美国文学欣赏ToaWaterfowl

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odetothewestwind赏析

o d e t o t h e w e s tw i n d赏析-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1Luna ShenJim FairchildLiterature of the Romantic Period10/01/12Transforming image in Shelley 's poetry--See through Ode to the West WindThe west wind was widely adopted in Shelley 's poetry. In his poems, the west wind is always embedded with strong and violent power, which can cause the leaves to fall down onto the floor and tears the clouds high in the sky. Moreover, it can also cause panic of the sea plants and wake up the sleeping ocean. The west wind, according to Shelley, can be regarded as strong power in the revolutionary movement. Also, the poet's eagerness and courage to be integrated with west wind also indicate that she is willing to contribute hisself to the revolutionary movement. The poet believes that positive power will definitely overwhelm the evil and the darkness. Righteousness is surely to win in the revolutionary movement.In the first stanza, the poet adopted the color contrast tactic and described the scene when west wind swept autumn--"Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red", indicating that turbulent west wind blew down leaves and spread the seeds into land again, waiting for the arrival of spring. In the sentence, people could imagine a fading scene full of fallen leaves. However, when the spring comes, colors will turn soft and bright-- "colors and fragrance will be spread over mountains and plains". The poet proved himself to be "color" player, in severallines of whose poems, the changing process of the nature, from dull to prosperous, was perfectly presented. Finally, the poet names the ubiquitous west wind as both "destroyer and protector," which includes certain understanding that west wind break the old world and create a completely new world. According to Maharishi, "The nature of life is to grow," west wind is the power of developing.In the second stanza, the perspective of the poet switched to the sky and described how west wind blew burst the clouds and formed the storm. The poet adopted bolder imagination and regarded the air in the sky to be "waving hair of a madwoman". The so-called "madwoman" or "Maenad", is a character in Greece mythology. She was used to be drawn in an furious image in ancient painting. It is the furious appearance and scattering hair that perfectly portray natural wonders with random floating clouds. This also indicates that nature is both mysterious and dangerous.In the third stanza, the view was switched from the high sky to the ocean. Shelley mainly described how the west wind woke up the ocean and caused panic among sea pants. Prior to the arrival of the west wind, the sea was as calm as if it has slept for a whole summer. Moreover, it also saw the "ancient palace and pavilions" in its dream. The readers were also able to see reflection of the pavilions the clear water and the ripples formed a scene with full-bodiedly beauty. Then, the sea was also embedded with also personality, who, prior to the arrival of west wind, actively split itself and exposed the sea plants which hid deeply at the bottom of the sea. This peculiar description seems to be completely broad imagination of thepoet, while also complies with the law of nature.In the above three stanzas, the poet described how the west wind swept from the sky to the sea. However, in the fourth stanza, the poet focused on himself and wished that the wester wind could took him away, like the way it did to leaves, clouds and ripples in the sea. The poet was eager to float in the world freely. In order to demonstrate speed of the west wind and the poet's eagerness, the poet used a series of the same sentence pattern and formed a clanging and floating rhythm of the poetry.In fifth stanza, such kind of rhythm becomes more vehement and increasingly strong. The poet switched to a series of invocatory sentences, expressing his determination and courage to be integrated with the west wind. A famous aphorism was illustrated in a form of rhetorical questions , which seems as if the poet is asking the readers questions. The west wind seems to have stopped all of a sudden and poetry connotation of the poem suddenly becomes meaningful.Ode to the west wind is a poem to think high praise of west wind and a song of Shelley's. Shelley is a warm romantic poet, who is also a brave revolutionary soldier. He armed himself with poetries and took an active part in revolutionary movement. In spite of failures and setbacks, he still maintained at a high fighting spirit.Ode to the west wind is also the voice of the time. In the early 19th century, prior to emerging of scientific socialism and workers' movement in European countries was still in aspontaneous stage, Ode to the west wind inevitably contained a "mild, indirect and sorrow" tone. However, as pioneer socialist, Shelley held a firm and optimistic belief upon future of the revolutions and fate of the human beings. He firmly believed that justice would surely overwhelmed evil and light would definitely take place of the darkness. The poet, as a"talented prophet" announced that, "If winter comes, can spring be far behind"。

