进阶篇——第十章 非谓语动词(三)

本章概述

对于非谓语动词，笔者曾提到这样一个观念“非谓语本身不是动词，但是或多或少保存了动词的特性”。如果按照动词特性保留的完整程度把非谓语做个简单的排序，保留度越高越靠前，那么结果是：不定式>动名词>分词。动词的一大特点是有时态与语态的变化，因为非谓语有动词特性，所以它们也有时态与语态的变化。

作形容词用的分词并没有时态和语态的变化，它的动词特性最弱。分词作状语的时态与语态，来源于其状语从句中作谓语动词的时态与语态。本章将重点讲解动名词与不定式的时态和语态.

一、动名词的被动态

动名词的被动态与主动态用法完全相同，只是表被动。

1.不带时间属性的动名词被动态

(1)被动的动作变成了一种过程、习惯、事件等带有名词特性的动词，在句中充当名词性成分；

(2)表示一种具有可重复性的、被动的行为。

III.介词+动名词被动态

I was very late that

morning on my way to school and was afraid of being blame.

We plant trees to

prevent soil from being washed away easily.

The fact of being

supported by so many people is a great comfort.

2.带有时间属性的动名词被动态

(1)带有时间属性的动名词表示发生在谓语动词之前（已经发生）的、被动的动作；

(2)目前的、被动的状态。

二、动名词完成态

动名词完成态很少使用，因为动名词本身就能够表达发生在谓语动词之前的动作，只有在特别强调“过去”或“已经”时，才需要使用动名词完成态。

三、动名词完成被动态

动名词完成被动态与主动态用法一致，只是表示被动。

I don't remember

having ever been given a chance to try this method.

我不记得给过我机会来试这个办法。

Do you remember

having been sent such an e-mail?

你记得曾经给你寄过这样一封电子邮件吗？

The house showed no

sign of having been damaged.

这栋房子没有已经受损的迹象。

He prided himself on

having never been beaten in chess.

他为下棋从未被击败而自豪。

Tony was very unhappy

for not having been invited.

托尼因没有被邀请而非常不高兴。

注意，动名词完成态，如果作主语，也会犯了“主语过长”的禁忌，威胁了谓语动词地位。例如：

Having been cheated many times

makes me don't trust anyone anymore. （不佳）

Having been cheated many times,

I don't trust anyone anymore. （佳）

不定式的时态与语态

不定式保留的动词特性最多，所以它的时态与语态变化最多，常用的如下：

一、不定式的被动态

不定式的被动态与主动态的用法完全一样，只是动词由主动含义变成被动含义。

二、不定式的完成态、被动完成态、进行态、持续态

不定式的完成态、被动完成态、进行态、持续态通常只出现在包含主系表结构、被动语态以等句子中。原因是，此类句子含有系动词或者助动词be，如果使用动名词或者分词，容易让人理解为谓语动词结构。

1.不定式的完成态强调过去的或已经发生的动作。

For in all adversity of fortune,

the worst sort of misery is to have been happy.

在所有的不幸中，最不幸的是曾经幸福过。

He pretended to have fallen

asleep when little Tom came to him.

当小汤姆来找他时，他假装已经睡着了。

The student seems to have caught

a cold because of the bad weather.

这个学生好像因为坏天气感冒了。

I am sorry to have kept you

waiting.

对不起，让你久等了。

I'm glad to have met your

parents here.

我很高兴在这儿见到了你父母。

The manager is said to have

arrived back from Paris.

据说经理已经从巴黎回来了。

注意：

不定式的完成态还可以表示虚拟，表示过去本应该发生却没有发生的动作。

He'd like to have been offered the job

and (to have been) given the opportunity to prove himself.

他真希望别人给了他这个工作，给了他一个机会证明自己。

The game was to have

taken place in USA.

比赛原计划在美国举行。

Mr. white planned to

have gone abroad last week.

=Mr. white planned to

go abroad but he didn't.

怀特先生原计划上周出国的。

同样的意思也可用上述动词的过去完成时加动词不定式的一般式来表达。例如：

I had hoped to visit

the great pyramid.

=I hoped to have

visited the great pyramid.

=I hoped to visit it,

but I didn't.

我本希望参观大金字塔的。

2.不定式的完成态表示过去的或已经发生的、被动的动作。

The book is said to have been translated into several

languages.

据说这本书被翻译成了多种语言。

No harm seems to have been done.

似乎并没有造成损害。

You're lucky to have been

accepted.

你很幸运，你已经被接受了。