英语翻译理论4

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研究生英语课文翻译Unit 4

Explicit and Implicit Moral EducationImagine a guardsman,from the moment he falls in on parade in the morning until the moment the parade is dismissed,every conscious action he makes is predetermined and controlled.If inadvertently he does something that is not in the schedule,such as drop his rifle,he has to cover up that accident by pretending to faint.to do anything other than conform might show originality and inventiveness,but from the point of view of military ethos would be immoral.想象一下有一个卫兵，在早上从他进入一个阅兵队列开始直到这个队伍解散，他作出的每一个有意识的动作都是事先规定好并且被控制的。

如果他无意识地做了计划外的一个动作，比如弄掉了他的步枪，他只能通过装作晕倒来掩盖这个错误。

不遵守命令可能会显示你的独创性和别出心裁，但是从军队气质的角度来讲，这些行为都是不道德的。

That is an example of thorough-going explicit moral system.In it actions are rigidly divided into right ones and wrong ones,permitted ones and non-permitted ones,and everyone involved accepts this without question;and to train a participant in such a system is an explicit matter,and the simplest form of behaviour training,provided the learners acknowledge the teacher as an unquestionable authority who knows exactly what moral behaviour is.这就是一个彻底实行显性道德教育体系的例子。

英语翻译理论与实践

（学生Night
Luminous moonlight shines upon the bedstand,
Isn’t it the white frost paving on the bare ground?
Head, raised to gaze the moon into distance,
死译：one-to-one translation: each SL word has a corresponding TL word.
硬译：word-for-word translation: Transfers SL grammar and word order, as well as the primary meanings of all the SL words, into translation. It is normally effective only for brief simple neutral sentences.
The bright moon light sprinkles on the bed,
As if the frost lays on the ground.
Raise myhead and stare at the moon,
The homesickness attacks me suddenly.
Lowering head to think of the hometown.
In the Still of the Night（直译）
I descry bright moonlight in front ofmy bed.
I suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor.
原文：John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.

翻译理论(英译汉)

他们都希望同那统治我们国家的旧制度一刀两断。
(4)The New York Times ran a short two—paragraph story amid its financial news．
《纽约时报》在其金融新闻栏中登载了短短的一条两小段的报道。
(5)There was a greater output of coal than ever，the wonderful and delicate system ran almost perfect
翻译理论与实践
陆凯
英译汉
基本技巧
第一章词义的选择、引伸和褒贬
第一节词义的选择
鲁迅先生曾说过这样一段话：“我向来总以为翻译比创作容易，因为至少是无须构思。但到真的一译就会遇到难关，譬如一个名词或动词，写不出创作时可以回避，翻译上却不成．也还得想，一直弄到头昏眼花，好象在脑子里摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙，却没有。严又陵说 ‘一名之立，旬月踌踌’是他的经验之谈，的的确确的”。鲁迅先生告诉我们，翻译时为了确切表达原文中的某一个词，往往是煞费苦心的。
?goodmanners?得体的举止?goodeyesight?正常的视力?goodeggs?新鲜的鸡蛋?goodinvestment?可靠的投资?gooddebt?有把握收回的债??goodcontract?有效的合同?goodreason?充足的理由?goodjoke?有趣的笑话?goodsoil?肥沃的土地?goodfeatures?漂亮的相貌?goodfriend?挚友?goodboy?乖孩子再举另外一个例子heavy这个词的基本词义是重的可是我们在翻译时切不可先入为主而应符合汉语习惯?heavysoil?难耕种的土地?heavycrop?丰收?heavyfog?浓雾?heavyodor?强烈的气味?heavyinvestor?巨额投资者?heavyfate?悲惨的命运???heavypolitician?显要的政治家?heavyfeatures?粗陋的面貌?heavytank?重型坦克?heavysmoker?烟瘾很大的人?heavytraffic?拥挤的交通?heavyroad?泥泞的道路?heavyrain?大雨?heavycasualties?重大伤亡?heavyapplause?热烈的掌声?heavybuyer?大主顾?heavyheart?沉重的心情?heavynews?悲惨的消息??heavylips?厚嘴唇?heavybread?发得不好的硬面包?heavysea?波涛汹涌的海洋?heavywalk?笨拙的步伐?heavyfood?难消化的食物四根据名词的数选择词义?英语中有些名词的单数形式与复数形式所表示的词义完全不同

