【英文课件-病理生理学】_Inflammation-上海交通大学医学院学习
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【英文课件-病理生理学】_损伤的修复repair-上海交通大学医学院学习
Replacement by connective tissue (fibrosis), resulting in a scar
In most cases tissue repair involves both of these two processes.
（regeneration）
一、概念 再生是指组织、细胞损伤后，缺损周围健康细胞的 分裂增殖。再生可分为生理性再生和病理性再生。
可沿支架生长，能恢复正常结构
肝细胞坏死，网状支架塌陷
肝细胞则难以恢复原来小叶结构，形成结构紊乱的 肝细胞团，例如肝硬变时的再生结节
1. 被覆上皮（covering epithelium）的再生 鳞状上皮缺损时， 由创缘或底部的基底层细胞分裂增生，向缺损中心迁 移，先形成单层上皮，以后增生分化为鳞状上皮；单 层柱状上皮（如胃肠粘膜上皮）缺损后，由邻近的基 底部细胞分裂增生来修补，新生的上皮细胞初为立方 形，以后增高变为柱状细胞。
Labile (epithelium of skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and urinary tract, lymphoid cell, et al)
Stable (parenchymal cells in liver, kidney, pancreas, salivary gland, et al)
结节再生
肝细胞增生
(二) 纤维组织的再生 在损伤的刺激下，受损处的纤维母细胞 发生分裂、增生，纤维母细胞可由静止状态的纤维细胞转变而来，
也可由未分化的间叶细胞( mesenchymal cells )分化而来。纤维 母细胞又称成纤维细胞，胞体大，两端常有突起，也可呈星状，胞
In most cases tissue repair involves both of these two processes.
（regeneration）
一、概念 再生是指组织、细胞损伤后，缺损周围健康细胞的 分裂增殖。再生可分为生理性再生和病理性再生。
可沿支架生长，能恢复正常结构
肝细胞坏死，网状支架塌陷
肝细胞则难以恢复原来小叶结构，形成结构紊乱的 肝细胞团，例如肝硬变时的再生结节
1. 被覆上皮（covering epithelium）的再生 鳞状上皮缺损时， 由创缘或底部的基底层细胞分裂增生，向缺损中心迁 移，先形成单层上皮，以后增生分化为鳞状上皮；单 层柱状上皮（如胃肠粘膜上皮）缺损后，由邻近的基 底部细胞分裂增生来修补，新生的上皮细胞初为立方 形，以后增高变为柱状细胞。
Labile (epithelium of skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and urinary tract, lymphoid cell, et al)
Stable (parenchymal cells in liver, kidney, pancreas, salivary gland, et al)
结节再生
肝细胞增生
(二) 纤维组织的再生 在损伤的刺激下，受损处的纤维母细胞 发生分裂、增生，纤维母细胞可由静止状态的纤维细胞转变而来，
也可由未分化的间叶细胞( mesenchymal cells )分化而来。纤维 母细胞又称成纤维细胞，胞体大，两端常有突起，也可呈星状，胞
病理学英文课件：Acute and Chronic inflammation
Acute inflammation is the immediate and early response to injury designed to deliver fluid and leukocytes to sites of injury Phases of acute inflammation Initiation Amplification Termination Core events in acute inflammation Vascular reaction Fluid and cellular exudation
Overview of Inflammation
Inflammation is divided into acute and chronic patterns
Acute inflammation is rapid in onset (seconds or minutes) and is of relatively short duration, lasting for minutes, several hours, or a few days; its main characteristics are the exudation of fluid and plasma proteins (edema) and the emigration of leukocytes, predominantly neutrophils
-- pain, edema, cell injury
Erysipelas of the face Spreading acute inflammation of the dermis and subcutis due to infection by streptococcus pyogenes
Overview of Inflammation
Inflammation is divided into acute and chronic patterns
Acute inflammation is rapid in onset (seconds or minutes) and is of relatively short duration, lasting for minutes, several hours, or a few days; its main characteristics are the exudation of fluid and plasma proteins (edema) and the emigration of leukocytes, predominantly neutrophils
-- pain, edema, cell injury
Erysipelas of the face Spreading acute inflammation of the dermis and subcutis due to infection by streptococcus pyogenes
病理生理英文课件
PVN CRH↑
LC-NE
limbic system
Peripheral effector Physical stress response
Emotion stress response
pituitary ACTH↑
Cortex of adrenal gland
GC↑
23
Stress
(2) Basic effects of stress
Stressor
Internal factors
Homeostasis, disease, cancer.
