英汉句子比较与翻译
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汉语的被动态 1 有形式标记的被动态 2 无形式标记的被动态
1 有形式标记的被动态 表被动意义的助词 让,叫,给,被,受,挨,遭,由,加以,予以,为……所,被…… 所,是…..的 例句: 工作已由他完成了。 The work has been done by him. 杯子给打得粉碎。 The cup has been broken into pieces. 这个问题必须予以处理。 This matter must be dealt with.
2 动作的对象是谈话的中心话题 Clinton is expected to give his testimony by videotape. 克林顿将会以录像的形式提供证词。 The scientific research plan has already been drawn up. 科研计划已经拟出来了。 The girl was criticized yesterday. 这个女孩昨天挨了一顿批评。
主动与被动
英汉语言语态上的差异 英语:广泛使用被动语态 汉语:较少使用被动语态
英语被动语态使用的情况:
1. 没有必要说明行为的实行者 2. 动作的对象是谈话的中心话题 3. 无从说出动作的实行者是谁 4. 为了加强上下文的连贯、衔接 5 出于礼貌,使措辞得当,语气委婉
1 没有必要说明行为的实行者 The audience are requested to keep silent. 请观众保持肃静。 She was offered a job in a middle school. 人家给她在一个中学里找了份工作。
静态与动态
英语倾向于多用名词,因而叙述呈静态 (static);汉语倾向于多用动词,因而叙述呈 动态(dynamic) 英语句子中,名词与介词占优势 英语句子的静态趋向主要体现在句法的名词化 He failed in this exam, so he felt disherateded. His failure in the exam made him disheartened.
林小姐这天从学校回来就撅起小嘴。她摘下 书包,并不照例到镜台前坐着梳头发擦粉, 却倒在床上看着帐子出神。(矛盾) That day Miss Lin returned from school with her lips pouting. She flung down her satchel and lay down on the bed staring up at the bed curtain. Usually, she would go and sit at the dressing table to comb her hair and powder her face.
3 无从说出动作的实行者是谁 She was seen to go out of the room. 人家看见她走出了那个房间。 You’re wanted on the phone. 你的电话。 This rubbish is being disposed of. (有人)正在处理这些垃圾。
主要差异集中在定语和状语的位置上。 定语后置 1. some-, any-, every-, no等构成的复合代词 He told me something important. 他告诉我一件重要的事情。 There is nothing wrong with this computer. 这台电脑没有什么毛病。
英汉句子比较与翻译
形合与意合 静态与动态 主语与主题 主动与被动 英汉时态差别 英汉语言语序上的差异
形合与意合
英语重形合(hypotaxis),汉语重意合 (parataxis) 形合指词语或语句之间的连接主要靠连接词 或语言本身语法手段(形式手段)来实现; 意合指词语或语句之间的连接主要靠句子内 部逻辑关系来实现 奈达 《译意》Translating meaning: 就汉语和英语而言,也许在语言学中最重要 的一个区别就是形合与意合的对比 (contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis)
英汉时态差别
英语时态的汉译 汉语主要通过词汇和句法手段来表示“时” 的变化,如用“了”、“着”、“过”、 “已经”、“就要”、“现在”、“将来”、 “正在”、“过去”等 英语时态必须用动词的曲折变化体现出来 (work—worked /working)
When he has taken his exercise and is drinking his tea or his beer, and lighting his pipe… (George Santayana, The Weather in His Soul) 当他在运动之余品茶或喝酒,并点着烟斗时…… (刘士聪 译)
2 无形式标记的被动态 无被动助词 1)看似主动,但在主谓关系上却有被动含 义,这种语言现象在汉语中大量存在。 例句: 那里讲什么语言? What language is spoken there? 这个任务必须按时完成。 This task must be fulfilled in time.