大学综合英语4课后翻译中英对照

大学综合英语4课后翻译中英对照1. 我安排他们在小酒吧见面，但那个小伙子一直都没有来。

(turn up)I had arranged for them to meet each other at the pub, but the young man never turned up.2. 你无法仅凭表象判断形势是否会变得对我们不利。

(tell from appearance)You cannot tell merely from appearances whether things will turn out unfavourable to us or not.3. 那个士兵每次打仗都冲锋在前，从而赢得了国家的最高荣誉。

(stand in the gap)The soldier, who stood in the gap in every battle, gained the highest honors of the country.4. 主席讲话很有说服力，委员会其他成员都听从他的意见。

(yield to)The chairman spoke so forcefully that the rest of the committee yielded to his opinion.5. 他们现在生活富裕了，但也曾经历坎坷。

(ups and downs)They are well-to-do now, but along the way they had their ups and downs.6. 这次演讲我将说明两个问题。

(address oneself to)There are two questions to which I will address myself in this lecture.7. 我们正筹划为你举办一次盛大的圣诞聚会。

(in sb.’s honour)We are planning a big Christmas party in your honour.8. 听到那个曲子，我回想起了儿童时代。

纽马克的翻译理论

• 到底孰个是真正的解人实在无法评断。我们又安到底孰个是真正的解人实在无法评断。得起严老先生于地下而询之这恐怕要成为千古疑案了。正是,妙谛纷纷说到今妙谛纷纷说到今, 案了。正是妙谛纷纷说到今几人探藏得真经就拿一个“ 字来说吧。拿一个“ 信”字来说吧。以“ 信”作为翻译的标对不对呢当然对的。谁也不能否认的, 准, 对不对呢当然对的。谁也不能否认的因为这是翻译的本质所决定的不‘ 就不成其为翻译。是翻译的本质所决定的不‘ 信”就不成其为翻译。但是“ 是一个抽象的、空洞的概念。但是“ 信”是一个抽象的、空洞的概念。到底怎样才算“ 各个翻译家都有不同的看法, 样才算“ 信” 各个翻译家都有不同的看法因此就出现了各种不同的翻译方式。就出现了各种不同的翻译方式。有人认为必须逐句移译方为信有人认为必须尽可能保持原文的语言形式, 以至句法结构有人认为可以不顾原文的语言形式言形式, 言形式只要传达原作的意思就行有人认为必须形神兼似”方为信多有人认为“遗貌取神” “ 形神兼似”方为信多有人认为“遗貌取神”斯为信。各人的看法不同, 众说纷纭, 为信。各人的看法不同众说纷纭莫衷一是在这一方面, 奈达博士似乎比严老先生就要高明一些, 一方面奈达博士似乎比严老先生就要高明一些或者说, 明确一些了。或者说明确一些了。
• 严复的“信、达、雅”说, 实际上并没有构成完整严复的“ 的翻译理论。他老先生当日写《例言》那篇文章, 的翻译理论。他老先生当日写《例言》那篇文章也并不有志为翻译理论家, 他只是根据他翻译《也并不有志为翻译理论家他只是根据他翻译《天演论》的经验, 谈谈自己的心得体会而已。演论》的经验谈谈自己的心得体会而已。所以他采取的评议方法是随感式、印象式的, 采取的评议方法是随感式、印象式的是微观的分析方法, 并没有从宏观的角度, 进行全面的分析研析方法并没有从宏观的角度从而找出客观的规律来。事实上, 究, 从而找出客观的规律来。事实上象翻译这样一门牵涉到两个不同民族的语言、文化、思想、一门牵涉到两个不同民族的语言、文化、思想、艺术交流的、极其广泛而繁复的学问,要简单地用艺术交流的、极其广泛而繁复的学问要简单地用三个字来概括其理论, 恐怕是有困难的。三个字来概括其理论恐怕是有困难的。而况他老人家又是一位古文大家,行文力求古雅简练、行文力求古雅、人家又是一位古文大家行文力求古雅、简练、含言有尽而意无穷” 所以他解释“ 蓄, 要“ 言有尽而意无穷” 。所以他解释“ 信、达、雅” 三词的涵义, 只有寥寥数语, 而含义深邃, 三词的涵义只有寥寥数语而含义深邃难于窥测, 读者要悉心揣摩, 难于窥测读者要悉心揣摩以探测其意旨所在而各人由于经验和领悟的不同, 各人由于经验和领悟的不同往往就作出不同的解释来。所以, 近百年来, 不知有多少人引用“ 释来。所以近百年来不知有多少人引用“ 信、赞颂“ 解释“ 达、雅” , 赞颂“ 信、达、雅” ,解释“ 信、达、解释雅” 。

