理论的基础是。
8. 应尽力将自己置于时间管理矩阵中的事。
9. “没有优秀的个人；只有优秀的团队。
”这句话实在强调组织结构设计的原则。
10. 确认需求有三个步骤：积极聆听、、。
二、判断题：（共1题；每题15分；共计15分）1．目标管理是一种参与的、民主的、自我控制的管理制度。
（）2．事必躬亲是对工作的认真负责；不是时间管理的误区。
（）3．霍桑实验的研究发现；工作环境和物质条件直接影响着劳动生产率的提高。
（）4．金钱激励一直是管理者手中重要的激励手段。
（）5. 管理幅度总是越宽越好的；组织层次总是越少越好的。
（）6. 组织结构的核心内容是组织结构图、组织手册和职位说明书。
（）7. 激励是领导的首要作用。
（）8. 人际关系理论认为；工人是“经济人”。
（）9. 对于高层管理者来说；创新技能更为重要。
（）10. 最早的和最简单的组织形式是直线制。
（）11. 管理者向董事和股东说明组织的财务状况时；所扮演的是传播者角色。
（）12. 激励的实质是通过影响人的需求或动机达到引导人的行为的目的；它实质上是对人的强化的过程。
（）13. 邀请专家、内行；针对组织内某一个问题或某一个议题；让大家开动脑筋；畅所欲言地发表个人意见；充分发挥个人和集体的创造性；经过互相启发；产生连锁反应；集思广益；而后进行决策的方法是专家意见法。
（）14. 管理作为一种社会现象和文化现象；受人的主观性的影响比较大。
（）15. 通过绩效考核；可以确定培训需求。
（）三、选择题：（共15题；每题2分；共计30分）1．决策事件未来的各种自然状态可估计、可测量的决策是（）。
(完整word版)管理学-罗宾斯-试题
浙江大学一、单项选择题（每题3分，共30分）1 在管理过程中，“监控活动以确保它们按计划完成”的职能，属于____.A。
计划 B。
组织 C。
领导 D。
控制2 在20世纪30年代，确信管理者的工作是激励雇员做出更答努力,并首先提出组织是一个开放系统观点的学者是____。
A. 亨利？法约尔 B。
马克斯？韦伯 C. 切斯特？巴纳德 D。
埃尔顿？梅奥3 某个组织通过一次性支付或按销售提取一定费用,从而给予其他制造业组织商标、技术或产品规范的使用权,这种方式可以称为____.A。
特许经营 B。
许可证贸易 C。
合资企业 D。
独资企业4 在不确定情况下，除了有限信息的影响之外,另一个影响决策结果的因素是____.A．风险性 B。
环境的复杂性 C。
决策者心理定位 D. 决策的时间压力5 某电器公司决定采取收购方式进入家用空调产业,以分散经营风险，从战略层次或类型的角度看，该战略属于____。
A．公司层战略 B. 事业层战略 C。
职能层战略 D。
技术运作层战略6 在PERT网络图中，关键路线上的活动的松弛时间是____.A 最长活动时间 B。
最长活动时间与最短活动时间之差 C.各活动所用时间之和D。
零7 在组织设计中，用来描述组织中各项工作标准化以及员工行为受规则和程序约束程度的变量或要素是____。
A．工作专门化 B. 正规化 C. 管理跨度 D. 部门化8 人们根据自己的兴趣、经验和态度而有选择地去解释所看或所听的信息，这被称为____.A．选择性知觉 B. 过滤 C。
自我认知 D。
情绪知觉9 当人们以个体所在的团体为基础来判断某人时，人们所使用的这种捷径被称为____。
A．晕轮效应 B。
对比效应 C. 选择性知觉 D。
刻板印象10 某公司形成了很强的价值观和行为规范，并有一套完整的仪式来调节和引导员工的行为。
从控制的角度来看，这属于____.A．反馈控制 B. 市场控制 C。
小集团控制 D. 官僚控制二、名词解释（每题4分,共24分）1、创业精神2、社会责任3、竞争优势4、组织承诺5、虚拟团队6、平衡计分卡三、简答题（每题6分，共42分)1、对组织及其成员而言，为什么说“强文化"比“弱文化”的影响更大？2、简述程序、规则和政策及其在决策制定过程中的作用.3、一个设计良好的目标具有哪些基本特征？4、简述部门化以及通用的部门化方式。
罗宾斯,管理学,常考题目和答案
1.In a short essay, discuss the difference between efficiency and effectiveness and include a specific example to support each concept.a. Efficiency refers to getting the most output from the least amount of inputs. Because managers deal with scarce inputs—including resources such as people, money, and equipment—they are concerned with the efficient use of resources. For instance, at the Beiersdorf Inc. factory in Cincinnati, where employees make body braces and supports, canes, walkers, crutches, and other medical assistance products, efficient manufacturing techniques were implemented by doing things such as cutting inventory levels, decreasing the amount of time needed to manufacture products, and lowering product reject rates. From this perspective,eff iciency is often referred to as “doing things right”—that is, not wasting resources.b. Effectiveness is often described as “doing the right things”—that is, those work activities that will help the organization reach its goals. For instance, at the Beiersdorf factory, goals included open communication between managers and employees and cutting costs. Through various work programs, these goals were pursued and achieved. Whereas efficiency is concerned with the means of getting things done, effectiveness is concerned with the ends, or attainment of organizational goals.2．In a short essay, list an explain the four basic functions of management.Answer(pg11): Planning:mangement founction that involves defining goals,estabiashing strategies for achieving those goals and developing plans to integrate and coordinate activities.Organising:management founction that involves determining what tasks are to be done, who is to do them,how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to whom and where decisions are to be made.Leading:management founction that involves motivating subordinates, influencing individuals or teams as they work, selecting the most effective communication channels or dealing in any way with employee behaviour issues.Controlling:management founction that involves monitoring actual to standard and takingaction if necessary.3．In a short essay, explain the four approaches that organisations can take with respect to environmental issues.The first approach simply is doing what is required legally: the legal approach. Under this approach, organizations exhibit little environmental sensitivity. They obey laws, rules, and regulations willingly and without legal challenge, and they may even try to use the law to their own advantage, but that’s the ext ent of their being green. This approach is a good illustration of social obligation: These organizations simply are following their legal obligations of pollution prevention and environmental protection. As an organization becomes more aware of and sensitive to environmental issues, it may adopt the market approach. In this approach, organizations respond to the environmental preferences of their customers. Whatever customers demand in terms of environmentally friendly products will be what the organization provides. Under the next approach, the stakeholder approach, the organization chooses to respond to multiple demands made by stakeholders. Under the stakeholder approach, the green organization will work to meet the environmental demands of groups such as employees, suppliers, or the community. Both the market approach and the stakeholder approach are good illustrations of social responsiveness. Finally, if an organization pursues an activist approach, it looks for ways to respect and preserve the earth and its natural resources. The activist approach exhibits the highest degree of environmental sensitivity and is a good illustration of social responsibility.4.List the factors that influence the strength of an organization’s culture and discuss the impact of a strong culture on employees.a.size of the organizationb.how long it has been aroundc.how much turnover there has been among employeesd.intensity with which the culture was originatede.clear to employees what is important and what is not importantpare and contrast the ideas social obligation an social responsiveness.The more employees accept the organization’s key values and the greater their commitment to those values, the stronger the culture is. Strong cultures have a greater influence on employees than do weak cultures and are associated with high organizational performance. Strong culture also enhances performances Explanation of this is that if values are clear and widely accepted, employees know what they’re supposed to do and what’s expected of them so they can act quickly to take care of problems, thus preventing any potential performance decline.6.In a short essay, discuss the assumption of raionality and the validity of those assumption.AnswerA decision maker who was perfectly rational would be fully objective and logical. He or she would carefully define a problem and would have a clear and specific goal. Moreover, making decisions using rationality would consistently lead toward selecting the alternative that maximizes the likelihood of achieving that goal. The assumptions of rationality apply to any decision. Rational managerial decision making assumes that decisions are made in the best economic interests of the organization. That is, the decision maker is assumed to be ma ximizing the organization’s interests, not his or her own interests. Managerial decision making can follow rational assumptions if the following conditions are met: the manager is faced with a simple problem in which the goals are clear and the alternatives limited; the time pressures are minimal; the cost of seeking out and evaluating alternatives is low; the organizational culture supports innovation and risk taking; and outcomes are relatively concrete and measurable. However, most decisions that managers face in the real world don’t meet all of those tests.7.In a short essay, discuss bounded rationality and satisficing.AnswerDespite the limits to perfect rationality, managers are expected to follow a rational process when making decisions. However, certain aspects of the decision-making process are not realistic as managers make decisions. Instead, managers tend to operate under assumptions of bounded rationality; that is, they behave rationally within the parameters of a simplified decision-makingpr ocess that is limited by an individual’s ability to process information. Managers satisfice, rather than maximize, because they can’t possibly analyze all the information on all of the alternatives. That is, they accept solutions that are “good enough.” Th ey are being rational within the limits of their information-processing ability.8.In a short essay, list and discuss the three levels of strategy that a large organization must develop.Answera.Corporate strategy—this strategy seeks to determine what businesses a company should be in or wants to be in. Corporate strategy determines the direction that the organization is going and the roles that each business unit in the organization will plan in pursuing that direction.b.Business strategy—this strategy seeks to determine how an organization should compete in each of its businesses. For a small organization in only one line of business or the large organization that has not diversified into different products or markets, the business strategy typically over laps with the organization’s corporate strategy. For organizations with multiple businesses, however, each division will have its own strategy that defines the products or services it will offer and the customers it wants to reach.c.Functional strategy—this strategy seeks to determine how to support the business strategy. For organizations that have traditional functional departments such as manufacturing, marketing, human resources, research and development, and finance, these strategies need to support the business strategy.9.In a short essay, list the tree traditional organizational designs. Describe the characteristics that are commonly associated with each. (P309)10.In a short essay, discuss the concept of competitive advantage. Include specific examples of companies and their respective competitive advantages to support your answer.AnswerCompetitive advantage is what sets an organization apart, that is, its distinctive edge. That distinctive edge comes from the organization’s core competencies, which might be in the form of organizational capabilities—the organization does something that others cannot do or does it better than others can do it. For example, Dell has developed a competitive advantage based upon its ability to create a direct-selling ch annel that’s highly responsive to customers. Southwest Airlines has a competitive advantage because it is skilled in