自考英语语法
300个语法公式 专升本
300个语法公式专升本一、四大句子成分及其语法公式1. 主语（S）+ 谓语动词（V）2. 主语（S）+ 不及物动词（Vi）+ 表语（P）3. 主语（S）+ 及物动词（Vt）+ 宾语（O）4. 主语（S）+ 及物动词（Vt）+ 间接宾语（IO）+ 直接宾语（DO）二、常见的修饰成分及其语法公式1. 名词（N）+ 修饰语（Adv）2. 代词（Pron）+ 修饰语（Adv）3. 形容词（Adj）+ 修饰语（Adv）4. 副词（Adv）+ 修饰语（Adv）三、特殊句型及其语法公式1. There be 句型There be + 存在的事物（S）+ 位置（P）2. 祈使句动词原形（V）+ 宾语（O）3. 疑问句疑问词（W）+ 动词（V）+ 主语（S）四、从句及其语法公式1. 名词性从句a. 主语从句：连接词 + 主语从句b. 宾语从句：连接词 + 宾语从句c. 表语从句：连接词 + 表语从句d. 同位语从句：连接词 + 同位语从句2. 定语从句a. 关系代词引导：连接词 + 关系代词 + 定语从句b. 关系副词引导：连接词 + 关系副词 + 定语从句3. 状语从句a. 时间状语从句：连接词 + 时间状语从句b. 地点状语从句：连接词 + 地点状语从句c. 原因状语从句：连接词 + 原因状语从句d. 结果状语从句：连接词 + 结果状语从句e. 条件状语从句：连接词 + 条件状语从句f. 目的状语从句：连接词 + 目的状语从句五、语法公式的应用举例1. 主语（S）+ 谓语动词（V）例句：Tom plays basketball every day.（汤姆每天打篮球。
）2. 主语（S）+ 不及物动词（Vi）+ 表语（P）例句：The flowers are beautiful.（这些花很美。
）3. 主语（S）+ 及物动词（Vt）+ 宾语（O）例句：She eats an apple.（她吃一个苹果。
）4. 主语（S）+ 及物动词（Vt）+ 间接宾语（IO）+ 直接宾语（DO）例句：He gave me a book.（他给了我一本书。
自考学士学位英语考试复习资料(语法词汇短词阅读作文)
自考学士学位英语考试复习资料(语法、词汇、短词、阅读、作文)第一节动词的时态考试重点：一般现在时（if 从句和as soon as 从句）；进行时表将来；现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别；完成时瞬间动词以及have （has）been, have（has）gone的区别；过去完成时的时间状语；将来完成时。
一、一般现在式：1、表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态：常和always, usually, often ,sometimes, every day, every week的等时间状语连用。
例：He goes to work every day. 他每天去上班。
2、表示普遍的真理。
由于是众所周知的客观事实，所以一般不用时间状语。
例：The earth is round. 地球是圆的。
3、有些表示心理状态或感情的动词往往用一般现在时。
例：I don’t think you are right.我以为你错了。
4、在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作：常用的连词有as soon as，when，till，if。
（1）They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they ________their exams. A. have finished B. finish C. finished D. was finishing （答案：B）（1996年22题）（2）When the mixture ______, it will give off a powerful force. A. will heat B. will be heated C. is heatedD. has heated（答案：C）（1992年59题）二、一般过去时：1、表示过去的动作或状态：常和过去时间状语连用。
just now, last year, when I was 8years old 等。
自考本科英语语法
自考本科英语语法自考本科英语语法有很多基本的规则和要点需要掌握，以下是其中一些重要的内容：1. 名词：名词有单数和复数形式，复数形式通常是在名词后面加-s或-es。
名词可以用来表示人、物、地点、概念等。
名词也可以分为可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词可以和数词一起使用，而不可数名词通常不能和数词一起使用。
2. 代词：代词用来代替名词，分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词等。
代词有主格、宾格、形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词等不同形式。
3. 动词：动词是句子的核心，表示动作或状态。
动词有时态、语态和词性的变化。
常见的时态有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时等。
常见的语态有主动语态和被动语态。
4. 形容词和副词：形容词用于修饰名词，通常放在名词前面。
副词用于修饰动词、形容词和其他副词，通常放在被修饰的词后面。
5. 介词：介词用于连接其他词或短语，表示时间、地点、方式、原因等关系。
常见的介词有in、on、at、by、for、with等。
6. 冠词：冠词在名词前用来表示特指或泛指，分为定冠词和不定冠词。
定冠词包括the，不定冠词包括a和an。
7. 数词：数词用来表示数量，分为基数词和序数词。
基数词可以表示具体数量，而序数词表示顺序或先后关系。
8. 时态：时态是动词的一种形式变化，表示动作发生的时间。
常见的时态有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时等。
9. 疑问句：疑问句是用来询问信息的句子，通常以疑问词作为开头或者动词调换位置来构成。
10. 倒装句：倒装句是把动词或助动词提到主语之前，使用否定词或以no way等词为开头，用于表示强调、条件、地点等。
以上是自考本科英语语法的一些基本要点，掌握好这些基础知识对于学好英语非常重要。
同时，要通过大量的练习来加深对这些知识的理解和应用，提高自己的语法水平。
自考英语语法重点串讲资料
Part 1 动词主要时态和语态表1.一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时主动： do / did / will do被动： are done / were done / will be done2.现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时主动： are doing / were doing / will be doing被动： are being done / were being done3.现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时主动： have done / had done / will have done被动： have been done / had been done现在完成进行时主动： have been doing动词主要时态的意义及运用1.现在完成时，过去完成时和将来完成时英语提示语：up to now， so far， for three years， since 1995， over past ten years，by the end of this week， by the year of 1995汉语提示语：已经，早已，了e.g. We haven’t met each other since last year.By the end of this week， we’ll have finished the task.现在完成进行时:从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。
汉语提示语：一直e.g. The water has been running the whole night.I’ve often been thinking of you.He’s been worrying about her safety.Obviously she’s been crying.All these years he’s been traveling.过去完成时:1) said， reported， thought等引导的间接引语中。
自考综合英语(二) 重点语法(结合考题讲解)二
自考综合英语(二) 重点语法(结合考题讲解)二形容词和副词以下情况形容词常用于后置定语:1) 一些表语性形容词要后置，如:present (到场的，出席的) ，available ，involved ，concerned ，etc 。
2) 形容词修饰不定代词something ，anything ，everything 时要后置。
例如:There was something wrong with her.I came across a tricky question hard to answer.I wondered if there was a room available.注意enough的位置：enough 修饰名词时放在名词前后均可，修饰形容词或副词时要放在后面。
如：enough water /water enoughcareful enough/ well enough形容词和副词的原级比力由“as + 形容词或副词原级( 或后跟名词或短语)+as” 构成，“as…as” 前可加not ，just ，almost ，nearly ，quite ，twice ，several times 等词修饰。