Psychological, sociological factors
Work pressure, life rhythm, interpersonal relation
6
Stress
7
8
human
burn operation infection hypoxia Strong light noise necrosis
Definite intensity stimulate
Specific reactions
fester acidosis
non-specific reaction
Stress
anxiety dread blood reditribution HR ↑
peri-resistance↑ prolonged
blood redistribition
key organs blood supply
Heart afterload↑ hypertension unfavorable results
21
3）Respiratory system StressRR faster & deep O2 carrying ↑ tissue O2 supply↑ Respiratory alkalosis tissue lack blood & O2 unfavorable results
【英文课件-病理生理学】_应激Stress-上海交通大学医学院学习
Claude Bernard (1813-1878)
生理学家，法国
“milieu intérieur”
Walter Cannon (1871-1945 )
生理学家，美国
“homeostasis” “fight or flight response”
Hans Selye (1907~1982) 内分泌学家，加拿大
其它
防御意义
不利影响
心输出量增加,血压升高,血流 心肌负荷加重，心律失常,诱发
重分布,心、脑、骨骼肌血供充 原发性高血压,外周小器官缺血
分
缺氧加重
促进糖原分解,脂肪动员，保证 能量过渡消耗，机体消瘦 能量供应
支气管扩张，通气量增加,机体 摄取氧增多
ACTH、生长激素、EPO、胰 高血糖素等分泌增加
促使血小板增多,红细胞增加， 易引起血栓；脂质过氧化物生成 增加，生物膜受损
5. Hormones and resistance. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag, 1971
6. S t r e s s w i t h o u t d i s t r e s s . Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., c1974
n The body has a set of similar responses to a broad array of stressors. n Under certain conditions, the stressors will make you sick.
Loss of blood infectious disease advanced cancer
2. T h e s t r e s s o f l i f e . N e w Yo r k : McGraw-Hill, 1956
生理学家，法国
“milieu intérieur”
Walter Cannon (1871-1945 )
生理学家，美国
“homeostasis” “fight or flight response”
Hans Selye (1907~1982) 内分泌学家，加拿大
其它
防御意义
不利影响
心输出量增加,血压升高,血流 心肌负荷加重，心律失常,诱发
重分布,心、脑、骨骼肌血供充 原发性高血压,外周小器官缺血
分
缺氧加重
促进糖原分解,脂肪动员，保证 能量过渡消耗，机体消瘦 能量供应
支气管扩张，通气量增加,机体 摄取氧增多
ACTH、生长激素、EPO、胰 高血糖素等分泌增加
促使血小板增多,红细胞增加， 易引起血栓；脂质过氧化物生成 增加，生物膜受损
5. Hormones and resistance. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag, 1971
6. S t r e s s w i t h o u t d i s t r e s s . Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., c1974
n The body has a set of similar responses to a broad array of stressors. n Under certain conditions, the stressors will make you sick.
Loss of blood infectious disease advanced cancer
2. T h e s t r e s s o f l i f e . N e w Yo r k : McGraw-Hill, 1956
【英文课件-病理生理学】_病理学Pathology-上海交通大学医学院学习
l Increase in the size of cells resulting in
increase in the size of the organ l No new cells, just bigger cells l Occurs in cells that cannot divide l Physiologic – weight lifter l Pathologic - cardiac enlargement –
活组织检查(biopsy) 对活体组织采用局部切除、钳取、针吸、
搔刮等方法，进行取材检查
意义：在活体情况下对患者作出诊断；术中诊断，协助选择
术式和手术范围；随诊观察病情，判断疗效；组织化学和细胞化
学等方法进一步诊断
A biopsy is a medical test commonly performed by a surgeon or an interventional radiologist involving sampling of cells or tissues for examination. It is the medical removal of tissue from a living subject to determine the presence or extent of a disease.