全国大学英语四级翻译 CET4 四级翻译新题型技巧讲解

without any mistakes.

长嗟短叹－－ sighing deeply 发号施令－－ issue orders 土崩瓦解－－ fall apart 两面三刀－－ two-faced tactics
3. 词类转换
词类变形和转换，是英语语言的一个很重要的特点，尤其是名词、动词、形容词这三种最主要的词类。
译直）译与意译相互关联，互为补充，两种译法可以并用
二、汉译英的基本技巧
1. 增词为了充分传达原文含义，必须增补词语，以求达意.
北京是中国的政治、文化中心。这里你可以游览万里长城、故宫、颐和园等。
Beijing is a political and cultural center that offers some scenic attractions: the Great Wall, the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace etc.
Practice Please.
省名词
见到自己的故乡，他想起了童年的情景。
The sight of his native place called back his
childhood.
(省动词)
他连续讲了两小时的法语，没有出现任何错误。 He has been speaking in French for two hours
汉译英的基本技巧
一、翻译的基本方法：直译＆意译
直译：保持原文内容、又保持原文形式，基本保留原有句子结构，不是死译。
意译：只保持原文内容、不保持原文形式，更多考虑英语的特点。
如：我们的朋友遍天下。 Our friends are all over the world. (直译) We have friends all over the world.（意

翻译理论复习

2010-2011-1 翻译理论复习1．乔治·斯坦纳的翻译四步骤理论在诸多翻译理论家当中，乔治.斯坦纳是西方对翻译过程进行深入研究的著名作家。

他在其著作《通天塔之后》中提出了以阐释学为基础的翻译活动的四个步骤：信赖（trust）、侵入（aggression）、吸收（incorporation）和补偿（compensation）。

首先，译者需要相信原文是有意义的，即为“信赖”，在理解和表达这种意义时，译者不可避免的要遭遇到来自原文的敌意和强烈的抵抗，难以接进原文的意义。

所以，译者的主观因素也不可避免地“侵入”到原文中去，“侵入”的目的是“吸收”，在“吸收”过程中难免要散失译语本色。

因此，“补偿”就显得必不可少。

事实上，译语本色的散失会表现在上述各个阶段，因此，“补偿”也必须贯穿整个翻译过程。

只有这样才能表现出原文的内涵，达到翻译的理想境界，翻译才能起到交流的作用。

2. 埃文-佐哈尔的“多元系统论”佐哈尔是以色列台拉维夫大学( Tel Aviv) 研究文学批评的教授, 从70 年代开始, 他在文学研究中提出多元系统方法( polysystem approach) 。

在研究和描述希伯莱语文学翻译史的过程中, 他深受俄国后期形式主义特别是图尼扬诺夫( Jurji Tynjanov)的文学进化理论的影响。

佐哈尔大量借用图尼扬诺夫的概念和观点, 如系统、文学准则、区分文学系统的等级结构（hierarchical structure)、作为衡量历史文学重要性手段的陌生化( defamiliarizatio n) 、文学演化( literary mutation) 和进化( literary evolution)等。