giving passengers what they want—quick, convenient, and fun service. Or those core competencies that lead to competitive advantage also can come from organizational assets or resources—the organization has something that its competitors do not have. For instance, Wal-Mart’s state-of-the-art information systems allows it to monitor and control inventories and supplier relations more efficiently than its competitors, which Wal-Mart has turned into a price advantage.11.In a short essay, define management by objectives (MBO) and list four elements of this type of goal setting. What are some problems associated with this approach?AnswerManagement by objectives (MBO) is a management system in which specific performance goals are jointly determined by employees and their managers, progress toward accomplishingthese goals is periodically reviewed, and rewards are allocated on the basis of this progress. Rather than using goals only as controls, MBO uses them to motivate employees as well. Management by objectives consists of four elements: goal specificity, participative decision making, an explicit time period, and performance feedback. Its appeal lies in its focus on employees working to accomplish goals they have had a hand in determining. One problem is that MBO may not be as effective in times of dynamic environmental change. Under an MBO program, employees need some stability to work toward ac complishing the set goals. If new goals must be set every few weeks, there’s no time for employees to work on accomplishing the goals and measuring that accomplishment. Another problem of MBO programs is that an overemphasis by an employee on accomplishing his or her goals without regard to others in the work unit can be counterproductive. A manager must work closely with all members of the work unit to assure that employees aren’t working atcross-purposes. Finally, if MBO is viewed simply as an annual exercise in filling out paperwork, employees won’t be motivated to accomplish the goals.12.In a short essay, list and discuss the five needs that are based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory.Answera.Physiological needs: food, drink, shelter, sexual satisfaction, and other physical requirements.b.Safety needs: security and protection from physical and emotional harm, as well as assurance that physical needs will continue to be met.c.Social needs: affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship.d.Esteem needs: internal esteem factors such as self-respect, autonomy, and achievement and external esteem factors such as status, recognition, and attention.e.Self-actualization needs: growth, achieving one’s potential, and self-fulfillment; the drive to become what one is capable of becoming.1.In a short essay, explain the difference between a multinationalcorporation (MNC), a transnational corporation (TNC), and a borderless organization. Include examples of companies for each of the types of organizations discussed.Answera. Multinational corporation—these organizations—which maintain significant operations in multiple countries but are managed from a base in the home country—inaugurated the rapid growth in international trade. With its focus on control from the home country, the MNC is characteristic of the ethnocentric attitude. Some examples of companies that can be considered MNCs include Sony, Deutsche Bank AG, ExxonMobil, and Merrill Lynch. Although these companies have considerable global holdings, management decisions with company-wide implications are made from headquarters in the home country.b. Transnational corporation (TNC)—this company maintains significant operations in more than one country but decentralizes management to the local country. This type of organization doesn’t attempt to replicate its domestic successes by managing foreign operations from its home country. Instead, nationals typically are hired to run operations in each country, and marketing strategies for each country are tail ored to that country’s unique characteristics. This type of global organization reflects the polycentric attitude. For example, Switzerland-based Nestlé, the world’s largest food company, can be described as a transnational. With operations in almost every country on the globe, its managers match the company’s products to its consumers. In parts of Europe, Nestlé sells products that are not available in the United States or Latin America.c. Borderless organization—because of the increasingly global environment, many largewell-known companies are moving to more effectively globalize their management structure by eliminating structural divisions that impose artificial geographical barriers. The borderless organization approaches global business from a geocentric attitude. For example, IBM dropped its organizational structure based on country and reorganized into 14 industry groups. Borderless management is an attempt by organizations to increase efficiency and effectiveness in a competitive global marketplace.2.In a short essay, define organizational culture and discuss the three implications of culture as discussed in the textbook.AnswerOrganizational culture is a system of shared meaning and beliefs held by organizational members that determines, in large degree, how they act. It represents a common perception held by the organization’s members. In every organization, there are systems or patterns of values, symbols, rituals, myths, and practices that have evolved over time. These shared values determine, to a large degree, what employees see, and how they respond to their world. When confronted with problems or work issues, the organizational culture influences what employees can do and how they conceptualize, define, analyze, and resolve these issues.This definition of culture implies several things. First, culture is a perception. Individuals perceive the organizational culture on the basis of what they see, hear, or experience within the organization. Second, even though individuals may have different backgrounds or work at different organizational levels, they tend to describe the organization’s culture in similar terms. That is the shared aspect of culture. Finally, organizational culture is a descriptive term. It’s concerned with how members perceive the organization, not with whether they like it. It describes rather than evaluates.3.In a short essay, list and briefly explain the steps, processes, and best practices managers typically utilize in the control process. Provide examples where appropriate.Answera.Measuring—the first step in the control process is measuring. Most jobs and activities can be expressed in tangible and measurable terms. However, managers frequently use a variety of sources of information to measure actual performance, such as personal observation, statistical reports, oral reports, and written reports. For most managers, using a combination of approaches increases both the number of input sources and the probability of getting reliable information.paring—the second step involves determining the degree of variation between actual performance and the prespecified standard. Some variation is to be expected. However, it is important for managers to determine the acceptable range of variation.c.Taking managerial action—managers can choose among three possible courses of action: do nothing, correct the actual performance, or revise the standards. Examples of corrective actions might include changing strategy, structure, compensation plans, training programs, redesigning jobs, or firing employees. Revising standards is an appropriate response if the variance was the result of unrealistic expectations. However, revising standards downwards can be troublesome when an employee or work unit fall short of reaching a goal. If they don’t meet the standard, their natural response is to attack the standard. If the manager believes the standard is fair, they should explain their position, reaffirm their desire for the employee or work unit to meet the standard, and then take necessary corrective action to turn that expectation into reality.4.In a short essay, list and discuss three of the main performance control tools used for monitoring and measuring organizational performance.Answera.Feedforward, concurrent, and feedback controls—the most desirable type of control—feedforward control—prevents anticipated problems since it takes place before the actual activity. Concurrent control, as its name implies, takes place while an activity is in progress. The most popular type of control relies on feedback. In feedback control, the control takes place after the activity is done.b.Financial controls—one of the primary purposes of every business firm is to earn a profit. In pursuit of this objective, managers need financial controls. They might perform several financial ratio tests to ensure that sufficient cash is available to pay ongoing expenses, that debt levels haven’t become too high, or that assets are being used productively. Or, they might look at some newer financial control tool s such as Market Value Added (MVA) to see if the company’s market value is greater than the capital invested in it.rmation controls—information can be critical to monitoring and measuring an organization’s performance. Managers need the right informat ion at the right time and in the right amount. Inaccurate, incomplete, excessive, or delayed information will seriously impede performance.d.Balanced scorecard—this is a performance measurement that was introduced as a way to evaluate organizational performance from more than just the financial perspective. The balanced scorecard is a performance measurement tool that looks at four areas—financial, customer, internal processes, and people/innovation/growth assets—that contribute to a company’s performance. According to this approach, managers should develop goals in each of the four areas and measure to determine if these goals are being met.e.Benchmarking of best practices—benchmarking is the search for the best practices among competitors or noncompetitors that lead to their superior performance. At its most fundamental level, benchmarking means learning from others. As a tool for monitoring and measuring organizational performance, benchmarking can be used to help identify specific performance gaps and potential areas for improvement.。
管理学期末考试题目配答案第一二套
管理学期末考试题目配答案第一二套RUSER redacted on the night of December 17,2020管理学院《管理学》期末考试试题及参考答案（第一、二套）一、填空（每空1分，共13分）1、管理思想的正确与否，直接决定了管理的效益和效率。