美国文学秋季学期练习题4

美国文学史及作品选读练习4I. Match the works with the authors given below. (每小题1分，共10分)a.Michael Wigglesworthb. Franklinc.John Smithd. William Cullen Bryante.James Fennimore Cooperf.Philip Freneaug.Washington Irving1.( ) A Description of New England2.( ) Rip Van Winkle3.( ) The Day of Doom4.( ) Autobiography5.( ) The Wild Honey suckle6.( ) To a Waterfowl7.( ) The Deerslayer8 ( ) The Thanatopsis9.( ) The Legend of Sleepy Hollow10.( ) The SpyII. Blank Filling. （每小题2分，共20分）1.The term “ Puritan” was applied to those settlers who originally were devout members ofthe Church of ________.2.Michael Wigglesworth, another important colonial poet, achieved wide popularity amonghis contemporaries with his gloomy entitled ___________.3.In 1620, a number of Puritans who tried to purify or reform the church of Englandstepped on the New England shore at Plymouth in the ship named ________.4.Among all the settlers in the New Continent, _________ settlers were the mostinfluential.5.In American Literature, the eighteenth century was an Age of ________ and Revolution.6.In Franklin’s ________________, he talks first of all about how he studied language.7.Irving was best known for his famous short stories such as ____________ which is abouta good-natured lazy husband who falls into a 20-year sleep.8.“Supernal beauty” is believed by ___________ to be the principle of Poetry.9.Published in 1823, ___________was the first of the Leatherstocking Tales, in their orderof publication time, and probably the first true romance of the frontier in American literature.10.____________was considered as the “poet of the American Revolution” a nd the “Father of American Poetry.”III. Multiple Choice.(每小题2分，共30分)1.In the early nineteenth century American moral values were essentially Puritan. Nothing has left a deeper imprint on the character of the people as a whole than did_______.A. PuritanismB RomanticismC RationalismD Sentimentalism2. Franklin wrote and published his famous__________, an annul collection of proverbs.A. The AutobiographyB. Poor Richard’s AlmanacC. Common SenseD. The General Magazine3. In American literature, the eighteenth century was the age of the Enlightenment. _______was the dominant spirit.A. Humanism B Rationalism C Revolution D Evolution4.________ usually was regarded as the first American writer.A.William BradfordB. Anne BradstreetC.Emily DickinsonD. Captain John Smith5.Which is not Irving’s works in the following.A. The Sketch BookB. Tales of a Travelle rC. A History of New YorkD．To A Waterfowl6. Choose Freneau’s poem from the following.A. The RavenB. T o a Waterfow lC. To HellenD. The Wild Honey Suckle7. In 1817, the stately poem called Thanatopsis introduced the best poet_ _____to appear in America up to that time.A. Edward TaylorB. Philip FreneauC. William Cullen BryantD. Edgar Allan Poepared with his contemporaries, _________was no doubt the best in exploring thewildness and frontier in fiction.A. Washington IrvingB. James Fenimore CooperC. William Cullen BryantD. Philip Freneau9. Washington Irving’s Rip Van Winkle is famous for_________.A. Rip’s escape into a mysterious valleyB. The story’s German legendary source materialC. Rip’s seeking for happinessD. Rip’s 20-years sleep10. Choose Poe’s work from the followingA. The Day of DoomB. The Last of the MohicansC. The Indian Burying GroundD The Cask of Amontillado11.Choose Irving’s work from the following .A. The Sketch BookB. ThanatopsisC. The SpyD. The British Prison Ship12._______ is the most commonly used in English poetry, in which an unstressed syllable comes first followed by a stressed.A. the trochaic footB. an anapestic footC.a quatrainD.a iambic foot13. The Indian Burying Ground by___________ is the earliest poem which romanticizes the Indian as a child of nature.A. Washington IrvingB. Adgar Allan PoeC. Philip FreneauD. Nathaniel Hawthorne14._______ is a poetic device used to increase the musical quality and link the lines and stanzas of a poem.A. meterB. repetitionC. rhymeD. foot15. Poetry is aimed at conveying and enriching human experience which is formed through sense impressions. __________ is the representation of sense experience through language.A .MeterB. ImageC. ThemeD. AssonanceIV. Decide Whether the Statements are True or False. (每小题1分，共10分) 1.The Puritans in New England embraced hardships, together with the discipline of a harshchurch.2.In 1625 a number of Puritans came to settle in Massachusetts3.Mayflower in American history is the name of a flower.4.American poetry of the eighteenth century has an imitative character, imitating thereigning English models of the eighteen century.5.In Franklin’s Autobiography, he talks first of all about how he studied language6. Philip Freneau was a most important writer in American poetry of the eighteenth century.7. The early American romanticism gave emphasis to emotion, feeling, intuition instead of reason.8. Cooper launched two kinds of immensely popular stories: the sea adventure tale, and the frontier stories.9. In the 19th century American literature, writers of Gothic terror novels sought to arouse in their readers a turbulent sense of the remote, the supernatural, and the terrifying by describing old castles ,deep valleys or bleak mountain tops.10.Puritan influence over American Romanticism was conspicuously noticeable.V. Choose the correct terms to match the following definitions. (每小题2分，共10分)a. iambic footb. meterc. image d . rhyme e. stanza f. alliterationg. trochaic foot h. consonance1._______ is the repetition of sounds in two or more words or phrases that usually appearclose to each other in a poem.2.________ is a regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.3.________ is a structural division of a poem, consisting of a series of verse lines whichusually comprise a recurring pattern of meter and rhyme.4.________ is the most commonly used foot in English poetry, in which an unstressedsyllable comes first, followed by a stressed syllable.5.________ is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a group ofwords.VI. Identify the fragments and answer the following questions.(共20分) Section A.(每小题2分，共10分)Fair flower, that does so comely grow,Hid in this silent, dull retreat,Untouched thy honied blossoms blow,Unseen thy little branches greet;No roving foot shall crush thee here,No busy hand provoke a tear.Questions:1.What is the title of this poem from which the selection is selected?2.The meter of this poem is_______.A. iambic pentameter B .tetrameter C anapestic rhythm D sonnet3.Who is the writer of the poem?4.To what does the writer compare the flower’s charms? ’5.What does the writer express in this poem?Section B（共10分）It was many and many a year ago,In a kingdom by the seaThat a maiden there lived whom you may knowBy the name of Annabel Lee----And this maiden she lived with no other thoughtThen to love and be loved by meShe was a child and I was a child,In this kingdom by the sea,But we loved with a love that was more than love—I and my Annabel Lee---With a love that the winged seraphs of HeavenCroveted her and me.And this was the reason that, long ago,In this kingdom by the sea,A wind blew out of a cloud by nightChilling my Annabel Lee;So that her highborn kinsmen cameAnd bore her away from me,To shut her up in a sepulchreIn this kingdom by the sea.The angels, not half so happy in Heaven,Went envying her and me---Yes! That was the reason (as all men know,In this kingdom by the sea)That wind came out of the cloud, chillingAnd killing by the sea)… …Comment on the poem by answering the following questions:1.What’s the theme of the poem?（1分）2.How many poetic devices does the poet use to create a mood appropriate to the theme? （9分）参考答案:I (10%): 1.-5 C. G A .B F 6-10 D E D G EII. (20%)1.England2. The Day of Doom3. May Flower4. English5. reason6. Autobiograph7. Rip Van Winkle8. Adgar Allan Poe9. The Pioneer 10. Philip FreaneauIII. (30%)1-5 A B B D D 6-10 D C B D D 11-15. A D C C BIV. (10%)T F F T T T T T T TV. (10%) d b e a fVI.(20%)Section A1.The Wild Honey Suckle2. B3.Philip Freneau4.The writer compares the flower’s charms to the prime time of human being.5.In this poem, the poet expresses a keen awareness of the loveliness andtransience of nature.Section B.1.The death of a beautiful woman--- the recurrent theme of Poe’s poems(1%)2. The poet creates a melancholic tone in the poem In creating the mood, He uses alliteration-----her high born kinsman…. ; not half so happy in Heaven…(2%)the accumulative repetition----- It was many and many a year ago… She wasa child and I was a child….(2%):assonance----- To shut her up in a sepulchre… A wind blew out of a cloud by night;(2%) and makes the even lines and end lines of each stanza rhyme strongly with the name of the girl to have the effect of a refrain, thus best echoing the insistent tolling of the church bell at the funeral. In this solemnity, the poem reaches its emotional climax of melancholy.(3%)吨。

odetothewestwind赏析

o d e t o t h e w e s t w i n d赏析(总4页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--Luna ShenJim FairchildLiterature of the Romantic Period10/01/12Transforming image in Shelley 's poetry--See through Ode to the West WindThe west wind was widely adopted in Shelley 's poetry. In his poems, the west wind is always embedded with strong and violent power, which can cause the leaves to fall down onto the floor and tears the clouds high in the sky. Moreover, it can also cause panic of the sea plants and wake up the sleeping ocean. The west wind, according to Shelley, can be regarded as strong power in the revolutionary movement. Also, the poet's eagerness and courage to be integrated with west wind also indicate that she is willing to contribute hisself to the revolutionary movement. The poet believes that positive power will definitely overwhelm the evil and the darkness. Righteousness is surely to win in the revolutionary movement.In the first stanza, the poet adopted the color contrast tactic and described the scene when west wind swept autumn--"Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red", indicating that turbulent west wind blew down leaves and spread the seeds into land again, waiting for the arrival of spring. In the sentence, people could imagine a fading scene full of fallen leaves. However, when the spring comes, colors will turn soft and bright-- "colors and fragrance will be spread over mountains and plains". The poet proved himself to be "color" player, in severallines of whose poems, the changing process of the nature, from dull to prosperous, was perfectly presented. Finally, the poet names the ubiquitous west wind as both "destroyer and protector," which includes certain understanding that west wind break the old world and create a completely new world. According to Maharishi, "The nature of life is to grow," west wind is the power of developing.In the second stanza, the perspective of the poet switched to the sky and described how west wind blew burst the clouds and formed the storm. The poet adopted bolder imagination and regarded the air in the sky to be "waving hair of a madwoman". The so-called "madwoman" or "Maenad", is a character in Greece mythology. She was used to be drawn in an furious image in ancient painting. It is the furious appearance and scattering hair that perfectly portray natural wonders with random floating clouds. This also indicates that nature is both mysterious and dangerous.In the third stanza, the view was switched from the high sky to the ocean. Shelley mainly described how the west wind woke up the ocean and caused panic among sea pants. Prior to the arrival of the west wind, the sea was as calm as if it has slept for a whole summer. Moreover, it also saw the "ancient palace and pavilions" in its dream. The readers were also able to see reflection of the pavilions the clear water and the ripples formed a scene with full-bodiedly beauty. Then, the sea was also embedded with also personality, who, prior to the arrival of west wind, actively split itself and exposed the sea plants which hid deeply at the bottom of the sea. This peculiar description seems to be completely broad imagination of thepoet, while also complies with the law of nature.In the above three stanzas, the poet described how the west wind swept from the sky to the sea. However, in the fourth stanza, the poet focused on himself and wished that the wester wind could took him away, like the way it did to leaves, clouds and ripples in the sea. The poet was eager to float in the world freely. In order to demonstrate speed of the west wind and the poet's eagerness, the poet used a series of the same sentence pattern and formed a clanging and floating rhythm of the poetry.In fifth stanza, such kind of rhythm becomes more vehement and increasingly strong. The poet switched to a series of invocatory sentences, expressing his determination and courage to be integrated with the west wind. A famous aphorism was illustrated in a form of rhetorical questions , which seems as if the poet is asking the readers questions. The west wind seems to have stopped all of a sudden and poetry connotation of the poem suddenly becomes meaningful.Ode to the west wind is a poem to think high praise of west wind and a song of Shelley's. Shelley is a warm romantic poet, who is also a brave revolutionary soldier. He armed himself with poetries and took an active part in revolutionary movement. In spite of failures and setbacks, he still maintained at a high fighting spirit.Ode to the west wind is also the voice of the time. In the early 19th century, prior to emerging of scientific socialism and workers' movement in European countries was still in aspontaneous stage, Ode to the west wind inevitably contained a "mild, indirect and sorrow" tone. However, as pioneer socialist, Shelley held a firm and optimistic belief upon future of the revolutions and fate of the human beings. He firmly believed that justice would surely overwhelmed evil and light would definitely take place of the darkness. The poet, as a"talented prophet" announced that, "If winter comes, can spring be far behind"。