1.特点：实质细胞、组织或器官的体积缩小，细胞数 量的减少。
2.类型：（1） 生理性萎缩:老年子宫的萎缩,青春期 的胸腺萎缩
（2）病理性萎缩：
①营养不良性萎缩（inadequate nutrition） 脑缺血→脑萎缩
②压迫性萎缩（pressure） 肾盂积水 → 肾萎缩
③废用性萎缩（decreased workload) 长期卧床 → 肌肉萎缩
【英文课件-病理生理学】_Inflammation-上海交通大学医学院学习
cells and macrophages
General Features of
Inflammation
Local Signs of Inflammation
redness swelling heat pain loss of function
Systemic Manifestations
Fever and leukocytosis
Vascular changes
Increased Vascular Permeability – Mechanism
– Formation of endothelial gaps in venules (endothelial contraction)
– Increased transcytosis
1, Alteration
Degeneration and necrosis
Alteration
Parenchymal cells – Cellular swelling, fatty
degeneration – Necrosis Interstitial tissues – Edema, mucoid degeneration – fibrinoid necrosis
– Endothelial injury
Increased Vascular Permeability
Exudate and Transudate
Edema denotes an excess of fluid in
the interstitial or serous cavities; it can be either an exudate or transudate
Chapter Four
General Features of
Inflammation
Local Signs of Inflammation
redness swelling heat pain loss of function
Systemic Manifestations
Fever and leukocytosis
Vascular changes
Increased Vascular Permeability – Mechanism
– Formation of endothelial gaps in venules (endothelial contraction)
– Increased transcytosis
1, Alteration
Degeneration and necrosis
Alteration
Parenchymal cells – Cellular swelling, fatty
degeneration – Necrosis Interstitial tissues – Edema, mucoid degeneration – fibrinoid necrosis
– Endothelial injury
Increased Vascular Permeability
Exudate and Transudate
Edema denotes an excess of fluid in
the interstitial or serous cavities; it can be either an exudate or transudate
Chapter Four
病理学课件 英文版12
Heart Failure
Pathophysiology Department, Tongji Medical College, HUST
Learning Objectives
• • • • • • • Discuss the definition Discuss the etiology Discuss the classification Discuss main mechanisms Discuss the response of body to heart failure Discuss the clinical manifestations Discuss the treat principles
NYHA Classification
Class Class I (Mild) Patient Symptoms No limitation of physical activity. Ordinary physical activity does not cause undue fatigue, palpitation, or dyspnea (shortness of breath).
right ventricular
pulmonary congestion fluid build-up in the veins shortness of breath, fatigue and swelling in the legs and coughing and ankles As heart failure progresses both ventricles failure
Markedly decreased 60%
Apoptosis •Active •Signal-dependent •Gene-directed •Energy-requiring Cellular self-destruction process
Pathophysiology Department, Tongji Medical College, HUST
Learning Objectives
• • • • • • • Discuss the definition Discuss the etiology Discuss the classification Discuss main mechanisms Discuss the response of body to heart failure Discuss the clinical manifestations Discuss the treat principles
NYHA Classification
Class Class I (Mild) Patient Symptoms No limitation of physical activity. Ordinary physical activity does not cause undue fatigue, palpitation, or dyspnea (shortness of breath).
right ventricular
pulmonary congestion fluid build-up in the veins shortness of breath, fatigue and swelling in the legs and coughing and ankles As heart failure progresses both ventricles failure
Markedly decreased 60%
Apoptosis •Active •Signal-dependent •Gene-directed •Energy-requiring Cellular self-destruction process
Medical_systemintheUS上海交大仁济临床医学院医学专业英语课件PPT
The Cancer Killer
Yao Qiang Renal Division, Renji Hospital,
SSMU 2005.5
Happy times always go by quickly, and today's story game is coming to an end! Today, this happy day will remain in our memory forever
Happy times always go by quickly, and today's story game is coming to an end! Today, this happy day will remain in our memory forever
The questions for the short
Dr DeVita and his colleagues played a major role in developing similar treatments for other lymphomas and for ovarian and breast cancers.