2、从管理的有效性角度出发，管理是一个系统的过程。
3、管理者不仅对自己的工作负责，而且对下属的工作负责。
4、组织文化的核心是组织成员共有的价值观。
5、控制是计划、组织、领导等工作的必要保证。
6、组织设计的任务是建立组织结构和明确组织内部的相互关系。
7、组织的本质是一个利益的共同体。
8、每一个组织都需要一定程度的集权和一定程度的分权。
9、计划的着眼点是有限资源的合理利用。
10领导的威信是建立在下属信服的基础之上。
二、是非分析（每题6分，共30分）11、管理就是管人管事。
12、管理者就应该指挥下属开展工作，不能去从事具体的操作性事务。
13、地理位置对一个杂货店来说是属于一般环境。
14、有效控制就是对工作或者活动进行全面控制。
15、通的目的就是为了达成共识。
解答：11、这种看法是片面的。
现代管理学中的管理的概念是，管理是依据事物发展的客观规律，通过综合运用人力资源和其他资源，以有效地实现目标的过程。
这个定义包含三层意思：1）、管理的内容是协调；2）、管理的实质是一种手段；3）、管理的作用在于它的有效性。
所以，对管理正确的观点是依据事物发展的客观规律，通过“管人”（综合运用人力资源）和“管事”（运用其他资源），来达到“做好对的事”的目的（以有效地实现目标的过程）。
“管人管事”只是管理的手段，“做好对的事”才是管理的目的。
12、这种观点是管理失调的表现。
管理者是在组织中从事管理工作并对此负责的人，他拥有指挥下属的特权，但也负有对下属工作承担责任的额外责任。
无论管理者在组织中的地位如何，其所担负的基本任务是一样的，即：设计和维护一种环境，使身处其间的人们能在组织中协调地工作，以充分发挥组织的力量，从而有效地实现组织的目标。
罗宾斯《管理学》第九版题库-6
Chapter 6 – Decision-Making: The Essence of the Manager’s JobTrue/False Questions4. The first step in the decision-making process is identifying a problem.True (easy)6. It is possible at the end of the decision-making process that you may be required to start the decisionprocess over again.True (easy)10. Decision-making is synonymous with managing.True (easy)12. One assumption of rationality is that we cannot know all of the alternatives.False (difficult)13. Accepting solutions that are "good enough" is termed satisfying.False (easy)15. Managers regularly use their intuition in decision-making.True (easy)16. Rational analysis and intuitive decision-making are complementary.True (moderate)18. Programmed decisions tend to be repetitive and routine.True (easy)21. Most managerial decisions in the real world are fully nonprogrammed.False (easy)24. Risk is a situation in which a decision maker has neither certainty nor reasonable probability estimates.False (difficult)25. An optimistic manager will follow a maximin approach.False (moderate)Multiple ChoiceTHE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS34. A series of eight steps that begins with identifying a problem and decision criteria and allocating weights tothose criteria; moves to developing, analyzing, and selecting an alternative that can resolve the problem;implements the alternative; and concludes with evaluating the decision's effectiveness is the ______________.a. decision-making process. (easy)b. managerial process.c. maximin style.d. bounded rationality approach.e. legalistic opportunism process.36. "A discrepancy between an existing and a desired state of affairs" describes which of the steps in thedecision-making process?a. criteria weight allocationb. analysis of alternativesc. problem identification (difficult)d. decision effectiveness evaluatione. decision criteria identification38. Which of the following must be present in order to initiate the decision-making process?a. plenty of timeb. pressure to act (moderate)c. a lack of authorityd. a lack of resourcese. environmental certainty39. Managers aren't likely to characterize something as a problem if they perceive ______________.a. they don't have authority to act. (difficult)b. pressure to act.c. a discrepancy.d. they have sufficient resources.e. they have budgetary authority.44. Selecting an alternative in the decision-making process is accomplished by ______________.a. choosing the alternative with the highest score. (easy)b. choosing the one you like best.c. selecting the alternative that has the lowest price.d. selecting the alternative that is the most reliable.e. choosing the alternative you think your boss would prefer.47. Which of the following is the final step in the decision-making process?a. identifying the problemb. evaluating the decision's effectiveness (easy)c. identifying decision criteriad. selecting an alternative that can resolve the probleme. allocating weights to alternatives.48.Which of the following is important to remember in evaluating the effectiveness of the decision-makingprocess?a. Ignore criticism concerning the decision-making.b. You may have to start the whole decision process over. (difficult)c. Restart the decision-making process if the decision is less than 50% effective.d. 90% of problems with decision-making occur in the implementation step.e. Keep track of problems with the chosen alternative, but only change those issues that uppermanagement demand.49. Decision-making is synonymous with ______________.a. managing. (easy)b. leading.c. controlling.d. planning.e. organizing.51. Which of the following is not an "organizing" decision?a. What are the organization's long-term objectives? (moderate)b. How many employees should I have report directly to me?c. How should jobs be designed?d. How much centralization should there be in the organization?e. When should the organization implement a different structure?52. Which of the following is not a "leading" decision?a. How do I handle employees who appear to be low in motivation?b. What is the most effective leadership style in a given situation?c. How will a specific change affect worker productivity?d. When is the right time to stimulate conflict?e. How should jobs be designed? (moderate)53. Which of the following is not a "controlling" decision?a. What activities in the organization need to be controlled?b. How should those activities be controlled?c. When is a performance deviation significant?d. When is the right time to stimulate conflict? (moderate)e. What type of management information system should the organization have?54. Managers are assumed to be ______________; they make consistent, value-maximizing choices withinspecified constraints.a. rational (easy)b. leadersc. organizedd. satisficerse. programmed57. Which of the following is not a valid assumption about rationality?a. The problem is clear and unambiguous.b. A single well-defined goal is to be achieved.c. Preferences are clear.d. Preferences are constantly changing. (difficult)e. No time or cost constraints exist.58. In "bounded rationality," managers construct ______________ models that extract the essential featuresfrom problems.a. multipleb. bindingc. interactived. simplified (difficult)e. past59. According to the text, because managers can’t possibly analyze all information on all alternatives, managers______________, rather than ______________.a.maximize; satisficeb.maximize; minimizec.satisfice; minimized.satisfice; maximize (moderate)62. An increased commitment to a previous decision despite evidence that it may have been wrong is referredto as _____________.a.economies of commitmentb.escalation of commitment (moderate)c.dimensional commitmentd.expansion of commitment64. According to the text, all of the following are aspects of intuition EXCEPT:a.experienced-based decisionsb.affect-initiated decisionsc.cognitive-based decisionsd.values or ethics-based decisionse.programmed decisions (easy)65.According to the text, _____________ are straightforward, familiar, and easily defined problems.a.poorly-structured problemsb.well-structured problems (moderate)c.unique problemsd.non-programmed problemse.programmed problems68. ______________ decision-making is relatively simple and tends to rely heavily on previous solutions.a. Nonprogrammedb. Linearc. Satisficingd. Integrativee. Programmed (moderate)70. A ______________ is a series of interrelated sequential steps that a manager can use for responding to astructured problem.a. procedure (easy)b. rulec. policyd. systeme. solution71. A ______________ is an explicit statement that tells a manager what he or she ought or ought not to do.a. procedureb. policyc. rule (moderate)d. solutione. system72. A ______________ provides guidelines to channel a manager's thinking in a specific direction.a. systemb. rulec. solutiond. policy (moderate)e. procedure75. A business school's statement that it "strives for productive relationships with local organizations," is anexample of a ______________.a. rule.b. policy. (moderate)c. procedure.d. commitment.e. contract.78. Which of the following terms is associated with nonprogrammed decisions?a. unique (moderate)b. recurringc. routined. repetitivee. well-defined79. Lower-level managers typically confront what type of decision-making?a. uniqueb. nonroutinec. programmed (moderate)d. nonprogrammede. nonrepetitive83. If an individual knows the price of three similar cars at different dealerships, he/she is operating under whattype of decision-making condition?a. riskb. uncertaintyc. certainty (easy)d. factuale. unprogrammed84. ______________ is those conditions in which the decision maker is able to estimate the likelihood ofcertain outcomes.a. Certaintyb. Risk (easy)c. Uncertaintyd. Maximaxe. Maximin85. A retail clothing store manager who estimates how much to order for the current spring season based on lastspring's outcomes is operating under what kind of decision-making condition?a. seasonalb. risk (difficult)c. uncertaintyd. certaintye. cyclical86. ______________ is a situation in which a decision maker has neither certainty nor reasonable probabilityestimates available.a. Certaintyb. Riskc. Uncertainty (easy)d. Maximaxe. Maximin87. A person at a horse racetrack who bets all of his/her money on the odds-based longshot to "win" (ratherthan "place" or "show") is making what kind of choice?a. maximax (moderate)b. maximinc. minimaxd. minimin89. An individual making a "maximin" type of choice has what type of psychological orientation concerninguncertain decision-making?a. optimistb. realistc. pessimist (moderate)d. satisficere. extremist91. According to the text, a manager who desires to minimize his or her maximim “regret” will opt for a______________ choice.a. maximaxb. maximinc. minimax (moderate)d. minimin93. Which of the following decision-making styles have low tolerance for ambiguity and are rational in theirway of thinking?a.directive (moderate)b.egotisticalc.analyticd.conceptuale.behavioral95. The decision-making style that makes fast decisions and focuses on the short terms is referred to as the______________ style.a.directive (moderate)b.egotisticalc.analyticd.conceptuale.behavioral98. According to the text, ______________ are best characterized as careful decision makers with the ability toadapt or cope with unique situations.a. conceptualb. behavioralc. empiricald. analytic (moderate)e. spatial99. Which of the following is the decision-making style that would most likely look at as many alternatives aspossible and focus on the long run?a. analyticalb. directivec. conceptual (moderate)d. behaviorale. spatial101. A manager who would decide what computer system to purchase for the department by holding