Ode to the West Wind雪莱《西风颂》

Economic problems(经济问题） French Revolution（法国大革命） Established order（既定规章制度） Earliamentary reform & laws redesigned （重整国会&重订法律条文）
Result:
11 killed & >500 injured（11死，500伤）
Stanza 1 Preserver------保护者
O thou, Who chariotest to their dark wintry bed The winged seeds, where they lie cold and low, Each like a corpse within its grave, until Thine azure sister of the Spring shall blow
IV.Image analysis*
Stanza 1 Destroyer------破坏者
Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing
你无形，但枯死的落叶被你横扫，你无形，但枯死的落叶被你横扫，落叶被你横扫有如鬼魅碰到了巫师，鬼魅碰到了巫师有如鬼魅碰到了巫师，纷纷逃避
IV.Image analysis*
Stanza 4
Emotion: willing to be the revolution’s companion Oh, lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud! I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed! A heavy weight of hours has chain'd and bow'd One too like thee: tameless, and swift, and proud.

经典英语诗歌ToaWaterfowl欣赏

经典英语诗歌 To a Waterfowl欣赏威廉•库伦•布莱恩特的经典诗歌《致水鸟》，是英美文学必考的诗歌。

今天店铺在这里为大家介绍经典英语诗歌 T o a Waterfowl欣赏，欢迎大家阅读！经典英语诗歌 To a Waterfowl欣赏To a Waterfowl——William Cullen BryantWhither, midst falling dew,While glow the heavens with the last steps of day,Far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursueThy solitary way?Vainly the fowler's eyeMight mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong,As, darkly seen against the crimson sky,Thy figure floats along.Seek'st thou the plashy brinkOf weedy lake, or marge of river wide,Or where the rocking billows rise and sinkOn the chafed ocean-side?There is a Power whose careTeaches thy way along that pathless coastThe desert and illimitable airLone wandering, but not lost.All day thy wings have fanned,At that far height, the cold, thin atmosphere,Yet stoop not, weary, to the welcome land,Though the dark night is near.And soon that toil shall end;Soon shalt thou find a summer home, and rest,And scream among thy fellows; reeds shall bend,Soon, o'er thy sheltered nest.Thou 'rt gone, the abyss of heavenHath swallowed up thy form; yet, on my heart Deeply hath sunk the lesson thou hast given,And shall not soon depart.He who, from zone to zone,Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight, In the long way that I must tread alone,Will lead my steps aright.威廉•库伦•布莱恩特《致水鸟》你要去往何方?露珠正在坠落，天穹闪耀着白昼最后的脚步，远远地，穿过玫瑰色的深处，你求索着孤独的道路。

美国文学史及选读期末复习题

1.Captain John Smith became the first American writer。

2.The puritans looked upon themselves asa chosen people.is an annual collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin.4.Thomas Paine’s famousboldly advo cated a “Declaration for Independence”。

5.Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams，Benjamin Franklin，Roger Sherman，and Robert Livingston.has been called the “Father of American Poetry”.7.In Washington Ir ving’sappeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.8.Cooper’s enduring fame rests on his frontier stories, especially the five novelsWilliam Cullen Bryant’s wok.is considered “father of American detective stories and American gothic stories"。

10.Emerson believed above all inand self—reliance.11.deepest12.Moby Dick is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale. 13.After his death，Longfellow became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey。

To a Waterfowl

“To a Waterfowl”is a poem by William Cullen Bryant that was first published in the North American Review in March 1818. English poet Matthew Arnold once acclaimed it as “the most perfect brief poem in the language.” In a winter day of 1815, Bryant, who was in a state of self-doubt and despair, made a solitary walk from Cummington to Plainfield, Massachusetts. At the close of that day, the poet saw a waterfowl flying in the sky. The sight of the bird and its flight became a great revelation to him and wrote this poem in memory of this experience.First Stanza – Where are you going?In the first stanza, the speaker addresses the bird, asking him where he is going and why it is alone. Now let‟s imagine if you are on a solitary walk in a winter day and you happen to notice a waterfowl flying alone “midst falling dew” at the end of the day. What kind of feeling you will have towards the waterfowl? Thus the author‟ purpose to arise sympathy with the bird is accomplished.As a matter of fact, the speaker‟s sympathy is not just with the waterfowl, but also with himself since he is alone just like the bird. The winter day, the setting sun, and the poet‟s gloominess adds a strong sentimental tone to this poem. <天净沙·秋思> 马致远枯藤老树昏鸦。