1978 年, 佐哈尔的《历史诗学论文集》( Papers in Historical Po et ics) 问世, 收录了他在1970～1977年间所写的系列论文, 首次介绍了“多元系统”( polysy stem) 这个术语。

英语专业期末考试翻译试题（4）,汉译英

英语专业期末考试翻译试题（4）,汉译英2011--2012学年翻译理论与实践期末考试题班级＿＿＿姓名＿＿＿学号＿＿＿Ⅰ、Translate the following phases into English(2point*5=10point) 1.一寸光阴一寸金__________________________________________________________ 2.归心似箭__________________________________________________________ 3.熟能生巧__________________________________________________________ 4.如鱼得水__________________________________________________________ 5.涸泽而渔__________________________________________________________ⅡTranslate the following sentences into English(5point*6=30point) 1. 横眉冷对千夫指，俯首甘为孺子牛。

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. 正月十五元宵夜，街上挂着各式各样精巧的灯笼。

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. 这家飞机该有多大的重量啊！它载着解放解放区人民的心。

英语翻译理论

第二章翻译的标准、过程以及对译作的要求第二章翻译的标准、过程以及对译作的要求翻译虽为个体所承作，却是一种社会活动，一门综合性很强的学科。

它既有很强的理论性又有丰富的实践内涵。

就前者而言，翻译经过千百年来各国翻译家的共同努力，已经在语言学、文学、文化、心理学、人类学、哲学和教育学等学科的基础上初步建立了一套理论体系，并在具体实践中总结出了一套行之有效的跨文化和语言转换模式。