a meeting and receiving feedback from his/her subordinates matches with which type of decision-making style?a. analyticalb. behavioral (difficult)c. conceptuald. directivee. empiricalScenariosDecision-Making Conditions (Scenario)Sandy Jo is the manager for TrucksRUs, a medium-sized hauling service located in the Southeast. She is responsible for scheduling trucks, initiating new routes, and staffing both existing and new routes. She is currently struggling with existing information about the profitability of existing and future truck routes.116. Bubba, Sandy Jo's best driver tells her that he believes that he can estimate that there is a 75% probability that they can get the business of Pork Brothers Inc. if they initiate a truck route through rural North Carolina. Bubba is operating under a condition of ______________.a. certainty.b. risk. (difficult)c. uncertainty.d. maximax.e. maximin.117. Sandy Jo can make accurate decisions if she is willing to pay $5,000 for research about the profitability of various truck routes. If she pays for the research, she believes that she is operating under a condition of ______________.a. certainty. (difficult)b. risk.c. uncertainty.d. maximax.e. maximin.118. Sandy Jo knows that she is operating in an uncertain environment. She is basically an optimist, and we would, therefore, expect her to follow a ______________ strategy.a. certaintyb. riskc. uncertaintyd. maximax (moderate)e. maximin119. Sandy Jo knows that she is operating in an uncertain environment. She is basically a pessimist, and we would, therefore, expect her to follow a ______________ strategy.a. certaintyb. riskc. minimaxd. maximaxe. maximin (moderate)120. Sandy Jo wishes to minimize her regret and will probably opt for a ______________ strategy.a. certainty.b. risk.c. minimax (moderate)d. maximax.e. maximin.Essay QuestionsTHE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS121. In a short essay, list and discuss the eight steps in the decision-making process.Answera.Step 1: Identifying a problem– the decision-making process begins with t he existence of a problem ora discrepancy between an existing and a desired state of affairs.However, a discrepancy withoutpressure to take action becomes a problem that can be postponed.b.Step 2: Identify decision criteria– once the manager has identified a problem that needs attention, thedecision criteria important to resolving the problem must be identified. That is, managers must determine what’s relevant in making a decision.c.Step 3: Allocating weights to the criteria: at this step, the decision maker must weigh the items inorder to give them the correct priority in the decision. A simple approach is to give the most important criterion a weight of 10 and then assign weights to the rest against that standard.d.Step 4: Developing alternative s –the fourth step requires the decision maker to list the viablealternatives that could resolve the problem. No attempt is made in this step to evaluate the alternative, only to list them.e.Step 5: Analyzing alternative s – once the alternatives have been identified, the decision maker mustcritically analyze each one. From this comparison, the strengths and weaknesses of each alternative become evident.f.Step 6: Selecting an alternative– the sixth step is the important act of choosing the best alternative fromamong those considered. All the pertinent criteria in the decision have now been determined, weighted, and the alternatives have been identified and analyzed.g.Step 7: Implementing the alternativ e –implementation involves conveying the decision to thoseaffected by it and getting their commitment to it. If the people who must carry out a decision participate in the process, they’re more likely to enthusiastically support the outcome than if they are just told what to do.h.Step 8: Evaluating decision effectiveness –the last step in the decision-making process involvesappraising the outcome of the decision to see if the problem has been resolved. Did the alternative chose and implemented accomplish the desired result? If not, the manager may consider returning to a previous step or may even consider starting the whole decision process over.(difficult)123. In a short essay, discuss the assumptions of rationality and the validity of those assumptions.AnswerA decision maker who was perfectly rational would be fully objective and logical. He or she wouldcarefully define a problem and would have a clear and specific goal. Moreover, making decisions using rationality would consistently lead toward selecting the alternative that maximizes the likelihood of achieving that goal. The assumptions of rationality apply to any decision. Rational managerial decision making assumes that decisions are made in the best economic interests of the organization. That is, the decision maker is assumed to be maximizing the organization’s interests, not his or her own interests.Managerial decision making can follow rational assumptions if the following conditions are met: The manager is faced with a simple problem in which the goals are clear and the alternatives limited, in which the time pressures are minimal and the cost of seeking out and evaluating alternatives is low, for which the organizational culture supports innovation and risk taking, and in which o utcomes are relatively concrete and measurable. However, most decisions that managers face in the real world d on’t meet all those tests.(moderate)126. In a short essay, discuss the difference between well-structured and poorly structured problems. Include specific examples of each type of problem to support your answer. Next discuss the type of decisions that would be used to address each of these problems.Answera.Well-structured problems - the goal of the decision marker is clear, the problem is familiar, andinformation about the problem is easily defined and complete. Examples of these types of problems might include a customer’s wanting to return a purchase to a retail store, a supplier’s being late with an important delivery, a news team’s responding to an unexpected and fast-breaking event, or a college’s handling of a student wanting to drop a class. Such situations are called well-structured problems since they are straightforward, familiar, and easily defined problems. In handling these problem situations, the manager uses a programmed decision. Decisions are programmed to the extent that they are repetitive and routine a nd to the extent that a definite approach has been worked out for handling them.Because the problem is well structured, the manager doesn’t have to go to the trouble and expense of going through an involved decision progress. Programmed decision making is relatively simple and tends to rely heavily on previous solutions.b.Poorly-structured problems –these problems are new or unusual and for which information isambiguous or incomplete.For example, the selection of an architect to design a new corporate manufacturing facility in Bangkok is an example of a poorly-structured problem. When problems are poorly-structured, managers must rely on nonproprammed decision making in order to develop unique solutions.Nonprogrammed decisions are unique and nonrecurring. When a manager confronts a poorly-structured problem, or one that is unique, there is no cut-and-dried solution. It requires a custom-made response through nonprogrammed decision making.(difficult)130. In a short essay, list and discuss the four decision-making styles as described in the text.Answera.Directive style – people using the directive style have low tolerance for ambiguity and are rational intheir way of thinking. They’re efficient and logical. Directive types make fast decisions and focus on the short run. Their efficiency and speed in making decisions often result in their making decisions with minimal information and assessing few alternatives.b.Analytic style – decision-makers with an analytic style have much greater tolerance for ambiguity thando directive types. They want more information before making a decision and consider more alternatives than a directive style decision-maker does. Analytic decision-makers are best characterized as careful decision-makers with the ability to adapt or cope with unique situations.c.Conceptual style – individuals with a conceptual style tend to be very broad in their outlook and willlook at many alternatives. They focus on the long run and are very good at finding creative solutions to problems.d.Behavioral style –these decision markers work well with others. They’re concerned about theachievements of subordinates and are receptive to suggestions from others. They often use meetings to communicate, although they try to avoid conflict. Acceptance by others is important to this decision-making style.(moderate)。
罗宾斯《管理学》第九版题库
Chapter 7 – Foundations of PlanningTrue/False Questions4. Research indicates that managers who plan always outperform managers who do not plan.False (moderate)9. Plans that specify the details of achievement of the overall objectives are calledoperational plans.True (difficult)10. Directional plans have clearly defined objectives.False (moderate)12. Standing plans are created in response to programmed decisions that managers make andinclude policies, rules, and procedures.True (moderate)13. The greater the environmental certainty, the more plans need to be directional andemphasis placed on the short term.False (moderate)22. An organization's real goals are what they actually plan on accomplishing, rather thanwhat they hope to accomplish.False (moderate)24. Real goals are official statements of what an organization says its goals are.False (easy)Multiple Choice36. One purpose of planning is that it minimizes ______________ and ______________.a. cost; timeb. time; personnel needsc. waste; redundancy (difficult)d. time; wastee. mistakes; cost38. What does the evidence suggest about organizations that plan compared to organizationsthat do not plan?a. Planning organizations always outperform nonplanning organizations.b. Nonplanning organizations always outperform planning organizations.c. Planning organizations generally outperform nonplanning organizations (easy)d. Nonplanning organizations generally outperform planning organizations.e. They generally perform at about the same level.45. Which of the following is the foundation of planning?a. employeesb. goals (easy)c. outcomesd. computerse. the planning department46. According to the text, _____________ are documents that outline how goals are going tobe met and which typically describe resource allocations, schedules, and other necessary actions to accomplish the goals.a.strategiesb.goalsc.plans (moderate)d.policiese.procedures50. Which of the following is true concerning an organization's stated objectives?a. They issue identical objectives to all constituents.b. Organizations typically have internal and external sets of objectives.c.They may issue different objectives to stockholders, customers, employees, and thepublic.