美国文学-复习资料+答案

美国⽂学-复习资料+答案1.The American Transcendentalists formed a club called _________ .the Transcendental Club2.______ was regarded as the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. WashingtonIrving3.At nineteen___________ published in his brother’s newspaper, his "Jonathan Oldstyle"satires of New York life.4.In Washington Irving’s work___________ appeared the first modern short stories and thefirst great American juvenile literature. The Sketch Book5.The first important American novelist was____________. James Fenimore Cooper6.James Fenimore Cooper’s novel ___________ was a rousing tale about espionage againstthe British during the Revolutionary War.The Spy7.The best of James Fenimore Cooper's sea romances was_____________.The Pilot8."To a Waterfowl" is perhaps the peak of_______________’s work; it has been called by aneminent English critic “the most perfect brief poem in the language.”William Cullen Bryant9.__________ was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet in the worldliterature.10.Edgar Allan Poe’s poem____________ is perhaps the best example of onomatopoeia in theEnglish language.The Bells11.Edgar Allan Poe's poem____________ was published in 1845 as the title poem of acollection. The Raven12.From Henry David Thoreau’s Concord jail experience, came his famous essay ______.Civil DisobedienceBy the 1830s Washington Irving was judged the nation' s greatest writer, a lofty position he later shared with James Fenimore Cooper and William Cullen Bryant.In the early nineteenth century, the attitude of American writers was shaped by their New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the romantic tradition of Europe.As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical.The foundation of American national literature was laid by the early American romanticists.At mid-19th century, a cultural reawakening brought a "flowering of New England". Romantic writers in the 19th century placed increasing value on the free expression of emotion and displayed increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters.With a vast group of supporting characters, virtuous or villainous, James Fenimore Cooper made the America conscious of his past, and made the European conscious of America.No other American poet ever surpassed Edgar Allan Poe’s ability in the use of English as a medium of pure musical and rhythmic beauty.The Fall of the House of Usher is one of Edgar Allan Poe's short stories.Ralph Waldo Emerson was recognized as the leader of transcendentalist movement, but he never applied the term "Transcendentalist" to himself or to his beliefs and ideas.In 1836, Ralph Waldo Emerson published his first book, Nature, which met with a mild reception.Ralph Waldo Emerson's prose style was sometimes as highly individual as his poetry.The harsh rhythms and striking images of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s poetry appeal to many modern readers as artful techniques.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s writings belong to the milder aspects of the Romantic Movement.American romanticism was in a way derivative: American romantic writing was some of them modeled on English and European works.Ralph Waldo Emerson’s aesthetics brought about a revolution in American literature in general and in American poetry in particular.Henry David Thoreau was an active Transcendentalist. He was by no means an "escapist" or a recluse, but was intensely involved in the life of his day.The Scarlet Letter is set in the seventeenth century. It is an elaboration of a fact which the author took out of the life of the Puritan past.2. Transcendentalism took their ideas from___________ .A. the romantic literature in EuropeB. neo-PlatonismC. German idealistic philosophyD. the revelations of oriental mysticismABCD8. Transcendentalists recognized__________ as the "highest power of the soul.”A. intuition10. Transcendentalism appealed to those who disdained the harsh God of the Puritan ancestors, and it appealed to those who scorned the pale deity of New EnglandA. TranscendentalismB. HumanismC. NaturalismD. UnitarianismD13. The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature, evident in _________ .A. James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking TalesB. Henry David Thoreau’s WaldenC. Mark Twain’s Huckleberry FinnD. Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet LetterABC14. A preoccupation with the demonic and the mystery of evil marked the works of_________ , and a host of lesser writers.A. Nathaniel HawthorneB. Edgar Allan PoeC. Herman MelvilleD. Mark TwainABC16. In the nineteenth century America, Romantics often shared certain general characteristics. Choose such characteristics from the following.A. moral enthusiasmB. faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perceptionC. adoration for the natural worldD. presumption about the corrosive effect of human societyABCD17. Choose Washington Irving' s works from the following.A. The Sketch BookB. Bracebridge HallC. Tales of a TravellerD. A History of New YorkABCD18. In James Fenimore Cooper's novels, close after Natty Bumppo in romantic appeal , come the two noble red men. Choose them from the following.A. the Mohican Chief ChingachgookB. UncasC. Tom JonesD. Kubla KhanABIn 1817, the stately poem called Thanatopsis introduced the best poet___________ to appear in America up to that time.A. Edward TaylorB. Philip FreneauC. William Cullen BryantD. Edgar Allan PoeC To a Waterfowl Thanatopsis21. From the following, choose the poems written by Edgar Allan Poe.A. To HelenB. The RavenC. Annabel LeeD. The BellsABCD23. Edgar Allan Poe's first collection of short stories is___________ .D. Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque24. From the following, choose the characteristics of Ralph Waldo Emerson's poetry.A. being highly individualB. harsh rhythmsC. lack of form and polishD. striking imagesABCD25. Which book is not written by Ralph Waldo Emerson?A. Representative MenB. English TraitsC. NatureD. The RhodoraD26. Which essay is not written by Ralph Waldo Emerson?A. Of StudiesB. Self-RelianceC. The American ScholarD. The Divinity School AddressA30. Nathaniel Hawthorne's ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions also appears strongly in his short stories. Choose his short stories from the following.A. Young Goodman BrownB. The Great Stone FaceC. The Ambitious Guest ABCDD. Ethan BrandE. The Pearl32. Herman Melville called his friend Nathaniel Hawthorne_____________ in American literature.A. the largest brain with the largest heart34. __________ was a romanticized account of Herman Melville's stay among the Polynesians. The success of the book soon made Melville well known as the " man who lived among cannibals". Typee37. In the early nineteenth century American moral values were essentially Puritan. Nothing has left a deeper imprint on the character of the people as a whole than did__________ .A. Puritanism"The universe is composed of Nature and the soul... Spirit is present everywhere". This is the voice of the book Nature written by Emerson, which pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England______ Transcendentalism43. Which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism?A. Nature45. _________ is an appalling fictional version of Nathaniel Hawthorne' s belief that "the wrong doing of one generation lives into the successive ones" and that evil will come out of evil though it may take many generations to happen.A. The Marble FaunB. The House of Seven GablesC. The Blithedale RomanceD. Young Goodman BrownBOnce upon a midnight dreary, while i pondered, weak and weary,Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore,While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door."Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door—Only this, and nothing more. "Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December,And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.Eagerly I wished the morrow; —vainly I had tried to borrowFrom my books surcease of sorrow-sorrow for the lost.Edgar Allan PoeThe RavenDescribe the mood of this poem: A sense of melancholy over the death of a beloved beautiful young woman pervades the whole poem, the portrayal of a young man grieving for his lost Leno-re, his grief turned to madness under the steady one-word repetition of the talking bird. Work 3: Nuture1.As the leading New England Transcendentalist, Emerson effected a most articulatesynthesis of the Transcendentalist views. One major element of his philosophy if hisfirm belief in the transcendence of the "Oversoul". His emphasis on the spirit runsthrough virtually all his writings. " Philosophically considered," he states in Nature,which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism, "theuniverse is composed of Nature and the Soul. " He sees the world as phenomenal, and emphasizes the need for idealism, for idealism sees the world in God. "It beholds thewhole circle of persons and things, of actions and events, of country and religion, as one vast picture which God paints on the eternity for the contemplation of the soul. " Heregards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man, andadvocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature. In thisconnection, Emerson' s emotional experiences are exemplary in more ways than one.Alone in the woods one day, for instance, he experienced a moment of "ecstasy" which he records thus in his Nature:2.Standing on the bare ground, my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted into infinitespace, all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God.3.Now this is a moment of "conversion" when one feels completely merged with theoutside world, when one has completely sunk into nature and become one with it, and when the soul has gone beyond the physical limits of the body to share the omniscienceof the Oversoul. In a word, the soul has completely transcended the limits ofindividuality and beome part of the Oversoul. Emerson sees spirit pervadingeverywhere, not only in the soul of man, but behind nature, throughout nature. Theworld proceeds, as he observes, from the same source as the body of man. "TheUniversal Being" is in point of fact the Oversoul that he never stopped talking about for the rest of his life. Emerson' s doctrine of the Oversoul is graphically illustrated in such famous statements; "Each mind lives in the Grand mind," "There in one mind common to all individual men," and "Man is conscious of a universal soul within or behind his individual life. " In his opinion, man is made in the image of God and is just a little less than Him. This is as much as to say that the spiritual and immanent God is operative in the soul of man, and that man is divine. The divinity of man became, incidentally, a favorite subject in his lectures and essays.4.This naturally led to another, equally significant, Transcendentalist thesis, that theindividual, not the crowd, is the most important of all. If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself, and brings out the divine in himself, he can hop to become better and even perfect. This is what Emerson means by the "infinitude of the privates man. " He tried to convince people that the possibilities for man to develop and improve himself are infinite. Men should and could be self-reliant. Each man should feel the world as his, and the world exists for him alone. He should determine his own existence. Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by making himself. " Know then that the world exists for you " he says. "Build therefore your own world. " "Trust thy self!" and "Make thyself!" Trust your owndiscretion and the world is yours. Thus, as Henry Nash Smith ventures to suggest,"Emerson' s message was eventually (to use a telegraphic abbreviation) self-reliance. "Emerson' s eye was on man as he could be or could become; he was in the mainoptimistic about human perfectibility. The regeneration of the individual leads to the regeneration of society. Hence his famous remark, "I ask for the individuals, not the nation. " Emerson ' s self-reliance was an expression, on a very high level, of thebuoyant spirit of his time, the hope that man can become the best person he could hope to be. Emerson ' s Transcendentalism, with its emphasis on the democraticindividualism, may have provided an ideal explanation for the conduct and activities of an expanding capitalist society. His essays such as "Power", "Wealth", and "Napoleon"(in his The Representative Men) reveal his ambivalence toward aggressiveness andself-seeking.5.To Emerson's Transcendentalist eyes, the physical world was vitalistic and evolutionary.Nature was, to him as to his Puritan forebears, emblematic of God. It mediates between man and God, and its voice leads to higher truth. " Nature is the vehicle of thought,"and " particular natural facts are symbols of particular spiritual facts. " Thus Emerson' s world was one of multiple significance; everything bears a second sense and an ulterior sense. In a word, " Nature is the symbol of spirit." That is probably why he called his first philosophical work Nature rather ihan anything else. The sensual man, Emerson feels, conforms thoughts to things, and man' s power to connect his thought with its proper symbol depends upon the simplicity and purity of his character; "The lover of nature is he who has retained the spirit of infancy even into the era of manhood. " To him nature is a wholesome moral influence on man and his character. A natural implication of Emerson' s view on nature isthat the world around is symbolic. A lowing river indicates the ceaseless motion of the universe. The seasons correspond to the life span of man. The ant, the little drudge, with a small body and a mighty heart, is the sublime image of man himself.爱⼈者，⼈恒爱之；敬⼈者，⼈恒敬之；宽以济猛，猛以济宽，政是以和。