否定式中not 后面的as 可改为so 。
如：He is as tall as I.He is not as/as careful as his brother.形容词与副词的比力级形式为:“ 形容词( 副词) 比力级+than+…” ，应注意than 前后比拟较的人或物要一致(不然没有可比性)。
比力级前可以跟even ，much ，stilI, far, a lot 等副词修饰比力级，表示强调。
You voice is more beautiful than your classmates’/that of your classmates.The population in China is much larger than that in America.The values of the young differ from those of their elders. 不成数名词或名词单数，后面用that代替，可数名词复数后面用those代替。
自考英语二(课堂笔记_语法部分)
综合英语二（课堂笔记_语法部分）一、谓语动词It is + adj. + to do /for to do主语+ 系动词+ to doabout to dogoing to doI have nothing to do but read the novel.but——但是，可以＋不定式，前有“do”后无“to”抽象名词/chance/way/power/ability/opportunity/promise/capacity/occasionTo match up with others, we must study harder.We should study harder to catch up with others.句首有逗号，译为“为了”，句末无逗号，译为“以便”The reason given was that the acid in the orange juice would make the milk curdle and become indigestible.Only 25 percent of all diamonds mined are good enough for cutting into gems.Work together to control the amount of violent programs watched and the number of violent toys found in the home.First, we find that the number depends, of course, on the items involved.1、动词不定式、现在分词、动名词、过去分词作表语的区别。
We are to study current science.He is to do the experiment in physics.不定式作表语表示将来的行为。
现代英语语法自考
现代英语语法自考现代英语语法自考主要包括以下内容：1. 词类：了解英语中的不同词类，如名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、介词、连词和感叹词等。
了解它们的特点和用法。
2. 时态和语态：掌握英语中的各种时态，如一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时等。
了解主动语态和被动语态的区别和用法。
3. 句子结构：了解英语中的简单句、复合句和复合句等不同句子结构。
掌握主谓宾结构、主谓补结构、主系表结构等句子的基本结构和用法。
4. 语法规则：了解英语中的语法规则，如主谓一致、名词单复数、动词时态和语态的一致性、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级等。
掌握这些规则的正确应用。
5. 语法错误：了解常见的语法错误，如主谓不一致、动词时态和语态错误、句子结构错误等。
学会如何避免和纠正这些错误。
6. 非谓语动词：了解英语中的非谓语动词，如不定式、动名词和分词等。
掌握它们的用法和区别。
7. 从句：了解英语中的从句，如名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句等。
掌握从句的引导词和用法。
8. 语态转换：了解如何将主动语态转换为被动语态，或将被动语态转换为主动语态。
9. 语气和语态：了解英语中的不同语气，如陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气和条件语气等。
掌握它们的用法和表达方式。
10. 标点符号：了解英语中的标点符号，如句号、问号、感叹号、逗号、分号、冒号、引号和括号等。
掌握它们的用法和规则。
以上是现代英语语法自考的主要内容，学生可以通过学习相关教材和参加练习来提高自己的语法水平。
自考英语重点语法
自考英语重点语法动名词在句子中的作用动名词在句子中的作用动名词是一种非限定动词，其构成同现在分词一样，即在动词原形后加-ing -ing，在形式上同现在分词没有任何区，在形式上同现在分词没有任何区别。
动名词的用法并不算很复杂，但出现的频率却非常高，是考试常考语法项目，因此应该格外引起学生的注意。
动名词在句子中不受主语的人称和数的制约，但不能做谓语。
1.1.作主语作主语作主语动名词及其短语可以用来作主语，跟一般名词或代词在句子中作主语一样，有自己的谓语/表语、宾语等等，组成完整的句子。
组成完整的句子。
如：如： Smoking does a lot of harm to one's health.（吸烟对人体非常有害。
）（吸烟对人体非常有害。
）Reading different kinds of books can enlarge your range of knowledge. Reading different kinds of books can enlarge your range of knowledge. （阅读各类书籍能扩大你的知识面。
）能扩大你的知识面。
）但是，动名词作主语有两种特殊句型，那就是由"it""it"作形式主语和作形式主语和作形式主语和"there""there""there"作先行主语的两种句型。
这两种特殊作先行主语的两种句型。
这两种特殊句型正是学生常常忽略的地方。
因此，必须给予足够的重视。
（1）“it ”作形式主语的句型。
这种句型常常表现在下列结构中：It is no good... It is not much good...It is no use... It is hardly any use...It is useless... It is not any use...It is little use... It is hardly worth...It is worth... It is worthwhile...It is a waste of time... It is difficult...It is a waste of time arguing with him.（跟他辩论是在浪费时间。
自考现代英语语法重点
自考现代英语语法重点一、基本句子成分1. 主语（Subject）主语是句子中进行动作或者是被描述的对象，通常是名词、代词、不定式或者从句。
主语用来回答“Who/What + 谓语动词”。
2. 谓语（Predicate）谓语是句子中执行动作或者是对主语进行描述的部分。
谓语通常是动词，但也可包含助动词、系动词、情态动词等其他单词。
3. 宾语（Object）宾语是动作的承受者，是句子中动作的对象。
宾语通常是名词或者代词，也可以是从句或者不定式。
4. 定语（Adjective）定语用来修饰名词或代词，提供更多的描述信息。
定语通常位于被修饰词的旁边或者前面。
5. 状语（Adverb）状语用来修改动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，提供关于时间、地点、方式、原因等方面的信息。
6. 表语（Predicate Nominative）表语是指位于系动词之后，对主语进行补充说明、描述其身份、属性、状态等的一部分。
7. 同位语（Appositive）同位语用来进一步解释或说明前面的名词或代词，放在被解释的名词或代词的旁边。
8. 补语（Complement）补语用来补充或完善动词、名词、形容词等的意义，通常放在被补充词的后面。
二、句子结构1. 简单句（Simple Sentence）简单句是由一个主语和一个谓语构成的句子。
它可以有其他成分（如宾语、定语、状语等），但是只有一个主谓结构。
2. 并列句（Compound Sentence）并列句是由两个或多个简单句通过连词（如and、but、or、for等）连接而成的句子。
3. 复合句（Complex Sentence）复合句由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成。
主句可以独立成句，而从句不能独立成句。
4. 复合并列句（Compound-Complex Sentence）复合并列句是由两个或多个主句和一个或多个从句构成的句子。
三、动词形式1. 一般现在时（Simple Present）一般现在时用来表示经常性的动作、事实或习惯。
自考现代英语语法重点
Chapter 1 The Structure of the English Sentence(第一章绪论)一、难点、重点1.Present the grammatical units that form a hierarchical order.(指出构成层次结构的语法单位.)英语句子的结构层次是：分句(clauses)、词组(phrases)、单词(words)，图示如下：高级层次句子(由一个或多个分句组成)分句(由一个或多个词组组成)词组(由一个或多个词组成)低级层次词如果从语义的角度来考虑，单词以下还可再分为词素(morphemes)；句子以上还有更大的语言单位，即把句子按一定逻辑规则组织起来的语篇。