(moderate)d. It is illegal to issue conflicting stated objectives.e. Stated objectives are usually in line with short-term actions.54. What should a person do to understand what are the real objectives of the organization?a. observe organizational member actions (moderate)b. attend a stockholders annual meetingc. read their statement of purposed. read their annual reporte. watch television news reports59. When we categorize plans as being single-use versus standing, we categorize them by______________.a. breadth.b. specificity.c. frequency of use. (easy)d. depth.e. time frame.61. Based on the information presented in the text, ______________ are short term,specific, and standing.a. operational (moderate)b. long-termc. strategicd. specifice. directional67. An organizational plan that has a 6-year time frame would be considered what type ofplan?a. operationalb. short-termc. strategicd. intermediatee. long-term (moderate)68. Strategic plans tend to include a time period of usually ______________.a. 1 year.b. 1-3 years.c. 3 years or more. (moderate)d. 5 years or more.e. at least 10 years.71. Compared to directional plans, what type of plan has clearly defined objectives?a. strategicb. single-usec. short-termd. specific (moderate)e. standing76.Planning accuracy with a high degree of environmental change tends to produce which ofthe following results?a. Planning accuracy is likely.b. Planning accuracy becomes much more important.c. Planning accuracy becomes less important.d. Planning accuracy is less likely. (moderate)e. Planning accuracy occurs in the long-run.78. A ______________ plan is a one-time plan designed to meet the needs of a uniquesituation and created in response to nonprogrammed decisions that managers make.a. single-use (easy)b. short-termc. directionald. standinge. strategic79. A small town's preparation for a visit by the President of the United States would beconsidered what type of plan?a. strategicb. directionalc. standingd. long-terme. single-use (moderate)81. A city's policy concerning skateboarding on downtown sidewalks providing guidance forpolice action would be considered what type of plan?a. standing (difficult)b. contingencyc. directionald. single-usee. strategic84. Where in the organizational hierarchy are traditional goals determined?a. front-line employeesb. team leadersc. lower-level managersd. middle managerse. top managers (moderate)89. A management system in which specific performance goals are jointly determined byemployees and their managers is known as ______________.a.management by objectives. (moderate)b.means-ends chain.c.traditional goal setting.d.management by opinions.91. Which of the following is not one of the four common elements of Management ByObjectives (MBO)?a. goal specificityb. participative decision-makingc. an explicit time periodd. a systems loop (difficult)e. performance feedback93. Management By Objectives (MBO) can be described by which of the following statements?a. an autocratic systemb. a "bottom up" systemc. a "top down" systemd. both a "top down" and a "bottom up" system (difficult)e. a static system105. According to the boxed feature, “Managing in an E-Business World,” probably the biggest change for planning in e-business is that ______________.a.the environment is more stable.b.customers are calling the shots. (moderate)c.employees are making the demands.d.only a few competitors exist.Essay Questions122. In a short essay, list and discuss the four reasons for planning.Answera.Planning establishes coordinated effort. It gives direction to managers andnonmanagers alike. When employees know where the organization or work unit aregoing and what they must contribute to reach goals, they can coordinate theiractivities, cooperate with each other, and do what it takes to accomplish thosegoals. Without planning, departments and individuals might be working at cross-purposes, preventing the organization from moving efficiently toward its goals.b.Planning reduces uncertainty by forcing managers to look ahead, anticipate change,consider the impact of change, and develop appropriate responses. It alsoclarifies the consequences of actions managers might take in response to change.Even though planning can’t eliminate change, managers plan in order to anticipatechanges and develop the most effective response to them.c.Planning reduces overlapping and wasteful activities.When work activities arecoordinated around established plans, wasted time and resources and redundancy canbe minimized. Furthermore, when means and ends are made clear through planning,inefficiencies become obvious and can be corrected or eliminated.d.Planning establishes goals or standards that are used in controlling. If managersare unsure of what they are trying to accomplish, they will be unable to determinewhether or not the goal has actually been achieved. In planning, goals and plansare developed. Then, through controlling, actual performance is compared againstthe goals, significant deviations are identified, and necessary corrective actionis taken. Without planning, there would be no way to control.(moderate)127. In a short essay, list and discuss five characteristics of well-defined goals.Answer(1) A well-designed goal should be written in terms of outcomes rather than actions.The desired end result is the most important element of any goal and, therefore, thegoal should be written to reflect this. (2) Next, a goal should be measurable and quantifiable. It’s much easier to determine if a goal has been met if it’s measurable. In line with specifying a quantifiable measure of accomplishment, (3) a well-designed goal should also be clear as to a time frame. Although open-ended goals may seem preferable because of their supposed flexibility, in fact, goals without a time frame make an organization less flexible because a manager is never sure when the goal has been met or when he or she should call it quits because the goal will never be met regardless of how long he or she works at it. (4) Next a well-designed goal should be challenging but attainable. Goals that are too easy to accomplish are not motivating and neither are goals that are not attainable even with exceptional effort.(5) Next, well-designed goals should be written down. Although actually writing downgoals may seem too time consuming, the process of writing the goals forces people to think them through. In addition, the written goals become visible and tangible evidence of the importance of working toward something. (6) Finally, well-designed goals are communicated to all organizational members who need to know the goals.Making people aware of the goals ensures that they’re “on the same page” and working in ways to ensure the accomplishment of the organizational goals.(moderate)128. In a short essay, list and discuss the five steps in the goal-setting process.Answera.Step 1: Review the organization’s mission, the purpose of the organization.These broad statements of what the organization’s purpose is and what it hopes toaccomplish provide an overall guide to what organizational members think isimportant. It’s important to review these statements before writing goals becausethe goals should reflect what the mission statement says.b.Step 2: Evaluate available resources. A manager doesn’t want to set goals thatare impossible to achieve given the available resources. Even though goals shouldbe challenging, they should be realistic. If the resources a manager has to workwith doesn’t allow for the achievement of that goal no matter how had the managertries of how much effort is exerted, that goal shouldn’t be set.c.Step 3: Determine individually, or with input from others, the goals. These goalsreflect desired outcomes and should be congruent with the organizational missionand goals in other organizational areas. These goals should be measurable,specific, and include a time frame for accomplishment.d.Step 4: Write down the goals and communicate them to all who need to know.Writing goals down forces people to think them through and also makes those goalsvisible and tangible evidence of the importance of working toward something.e.Step 5: Review results and whether goals are being met. Make changes, as needed.Once the goals have been established, written down, and communicated, a manager isready to develop plans for pursuing the goals.(difficult)129. In a short essay, list and discuss the three contingency factors that affect planning.Answera.Level in the organization–for the most part, operational planning dominatesmanagers’ planning efforts at lower levels. At higher organizational levels, theplanning becomes more strategy oriented.b.Degree of environmental uncertainty–when environmental uncertainty is high,plans should be specific, but flexible. Managers must be prepared to reword andamend plans as they’re implemented. At times, managers may even have to abandon their plans.c.Length of future commitments –the more that current plans affect futurecommitments, the longer the time frame for which managers should plan. This commitment concept means that plans should extend far enough to meet those commitments made when the plans were developed. Planning for too long or for too short a time period is inefficient and ineffective.(moderate)。
罗宾斯《管理学》习题答案
罗宾斯《管理学》习题答案第一章：管理和组织1. 什么是管理？管理是一种通过组织和协调组织内外资源，以实现组织目标的活动。
它涉及规划、组织、领导和控制等方面，旨在提高组织的绩效和效率。
2. 管理者的角色有哪些？管理者的角色包括：决策者、沟通者、协调者、资源分配者、监督者和激励者等。
他们需要在组织内部和外部之间进行协调，以确保组织的顺利运作。
3. 组织的特点有哪些？组织的特点包括：目标导向、人员组合、协作和分工、形式和非形式结构等。
组织的特点决定了它的运作方式和效率。
4. 什么是组织文化？组织文化是指组织内部共享的价值观、信念和行为方式。
它是组织的独特文化特征，对组织内部成员的行为和决策产生影响。
5. 管理学的历史和发展管理学的历史可以追溯到古代，但现代管理学的发展主要起源于20世纪初。
管理学逐渐形成了管理理论、管理原则和管理实践等体系，为组织管理提供了理论指导。
第二章：管理环境1. 管理环境的组成部分有哪些？管理环境包括内外环境。
内部环境由组织的员工、文化和结构等因素组成，而外部环境则包括政治、经济、社会和技术因素等。
管理者需要了解和适应环境的变化，以确保组织的成功。
经济环境对管理的影响主要表现为市场竞争、供求关系、通货膨胀和经济周期等方面。
管理者需要根据经济环境的变化，制定相应的策略和决策。
3. 技术环境对管理的影响有哪些？技术环境对管理的影响包括信息技术的发展、生产工艺的改进和自动化等方面。
管理者需要不断学习和应用新的技术，以提高组织的效率和竞争力。
4. 政治环境对管理的影响有哪些？政治环境对管理的影响主要表现为政府政策、法律法规和政府政策等方面。