美国文学欣赏To_a_Waterfowl

His Contribution
• 1. He was the first American national poet. • 2. He provided what the nation needed at a time of national selfconsciousness. • 3. He made American subjects worthy of celebration.
忍受那高处寒冷稀薄的空气一整天你拍翅飞翔水鸟在高空飞翔空气冰凉而稀薄令人想起苏东坡的诗句高处不胜寒
To a Waterfowl 致水鸟 by William Cullen Bryant
Youth and Education
• Bryant was born on November 3, 1794,He was the second son of Peter Bryant, a doctor and later a state legislator, and Sarah Snell. His maternal ancestry traces back to passengers on the Mayflower; his father's, to colonists who arrived about a dozen years later. Bryant and his family moved to a new home when he was two years old. The William Cullen Bryant Homestead, his boyhood home, is now a museum. After just two years at Williams College, he studied law in Worthington and Bridgewater in Massachusetts, and he was admitted to the bar in 1815. He then began practicing law in nearby Plainfield, walking the seven miles from Cummington every day. On one of these walks, in December 1815, he noticed a single bird flying on the horizon; the sight moved him enough to write "To a Waterfowl".

To a Waterfowl William Cullen Bryant

Summary
• The narrator questions where the waterfowl is going. • He questions his motives for flying. • He warns the waterfowl that he could possibly find danger, traveling alone. But, this waterfowl is not alone. • He knows that the waterfowl is being led by some Power. As the waterfowl reaches out of the narrator's sight, the narrator reflects on God's guidance in his own life. • The narrator is sure that God has led this waterfowl, and that the waterfowl had faith in the narrator. • Now, the narrator's faith is strengthened. He knows that God is guiding him as well.
Stanza 6
• And soon that toil shall end, • 第六节，这种象征意味更加明显。虽然描写得非常具体：水鸟熬过暗夜，结束旅程，迁徙至温暖的家。但此时它的同伴们却“尖叫”起来，而芦苇也长过它憩息的地方。如此一联系，原诗中的rest也许不是单指休息，而是水鸟在长途跋涉之后西去了。诗至此，一反第二节的坚强形象，一种宿命感突现出来。归途：回到哪里？