所以，从超语法的角度来看，语法层次结构可以如下图所示：高级层次语篇(由广个或多个句子组成)句子(由一个或多个分句组成)分句(由一个或多个扣组组成)词组(由一个或多个词组成)词(由一个或多个词素组成)低级层次词素2．Morphemes词素(Terms: morpheme, morph, allomorph, free morpheme and bound morpheme)（注：此部分内容的学习可以借鉴‘词汇学’的相关内容，然而必须注意两门课程描述的不同点。
）什么是词素(morpheme)?词素是语法的最小区别性单位，即最低一级的语法单位。
词素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素(morph)。
词素是一种抽象形式的成分，在不同的环境中一个词素可以由若干个不同的形素体现，如英语中的复数词素可以表现为／s，z，iz／。
某一词素在不同的环境中可以用不同的变体或词素变体(allomorph)表示。
所谓词素变体是指词素的非区别性变体，几个不同的变体一起构成一个词素。
词素又分为自由词素和粘附词素。
自由词素(free morpheme)是指本身具有完整意义，可以独立使用的词素。
它可以是简单的单词，如boy，girl，do，so等，也可以是派生词的词根，如im-polite，self-ish 等。
自考英语语法复习资料
building建筑wedding婚礼painting绘画
leadership领导friendship友谊hardship艰苦
shortage短缺marriage婚姻leakage泄漏
loyalty忠诚 cruelty残酷 penalty惩罚
here这里
冠 词
Article
（ad.）
用在名词前，帮助说明名词所指的人或事物
an, a
the
动 词
Verb
（v.）
表示人或事物的动作或状态
eat吃
have有
介 词
Preposition
（prep。）
用在名词、代词等前面，说明句子中词与词之间的关
Every Saturday Mr. Black goes to the supermarket to do shopping. 每星期六，布莱克先生
都去超级市场购物。
See the statement above. 见上文。
The faded flowers covered the ground. 地上满是凋谢的花朵。
conductor售票员 sailor水手 transistor晶体管
Chinese中国人 Portuguese葡萄牙人 Pekinese北京人
musician音乐家 Egyptian埃及人 physician物理学家
后 缀
例 词
-ist
-ment
-ness
They painted the wall blue. 他们把墙刷成蓝色。
自考英语语法大全
自考英语语法大全第一篇句法类一、表语从句1．定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。
2．构成：关联词+简单句3．引导表语从句的关联词的种类：(1) 从属连词that。
如：The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。
(2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。
如：He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。
The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。
注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如：All this was over twenty years ago, but it’s as if it was only yesterday.这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。
能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。
如：It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。
(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词where, when, how, why。
如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。
The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。
解释：1．连词because可引导表语从句。
如：I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。
【自学考试】 英语(一)(二)考试重点语法总结
【自学考试】 英语（一）（二）考试重点语法总结虚拟语态、倒装句、主谓一致、介词、连词时态、语态、情态动词、非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)并列句、复合句(主从,宾从,表从,定从,状从,同位从)1. 简单句和并列句主谓, 主谓状 I study hard.情态动词+ 实意动词构成谓语. I shall go.主谓宾, 主谓介宾 I study English.I look at the blackboard.主系表 I am a student. The leaves turn red.主谓双宾 I give him a present.主谓宾宾补 I let you do it.I ask you to do it.定状语 A red book.Work hard.并列句 I worked and studied(x)I worked and he studied.2. 主从复合句(1) 宾语从句I study English. I think (that)… I think that she is a good student.I made it clear that he objected to the plan.I asked whether/if he was a good student.I don’t know whether it is raining.I asked what he had studied. He gave me what I need.You are wrong in that you took effect for cause.(2) 主语从句That the sun moves around the earth is the truth.( it is the truth that..)Whether it is raining is not known.It is not known--computers will one day have vision as good as human vision.A.whetherB. ifC. thatD. howIt goes without saying that we are not living in a traditional society.Who will come to the meeting remains unknown.翻译题: In a sense, what he said amounts to threat.(3) 表语从句Your greatest fault is that you are careless.The problem is what we should do to help him.(4) 形容词补语从句We feel proud that our team has won every match this year.He wasn’t sure whether he should stay or leave.Are you certain who he is?(5) 同位语从句(fact, news, idea, opinion, concern, hope, theory, decision, discovery, conclusion, report,order, question, problem, belief, truth, answer, statement, promise, possibility.)The news that he intended to come gave us much pleasure.(6) 状语从句? 时间状语从句When I studied, the bell rang.She was going upstairs when suddenly the light went out.He had no sooner died than/ he had hardly died when the family arguments began.? 地点状语从句He live where he liked.? 原因状语从句He was late because he missed the bus.Now that you mention it, I do remember.I’m in a slightly awkward position, in that my secretary is on holiday at that moment.? 目的状语从句We have so arranged matters that one of us is always on duty.Bring it closer so that I may see it better.? 