大学英语修辞学第十三章

4. The species for the genus, or the genus for the species.
1) Did you see that cutthroat ? 2) Alas, that spring should vanish with the rose. 3) He hurled the barbed weapon (harpoon) at the
whale.
5.Name of the material for the thing made.
1) He walked the boards for a living. 2) He is in irons.
3) Have you any coppers?
Synecdoche is common in our life. We think, talk and act synecdochically everyday: When someone asks you to show a picture of your friend, you show him a picture of his face. a tree for a forest; a tent a whole battlefield; a row of houses a city President, chairman, group leader, monitor
10.3 Metonymy转喻
Metonymy is the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. In metonymy, the name of a referent (or thing referred to) is substituted by the name of an attribute, or entity related in some semantic way, or by spatial proximity, or another kind of link.
In metonymy, the two unlike things do not have common quality but are closely associated: When we speak of one, the other will come up to our mind. Therefore, we can use one to substitute the other. bottle—alcoholic drinks; sword—war and destruction; the press—newspapers, reporters The Caribbean and Pacific islands form an empire on which the dollar never sets. 星条旗永不落。
4. Name of a place as a name for something produced or happened there. 1) He was behind the arras. 2) He met his Waterloo. 茅台，洋河 走麦城 5. Instrument or container as a name for the method, position or substance. 1) The hall applauded. 2) The kettle is boiling. 大江东去，浪淘尽千古人物。
10.4 Synecdoche提喻
Synecdoche is from Greek, meaning „take up with something else.‟ It is a figure of speech in which a part is substituted for the whole, or the whole for the part. strings can mean „stringed instruments‟ (part for whole); England can mean a sports team (whole for part). Sharp words may occasionally be spoken by unguarded or ignorant tongues.
2. Name of a person as a name for his/ her work or style. 1) Will you play me some Chopin? 2) Have you ever read Jack London? 慨当以慷，忧思难忘。何以解忧？惟有杜康。 （曹操《短歌行》） 3. Name of a clear sign of an object or a person as a name for the object or the person. 1) The thirteen colonies got together to fight the red lobsters. 2) Those big noses, blue eyes and yellow hair taught them English. 纨绔不饿死，儒冠多误身。（杜甫《赠韦左丞》
Metonymy helps to express an idea briefly and effectively by compressing much into a single word or a short noun phrase. The pen is mightier than the sword. By the sweat of thy brow thou shall eat thy bread. He was too fond of the bottle.
How to tell synecdoche from metonymy? Synecdoche—the relationship between the two things involved is part-and-whole: that is, one thing is a part of the other. Metonymy—the two things involved are completely different. They are not of the same kind but are juxtaposed and closely correlated. Her heart ruled her head. He paid the workers $5 per head.
Tell the difference between metaphor and metonymy: Metaphor: All the world is a stage. She is a peacock. Metonymy: The kettle is boiling. He likes to read Hemingway. Metonymy cannot be converted into simile. In metonymy, the two unlike things involved have no common quality at all but are closely connected. When we speak of one, the other will come up to our mind.
Biblioteka Baidu
The basic “strategy” in metonymy is the corporeal or tangible for the incorporeal or intangible. “the heart” for “the emotions.” tongue—eloquence; brain—knowledge, wisdom or reason; from the cradle to the grave—from birth to death Farewell to Arms
3. The abstract for the concrete, or the concrete for the abstract.
1) All the wit and learning of the world were
assembled there. 2) The authorities were greeted. 3) I had the muscle and they made money out of it.
Types of Synecdoche
1. The part for the whole. 1) Great minds think alike. 2) Some stout hearts attempted resistance. 3) He has many mouths to feed in his family.
6. Trade mark as a name for products. 1) Joanne burned Player after Player in her nervousness at his father‟s eccentric and preoccupied driving. (John Updike) (a brand of cigarettes) 2) He was driving a Ford. (a Ford car) 格力，劳斯莱斯 7. Location as a name for some government, institutions or enterprises. E. g.: Wall Street --- U. S. financial center; Hollywood --- American film-making industry; 北京，中南海，中关村
Sources of metonymy
1. Body part as a name for the sense, behavior or ability. 1) He has a good ear for music. 2) He has a sharp tongue. 3) To jaw-jaw is always better than to war-war. 吵 吵总比打打好。（丘吉尔） 鲁迅的骨头是最硬的。 让我们来谈谈心吧！
He was left without a roof.
2. The whole for the part.
1) She cut herself in the kitchen.
2) My TV is out of order. 3) Italy beat Spain in the soccer match.
沉舟侧畔千帆过，病树前头万木春。 朱门酒肉臭，路有冻死骨。
When we make the part-for-whole synecdoche, we should take care to choose the most important and the most obvious feature or part to represent the whole.