美国文学史及选读期末复习题

1.Poor Richard’s Almanac is an annual collection of proverbs written byBenjamin Franklin.2.Philip Freneau developed a natural, simple, and concrete diction,best illustrated in such nature lyrics as “The Wild Honey Suckle” and “The Indian Burying Ground”.3.Ph ilip Freneau has been called the “Father of American Poetry”.4.In Washington Irving’s Sketch Book appeared the first modernshort stories and the first great American juvenile literature. 5.“To a Waterfowl” is perhaps the peak of William CullenBryant’s wok.6.“Thanatopsis, William Cullen Bryant’s best-known poem,consists of four stanzas in iambic tetrameter abab. The title means “view of death”.7.Edgar Allan Poe is considered “father of American detectivestories and American gothic stories”.8.Emerson believed above all in individualism, independence of mind,and self-reliance.9.In Walden, Thoreau thought it better for a man to work one daya week and rest six, and the rest of the time could be devotedto thought.10.Hawthorne’s stories touch the deepest roots of man’s moralnature.11.After his death, Longfellow became the only American to behonored with a bust in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey.12.The poetic style Walt Whitman devised is now called free verse.13.Henry James is famous for his international theme of thetradition less American confronting the complexity of European life.14. Jack London believed in the inevitable triumph of thestrongest individuals.Terms1.Transcendentalism2. Naturalism3. The Lost Generation5. Modernism6. Romanticism7. PuritanismIdentify the fragments.2. From morning suns and evening dewsAt first thy little being came;If nothing once, you nothing lose,For when you die you are the same;The space between, is but an hour,The frail duration of a flower.(1) Who is the writer of these verses?(2) What is the title of this poem?(3) Give a brief comment on this poems.Answer:(1) Philip Freneau(2) The Wild Honeysuckle(3) Here Freneau offers a version of an abundant America with potential for providing a good life for all. The poem is also an indication of his dedication to American subject matter as he examined peculiarly American characteristics of the countryside.3.From the listless repose of the place, and the peculiar character of its inhabitants, who are descendants from the original Dutch settlers, this sequestered glen has long been known by the name of SLEEPY HOLLOW, and its rustic lads are called the Sleepy Hollow Boys throughout all the neighboring country. Drowsy and dreamy influence seems to hang over the land, and to pervade the very atmosphere. Some say that the place was bewitched by a high German doctor, during the early days of the settlement; others, that an old Indian chief, the prophet or wizard of his tribe, held his powwows there before the country was discovered by Master Hendrick Hudson.Question:(1) Who is the writer of this short story from which the passage is taken?(2) What is the title of this short story?(3) Give a definition of “short story”?Answer:(1) Washington Irving(2) The Legend of Sleepy Hollow(3) A short story is a brief prose fiction, usually one that can be read in a single sitting. It generally contains the six major elements of fiction characterization, setting, theme, plot, point of view and style.5. To go into solitude, a man needs to retire as much from his chamber as from society. I am not solitary whilst I read and write, though nobody is with me. But if a man would be alone, let him look at the stars. The rays that come from those heavenly worlds, will separate between him and vulgar things. One might think the atmosphere was made transparent with this design, to give man, in the heavenly bodies, the perpetual presence of the sublime. Seen in the streets of cities, how great they are! If the stars should appear one night in a thousand years, how would men believe and adore; and preserve for many generation the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown! But every night come out these preachers of beauty, and light the universe with their admonishing smile.Question:(1)This paragraph is taken from a famous essay. What is the essay?(2)Who is the author?(3)What does the author say would happen if the stars appeared one night in a thousand years?(4)Give a peculiar term to cover the author’s belief.Answer:(1) Nature(2) Ralph Waldo Emerson(3)Then, the men cannot believe and adore the God, cannot preserve the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown.(4)Transcendentalism6. Isabel always felt an impulse to pull out the pins; not that she imagined they inflicted any damage on the tough old parchment, but because it seemed to her aunt might make better use of her sharpness. She was very critical herself-it was incidental to her sex, and her nationality but she was very sentimental as well, and there was something in Mrs. Touchett’s dryness that set her own moral fountains flowing.Questions:(1) This passage is taken from a well-known novel. What is the name of the novel?(2) Who is the author of this novel?(3) Make a brief comment on the heroine of this novel?(4) What is theme of the author? Tell something about it. Answer:(1) The Portrait of a Lady(2) Henry James(3) She is one of the Jamesian American girls. She arrives in Europe, full of hope, and with a will to live a free and noble life, but in fact, she only falls prey to the sinister designs of two vulgar and unscrupulous expatriates, Madam Merle and Gilbert Osmond.(4) Jamesian theme refers to Henry James’s handling of his major fictional theme, “the international theme”: the meeting of America and Europe, American innocence in contact and contrast with European decadence and the moral and Psychological complications arising there from.Give brief answers to the following questions.ment briefly on Emily Dickinson’s themes?(1)By far the largest portion of Dickinson’s poetry concerns death and immortality, theme which lie at the centre of Dickinson’s world.(2)Dickinson’s nature poems are also great in number and rich in matter. Natural phenomena, changes of seasons, heavenly bodies, animals, birds and insects, flowers of various kinds, and many other subjects related to nature find her way into her poetry.(3)Dickinson also wrote some poems about love. Like her death and nature poems, her love poems were original.(4)Besides deaths and immortality, nature and love, Dickinson’s poems are concerned about ethics, with respect to which, she emphasizes free will and human responsibility.4 Henry James is a great realistic writer. Name two of his major works. Do you know anything about his narrative point of view? What is it for? How does James employ it in his works? Briefly discuss this question.(1) Henry James’s major works include Daisy Miller and The Portrait of a Lady, etc.(2) One of Henry James literary techniques is his narrative point of view. As the author, James avoids the authorial omniscience as much as possible and makes his characters reveal themselves with his minimal intervention. So it is often the case that in his novels we usually learn the main story by reading through one or several minds and share their perspectives. This narrative method proves to be successful in bringing out his themes.6.Tell the differences between Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman (1)Emily Dickinson expresses the inner life of individuals, while Walt Whitman keeps his eyes on the society at large.(2)Emily Dickinson is regional, while Walt Whitman is national in his outlook.(3)Formally, Emily Dickinson uses concise, simple dictions and syntax, while Walt Whitman uses endless, all-inclusive catalogs.9. Jack Lon don’s themes(1) London was logically inconsistent in his viewpoint.On the one hand, he took faith in Darwin’s survival of the fittest, evolutionary concept of progress, and on the other hand, he embraced the socialists’ doctrines of Marx.(2) London wrote on many subjects and themes which centered around primitive violence, Anglo-Saxon supremacy(至上), biological evolution, class warfare, and mechanistic determinism. His heroes are physically robust and rugged but often psychologically harried(苦恼). His heroines are athletic, daring, yet intensely feminine. They are man’s intellectual equal and his e motional superior.。

美国文学2

美国文学课程简介1.美国文学是一门专业英语高年级开设的专业知识课，是一门必修课程。

2.设置本课程的目的和要求：美国文学课程的目的是培养学生阅读、欣赏、理解英语文学原著的能力，掌握文学批评的基本知识和方法。

通过阅读和作品分析，促进学生语言基本功和人文素质的提高，增强学生对西方文化的了解。

总体来讲，英语专业课程分为英语专业技能，英语专业知识和相关专业知识三种类型。

美国文学课程是英语专业知识课程中比较重要的课程，一般在大四年级开设，按周学时统计，需两个学期完成。

3.美国文学课程内容大体分为两部分：文学史部分和文学作品选读部分。

文学史部分从美国历史、语言、文化发展的角度，简要介绍美国文学各个历史断代的主要历史背景、文化思潮、文学流派、社会政治、经济、文化、等对文学发展的影响；主要作家的文学生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义等；选读部分主要节选了美国文学史上各个时期重要作家代表作品，包括诗歌、戏剧、小说、散文等。

二、具体教学内容第一章殖民时期的文学(2 学时)1.教学目的和教学基本要求通过这一部分内容的学习，了解美国文学的起始可追溯到早期北美殖民主义时期。

尽管这一时期的文学并不发达，主要以模仿为主，没有自己的鲜明特点，但那时的政治，经济和社会发展对美国文学的形成还是有很大的影响。

例如：当年来美洲大陆移民的人基本上属于两种人，一类是为逃避国内政治迫害，追求宗教自由的英国清教徒，他们来到新英格兰地区，扎根发展；另一类是谋求发财致富的欧洲平民百姓，包括野心勃勃的冒险家。

不论是哪一种人都相信在新大陆都可以得到自由平等的待遇，都有机会实现自己的理想。

这种观点使“美国梦”成为日后美国文学的永恒主题。

清教主义有关人生来有罪及上帝主宰一切等思想也影响了美国作家不断去思考人性与原罪、人与上帝的关系。

由于这一时期文学不很发达，主要文学形式多为讲经布道之作，也有游记、书信等其他文学作品。

“真理终将崛起于尘泥”——论布莱恩特的自然诗歌

文学与文化研究“真理终将崛起于尘泥”----论布莱恩特的自然诗歌朱新福(苏州大学外国语学院，江苏苏州215〇06)摘要：作为美国19世纪著名自然诗人，布莱恩特通过描写自然来阐发自己的诗学思想，其自然诗歌的主题表现在对死亡的随想、对过去和历史的思考以及对美国新大陆荒野的赞美。