结果状语从句He brought a big house so( that) he had more space to paint in.He made such a good speech that he won warm applause.翻译题:The brothers looks so alike that it is difficult to tell them each other ? 条件状语从句If I make a promise, I keep it.I’ll lend you the money , as/so long as you take my advice.These messages will become rubbish unless some measures have been taken.? 让步状语从句Although/ though he was Spanish, he spent most of his life in Germany.Whatever/ No matter what happens, you must be calm and quiet.However/no matter how loudly you shout, you won’t be heard.? 方式状语从句I have changed the plan as you suggested.As if ( as though)? 比较状语从句(重点)She is as tall as Tom( is) I arrived as early as you (did)Mary was older/more careful than Tom( was)Mary works harder /more carefully than Tom( does)Bill speaks French ----( badly) than he writes it.The –( far)away we get from the earth, the thinner the air becomes. further 进? (8) 定语从句在从句中成份+连词She is a beautiful girl. I like the girl who is beautiful.( who主语)This is the film that I see.This is the boy who (whom)(--) you met yesterday. (主语)Tell me something about the man for whom I shall be working / (whom) I shall be working for.I read the book whose cover is red.You are still the same person as I knew ten years ago.I never heard such stories as he told.This is the day when( on which) I joined the league.This is the house where( in which) I live./ This is the house I live in.? 非限定性定语从句:He met Mary, who invited him to dinner.I gave the book to Tom, whom/ who I found after the meeting.Her doctor, whose office was newly decorated, started to charge higher fee. His latest play, which was well reviewed by the critics, has been a great success.I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologized.Prof. Emery, about whom everyone is taking these days.There are only four areas ____ very many diamonds have been found.A.whereB.whenC.thatD.whichWhere用在定语从句和状语从句的区别I’ll go to the place (where I live)I’ll go wherever work conditions are difficult.? 定语从句和同位语从句的区别The news (that our team had won)was known to all.This is the film that (I see).考题: Such people – you describe are rare nowadays.a. asb. thatc. whod.whichAnyone ---( want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about IT . [who want]Who wants Many of us visited the industrial exhibition,---,to our disappointment, we saw very few high-tech products.a. whereb. whichc. asd. that3. 并列复合句He said that he would give up smoking, but nobody believe it.I never saw a busier person than she seemed to be; yet it was difficult to say what he she did.动词的时态和语态重点语法——动词的时态和语态? 时态的呼应I thought the experiment was going on now.She said this apparatus would be available next week.? Am/is/are/+ done. This room is cleaned every day.Was/were +done This room was cleaned yesterday.Will be+ done This room will be cleaned.Am/is/are being done This room is being cleaned at the moment.Was/were being done This room was being cleaned when I arrived. Have/has been done My car has been repaired.Had been done The room looks much better. It had been cleaned.? No sooner had I arrived at the theatre than the film began.Hardly….. whenSome people think that the relations between people have deteriorated-( deteriorate) so much that understanding and friendship are almost impossible. Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what had happened (happen) to her.非谓语动词(1) 动词不定式?做主语 To see is to believe.What to do next has not been decideIt is not easy to remember all these words.?表语 To know everything is to know nothing.?定语 This is a book to be written.?宾语 I want to study.He found it impossible to keep silent any longer.?宾补 They warned me not to be late.I let you do it(make, have, see, watch, notice, look at, observe, smell, listen to, hear,perceive)?状语 Yesterday he came to see me.?独立成份 To be frank, she is not my girlfriend.?形容词补语 I am glad to hear the news.?不定式的逻辑主语 For a bridge to collapse like that is unbelievable.?不定式的时态和语态 to do(be) , to be+p.p.to have done, to have been done动名词? 主,表语 Seeing is believingTom’s going there won’t do any harm.My hobby is collecting stamps.? 定语 This is a swimming poor. ( a poor for swimming)This is a hiding place ( a place for hiding )? 宾语 I enjoy studying (mind, keep, appreciate, can’t help, consider, postpone,suggest,admit etc.)Do you mind my smoking here?? 