管理者需要遵守相关法律法规，并与政府保持良好的关系。
除了经济、技术和政治环境外，管理者还需要考虑社会、文化、人口和环境等因素对管理的影响。
这些因素可以影响组织的形象和公众形象。
第三章：管理理论1. 传统管理理论有哪些？传统管理理论包括科学管理学、行政管理学和人际关系学。
2022年陕西理工大学人力资源管理专业《管理学》科目期末试卷B(有答案)
2022年陕西理工大学人力资源管理专业《管理学》科目期末试卷B（有答案）一、选择题1、罗宾斯（Stephen P.Robbins）概括了管理的四项职能，法约尔（Henri Fayol）则概括了管理的五项职能。
前者与后者相比，有三项职能是相同的，不同的一项是（）。
A．领导 B．协调 C．控制 D．组织2、竞争优势是使组织别具一格和有与众不同的特色，这种与众不同的特色来自组织的（）。
A．战略 B．结构 C．文化 D．核心能力3、企业选择产业中的一个或者一组细分市场，制定专门的战略向此市场提供产品或者服务，这是典型的（）。
A．增长型战略 B．别具一格战略 C．专一化战略 D．公司层战略4、决定是否与另一个组织合并，如何重组以提高效率，或是否关闭一个亏损的工厂，这些都是典型的（）。
A．确定型决策 B．非程序化决策C．例常型决策 D．重复性决策5、管理者在制定决策时，面临这样一种条件：在这种条件下，决策者能够估计出每一种备择方案的可能性或者结果。
我们称这种决策制定条件为（）决策。
A．确定性 B．不确定性 C．风险性 D．概率性6、组织行为学尤其关注的是（）。
A．组织中人们的心理状况B．人们的行为在工作中的表现C．人们在工作中的活动D．活动所创造的组织绩效7、管理中与激励问题有关的公平理论是由（）提出的。
A．马斯洛B．麦格雷戈C．赫茨伯格D．亚当斯8、在不确定情况下，除了有限信息的影响之外，另一个影响决策结果的因素是（）。
A．风险性 B．环境的复杂性C．决策者心理定位 D．决策的时间压力9、当企业发现自己生产的产品存在安全隐患时，主动召回该产品是在实践（）。
A．社会响应 B．道德准则C．社会义务 D．社会责任10、在组织设计中，用来描述组织中各项工作标准化以及员工行为受规则和程序约束程度的变量或要素是（）。
A．工作专门化 B．正规化C．管理跨度D．部门化二、名词解释11、强文化12、有限理性决策13、效率14、组织变革15、跨职能团队16、机械式组织和有机式组织17、SWOT分析18、管理方格理论三、简答题19、什么联邦法律对员工多样性的创新措施非常重要？20、讨论可以用来监控和测量组织绩效的各种工具。
罗宾斯《管理学》第九版题库-4
Chapter 4 Managing in a Global Environment1.In a global marketplace ____________.a.the entire world is a marketplaceb.national borders are irrelevantc.the potential for organizations to grow expands dramaticallyd.all of the above(d; moderate; p. 90; AACSB: Globalizations)2.To succeed in a global marketplace, managers must _____________.a.constantly develop new strategies to maintain their parochial viewsb.c.implement only the best practices of their home countriesd.downplay the effect of the values and customs of other cultures(b; difficult; p. 90; AACSB: Globalizations)3.One reason for parochialism in the United States is that Americans tend to study _____________in school.a.only Englishb.only two languagesc.English and Frenchd.English and Spanish(a; easy; p. 91; AACSB: Globalizations)4.a.Germans and Italians, unlike other Europeans, only speak their native language.b.Americans tend to study many other languages in school.c.More than 75 percent of all primary school children in China now learn English.d.Americans tend to think of English as the only international business language.(d; moderate; p. 91; AACSB: Globalizations)5.Ethnocentric views concentrate on their _____________.a.home countryb.host countryc.world orientationd.racial orientation(a; easy; p. 92; AACSB: Globalizations)6.Parochialism is ____________.a.acceptance of diverse points of viewb. a desire to leave one’s own culture for a foreign culturec. a tendency to view the world through a single perspectived.recognition of diverse religious beliefs(c; moderate; p. 91; AACSB: Globalizations)7.a.Americans should continue to push for the use of English only.b.Stick to your own customs to avoid embarrassing incidents.c.Make sure foreign businesspeople know you are American so they will speak to you inEnglish.d.Develop an understanding of multicultural differences.(d; moderate; p. 93; AACSB: Globalizations)8.a.multiculturalb.multicentricc.ethnocentricd.polycentric(c; easy; p. 92; AACSB: Globalizations)9.Managers with a(n) ___________ attitude view every foreign operation as different and hard tounderstand.a.geocentricb.polycentricc.ethnocentricd.transnational(b; moderate; p. 92; AACSB: Globalizations)10.Successful global management requires an attitude that is best described as _____________ .a.ethnocentricb.parochialc.polycentricd.geocentric(d; easy; p. 92; AACSB: Globalizations)11.A(n) __________ attitude is characterized by parochialism.a.geocentricb.acculturatedc.polylinguisticd.ethnocentric(d; moderate; p. 92; AACSB: Globalizations)12.A(n) _____________ attitude is the view that host-country managers know the best practices forrunning their operations.a.ethnocentricb.polycentricc.geocentricd.international(b; easy; p. 92; AACSB: Globalizations)13.The geocentric attitude is a _____________ view.a.nationalisticb.world-orientedc.culture-boundd.franchise-based(b; moderate; p. 92; AACSB: Globalizations)14.Successful _____________ management requires enhanced sensitivity to differences in nationalcustoms and practices.a.ethnocentricb.polycentricc.globald.parochial(c; moderate; p. 93; AACSB: Globalizations)UNDERSTANDING THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT15.The _____________ was created by the unification of 12 countries in Europe.a.European Common Marketb.European Unionc.Western European Allianced.Trans-European Market (TEM)(b; moderate; p. 94; AACSB: Globalizations)16.The principle reason for the formation of a regional trading alliance in Europe was to reassertmembers’ economic positions against the strength of the United States and _________.a.Canadab.Mexicoc.Japand.Russia(c; moderate; p. 94; AACSB: Globalizations)17.The European Union covers ______________.a.border controls, taxes, and subsidiesb.nationalistic policies and travelc.employment, investment, and traded.all of the above(d; moderate; p. 94; AACSB: Globalizations)18.The _____________ is a collection of countries that use a common currency.a.European Common Marketb.European Unionc.Western European Allianced.Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)(d; difficult; p. 94; AACSB: Globalizations)19.The single EU currency is called the ____________.a.francb.franc-markc.poundd.euro(d; moderate; p. 94; AACSB: Globalizations)20.The European Union currently consists of ___________.a.12 countriesb.15 countriesc.10 countriesd.25 countries(d; difficult; p. 94; AACSB: Globalizations)21.a.Icelandb.Irelandc.Cyprusd.Slovenia(a; moderate; p. 94; AACSB: Globalizations)22._______ is expected to join the European Union in 2007.a.Hungaryb.Estoniac.Romaniad.Turkey(c; moderate; p. 95; AACSB: Globalizations)23.The executive body of the EU, based in Brussels, is known as the ________.a.Maastricht Officeb.FTAAc.Euro Protectorated.European Commission(a; moderate; p. 95; AACSB: Globalizations)24.Among the member countries of the North American Free Trade Agreement, trade has___________ since the treaty was signed.a.decreased initially, but increased steadilyb.increasedc.decreasedd.increased in commodities, but decreased in manufactured goods(b; moderate; p. 95; AACSB: Globalizations)25.The North American Free Trade Agreement includes _________________.a.Mexico, Canada, and the United Statesb.Canada, Mexico, and Brazilc.the United States, Canada, and Hondurasd.Columbia, Mexico, and the United Sates(a; easy; p. 95; AACSB: Globalizations)26.a.It increased imports from Mexico by 106 percent.b.It eliminated duties on imports from Venezuela.c.It increased exports to Canada by 62 percent.d.It increased trade with the European Union.(a; easy; p. 95; AACSB: Globalizations)27.a.NAFTAb.FTAAc.Mercosurd.ASEAN(b; difficult; p. 95; AACSB: Globalizations)28.The North American Free Trade Agreement eliminated all of the following except________________.a.the need for import licensingb.tariffs on traded commoditiesc.customs user feesd.China’s role as a U.S. trading partner(a; moderate; p. 95; AACSB: Globalizations)29.The Association of Southeast Asian Nations includes ________________.a.the members of the European Union and Indiab.the members of NAFTA and CAFTAc. a membership of 10 Southeast Asian nationsd.none of the above(c; moderate; p. 95; AACSB: Globalizations)30.Each of the following is a member of ASEAN except ________________.a.Bruneib.Singaporeosd.Japan(d; moderate; p. 96; AACSB: Globalizations)31.a.46b.53c.62d.67(b; moderate; p. 96; AACSB: Globalizations)32.a.EUb.SAARCc.AUd.ASEAN(b; moderate; p. 96; AACSB: Globalizations)33.a.GATTb.Mercosurc.UNIDIRd.Marshall Plan(a; moderate; p. 96; AACSB: Globalizations)34.a.public protestsb.economic sanctionsc.trade agreementsd.peace treaties(c; moderate; p. 96; AACSB: Globalizations)35.The goal of the World Trade Organization is to ___C_____.a.help develop environmental policyb.help regulate international marketsc.help businesses conduct their businessd.help reduce conflicts between nationsc moderate; p. 96; AACSB: Globalizations)DOING BUSINESS GLOBALLY36.a.the fifteenth centuryb.the seventeenth centuryc.the nineteenth centuryd.the twentieth century(c; difficult; p. 97; AACSB: Globalizations)37.a.mid-1960sb.mid-1970sc.1945d.mid-1980s(a; moderate; p. 97; AACSB: Globalizations)38.Multidomestic corporations are known for _______________.a.ethnocentric attitudesb.polycentric attitudesc.multicentric attitudesd.having their holdings in one country(b; moderate; p. 97; AACSB: Globalizations)39.a.borderless organizationb.global companyc.multidomestic corporationd.transnational organization(c; moderate; pp. 97-98; AACSB: Globalizations)40.Multidomestic corporations _________________.a.maintain operations in multiple counties, but do not allow managers in eachcountry to make their own decisionsb.utilize ethnocentric attitudes in financial decisions, but favor polycentric views inhuman resources issuesc.utilize decentralization to make decisions in management in local countriesd.follow the tastes, preferences, and values of the home country(c; moderate; p. 97; AACSB: Globalizations)41.When an organization drops its structure based on countries and reorganizes according toindustries, it is pursuing a global organizational operation known as ___________.a.ethnocentrismb.polycentrismc.borderless organizationd.multinational organization(c; moderate; p. 98; AACSB: Globalizations)42.Transnational organizations are also known as ________.a.ethnocentric organizationsb.polycentric organizationsc.borderless organizationsd.multidomestic organization(c; moderate; p. 98; AACSB: Globalizations)43.Transnational organizations are focused on _________________.a.increasing efficiencyb.developing INVsc.reinforcing structural divisionsd.all of the above(a; moderate; p. 98; AACSB: Globalizations)44.a.international new ventureb.global companyc.born globald.joint economic market(c; difficult; p. 98; AACSB: Globalizations)45.a. a company that maintains operations in multiple countriesb. a company that maintains franchises in multiple countriesc. a company that has multiple home bases and manufacturing plantsd. a company that pays corporate taxes in at least two countries(a; difficult; p. 98; AACSB: Globalizations)46.a.Multidomestic corporations typically do business with more countries than global companiesdo.b.Multidomestic corporations are run by global companies but must be owned by a local,national company.c.Multidomestic corporations decentralize management to the local country, whileglobal companies centralize management in the home country.d.Multidomestic corporations pay more in taxes than global companies do.