随着科学的日益进步，这种体系和模式正处在不断地完善之中。

就后者而言，翻译是人类社会活动的产物，具有很强的实践性。

翻译理论与实践的关系是辨证的；翻译理论产生于翻译实践，反过来又指导实践，实践转过来又丰富翻译理论。

可以说，没有社会实践就不会有翻译理论的产生；没有翻译理论作为指导，翻译实践就会难免走弯路。

因此，学好翻译既要重视翻译理论的学习，又要加强翻译实践；理论联系实际，这是我们学好翻译的必由之路。

第一节翻译的标准所谓翻译标准，亦曰翻译原则，即指导翻译实践、评价译文质量的尺度。

翻译标准的确立，对于建立科学的翻译理论体系具有重要意义。

一、严复的三字标准中国清末思想家严复的三字标准“信、达、雅”（Faithfulness, Expressiveness and Elegance）。

1898年，严复在《天演论》的《译例言》中说：“译事之难：信、达、雅。

求其信，已大难矣！顾信矣，不达，虽译，犹不译也，则达尚焉。

”后来一般就把“信、达、雅”当作翻译的标准。

用今天的话来说，“信”就是忠实准确，“达”就是通顺流畅，“雅”就是文字古雅。

严复的“信、达、雅”被公认为翻译标准，其影响深远。

它对商务英语的翻译同样指导作用，商务英语要求语言严谨、准确就要做到“信”，同时在“信”的基础上追求“达、雅”。

严复的三字标准在中国翻译界讨论翻译标准时，几乎无不提及。

正是在三字标准的基础上，许多学者和翻译家结合自己的丰富经验，提出了自己的独特见解，从而进一步推动了我国的翻译研究和实践。

大学英语四课后翻译

Have you ever heard people say that they tend to be more of a right-brain or left-brain thinkers? From books to television programs, you have probably heard the term mentioned numerous times, or perhaps you have even taken an online test to determine which type best describes you.Do different parts of the brain really control different bodily and mental functions? Over the years, a theory that has gained in popularity is that the right brain and the left brain are responsible for different modes of thought and that the way in which side of his brain works more actively.People who rely more heavily on the right half of their brain tend to be more imaginative and spontaneous. They are interested in patterns, shapes and sizes, for the right is associated with artistic ability like singing, painting, writing poetry, ect. Left-brain dominated people are quite opposite in the way they think. They tend to be more logical and analytical in their thinking and usually stand out in mathematics and word skills.While the different functions of the two brain parts may have been distorted and exaggerated by popular psychology, understanding your strengths and weaknesses in certain areas can help you develop better ways to learn and study. For example, if you are usually stumped in trying to follow verbal instructions, an activity often cited as a right-brain characteristic, you can benefit from writing down directions and developing better organization skills.二、I was once in a relationship with a woman who was the most brilliant, creative and driven person I’d ever known. I told her these things often because she didn’t see herself this way, despite achieving great success and acclaim in her professional field. She was also gorgeous and sexy, though she seemed not to realize this either, so I told her these things too. But while I thought it was more important to praise her brilliance, it seemed to mean more to her that she was considered attractive.My experience with this girlfriend exemplifies a common phenomenon in life-when it come To complimenting a woman, men often walk a very difficult line. Of course,context matters. In a professional setting, talking about appearance is often inappropriate, but at a singles club,, it may be important. She will be very pleased if a man thinks her clothes and accessories are pretty, or her hair looks wonderful. However, things in between these two cases are unclear. Women have every right to be recognized and appreciated for their intelligence and creativity. But at the same time, they want to be admired for their looks as well, for example, their perfect skin complexion and elegant outfits.Unfortunately, most guys don’t understand this. If we receive compliments from women, they’re usually about our achievements, not our looks. Most of us don’t expect a woman to tell us how handsome or sexy we are, and some of us would find it hard to regard such a comment as sincere.I’m not saying it’s very hard to be a guy these days. It is important for every man to understand how to treat women with both respect and admiration . but as far as the right balance of these two is concerned, we really have no frame of reference, especially when it comes to looks.In some urban centers, workaholism (工作狂) is so common that people do not consider it unusual: They accept the lifestyle as normal. Government workers in Washington D. C. ,for example, frequently work 60 to 70 hours a week. They don’t do this because they have to do; they do it because they want to. Workaholism can be a serious problem. True workaholics, being deeply immersed in their work, allow themselves little or no time to take breaks. They like to work without being disrupted , and they probably don’t know how to relax.But is workaholism always bad? Perhaps not. There are people who work well under stress . Besides, some studies show that many workaholics have great energy and interest in their own sphere . Their work is so pleasurable that they are actually very happy. For most workaholics, work and entertainment are the same thing. Their work changes them, keeping them busy and genuinely engaged.Why do workaholics enjoy doing their job so much? Of course they get paychecks from it, but it is hard to quantify the pleasure with money. It offers more than financial security. Psychologists claim that work gives people an identity and provides them with self-confidence. People have a feeling of satisfaction when they administrate a business well or complete a challenging piece of work. In addition, most jobs provide a socially acceptable way for people to meet others. So, though some people are compulsive about their work, their addiction seems to be a safe or even an advantageous one. They feel empty and incomplete when they are involves in activities not related to work.