介词+ 宾语I used to doing. (confess to, look forward to, object to doing sth.)be involve in, consist of, be fond of, etc.? 动名词的时态和语态基本形同分词的时态和语态分词? 状语 When I saw the film, I felt sad = Seeing the film, I felt sad. Because it is Sunday today, we have no school.It being Sunday, we have no school.When the job was finished, we went home straight away.The job finished, we went home straight away.? 定语 The boy standing there is a classmate of mine.=The boy who is standing there is a classmate of mine.The used car. A broken cup the question involved.? 表语 The film is exciting. All the windows are broken.? 宾补 I found them watering flowers.( I found that they were watering flowers.I found the flowers watered. ( I found the flowers watered)?分词的时态和语态.( 形同动名词)doing (being) being donehaving done having been done______nothing to say, the boy shield way form the crowd.A. HavingB. Have C Had. D. Having beingWhat developed was a music readily taking ( take) on various forms.Not having got (not get) enough hands, she had great difficulty in accomplishing the task.非谓语动词答题要点1. Anyone wanting (want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.2．A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted (convict)of murder.3. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals used ( use) in experiments may decrease.Not have got (not, get)enough hands she had great difficulty in accomplishing the task．It is a well-known fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control ( control) his direction.As I’ll be away for a year，I’d appreciate hearing (hear)from you now and then．Object to , confess to , look forward to + doing.介词+ doing.If I had remembered --- the window, the thief would not have got in.a. to closeb. closingc. to have closed. having closed.Begin, start, intend, continue to do, doing 的区别不大The baby began crying. The baby began to cry.Try to do. 努力去做 Try doing 尝试去做.I was very tired. I tired to keep my eyes open, but I couldn’t.I can’t find anywhere to live.______, they began to get down to business. A. The holidays being over B.The holidays are over C. The holidays were over D. The holidays had been overV+ing及从句的固定用法It’s no use doing sth.It’s no use worrying about it. There’s nothing you can do.It’s (not) worth doing sth.Have difficulty doing sth.Spend time (in) doing sth.There is no doubt that.强调句1. 强调主语 It is I that/who am to blame2. 强调直接宾语 It was a glass that Mary broke.3. 强调间接宾语 It was him that I gave the pen to.4. 强调介词宾语 It is this room that I am living in.5. 强调状语1) 时间状语 It was last year that Tom graduated from high school.2) 地点状语 It was under the bridge that we found him.3) 原因状语 It was for his arrogance that I dislike him.4) 目的状语 It was for pleasure that I read it.不仅可以是陈述句, 还可以是疑问句和感叹句.Was it you that/who lost a watch yesterday? What great progress it was that you made.强调句可以是一个从句, 被强调的部分也可以是从句.I was told that it was because he hadn’t received the invitation that he didn’t comeIt was there, the police believe,---she was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag.A. thatB.untilC. whichD. when虚拟语气?第一类型:见词就填:A. (should ) do(should) beB. (should) be +过去分词第一类型虚拟语气 A第一类型虚拟语气 B见某些形容词要虚拟Urgent, necessary, important, possible, essential, incredible, natural, ridiculous, vital, imperative, crucial, critical, proper, compulsory, etc.?形容词带的从句: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules.?主语从句: It is decided that the meeting (should) be postponed.?宾语从句: He insisted that his daughter (should) come.?表语从句: The doctor’s advice is that the patient (should) be kept quiet.?同位语从句: He gave order that the guests (should) be hospitably entertained.考题: They demanded that the right to vote----(give) to every adult person. [(should) be given]For a child to give up less mature idea for a more sophisticate one, it requires that the child ____ psychologically ready for the new idea.A.isB.beC.wereD.would be?第二类型: if 的非真实条件句( 可能性小或没有可能)?注意: if 可以引导真实条件句,多是条件状语从句.第二类型虚拟语气 (时态到推的概念)第二类型虚拟语气举例省略if 的倒装were, had , should.If the doctor had been available, the child would have been saved.Had the doctor been available, the child would have been saved.考题:_____for your help, I would not have overcome the psychological pressures and tensions.A. Had it not beenB. not beenC. Without beingD. not having been特殊虚拟?Even if 形式上与if 相同?Wish形式上大体与if 从句相同?从句谓语与Wish同时 Wish+主语+V.ed/wereI wish I were as young as you.?