布莱恩特的自然诗歌阐述了人生与自然的关系、死亡与自然的关系以及森林、上帝和自然三者融合所表现的精神之美。

同时，布莱恩特所从事的新闻事业与环境保护密切相关，其新闻工作推动了当时美国的环保事业。

关键词：布莱恩特；自然诗歌；新闻与环保41 Truth, Crushed to Earth, Shall Rise Again"：William Cullen Bryant s Nature PoemsZHU XinfuAbstract：Willliam Cullen Bryant, one of the leading American poets in the 19th century, defines a unique nature poetics of his own by expatiating upon the age-old topics of death, history, and American wilderness. Over generations to contemporary readers the thoughtful, meditative character of his poetry serves well to expose the ethical relationship between nature and human life,nature and death, and the aesthetic power of the ecological network featuring forests, divinity and human soul. Moreover, Bryant’s editorial career, which is in large part related to environmental protection, also serves to promote America's environmental enterprise at that time.Key words：William Cullen Bryant；nature poetry；editorial career；environmental protection基金项目：本文系国家社会科学基金一般项目“美国自然诗歌中的生态环境主题与国家发展思想研究 (17BWW062)的部分研究成果。

美国文学选读期末考试重点

1、The Colonial Period（1607-1765）American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th)北美第一位女诗人Anne Bradstreet(宗教气息，夫妻恩爱)Edward Taylor 都受英国玄学派影响（metaphysical）2、The Enlightenment and Revolution PeriodBenjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美国梦”的根源3、American Romanticism（end of 18th to the civil war）American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature.早期浪漫主义Washington Irving father of American Literature <The Sketch Book>短篇小说James Fenimore Cooper 历史，冒险，边疆小说《The Leather-stocking Tales>文明发展对大自然的摧残与破坏William Cullen Bryant 美国第一个浪漫主义诗人《To a Waterfowl><The Yellow Violet>美国山水，讴歌大自然，歌颂美国生活现实Edgar Allan Poe ---(48 poems,70 short stories)He greatly influenced the devotees of “Art for art’s sake.”He was father of psychoanalytic criticism , and the detective story.Ralph Waldo Emerson---The chief spokesman of New England TranscendentalismAmerican Transcendentalism (also known as “American Renaissance”) It is the high tide of American romanticism Transcendentalists spoke for the cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. 《Nature》---the Bible of Transcendentalism by Emerson 《Self-Reliance》表达他的超验主义观点Henry David Thoreau------ Waldenhe regarded nature as a symbol of spirit.Thoreau was very critical of modern civilization.小说家：Hawthorne-赞成超验He is a master of symbolism The Scarlet Letter《红字》Melville 怀疑，悲观，sailing experiences Moby Dick百科全书式性质/海洋作品/动物史诗诗人Longfellow《I Shot an Arrow...》《A Psalm of Life》第一首被完整地介绍到中国的美国诗歌Whitman （Free Verse---without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme ）《Leaves of Grass》《One's Self I Sing》《O Captain! My Captain!》songDickinson inner life of the individual ---died for beauty4、The Age of RealismJames upper reaches of American society. <一位女士的肖像》inner world of manHowells, concerned himself chiefly with middle class life.<The Rise of Silas Lapman>Twain the lower strata of society. humor and local colorism<Life on the Mississippi> <The Adventures of Tom Sawyer> <The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn >American Naturalism 自然主义（新型现实）Stephen Crane；《Maggie: A Girl of the Streets》《The Red Badge of Courage》pessimisticTheodore Dreiser；Sister Carrie；Jennie Gerhardt；An American Tragedy(Trilogy of Desire)O.Henry (William Sydney Porter)：The Gift of the Magi；The Cop and the anthemJack London：The Call of the Wild；Martin Eden5、The Modern Period The 1920s-1930s ( the second renaissance of American literature)The Roaring Twenties ，The Jazz Age ，“lost”(Gertrude Stein) and “waste land”(T.S.Eliot)现代主义小说家F. Scott Fitzgerald：《The Great Gatsby》被视为美国文学“爵士时代”的象征，以美国梦American Dream为主线。