四、Farming invariably interferes with the habitats of plants and animals. However, this does not necessarily mean that agriculture and biodiversity are incompatible . in fact, quite the opposite is true. The sustainable cultivation of plants for food and feed actually enables us to preserve biodiversity.By 2007, there were more than twice as many people living on the planet as there were in 1961. over the same period, the total amount of available arable land grew by just 10 percent. In comparison with population growth, the expansion of arable land was small. And there are limits to further expansion. A large proportion of the earth’s surface-like deserts-is not suitable for cultivation, and other areas are utilized by humans for roads and buildings. Some land that is rich in biodiversity needs to be preserved and thus should not be converted into arable land. The tropical rain forests, for example, have the highest species density in the world, and changing this land for crop cultivation would be dreadful to these species’s habitats and, indeed, existence.By 2050, global demand for food will have risen by 70 percent. But the expansion of land available for cultivation has its limits. This is one of the greatest challenges facing agriculture today:How do we balance the increased demand for food with the need to maintain biological diversity, now and in the future?Efficient and sane use of land will be key to preserving natural animal and plant habitats. To achieve this aim will depend to a considerable extent on the use of modern agricultural methods. If these methods are successfully applied, we believe that agriculture and biodiversitycan coexist in harmony.五、Stereotypes have some truth mixed in with a few generalizations. Sometimes these generalizations can be misleading as they are often based on observation of the (1)exterior behavior of people in a certain culture. Spaghetti, pasta, mafia (黑手党), gestures, fashion —these are some words commonly used to describe Italians. How much truth is there in the stereotype? As an Italian myself, I will give you some (2) insights into the Italian soul and clarify some misunderstandings that foreigners have about us.Spaghetti and pasta are sacred. You can't take pasta away from an Italian meal; otherwise it won't be (3)complete. A typical Italian meal generally includes pasta as a starter, fish or meat with salad as the main (4)course, followed by fruit or dessert, and then coffee. But there are considerable regional differences in Italy, and hence (5)inconsistencies exist between the stereotype and reality. For instance, you might find risotto (加有肉、鱼或蔬菜的调味饭) replacing pasta in some places!The Mafia is real: We are not proud of it, but it does exist, especially in the South and on the island of Sicily. Obviously, not every Italian is a member of the Mafia, and most will be(6)offended if you use the term, even if you are just joking.Yes, the way we speak is unique. Italians use (7)gestures a lot in communication. We simply cannot talk without our hands. If the hands are busy doing something else, we start moving shoulders or other parts of the body.We are also fashion victims. You can recognize Italians by the way they dress from head to toe. We wear stylish clothes and (8)ornaments for every possible occasion. You won't ever see an Italian wearing running shorts combined with long socks: It's simply against our (9)sense of style! Italy is made up of many regions and provinces which are similar in some ways and(10)distinctive in others. The stereotype contains some truth, but being Italian takes a lot more than that.六、To invest in women's education and health is important for the overall welfare of the human society. The (1)reason for saying so is obvious, that is, women are playing important roles in modern society. The politicians who (2)levy taxes should know that women contribute to 40 percent of the world's production in agriculture, a quarter in industry, and a third in services. Women farmers in the developing countries grow at least 50 percent of the world's food. In addition to (3)generating income, women continue to take responsibilities for household activities such as childcare, cleaning and preparing food, which are sometimes not as (4)lightweight and easy as generally thought.Yet women's productivity remains low. Improving women's productivity can greatly benefit economic growth and poverty (5)reduction, which are key development goals around the world. Hence, to (6)enhance women's status is a vital part of the World Bank's strategy for broadly based economic and human resource development.To improve women's welfare calls for the efforts of both women and men. If long-term change in the conditions of women is to be (7)achieved, the actions and attitudes of men must change, rather than simply to (8)emancipate women from old conventions. Problems affecting women are often closely related to the social (9)relationship between men and women. For example, it is impossible to deal with women's health problems effectively through (10)approaches thatinvolve only women. Many women's health problems are embedded in unequal gender relation in work loads, responsibilities for family welfare, as well as access to resources and decision-making.第一单元The Doctrine of the Mean is the core of Confucianism. The so-called "mean" by Confucius doesn't mean "compromise" but a "moderate" and "just-right" way when understanding and handling objective things. Confucius advocated that this thought should not only be treated as a way to understand and deal with things but also be integrated into one's daily conduct to make it a virtue through self-cultivation and training. The Doctrine of the Mean is not only the core of Confucianism but also an important component of traditional Chinese culture. From the time it came into being to the present, it has played an invaluable role in the construction of national spirit, the transmission of national wisdom, and the development of national culture.中庸思想是儒家思想的重要内容。