(c; difficult; pp. 97-98; AACSB: Globalizations)47.a.Decision making takes place at the local level.b.Nationals are typically hired to run operations in each country.c.Marketing strategies are tailored to each country’s culture.d.Products are manufactured only in the local country.(d; easy; pp. 97-98; AACSB: Globalizations)48.a.multidomestic corporationb.transnational organizationc.global companyd.regional organization(b; difficult; p. 98; AACSB: Globalizations)HOW ORGANIZATIONS GO GLOBAL49.a.licensingb.franchisingc.global sourcingd.strategic alliance(c; easy; p. 98; AACSB: Globalizations)50.In an attempt to be more aggressive, a company might export and import more. These stepsusually require ____________.a.minimal investment and minimal riskb.conducting business in a polycentric mannerc.the establishment of strategic alliancesd.abnormal operations for a geocentric organization(a; easy; p. 99; AACSB: Globalizations)51.Franchising is primarily used by ________________.a.political organizationsb.manufacturing organizationsc.service organizationsd.legal organizations(c; moderate; p. 99; AACSB: Globalizations)52.In the later stages of doing business globally, if an organization is ready to make a more directinvestment, it might utilize ______________.a.foreign subsidiariesb.strategic alliancesc.joint venturesd.all of the above(d; moderate; pp. 99-100; AACSB: Globalizations)53.An international company is most likely to develop foreign subsidiaries _______________.a.before it develops licensing agreementsb.before it develops franchising agreementsc.before it begins importing and exportingd.after it establishes strategic alliances(d; moderate; p. 100; AACSB: Globalizations)54.The process of making products domestically and selling them abroad is known as ________.a.exportingb.importingc.franchisingd.joint ventures(a; moderate; p. 99; AACSB: Globalizations)55.a.exporting its products to other countriesb.cross-culturally training its managersc.establishing strategic alliances with partnersd.licensing another firm to use its brand name(c; moderate; p. 99; AACSB: Globalizations)56.Joint ventures are a type of ____________.a.licenseb.franchisec.foreign subsidiaryd.strategic alliance(d; moderate; p. 99; AACSB: Globalizations)57.Foreign subsidiaries are usually managed ______________.a.through local control onlyb.through centralized control onlyc.through local or centralized controld.none of the above(c; easy; p. 100; AACSB: Globalizations)58.A domestic firm and a foreign firm sharing the cost of developing new products or buildingproduction facilities in a foreign country is called a ____________.a.franchising agreementb.joint venturec.foreign subsidiaryd.brokering agreement(b; moderate; p. 99; AACSB: Globalizations)59.a.cross-cultural training of the company’s managersb.sending domestic employees on regular foreign business tripsc.hiring foreign brokers to represent the organization’s product lined.creating a joint venture with suppliers around the globe(d; moderate; p. 99; AACSB: Globalizations)60._____________ present(s) the greatest risk to an organization going international.a.Joint venturesb.Strategic alliancesc.Licensingd.Foreign subsidiaries(d; difficult; p. 99; AACSB: Globalizations)MANAGING IN A GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT61.a.legal environmentb.economic environmentc.cultural environmentd.religious environment(d; difficult; pp. 101-103; AACSB: Globalizations)62.From an economic standpoint, a threat to the global manager is _________________.a.widely fluctuating inflation rates in foreign countriesb.marginal revenues exceeding marginal costsc. a stable exchange rate between currencies in various countriesd.all of the above(a; moderate; p. 102; AACSB: Globalizations)pared to many other countries, the U.S. legal–political environment is considered____________.a.radicalb.stablec.unstabled.fixed(b; moderate; p. 101; AACSB: Globalizations)pared to many other countries, changes to the U.S. legal–political environment areconsidered ___________.a.very fast and effectiveb.fast, but not efficientc.radicald.slow(d; moderate; p. 101; AACSB: Globalizations)65.The reason that a nation’s cultural differences are the most difficult to gain information about isbecause __________________.a.people tend to be sensitive about their own cultureb.providing this information to foreign organizations reduces a competitive business advantagec.there is little written on the issued.“natives” are least capable of explaining the unique characteristics of their ownculture(d; difficult; p. 104; AACSB: Globalizations)66.ton Friedmanb.Michael Porterc.Geert Hofsteded.Abraham Maslow(c; moderate; p. 104; AACSB: Globalizations)67._____________ is a cultural dimension in which people expect others in their group to look afterthem and protect them when they are in trouble.a.Power distanceb.Collectivismc.Achievementd.Uncertainty avoidance(b; easy; p. 105; AACSB: Globalizations)68.a.Society accepts narrow differences in organizations.b.Title carries little power, but status power is high.c.There is little respect for those in authority.d.Titles, rank, and status carry a lot of weight.(d; moderate; p. 105; AACSB: Globalizations)69.a.fiveb.sixc.nined.twelve(c; moderate; p. 106; AACSB: Globalizations)70._____________ is a cultural measure of the degree to which people will tolerate risk andunconventional behavior.a.Power distanceb.Uncertainty avoidancec.Achievementd.Nurturing(b; easy; p. 105; AACSB: Globalizations)71.a.high power distanceb.low power distancec.high uncertainty avoidanced.low uncertainty avoidance(c; easy; p. 105; AACSB: Globalizations)72.In a society with a highly ______________ culture, strong value is placed on relationships andconcern for others.a.collectivistb.achievement-orientedc.nurturingd.uncertainty avoidant(c; moderate; p. 105; AACSB: Globalizations)73._____________ is a national culture attribute describing the extent to which societal values arecharacterized by assertiveness and materialism.a.Power distanceb.Uncertainty avoidancec.Achievement orientationd.Long-term orientation(c; moderate; p. 105; AACSB: Globalizations)74._____________ is a national culture attribute that places a high value on future occurrences.a.Power distanceb.Uncertainty avoidancec.Long-term orientationd.Leisure orientation(c; moderate; p. 105; AACSB: Globalizations)75.a.Singapore and Swedenb.Australia and Englandc.France and Greeced.United States and V enezuela(b; easy; p. 106; AACSB: Globalizations)76.a.Greeceb.Swedenc.Canadad.England(a; easy; p. 106; AACSB: Globalizations)77.a.future orientationb.humane orientationc.gender differentiationd.uncertainty avoidance(c easy; p. 106; AACSB: Globalizations)SCENARIOS AND QUESTIONSFor each of the following choose the answer that most completely answers the question.First Visit Abroad (Scenario)Bill Sanderson is halfway over the Atlantic and is excited about his first European business trip. Bill is confident about this trip but is somewhat concerned about the strange habits and foreign languages he will encounter. “If only they would just speak English like everyone else!” Bill thinks.78.a.nondiversityb.discriminationc.parochialismd.monolingualism(c; moderate; p. 92; AACSB: Globalizations)79.If Bill is to become successful as a global manager, he must _______________.a.attempt to change other cultures to American waysb.learn and accept other culturespete internationally but remain in the United Statesd.learn to manipulate other business cultures(b; moderate; p. 93; AACSB: Globalizations)Cultural Training (Scenario)Jane wants to expand her career opportunities in international operations of a company. She is 19 years old and currently attends a university. She has only lived in her current country and has never traveled to foreign countries.80.Jane decides to enroll in a foreign language class to help her overcome her ______________.a.parochialismb.ethnocentric attitudec.monolingualismd.polycentric attitudes(c; moderate; p. 91; AACSB: Globalizations)81.In talking with her advisor at the university, Jane decides she probably has a(n)__________ attitude, as she has never traveled abroad and only relates well to people from her home country.a.culturally focusedb.polycentricc.ethnocentricd.geocentric(c; moderate; p. 92; AACSB: Globalizations)82.Jane becomes involved with an international student association to give her experiences that willallow her to understand the views of students from other countries. She is trying to become more _________ in her attitude.a.parochialisticb.polycentricc.ethnocentricd.geocentric(d; difficult; p. 92; AACSB: Globalizations)UNDERSTANDING THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTA Foreign Alliance Talk (Scenario)As manager of the international department for your company, you have been asked by the local Chamber of Commerce to deliver a speech on foreign trade. The Chamber president even goes so far as to say “and be sure to include the EU, NAFTA, and all that stuff because we’re afraid that Ross Perot is right—all the good jobs will leave the United States.” As you pour over your notes, you try t o choose the best information to present in the allotted half hour.83.You plan to explain during your talk that the acronyms EU, NAFTA, FTAA, and ASEAN refer to________________.a.regional trade alliancesb.foreign airlinesc.soccer teams in Europed.new multinational corporations(a; difficult; p. 94; AACSB: Globalizations)84.One of the hottest topics of your talk will be NAFTA. One of the points that you emphasize is that______________.a.the United States has definitely come out the worst of the three nationsb.Canada is profiting the most in this arrangementc.the expansion of NAFTA has benefited North America’s competitiveness andeconomic powerd.U.S. high-tech companies, such as computer manufacturers, have been hit hard by theNAFTA provisions(c; difficult; p. 95; AACSB: Globalizations)85.You will also give participants a likely view of the future of the EU, which suggests that_______________.a.it will likely disband by the year 2010b.it is expected to merge with NAFTA by 2020c.Bulgaria will probably join in 2007d.Cuba has applied to join the EU(c; moderate; p. 94; AACSB: Globalizations)DOING BUSINESS GLOBALLYBusiness Expansion Plan (Scenario)As a business expansion director, Shana’s goal is to scout out potential locations and basically