从句谓语发生Wish之前多用Wish+主语+had done(been)I wish that he had not made so much trouble.?从句谓语发生Wish之后用Wish+主语+would(could) + v.I wish you would stay with me far a whileI wish I could fly.?It is (about. High..) time that + 从句 (V.ed)It is high time that we began to work.?In case, lest, for fear that (should)+ V.The mad man was out in the padded cell lest he ---himself.A. injureB. had injured c. injured d. would injure.?Would rather =had rather, would just as soon, would sooner, would prefer 多加过去式表示尚未发生的动作.倒装句?全部倒装 In came Jack. Now comes your turn.Among them were two girls.?部分倒装Hardly/scarcely/barely had we got on the bus when it began to rain.No sooner had he put down the receiver than the telephone rang again.Not until many years later did the whole truth become known.Not only did he win the championship in the race, but he also broke the world record.Neither my sister nor I have traveled by air.?Never, nowhere, no longer, little, feww, not…( not a single word) no. (at no time, by no means, in no way, on no account, under/in no circumstances)Only here can you buy fresh eggs.主谓一致要点To become actresses is their ambition.Nodding often means you say” yes.”What I did was to give her a book. Neither she nor I am wet.Many a student doesn’t like having to do their homework.连词?连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, which ever ?连接副词 when, how, why, where, whenever, wherever?并列连词 and, but, or, so , therefore, yet, however, nevertheless, for, hence, as well as, both..and, not only..but also, either..or, neither..nor,?从属连词 after, when, before, as, while, since, until, till, although, though, if , even if, unless, lest, because, than, that, whether, so that, as soon as, as long as, in order that, as if, as though, in case, now that, so..that, such..that, as .as. When we play a game, we enjoy what we are doing, --- we should not play it.A. otherwiseB. insteadC. neverthelessD. either不定代词?Any,one, none, nothing, neither, either, both, all, anyone, any one, some, any, much, manyAre you sure there are not--- sharks here? A.any B. some C. many D. much.Used to , be used to doingFrank lives alone,. He doesn’t mind this because has lived alone for 15years. So he is used to it. He is used to living alone.These days I usually stay in bed until late. But when I had a job, I used to get up early.词汇题常考动词搭配?Come, carry, take, go,get,cut, make, put ,turn, bring.完型填空题型分析? 考察重点主谓一致,动词时态和语态,名词的数,代词,形容词副词的比较级,介词和连词.常用词语搭配.70%考连词,代词,介词以及承上启下的其他词和词组.? 方法: 先跳空通读全文,然后根据语法结构, 语义连贯,词与词的搭配填空, 最后在通读全文.注意顾全大局.?选的是最佳答案.?词型填空题大部分为动词.阅读理解题型分析考察(1)词和短语的意义(2)句子表达的各个内容之间的关系(3)文章的主题思想和大意(4)文章或某句的内在含义及推理(5)文章作者的态度.答题方法:先看题— 阅读的难点不是考试的重点不要死扣一句第一段和最后一段, 段首和段尾句多数题目可以在文章中找到相应的段落,句子或短语.翻译题?评分原则为：(1) 主要语法错误（如动词时态、语态、虚拟语气、主谓一致、否定、疑问以及其他句型错误）或影响基本句意的重要用词错误扣1分。
自考英语二语法
自考英语二语法自考英语二语法重要知识点汇总整理自考英语语法八大时态重点梳理1. 一般现在时概念: 表示经常发生的动作或经常存在的状态。
常和always , often , usually , sometimes , every day 等表时间的状语连用。
如：（1）I go to school every day . 我每天都去学校。
(表经常)（2）He is always like that . 他总是那样。
(表状态)构成：（1）主语+ be (am / are / is ) +……（2）主语+ 实义动词/三单动词+ ……2.一般过去时概念:（1）表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态.常和表示过去的时间状语连用. 如: yesterday , last week , in 1998 , two days ago等。
如: I went to a movie yesterday. 我昨天去看了一场电影。
（2）也可表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。
如: He always went to work by bike last week.构成：（1）主语+ be (was / were ) +……（2）主语+ 实义动词过去式+……3. 现在进行时概念: 表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作。
如:He is singing.They are watching TV now.构成: 主语+ 助动词be(am/are/is) + 动词-ing形式构成.4. 过去进行时概念: 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作. 这一特定的过去时间除了有上下文暗示外,一般用时间状语来表示。
如:（1）—What were you doing?—I was jumping.（2）—What was the boy doing when the UFO arrived?—He was sleeping.构成: 主语+ 助动词be(was/were) + 动词-ing形式构成.5. 一般将来时概念: 表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作,常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如: tomorrow, next week, next year, in the future等。
自考英语复习资料语法难点