诗歌赏析OdetotheWestWind

诗歌赏析OdetotheWestWindOde to the West Wind1O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being,Thou from whose unseen presence the leaves deadAre driven like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red,Pestilence-stricken multitudes! O thou 5Who chariotest to their dark wintry bedThe wingèd1 seeds, where they lie cold and low,Each like a corpse within its grave, untilThine azure sister of the Spring shall blowHer clarion2 o'er the dreaming earth, and fill 10(Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air)With living hues and odours plain and hill;Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere;Destroyer and preserver; hear, O hear!Summary, Stanza 1Addressing the west wind as a human, the poet describes its activities: It drives dead leaves away as if they were ghosts fleeing a wizard. The leaves are yellow and black, pale and red, as if they had died of an infectious disease. The west wind carries seeds in its chariot and deposits them in the earth, where they lie until thespring wind awakens them by blowing on a trumpet (clarion). When they form buds, the spring wind spreads them over plains and on hills. In a paradox, the poet addresses the west wind as a destroyer and a preserver, then asks it to listen to what he says.Notes, Stanza 11. The accent over the e in wingèd (line 7) causes the word to be pronounced in two syllables—the first stressed ....and the second unstressed—enabling the poet to maintain the metric scheme (iambic pentameter).2. clarion: Trumpet.2Thou on whose stream, 'mid the steep sky's commotion, 15 Loose clouds like earth's decaying leaves are shed,Shook from the tangled boughs of heaven and ocean,Angels of rain and lightning! there are spreadOn the blue surface of thine airy surge,Like the bright hair uplifted from the head 20Of some fierce Mænad3, even from the dim vergeOf the horizon to the zenith's height,The locks of the approaching storm. Thou dirge4Of the dying year, to which this closing nightWill be the dome of a vast sepulchre, 25Vaulted with all thy congregated5 mightOf vapours, from whose solid atmosphereBlack rain, and fire, and hail, will burst: O hear!Summary, Stanza 2The poet says the west wind drives clouds along just as it does dead leaves after it shakes the clouds free of the sky and the oceans. These clouds erupt with rain and lightning. Against the sky, the lightning appears as a bright shaft of hair from the head of a Mænad. The poet compares the west wind to a funeral song sung at the death of a year and says the night will become a dome erected over the year's tomb with all of the wind's gathered might. From that dome will come black rain, fire, and hail. Again the poet asks the west wind to continue to listen to what he has to say.Notes, Stanza 23. Mænad: Wildly emotional woman who took part in the orgies of ....Dionysus, the Greek god of wine and revelry.4. dirge: Funeral song.5. congregated: Gathered, mustered.3Thou who didst waken from his summer dreamsThe blue Mediterranean, where he lay, 30Lull'd by the coil of his crystàlline6 streams,Beside a pumice isle in Baiæ's b ay,And saw in sleep old palaces and towersQuivering within the wave's intenser day,All overgrown with azure moss, and flowers 35So sweet, the sense faints picturing them! ThouFor whose path the Atlantic's level powersCleave themselves into chasms, while far belowThe sea-blooms and the oozy woods which wearThe sapless foliage of the ocean, know 40Thy voice, and suddenly grow gray with fear,And tremble and despoil themselves:7 O hear!Summary, Stanza 3At the beginning of autumn, the poet says, the the west wind awakened the Mediterranean Sea—lulled by the sound of the clear streams flowing into it—from summer slumber near an island formed from pumice (hardened lava). The island is in a bay at Baiae, a city in western Italy about ten miles west of Naples. While sleeping at this locale, the Mediterranean saw old palaces and towers that had collapsed into the sea during an earthquake and became overgrown with moss and flowers. To create a path for the west wind, the powers of the mighty Atlantic Ocean divide (cleave) themselves and flow through chasms. Deep beneath the ocean surface, flowers and foliage, upon hearing the west wind, quake in fear and despoil themselves. (In autumn, ocean plants decay like land plants. See Shelley's note on this subject.) Once more, the poet asks the west wind to continue to listen to what he has to say.Notes, Stanza 36. The accent over the a in crystàlline shifts the stress to the second syllable, making crystàl an iamb.7. In his notes, Shelley commented on lines 38-42:The phenomenon alluded to at the end of the third stanza is well known to naturalists. The vegetation at the bottom of the sea, of rivers, and of lakes, sympathizes with that of the land in the change of seasons, and is consequently influenced by the winds announce it.(Shelley 239)4If I were a dead leaf thou mightest bear;If I were a swift cloud to fly with thee;A wave to pant beneath thy power, and share 45The impulse of thy strength, only less freeThan thou, O uncontrollable! if evenI were as in my boyhood, and could beThe comrade of thy wanderings over heaven,As then, when to outstrip thy skiey8 speed 50Scarce seem'd a vision—I would ne'er have strivenAs thus with thee in prayer in my sore need.O! lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud!I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!A heavy weight of hours has chain'd and bow'd 55One too like thee—tameless, and swift, and proud.Summary, Stanza 4The poet says that if he were a dead leaf (like the ones in the first stanza) or a cloud (like the ones in the second stanza) or an ocean wave that rides the power of the Atlantic but is less free than the uncontrollable west wind—or if even he were as strong and vigorous as he was when he was a boy and could accompany the wandering wind in the heavens and could only dream of traveling faster—well, then, he would never have prayed to the west wind as he is doing now in his hour of need........Referring again to imagery in the first three stanzas, the poet asks the wind to lift him as it would a wave, a leaf, or a cloud; for here on earth he is experiencing troubles that prick him like thorns and cause him to bleed. He is now carrying a heavy burden that—though he is proud and tameless and swift like the west wind—has immobilized him in chains and bowed him down.Notes, Stanza 48. Skiey is a neologism (coined word) whose two syllables maintain iambic pentameter. The s in skiey alliterates with the s in speed, ....scarce, seem'd, and striven.5Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is:What if my leaves are falling like its own?The tumult of thy mighty harmoniesWill take from both a deep autumnal tone, 60Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce,My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!Drive my dead thoughts over the universe,Like wither'd leaves, to quicken a new birth;And, by the incantation of this verse, 65Scatter, as from an unextinguish'd hearthAshes and sparks, my words among mankind!Be through my lips to unawaken'd earthThe trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind,If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? 70Summary, Stanza 5The poet asks the west wind to turn him into a lyre (a stringed instrument) in the same way that the west wind's mighty currents turn the forest into a lyre. And if the poet's leaves blow in the wind like those from the forest trees, there will be heard a deep autumnal tone that is both sweet and sad. Be "my spirit," the poet implores the wind. "Be thou me" and drive my dead thoughts (like the dead leaves) across the universe in order to prepare the way for new birth in the spring. The poet asks the wind to scatter his words around the world, as if they were ashes from a burning fire. To the unawakened earth, they will become blasts from a trumpet of prophecy. In other words, the poet wants the wind to help him disseminate his views on politics, philosophy, literature, and so on. The poet is encouraged that, although winter will soon arrive, spring and rebirth will follow it.王佐良译本第一节啊，狂野的西风，你把秋气猛吹，不露脸便将落叶一扫而空，犹如法师赶走了群鬼，赶走那黄绿红黑紫的一群，那些染上了瘟疫的魔怪——呵，你让种子长翅腾空，又落在冰冷的土壤里深埋，象尸体躺在坟墓，但一朝你那青色的东风妹妹回来，为沉睡的大地吹响银号，驱使羊群般蓓蕾把大气猛喝，就吹出遍野嫩色，处处香飘。

To a Waterfowl 致水鸟

? The year 1829
saw that Bryant became editor in chief of the
paper, one of the first great national newspaper in America, and
from this time onward he grew to ba a dominant leader in America
and a devout supporter of Lincoln,
? Bryant and his family moved to a new home when he was two years old. His father Dr.
although he wished Lincoln was more radical on abolition.
American literature.In 1884, New York City's Reservoir Square was renamed Bryant Park in his honor. The city later
the writing style of Alexander Pope and
William Cullen Bryant
1794-1878 The American Wordsworth
1
Brief Introduction of William Cullen Bryant
? William Cullen Bryant was an American romantic poet, journalist, and long-time editor of the New York Evening Post

to a waterfowl赏析

to a waterfowl赏析《ToAWaterfowl》是欧美文学家威廉哈代的一篇艺术作品。

哈代是十九世纪的一位著名的文学家，他的作品受到了国际学术界的广泛认可。

《To A Waterfowl》是哈代的一首十九世纪英语诗，诗中“一只鸟”是主人公，受到了哈代异常真挚的、永恒美好的情意所托,有一种淡淡的精神感染力。

在这首诗中，哈代试图把一只水鸟比喻成一个充满希望和生命力的物体，这样一来，它就尽可能地把它的口号“期盼上帝赐福”传达给读者，从而让读者思考、体会人生和信仰的重要性，同时也感受到生活的珍贵。

从第一句开始，哈代就给读者以一种隐喻：在诗的第一句中，他用水鸟的形象描述了一种朝气蓬勃的信念，那就是在上帝的赐福下，心中的希望和信念是永不衰减的。

和最后一句“期盼上帝赐福”一致，主题也得以完美体现，全诗以“期盼上帝赐福”为主题，不管外界怎样变化，只要心中有坚定的信念，就可以获得上帝的赐福。

文学分析有两个方面，一方面要求深入鉴赏诗的精神内涵，另一方面要了解诗的语言特点。

哈代的作品几乎都是以十九世纪英语来写成的，但是他擅长使用押韵，通过押韵，让诗给人一种充满韵律和节奏的感觉，让整首诗变得更加有诗意。

另外，哈代在调性、句式和结构上也做了极大的努力，这样就使整首诗变得简洁而有力，使读者能够更好地感受到作者表达的思想和精神。

除了诗歌美感，《To A Waterfowl》还宣扬着“期盼上帝赐福”的信念，它激励着人们心中更加坚定地坚持信念，它也向人们传递着对美好生活的期待，它让人们思考、体会到人生重要性，让人深深感受到生活的珍贵。

总之，哈代的诗作《To A Waterfowl》不仅向人们传递了期待信仰赐福的信念，更重要的是通过押韵、调性、句式和结构等方式，让读者能够更加深入地领略诗的雅致和美感。

Ode to the West Wind中英文赏析解析(课堂PPT)

5
• III
• Thou who didst waken from his summer dreams
• The blue Mediterranean, where he lay,
• Lull'd by the coil of his crystalline streams,
• Beside a pumice isle in Baiae's bay,
让我做你的竖琴吧，就同森林一般，
• The tumult of thy mighty harmonies
纵然我们都落叶纷纷，又有何妨！
• •
Will take from both a deep, autumnal tone,
Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit
• Part Ⅱ(Section 4-5): the poet expresses his own state of mind and explores the relationship between the West Wind and himself.
9
In this poem, the wind is more than simply a current of air. In Greek & Latin languages, the words for “wind”, “inspiration”, “soul”, and “spirit” are all related.
• Like wither'd leaves to quicken a new 扫走了枯叶好把新生来激发；
birth! • And, by the incantation of this verse,