provide input on how her company should proceed with its planned expansion to Europe. There are many options, including maintaining the business’s head office in the United States and sending over company representatives when necessary or establishing separate operations facilities abroad and hiring locals as managers.86.If Shana’s company decides to open another company in France but maintain its management inthe United States, it would be considered _________________.a. a transnational corporationb. a global companyc. a regional trade allianced. a multidomestic corporation(b; moderate; p. 98; AACSB: Globalizations)87.If Shana’s company decides to open a completely new operation in Germany, tailoring thecompany to local customs and marketing strategies and hiring local managers, they would be considered _______________.a. a transnational corporationb. a global companyc. a regional trade allianced. a multidomestic corporation(d; moderate; p. 97; AACSB: Globalizations)88.If Shana’s company eliminates country-designated locations and reorganizes based on industrygroups, it would best be considered a __________________.a.borderless organizationb.strategic partnershipc.global business allianced.multidomestic corporation(a; moderate; p. 98; AACSB: Globalizations)89.One section of Shana’s company’s business plan involves strategic alliances and joint ventures.This section is most likely focused on the _________ phase of the company’s global business expansion.a.legalb.middlec.finald.preliminary(c; moderate; p. 99; AACSB: Globalizations)The European Expansion (Scenario)You have been hired by a company to look at the ways to best move the company into the European market, but you have to first determine what kind of company you are dealing with.90.If the company that has hired you is primarily used by manufacturing organizations, itis a ___________.a.licensing companyb.franchising companyc.strategic allianced.joint venture(a; moderate; p. 99; AACSB: Globalizations)123.If the company that has hired you is really a partnership between an organization and a foreign company, in which both share resources and knowledge in developing new products, then it is a _______________.a.licensing companyb.franchising companyc.strategic allianced.joint venture(c; moderate; p. 99; AACSB: Globalizations)Software Entrepreneurial Venture (Scenario)Theodore and James have formed an entrepreneurial venture to develop software for banks and other financial institutions. Their company is growing, but in looking for opportunities in the future, they decide to explore international operations.124.The international operations in their firm continue to grow. Theodore and James have come to see that decentralized management using foreign nationals to run operations in the host countries works well. Their firm has developed into a(n) ____________ organization.a.transnationalb.multidomesticc.borderlessd.franchise(b; moderate; p. 97; AACSB: Globalizations)125.A new and exciting opportunity has appeared that enables Theodore and James to form a joint venture with an insurance company in Japan. This will move their firm into the global role of an organization with a(n) ______________.a.minimized level of business riskb.indirect international investmentc.direct international investmentd.independent foreign subsidiary(c; moderate; p. 99; AACSB: Globalizations)126.Theodore and James decide to allow a firm in Europe to use the rights to their software, its brand name, and software specifications in return for a lump-sum payment. The firm is a service organization that plans to use the software to assist its customers. This agreement is known as a ________________.a.strategic allianceb.licensing agreementc.franchised.foreign subsidiary(c; difficult; p. 99; AACSB: Globalizations)MANAGING IN A GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTA Different View (Scenario)127.John found out that, compared to managers in many other countries, U.S. managers are accustomed to legal and political systems that are ____________.a.stableb.fixedc.neutrald.unaffiliated(a; easy; p. 101; AACSB: Globalizations)128.John found out that wealthier nations, such as the United States, tend to ______________.a.have high uncertainty avoidanceb.be individualisticc.be collectivistd.have large power distance(b; moderate; p. 106; AACSB: Globalizations)129.John also found out that in some countries, such as Venezuela, titles, rank, and status carry a lot of weight. These countries have a large _________________ cultures.a.uncertainty avoidanceb.nurturingc.collectivistd.power distance(d; moderate; p. 106; AACSB: Globalizations)130.John knew that he did not want to manage in a country where the people have high anxiety, nervousness, and stress. He will, therefore, try to avoid countries characterized as having high _______________.a.uncertainty avoidanceb.achievement orientationc.future orientationd.power distance(a; moderate; p. 105; AACSB: Globalizations)The Overseas Assignment (Scenario)Christopher has a degree in business administration and has worked for a major corporation for 5 years. He is offered a chance to work in another country.131.Through research on the Internet, Christopher finds that in this country’s social framework, people are expected to look after others in their family (or organization) and protect them when they are in trouble. This society tends to support ______________.a.collectivismb.parochialismc.individualismd.monotheism(a; moderate; p. 105; AACSB: Globalizations)132.This new country’s people are favorably influenced by Christopher’s job title, and the status given by his experience of having worked in the home office for 5 years. This country has a large _______________.a.interest in attracting foreign executivesb.sense of uncertainty avoidancec.uncertainty avoidanced.power distance(d; difficult; p. 105; AACSB: Globalizations)133.Through talking to executives in the international division, Christopher realizes that his home country has the highest individualism, low power distance and uncertainty avoidance, and a strong achievement orientation. He probably lives in _____________.a.Great Britainb.Japanc.the United Statesd.Canada(c; difficult; p. 106; AACSB: Globalizations)。
《管理学》期末考试试卷附答案
《管理学》期末考试试卷附答案《管理学》期末考试试卷附答案一、单项选择题(每小题2分，共20小题，共40分)1.中国古代管理思想“法治”中的“常法”是指( )A.要保持法的稳定性B.要制定统一的法律C.法律面前人人平等D.要使法律固定不变2.美国学者肯尼迪和迪尔认为，企业文化除了价值观、英雄人物、文化网络因素外，还包括( )A.组织结构B.领导方式C.礼仪和庆典D.企业行为3.在管理学中，定义为“影响力”的权力除“专长权”和“个人影响权”外，还包括( )A.随机处置权B.制度权C.奖惩权D.任免权4.持续控制的方法包括有自我控制、集体控制和( )A.管理信息系统B.预算控制C.政策程序控制D.个人观察5.群体的发展一般经历四个明显的阶段，它们是( )A.初创、动荡、有序、衰亡B.形成、动荡、规范、表现C.形成、有序、规范、成熟D.形成、动荡、规范、成熟6.所谓的“火炉法则”包括以下步骤( )A.预先警告、即时处理、违者必究、普适执行B.预先警告、即时处理、相同后果、普适执行C.预先警告、身为表率、即时处理、相同后果D.预先警告、身为表率、即时处理、普适执行7.环境研究对组织决策有着非常重要的影响，具体表现在可以提高组织决策的( )A.有效性、及时性、稳定性B.前瞻性、有效性、稳定性C.正确性、及时性、稳定性D.有效性、正确性、及时性8.从组织外部招聘管理人员可以带来“外来优势”是指被聘干部( )A.没有历史包袱B.能为组织带来新鲜空气C.可以迅速开展工作D.具有广告效应9.人员配备的工作包括( )A.制定工作规范，选配、培训组织成员B.确定人员需用量、选配、培训组织成员C.确定人员结构、选配、培训组织成员D.确定人员需用量、选配、考核、晋升组织成员10.所谓授权，是指( )A.在组织设计时，规定下属管理岗位必要的职责与权限B.在组织调整时，规定下属管理岗位必要的职责与权限C.领导者将部分处理问题的权委派给某些下属D.委托代理关系11.( )假设事物在历史上各个时期的状况对未来的影响程度是相同的。
罗宾斯(第9版)管理学习题7-13章
第七章一、选择题1·( )是正式计划而非非正式计划的特征。
a．组织内部很少或没有共同目标 b．计划工作是普遍的c．为实现目标存在具体的行动计划 d．关注结果2·( )属于计划工作的四个原因之一。
a．计划自动地增加灵活性 b．计划减少不确定性c．计划即使不确定也具有价值d·计划不是件容易的工作，需要经过高强度训练才能制定好的计划3·( )是个体、群体和整个组织期望的产出。
a．计划 b．目 c．战略 d．政策4·( )是组织向外界宣称的试图使各种利益相关群体相信的正式的陈述。
a．真实目标 b．陈述目标c·目标管理 d．方向性计划5．不是融资目标例子的是( )。
a．较大的现金流 b．较高的分红、c·较高的红利和较好的信用等 d．较大的市场份额6·( )构成了组织的整体目标，( )具体表明整体目标怎样达到。
a．战略计划；运营计划 b．长期计划；短期计划c．具体计划；方向性计划 d．持续性计划；一次性计划7．长期计划的时间框架是( )。
a·小于一年 b．大于一年c·超过两年 d．超过三年8·短期计划的时间框架是( )。
a．一年左右 b．两年左右 c．三年左右 d．四年左右9·制定一般指导原则的灵活性计划是( )。
a·运营计划 b．战略计划 c．具体计划 d．方向性计划l0·当环境的不确定性很高时，( )更好。
a·战略计划 b．方向性计划c·运营计划 d．持续性计划11为满足特定情况需要，对非程序性决策作出反应而制定的计划是L )。
a·短期计划 b．具体计划 c．方向性计划 d．一次性计划12·( )计划提供了对重复进行的活动的持续指导。
a·方向性 b．持续性c·运营 d．一次性13‘窑三…：中j首先设立组织的最高目标，然后将其分解为每一个组织层次的子目标。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
1、从管理外部环境的角度看，“企业的基础是关系”这句话意味着什么？企业应该如何管理这些“关系”？
答案: 358字
（1）外部环境是指能够对组织绩效造成潜在影响的外部力量与机构，包括两类要素：具体环境与一般环境。
（2分）
（2）具体环境包括：顾客、供应商、竞争者和压力集团。
（2分）
（3）一般环境包括可能影响组织的广泛的经济条件、政治法律条件、社会文化条件、人口条件、技术条件与全球条件。
（2分）
（4）企业处于由具体环境和一般环境要素所编织的复杂网络关系之中，这其中受企业决策和行动影响并影响着企业的各类相关者就是利益相关者。
这些利益相关者与企业息息相关，构成企业生存与发展的基础。
（2分）
（5）企业管理外部关系分为四个步骤：第一，确定谁是组织的利益相关者；第二，确定这些利益相关者可能存在的特殊利益或利害关系是什么？第三，确定每一个利益相关者对于组织决策和行动来说有多关键；第四，决定通过什么具体方式管理外部利益相关者关系。
（4分）
2、组织中的变革一般包括哪几种类型？试结合实际论述人们抵制变革的原因以及减少变革阻力的管理策略：
答案: 482字
（1）变革的类型：结构、技术、人员。
结构变革包括改变职权关系、协调机制、集权化程度、职务再设计及其他结构变量；技术变革包括工作开展的方式、所使用的方法和设备的改变等；人员变革是指员工的工作态度、期望、认知和行为的改变。
（3分）（2）人们抵制变革的三个原因：不确定性、担心个人损失、顾虑变革不符合组织的利益。
（3分）
（3）减少变革阻力的六项管理措施：教育与沟通、参与、促进与支持、谈判、操纵与合作、强制。
（3分）
（4）以战国时秦国的商鞅变法为例，这里的变法就是组织变革。
商鞅变法的目的是让秦国富国强兵。
可是，变法的主张却招致多方面的反对。
一方面是秦国的贵族，变法触犯了他们的既得利益。
一方面是秦国的大臣，他们因循守旧，认为不变法一样可以治理好国家，他们还担心一旦实行新法，官吏、百姓对它都不熟悉，有可能会产生不良后果。
对待变法中的阻力，当时采取了两种方法。
一是秦孝公以理服人。
他召集大臣们在一起辩论，让支持与反对变法的双方畅所欲言。
结果是商鞅以无可辩驳的事实令反对派哑口无言，秦孝公得以统一思想。
二是商鞅采用强制的手段对待那些议论新法、触犯新法的百姓和贵族。
（3分）
3、“人们对于工作，要么满意，要么不满意；对工作满意的对立面就是不满意。
”你同意这种观点吗？试运用相关理论阐述理由：
答案: 311字
（1）不同意这种观点。
（1分）
（2）根据赫茨伯格的双因素理论进行分析。
（1分）
（3）对工作满意的对立面不是不满意，也即消除了工作中的不满意因素并不必定能让工作令人满意。
“满意”的对立面是“没有满意”，“不满意”对立面是“没有不满意”。
（4分）
（4）导致工作满意的因素与导致工作不满意的因素是相互独立的，而且差异很大，因此，试图在工作中消除不满意因素只能给工作场所带来和平，而未必具有动机作用（2分）。
这些导致工作不满意的外部因素是保健因素，当它们得到充分改善时，人们便没有了不满意感，但并不会因此而感到满意或受到激励（2分）。
要想真正激励员工努力工作，必须注重激励因素，这些内部因素才会增加员工的工作满意感。
（2分）
4. 论述管理的科学性和艺术性及其相互关系？
答：536字
（1）管理的科学性：管理是一门科学，形成系统的管理知识体系。
这些管理原理和方法反映管理活动的规律，对管理实践具有科学的指导意义。
（2）管理的艺术性：管理是一门艺术，因为它不像有些科学那样可以单纯通过数学计算去求得最佳答案，也不可能为管理者提供解决问题的具体模式，它只能使人们按照客观规律的要求，因地制宜，因势利导，实施创造性管理。
同时，管理中还存在着许多未知的、活的、模糊的因素。
所谓未知的、活的、模糊的因素即靠人的经验、感觉、魄力、权威等都无法度量甚至无法言传，被人们称之为“艺术”的部分，这部分也正是管理学应该开发的处女地。
（3）管理的科学性与艺术性的关系：
管理的科学性和艺术性相互依赖，相互补充。
管理的科学性反映管理的共性，管理的艺术性则揭示管理的个性。
管理科学为管理艺术奠定基础，使管理者把握管理的本质；管理艺术使管理科学得到灵活运用，充满生机和活力。
管理的科学性与艺术性可以相互转化。
管理理论体系的发展过程就是艺术化管理知识与科学化管理知识不断互相转化的过程。
艺术化的管理知识要不断地转化为科学化的管理知识，作为管理知识体系中规范的一部分，才能更好地指导自己的管理实践；反过来，也只有对科学化的管理知识进行艺术化的运用，边运作边探讨，才能形成有效的管理活动。
5. 导致组织冲突的原因可能有哪些？你觉得应该如何有效管理组织的冲突？
6.谈一谈系统动力学在区域物流方面的应用
答：541字
（1）系统动力学适合于研究区域物流研究的相关问题。
这是由系统动力学学科特点和区域物流的得系统性特征共同决定的。
区域物流的系统特性是指它具有多个动态子系统、是一个因果反馈系统、是一个非线性系统等。
而系统动力学在分析此类系统方面具有优势。
系统动态学是研究区域物流的可行方法, 建立系统动力学模型可以了解区域物流系统的内部结构, 深化对区域物流系统的本质认识。
（2）具体应用。
可以运用系统动力学方法对区域物流系统进行分析，得出区域物流系统动力学模型，在此基础上进行定性分析，以为政府的宏观决策提供理论依据。
（3）具体思路。
因为区域物流系统是一个复杂的社会经济系统, 其发展直接受经济环境, 产业政策, 社会资源, 人口等的影响。
所以在分析过程中要注意系统层次特点, 分阶段进行。
要以确定系统的边界范围, 明确物流系统包含的要素为前提。
可以根据区域物流系统中各因素的因果性，以系统反馈控制理论为基础,利用系统思考的观点来界定系统的组织边界并建立量化模型，并用计算机仿真的方法来实现动态系统的运动过程，并分析其中人为因素即决策因素对系统运动的影响。
通过对区域物流系统分析,研究区物流发展与经济发展、环境、政府政策、科技投入等关系, 寻求区域物流产业发展的合理途径, 从理论上为区域物流产业的整体发展提供决策依据。