教育联展网语法难点（一）真实条件句1.基本形式：主句动词是将来时，if条件从句中的动词用现在时If you want something really badly,you’ll probably get in.2.If条件从句为一般现在时，主句中含有情态动词或用一般现在时表示状态或必然的结果If the weather gets worse,the planes might not be able to take off on time.If your computer breaks down,you can use mine.If the alarm rings,the door closes automatically.3.If条件从句的时态变化If you’re looking for John,you can find him in the classroom.If you have lost your car,you should report it to the police.If you’re going to the U.S.,you’ll need a visa.（二）虚拟语气1.与现在事实相反的虚拟(1)If+did(were)+...,...would(should,could,might)+动词原形If I were you,I would go abroad at once.If he knew it now,he could help me.(2)从句中可用If it were not for...(若不是……).e.g.(倒装句)Were it not for your help,I would’t be doing so well.If it weren’t for Jack,you wouldn’t be anywhere.2.与过去事实相反的虚拟(1)If+had done+...,...would(might,could等)+动词原形If I had known your phone number yesterday,I would have phoned you.If you had come here a little earlier just now,you might have met her.(2)特殊句型：If it had not been for ...(若不是……)e.g.(倒装句)Had I known your address,I would have written before.If it hadn’t been for the rain,we would have had a good harvest.3.与将来事实相反的虚拟(1)If+should +v.,...wouldshould等+V.(可能性很小，“万一”)，e.g. If I should fail,what should I do?(2)If+did(were)to+v....,would等+v.(完全不可能)e.g. If the sun were to rise in the west,I would lend you the money.4.某些动词后宾语从句中的虚拟语气，常见的词有order,ask,decide,demand,require,recommend,suggest等。
自考现代英语语法重点
Chapter 1 The Structure of the English Sentence(第一章绪论)一、难点、重点1.Present the grammatical units that form a hierarchical order.(指出构成层次结构的语法单位.)英语句子的结构层次是：分句(clauses)、词组(phrases)、单词(words)，图示如下：高级层次句子(由一个或多个分句组成)分句(由一个或多个词组组成)词组(由一个或多个词组成)低级层次词如果从语义的角度来考虑，单词以下还可再分为词素(morphemes)；句子以上还有更大的语言单位，即把句子按一定逻辑规则组织起来的语篇。
所以，从超语法的角度来看，语法层次结构可以如下图所示：高级层次语篇(由广个或多个句子组成)句子(由一个或多个分句组成)分句(由一个或多个扣组组成)词组(由一个或多个词组成)词(由一个或多个词素组成)低级层次词素2．Morphemes词素(Terms: morpheme, morph, allomorph, free morpheme and bound morpheme)（注：此部分内容的学习可以借鉴‘词汇学’的相关内容，然而必须注意两门课程描述的不同点。
）什么是词素(morpheme)?词素是语法的最小区别性单位，即最低一级的语法单位。
词素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素(morph)。
词素是一种抽象形式的成分，在不同的环境中一个词素可以由若干个不同的形素体现，如英语中的复数词素可以表现为／s，z，iz／。
某一词素在不同的环境中可以用不同的变体或词素变体(allomorph)表示。
所谓词素变体是指词素的非区别性变体，几个不同的变体一起构成一个词素。
词素又分为自由词素和粘附词素。
自由词素(free morpheme)是指本身具有完整意义，可以独立使用的词素。
它可以是简单的单词，如boy，girl，do，so等，也可以是派生词的词根，如im-polite，self-ish 等。
自考英语语法知识
分词1、分词作定语分词前置we can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日he is a retired worker.他是位退休的工人分词后置(i分词词组；ii 个别分词如given, left；iii 修饰不定代词something等) there was a girl sitting there.有个女孩坐在那里this is the question given.这是所给的问题there is nothing interesting.没有有趣的东西过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. most of the artists invited to the party were from south africa. 典型例题1) the first textbook ___ for teaching english as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. a. have written b. to be written c. being written d. written 答案d.书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，相当于定语从句which is written 2）what's the language ____ in germany? a. speaking b. spoken c. be spoken d. to speak 答案b.主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。
spoken是动词speak的过去分词形式，在句中作定语，修饰主语language, spoken 与language有被动关系。
该句可以理解为：what's the language (which is) spoken in german?2、分词作状语as i didn't receive any letter from him, i gave him a call. -> not receiving any letter from him, i gave him a call. 由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了电话。
自考00015英语二重点语法复习笔记
自考00015英语二重点语法复习笔记1. 一般现在时（Simple Present Tense）1.1 定义与用法：一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。
常用时间状语有：always, usually, often, sometimes, every day/week/month/year, on weekends等。
1.2 谓语动词的构成：一般现在时的谓语动词构成：（1）一般动词：原形（2）第三人称单数（he/she/it）：动词原形 + "s" / "es"（3）不可数名词或复数名词：动词原形1.3 示例：（1）I always go to bed early.（我总是早睡。
）（2）She watches TV every evening.（她每天晚上都看电视。
）（3）They eat breakfast at home.（他们在家吃早餐。
）2. 进行时态（Present Continuous Tense）2.1 定义与用法：进行时态表示现在正在进行的动作。
它一般用于表示现阶段的动作，常用时间状语有：now, at the moment, at present等。
2.2 谓语动词的构成：进行时态的谓语动词构成：be动词（am/is/are） + 现在分词（-ing形式）2.3 示例：（1）She is studying in the library now.（她现在正在图书馆学习。
）（2）We are watching a movie at the moment.（我们现在正在看电影。
）（3）He is eating dinner with his family.（他正在和家人一起吃晚饭。
）3. 一般过去时（Simple Past Tense）3.1 定义与用法：一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
常用时间状语有：yesterday, last week/month/year, in 1999等。
自考英语语法
6) What is accepted as true is often relatively, and not absolutely, true.
13) it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的主语从句that ginger root by some magical power could improve the memory.
14) 祈使句，主语you被省略了。
15) 主语是数词12。
16) 主语是名词The waiter 。
4) To understand his words is difficult.
5) Thinking in such a noise is difficult.
6) That they will leave ahead of time is difficult.