Happy times always go by quickly, and today's story game is coming to an end! Today, this happy day will remain in our memory forever
The Fred
Hutchinson
Cancer
Research Center
The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center is a world leader in research to understand, treat and prevent cancer and other life-threatening diseases.
Yao Qiang Renal Division, Renji Hospital,
SSMU 2005.5
Happy times always go by quickly, and today's story game is coming to an end! Today, this happy day will remain in our memory forever
Happy times always go by quickly, and today's story game is coming to an end! Today, this happy day will remain in our memory forever
The questions for the short
Dr DeVita and his colleagues played a major role in developing similar treatments for other lymphomas and for ovarian and breast cancers.
Happy times always go by quickly, and today's story game is coming to an end! Today, this happy day will remain in our memory forever
The Fred
Hutchinson
Cancer
Research Center
The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center is a world leader in research to understand, treat and prevent cancer and other life-threatening diseases.
上海交大《诊断学英文版》专业全套课件
Characterized by the depression sigh, in which visible indrawing over the sternal notch, the supraclavioular spaces, the intercostal spaces and the epigastrium in the inspiration can be seen.
Often accompanied by a coarse, low pitched inspiratory wheezing and dry cough.
2020/8/25
Expiratory dyspnea
Expiratory dyspnea is due to the decrease of lung elasticity and spasm narrowing of the bronchioles and smaller bronchi as in emphysema, bronchial asthma and asthmatic bronchitis.
Results in the decrease of ventilators and gas exchange capacity.
Breathing is difficult during both inspiration and expiration.
2020/8/25
Cardiac dyspnea
Dyspnea
2020/8/25
Definition:
Dyspnea is defined as an awareness of difficulty in breathing It is therefore a symptom, usually described by the patient as “short of breath,” whether the sensation is due to actual difficulty in breathing or is essentially an awareness of hyperventilation. If the symptom becomes striking, it always companies with dilatation of nares, cyanosis, use of accessory muscles of respiration and abnormalities of respiratory rate, depth or rhythm.
Often accompanied by a coarse, low pitched inspiratory wheezing and dry cough.
2020/8/25
Expiratory dyspnea
Expiratory dyspnea is due to the decrease of lung elasticity and spasm narrowing of the bronchioles and smaller bronchi as in emphysema, bronchial asthma and asthmatic bronchitis.
Results in the decrease of ventilators and gas exchange capacity.
Breathing is difficult during both inspiration and expiration.
2020/8/25
Cardiac dyspnea
Dyspnea
2020/8/25
Definition:
Dyspnea is defined as an awareness of difficulty in breathing It is therefore a symptom, usually described by the patient as “short of breath,” whether the sensation is due to actual difficulty in breathing or is essentially an awareness of hyperventilation. If the symptom becomes striking, it always companies with dilatation of nares, cyanosis, use of accessory muscles of respiration and abnormalities of respiratory rate, depth or rhythm.
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– Endothelial injury
u Increased Vascular Permeability
Exudate and Transudate
uEdema denotes an excess of fluid in
the interstitial or serous cavities; it can be either an exudate or transudate
Causes of Inflammation
uinfective factors uimmune reactions uphysical factors uchemical factors utraumatic factors
Fundamental Pathologic Changes
Fundamental Pathologic Changes
uA transudate is a fluid with low
protein content (most of which is albumin) and a specific gravity of less than 1.012)
渗出液与漏出液
外观 蛋白质含量 比重 细胞数 凝固性
渗出液 混浊 >25g/L >1.018 >500 个/mm3 常自凝
slowing of blood flow (stasis);
Vascular changes
2. Increased Vascular Permeability leading to the escape of a proteinrich fluid (exudate) into the interstitium the hallmark of acute inflammation.
Fundamental Pathologic Changes
2, Exudation
The escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from the vascular system into the interstitial tissue or body cavities.