The visit gives me the opportunity which I have long sought, to see for myself the achievements of the Chinese people. 这次访问使我有机会亲眼看一看中国人民取得的成 就,这是我向往已久的。 I am heartened by the assurance which your Government has repeatedly given that the arrangements for Hong Kong contained in the Agreement are not measures of expediency. 贵国政府一再表示,协议中有关香港的安排不是权 宜之计,这种保证使我感到鼓舞。
汉语句子中,动词占优势 《红楼梦》:晴雯先接出来,笑道:“好啊, 叫我研了墨,早起高兴,只写了三个字,扔 下笔就走了,哄我等了这一天,快来给我写 完了这些墨才算呢!”
Ford’s first pledge was, ―Mr. President, you have my support and my loyalty.‖ 福特一开始就保证说:“总统先生,我支持 您, 并效忠于您。”
5 出于礼貌,使措辞得当,语气委婉 Visitors are requested to show their tickets. 来宾请出示入场券。 Passengers are requested to fill in the customs declaration form here. 请旅客在此填写报关表。
Carlisle Street runs westward, across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn. (7个介词) 卡莱尔大街往西伸展,越过一座黑色大桥,爬下山 岗又爬上去,经过许多小铺和肉市,又经过一些平 房,然后突然在一大片绿色草地旁中止了。 Inadequate training for farmers and the low productivity of many farms place the majority of country dwellers in a disadvantageous position in their own countries. 农民缺乏训练,许多农场生产率很低,这就使得大 多数农民处于贫穷的境地。
例句:源自文库
If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了,春天还会远吗? I want to dance with a girl who is from Memphis and who has a Southern accent. 我想同一位有南方口音的孟菲斯姑娘跳舞。
二十岁那年,我就逃出了父亲的家庭。直到现在还 是过着流浪的生活。 (萧红 《永久的憧憬和追 求》) When I was twenty, I fled home. Since then I have been wandering around like hobo. (刘士聪 译)
英汉语言语序上的差异
4 为了加强上下文的连贯、衔接 John actually loved Mary and was loved in return. 约翰真的爱玛丽,而玛丽也爱约翰。 He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 他出现在台上,观众热烈鼓掌欢迎。 Language is shaped by, and shapes, human thought. 人的思想形成语言,而语言又影响了人的思想。
主语与主题
英语:end-weight头轻脚重,属于主语显著 (subject-prominent)语言 汉语:头重脚轻,属于主题显著(topic-prominent) 语言
例: 家里的事情,你不用管,你干你的正经事去。 这袋米三个人吃。 会议室里正在开会。
I worked very hard on this book. 这本书我花了很多心血。 He isn’t interested in things like watching TV, listening to songs, or dancing. 看电视、唱歌、跳舞这类活动他都不感兴趣。 A dialect is known by every linguist in this room. 有一种方言这间屋子里的每一个语言学家都懂得。 You don’t grow the grain you eat and you don’t make the clothes you wear. 你吃的粮食不是你自己种的,你穿的衣服也不是你 自己做的。
2)汉语无主句 用来表达观点、态度、要求、告诫、号召等 例句: 应该教育儿童说实话。 Children should be taught to speak the truth. 发现了错误,一定要改正。 Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.
英汉句子重心的差异 汉语的习惯是叙事在前,表态在后。 英语的习惯是表态在前,叙事在后。
We believe that it is right and necessary that people with different political and social systems should live side by side—not just in a passive way but as active friends. 我们认为生活在不同政治社会制度下的各国人民 应该共处,不仅仅是消极共处,而是要积极地友 好相处,这是正确而必要的。
2. –ible, -able 结尾的形容词作定语,与every, the only或形容词最高级连用来修饰一个名词时,也常 需后置。 The doctors have tried every way possible. 大夫们已经试过各种可能的办法了。 They overcame the greatest difficulty imaginable getting there in time. 为了能及时赶到那儿,他们克服了极大的困难。 It is the only wild berry edible here in this area. 它是这个地区惟一能食用的野莓。