上述的六个例句分别说明了主语的位置、特点及能够担当主语的成分。可以担当主语的有名词（例如1）、代词（例如2）、数词（例如3）、动词不定式（例如4）、动名词（例如5）和主语从句（例如6）。
1．名词表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称:
名词分类 概念 例子
普通名词 某一类人、事物、某种物质
或抽象概念的名称 书book，音乐music，朋友friend
专有名词 特定的某个人、地方或机构
的名称 玛丽Mary, 巴黎Paris, 联合国United Nations
5．动名词为非谓语动词的另一种形式，形式为动词原形加词尾-ing构成，即doing （do代表所有动词）。某些结构中，也可以用it做形式主语放在句首，而将真正的主语（即动名词放到句尾）。例如It is no use asking her advice.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
本次语法串讲分三个部分，第一，方法篇；第二，命题特点分析；第三，重点章节复习。
第一、方法篇自学考试英语专业《英语语法》科目是一门理论性和实践性都非常强的课程，旨在考核考生能否熟练掌握现代英语语法的基本理论和概念，掌握词的形态变化和用词造句的规则，以及组句成篇的一般形式和规律。
由于存在着英汉语言体系上的差异、教材的全英版和术语的生僻、语法本身乏味枯燥等外部因素，以及考生英语基础知识薄弱、精读和泛读的阅读数量尚未达到一定量因此不能将一些语法规则变成感性认识加以推演和归纳、甚至还有同学有畏难情绪，一旦跟不上就放弃，或者偷懒，不愿多做一些练习和多记一些概念解释，结果仅以一、二分之差没有及格，令人扼腕。
但是有志者事竟成，这句名言还没有过时。
我们举几个成功的例子吧。
我教过的学生中有人刻意让自己爱上语法，首先，她克服困难，把全书通读一遍，可是有那么多不懂的单词和术语怎么办？她问我。
我说，把它们暂时放在一边，然后通过例句猜测该词的含义，结果既记住了概念又结合了例句，相辅相成，直到掌握。
比如：什么是extraposition？这个词是由extra－（在……之外，额外）加position（位置），联想到appositive phrase（同位短语），appositive clause （同位语分句）等，那么从该词的外形上可以判定extraposition是“位置放在外围”。
它出现在我们教材中的《信息结构和强调》一章中，我们知道，突出强调信息的几种主要方法（postponement, fronting，inversion， cleaving，existential sentence）之一的后移又有三种后移的方法：passive voice, extraposition and discontinuity。
从课本上我们看到这样的例句：To make fun of a disabled man is not funny at all. It is not funny at all to make fun of a disabled man.He found it annoying that his neighbor kept calling him by the wrong name.你注意到这里有it出现在句中做形式主语和形式宾语，真正的主语和宾语在句末，然后，结合解释“When we re move a clausal subject or object to the final focal position, we use the anticipatory it to fill in the slot. Grammatically speaking, it is the formal subject or object while the extraposed clause is the real or notional subject or object. In function, the extraposed item can be subject or object; in form it can be finite or non-finite. 后移的结果就是满足了末尾重心（end-weight）的原则，达到强调的效果。
有些情况下外位还是必须做的（obligatory），比如在下面的情况下：It seems that the best we can do is leave her alone. (SV)We took it for granted that Mr. Green would be appointed Keeper of the Crown Jewels. (SVOA)但在这个句子中外位又是不能实现的（impossible）：That a neutral person is appointed for the chair is an agreement that they arrived at after months of negotiation.还有什么是cleaving，什么是cleft sentence和pseudo－cleft sentence？We shall call him traitor.Traitor we shall call him. (fronting)It is traitor that we shall call him. (cleft sentence)What we shall call him is traitor. (pseudo-cleft sentence)有的同学很聪明，把教材后面的考试大纲（P432－480）读懂了，领会了，那些全是汉语的东西，没有语言隔离带。
《大纲》把每一章的课程内容、考核知识点和考核要求都准确无误地规定好了，再把每一章后面的练习做一遍，概念背记一下，然后把书后面的P482题型举例搞明白，再结合自己已有的基础知识，也能顺利通过，当然，我们所所的聪明的同学也是指那些能把语法课和综合英语、水平英语考试结合起来的同学。
大家都不要忽略了题型举例，第二大题填空题，要求填写名词或动词的适当形式，with question tag，with coordinators or subordinators, with adjuncts in brackets in the right order, 如：I saw her talking (in the library, yesterday, with a young man) 当过程process，地点place和时间等修饰性状语同时出现在句尾时，它们的顺序是process--- place—time, 因此，这句话可以说成是：Fill in the blank with conjunctsWhen used with care, transition words can enhance writing. ______, too many of them will soon weary your readers.It rained heavily last night, ______ all the flowers are gone.The room is too cold without heating and too small for a family of four. ______, it is better than I expected.However, neverthelessSo, consequently, thereforeStill= despite that/ in spite of that. You are very late. Still, I’m glad you're here now.第四大题改写句子就是因为很多同学没有理解题意，没有按照要求来做：比如， Writing counter-factual conditionals based on the given facts:1) We lost the game because he didn’t join us.2) It will rain tomorrow, so we will have to cancel thesports meet.3) He had an accident last year, so he is confined to hiswheel chair.If he had joined us, we wouldn’t have lost the game.If it didn’t rain tomorrow, we wouldn’t have to cancel the sports meet.If it were fine tomorrow,…? If it should be fine tomorrow, we would have our sports meet.If he hadn’t had an accident last year, he wouldn’t be confined to his wheel chair.非真实条件分句的知识在教材的第五章时和体以及第十三章状语中都有涉及。
但是我们已有的虚拟语气知识也可以派上用场。
再比如，Rewrite the following sentences using disjunct:1) I’m honest when I say that it is a waste of time tryingto talk him into helping us.2) It is natural that he will take after his father.3) It is more important that the government should alwaysbe responsive to the public opinions.Disjuncts, in meaning, express the speaker’s attitude to what he is saying, his evaluation of it, or shades of certainty or doubt about it. 评注性状语就是指说话人对他所说的话的态度或对话语内容进行的评价。
特别令人鼓舞的现象是，有些在学《语法》这门课之前水平一、水平二都没有通过的同学发现我们这门课的考题有些甚至与水平英语和综合英语的考题有殊途同归、异曲同工之妙。
二者有很多相似性。
有些题甚至比水平和综合还要容易。
比如：I don’t think she meant _____ you. (hurt). (04).又比如：The information was later admitted ______ from unreliable sources. (retrieve) （04）关于这个题目，考查同学们非限定动词不定式的用法，答案应该是完成时被动态的不定式做主补。
书中在第十五章中的分隔一节中讨论了这个知识点，相对比较偏僻一些。
书上说： P363Although discontinuity mainly occurs with the noun phrase which contains postmodification, there are a few minor types of discontinuity which are by no means uncommon. One of them is closely related to extraposition and passive voice: He is believed to have made up his mind to buy the house. The president is reported to have been missing for three days.通过这么一种混和思考，同学们认识到原来语法是个核心，学好了语法，然后融会贯通到其他科目的学习中，相互促进，相互提高，语法通了，理解力上去了，阅读理解能力和速度也窜上去了。