Fundamental Pathologic Changes
3, Proliferation
1) the parenchymal cells 2) fibroblasts and capillary
endothelial cells 3) inflammatory cells, e.g. Plasma
uChronic inflammation - the subsequent and
often prolonged tissue reaction following the initial response
uSubacute inflammation - in between acute
and chronic inflammation
漏出液 澄清 <25g/L <1.018 <500 个/mm3 不自凝
Increased Vascular Permeability
1, Alteration
Degeneration and necrosis
Alteration
uParenchymal cells – Cellular swelling, fatty degeneration – Necrosis
uInterstitial tissues – Edema, mucoid degeneration – fibrinoid necrosis
Fever and leukocytosis
Classification -according to time course
uPeracut inflammation uAcute inflammation - the initial and often
transient series of tissue reaction to injury
Vascular changes
u Increased Vascular Permeability – Mechanism
– Formation of endothelial gaps in venules (endothelial contraction)
– Increased transcytosis
Chapter Four
Inflammation
Definition
The defending reaction of vascularized living tissue to local injury
uResponse to injury uvascularized living tissue udefending
cells and macrophages
General Features of
Inflammation
Local Signs of Inflammation
uredness uswelling uheat upain uloss of function
Systemic Manifestations
Acute Inflammation
Vascular changes
1, Changes in vascular caliber and blood flow.
Inconstant and transient vasoconstriction of arterioles
Vasodilation and increase of blood flow; Dilatation of capillaries and venules,
Increased Vascular Permeability
uAn exudate is an inflammatory
extravascular fluid that has a high protein concentration, much cellular debris, and a specific gravity over 1.020
u Increased Vascular Permeability
Exudate and Transudate
uEdema denotes an excess of fluid in
the interstitial or serous cavities; it can be either an exudate or transudate
Causes of Inflammation
uinfective factors uimmune reactions uphysical factors uchemical factors utraumatic factors
Fundamental Pathologic Changes
Fundamental Pathologic Changes
uA transudate is a fluid with low
protein content (most of which is albumin) and a specific gravity of less than 1.012)
渗出液与漏出液
外观 蛋白质含量 比重 细胞数 凝固性
渗出液 混浊 >25g/L >1.018 >500 个/mm3 常自凝
slowing of blood flow (stasis);
Vascular changes
2. Increased Vascular Permeability leading to the escape of a proteinrich fluid (exudate) into the interstitium the hallmark of acute inflammation.
Fundamental Pathologic Changes
2, Exudation
The escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from the vascular system into the interstitial tissue or body cavities.
Fundamental Pathologic Changes
3, Proliferation
1) the parenchymal cells 2) fibroblasts and capillary
endothelial cells 3) inflammatory cells, e.g. Plasma
uChronic inflammation - the subsequent and
often prolonged tissue reaction following the initial response
uSubacute inflammation - in between acute
and chronic inflammation
漏出液 澄清 <25g/L <1.018 <500 个/mm3 不自凝
Increased Vascular Permeability
1, Alteration
Degeneration and necrosis
Alteration
uParenchymal cells – Cellular swelling, fatty degeneration – Necrosis
uInterstitial tissues – Edema, mucoid degeneration – fibrinoid necrosis
Fever and leukocytosis
Classification -according to time course
uPeracut inflammation uAcute inflammation - the initial and often
transient series of tissue reaction to injury
Vascular changes
u Increased Vascular Permeability – Mechanism
– Formation of endothelial gaps in venules (endothelial contraction)
– Increased transcytosis
Chapter Four
Inflammation
Definition
The defending reaction of vascularized living tissue to local injury
uResponse to injury uvascularized living tissue udefending
cells and macrophages
General Features of
Inflammation
Local Signs of Inflammation
uredness uswelling uheat upain uloss of function
Systemic Manifestations
Acute Inflammation
Vascular changes
1, Changes in vascular caliber and blood flow.
Inconstant and transient vasoconstriction of arterioles
Vasodilation and increase of blood flow; Dilatation of capillaries and venules,
Increased Vascular Permeability
uAn exudate is an inflammatory
extravascular fluid that has a high protein concentration, much cellular debris, and a specific gravity over 1.020