英汉翻译-4 词义的选择

6）She drew a check against her bank balance（余额）. 【译文】她开了一张支票提取银行存款的余额。（表示“抵消”） 7）We must not cross the street against the light.
【译文】我们不能不顾交通信号灯就横穿马路。（表示“违反”）
综合练习
1．翻译下列句子，注意词义选择
1）The house is over against the university. 【译文】那幢房子就在学校的对面。 2）We’re up against all sorts of difficulties. 【译文】我们勇于面对种种困难。 3）The factory has produced 85 tons of sugar this year, against the 60 tons of last year. 【译文】这个厂今年生产了85吨糖，而去年只生产了60吨。（形成“对照”） 4）He saves money against the rainy day. 【译文】他存钱以备不时之用。 5）Charge it against my account. 【译文】把这笔钱记在我的账上。（表示“用……抵付”）
4.3 词义的褒贬 4.4 综合练习
4.1 词义的选择（Choice of Word-meanings）
词汇是构成句子和文章的最基本要素。因此对词义的理解正确与否，直接关系到句子和篇章译文的正确性。另外，能否对词义做正确选取与表述，是构成好译文的基础。但是在文章中，一词多义、一义多词和一词多类的现象很多，选取词汇释义，既靠能力，又靠鉴赏力。
例2 : like
1）All music is alike to Tom. 【译文】啥音乐在汤姆听来全都一样。 2）That, I think, is hardly likely. 【译文】我想，那不大可能。 3）Man’s life is often likened to sea voyage. 【译文】人生常被比作海上航行。 4）His likeness to his brother was remarkable（引人注目的）. 【译文】他长像酷似他兄弟。 5）Things cannot be always to one’s liking. 【译文】事情不会总是称心如意的。 6）Like likes like. 【译文】物以类聚。

翻译理论技巧(the skills of the translating theory)

翻译理论技巧（the Skills of Translation Theory）1. 词义选择(Selection of Meanings)例1．This phase involves laying out material in order to inventory all problems．[在该句中，inventory作动词]在此阶段，须展示所有的资料以便开列所有问题的清单。

例2．Passing by the entirely south elevation，one may view the house from below the waterfall．[elevation此处为建筑设计的“立视图”或“立面”]完全绕过南立面后，人们可以从瀑布下方观看这幢房子(流水别墅)。

Directions：Translate the following sentences into Chinese，paying special attention to the correct selection of meanings of the underlined words or phrases．1．When one first approaches Falling Water，the impression is that of a series of pale yellow-colored horizontal planes hovering above ground at varying heights within a forest．第一次去流水别墅的人留下的印象深刻的是树木中一系列灰黄色的不同高度的水平挑台。

2．Four square garden courts front the mausoleum at one end of Taj Mahal(泰姬陵)．四个方庭朝向位于泰姬陵端部的陵墓。

3．In his discussion of form，Le Corbusier is at pains to point out that the geometric laws of any particular form should be the basis for subsequent action．在关于形式的讨论中，柯布西耶设法指出所有特殊形式的几何规律是后来进一步行动的基础。

英语本科段自学考试英汉翻译教程Unit_4_Economy[1].doc

Unit 4 EconomyLesson 10 (E—C)A Golbal EconmyRsident Clinton realized—as all of us must—that today’s economy is global. We live in an era in which information, goods and capital sped around the globe, every hour of every day. Whther we like it or not, all of our fortunes are tied together. We are truly interdependent.America supports international trade because we believe fundamentally that trade will enrich those nations who embrace its discipline. The great promise of trade is its potential to promote mutual prosperity—and to strengthen the bonds between sovereign nations.The U.S. and China both demonstrate the potential of trade to improve the lives of our people. Y ou know better than I the great achievements of the Chinese economy over the past two decades. In 1977, the sum total of Chinese imports and exports was less than $15 billion, putting China’s share of world trade at 0.6 percent. The most populosus country in the world, China ranked a distant 30th among exporting nations. By 1993 China’s exports and imports totaled nearly $200 billion. China had become the world’s tenth largest exporter.Since 1978, when China began opening its econnomy to imcreased foreign investment and trade, aggregate outpou has more than doubled. The strongest growth has occurred in the coastal areas near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan, where foreign investment and modern production methoods have spurred productin of both domestic and export goods. Per capita GNP has grown at an average rate of 7.6% from 1980-1992.The numbers are interesting, but how has this affected the people of China? In the last decade, telephone connections rose more than 60%. Electrical production more than doubled to 621 million kilowatt hours. In short, China has improved the economic well-being of its people.The people of the United States also have experienced the benefits of world trade. Since World War II, the U.S. has been the world’s largest econnomy and, in most years, the world’s largest eporter.But the importance of trade in our economy had exploded in the past three decades. In 1970, the value of two way trade was equal to just 13% of the U.S. economy. Last year, that figure, at 28%, was more than twice as high. In just the last seven years, jobs supported bu U.S. exports (goods and services) have risen by 4 million, to a total of 11 million. That’s almost one out of ten American jobs. Last year U.S. trade equalled $1.8 trillion dollars.Nor is the importance of trade likely to diminish for either China or the United States. China will continue to depend upon lucrative export markets to earn the foreign exchange it needs to develop and grow. At the same time, China’s imports will supply the much needed machinery and technology to fuel its continued development.For the United States, new commercial opportunities will grow most rapidly in the emerging markets. We estimate that three quarters of new eport opportunities over the next twenty years that’s an incredible $1.9 trillion in potential exports—will come in the emerging markets of Asia and Latin America. This means jobs for American workers and a higher standard of living for the American people.(Ecerpted form “Remarks by Ambassador Kantor at the University of International Business and Economics”, 1995)译文：一个全球性的经济正如每个人必须认识到的那样，克林顿总统认识到当今的经济具有全球性质。

大学英语翻译教程-第四讲

4.2意译法
(29)We in Zambia would like to build a colorblind society where all can have equal opportunities. (30)It is no use gathering a lot of facts and data without making a thorough study and scientific analysis of them.
LOGO
第四讲翻译的方法：直译与意译
大体说来，翻译的基本方法有两种，即所谓的直译 ( literal translation 或metaphase)和意译(free translation或paraphrase)。人们对直译和意译的认识不尽相同。因而，一些人甚至将那种生搬硬套、对号入座的硬译、死译误认为直译，也有一些人则把某些妄加删改、添油加醋的胡译、乱译混同于意译。这两种倾向无疑都从根本上曲解了直译与意译的真正含义。
Contents
4.1. 直译法 4.2. 意译法
4.3. 直译同意译的关系
4.1直译法
一般认为，直译就是不仅忠实于原文内容而且忠实原文形式的翻译方法。也有人把直译解释为一种重“形似”的方法，要求在保持原文内容的前提下，力求使译文与原文在选词用字、句法结构、形象比喻及风格特征等方面尽可能趋于一致。
4.2意译法
所谓意译，一般指忠实于原文内容而不拘泥于原文结构形式与修辞手法的翻译方法。英国人表达“进退两难”常用“between the devil and the deep blue sea”，而中国人则常用“进退维谷”；英国人想表达“多此一举” 之义时常用“carry coals to Newcastle"，而中国人则经常说“画蛇添足”；英语中说the seventh heaven，而汉语中则用“九(重)天” 指最高天际。

4英语翻译技巧-直、音、意译

英语翻译方法：直译与意译这里所讲翻译方法是指通过英、汉两种语言特点对比，分析其异同，阐述表达原文的一般规律。

英、汉语结构有相同一面，汉译时可照译，即所谓“直译”——既忠实原文内容，又符合原文结构形式,能传达原文意义，体现原文风格等。

但这两种语言之间还有许多差别，如完全照译，势必出现“英化汉语”，这时就需要“意译”，在忠实原文内容前提下，摆脱原文结构束缚，使译文符合汉语规范。

特别要注意是：“直译”不等于“死译”，“意译”也不等于“乱译”。

试比较：1、直译与死译原文结构与汉语结构是一致，照译即可。

但如果原文结构与汉语不一致，仍然采取直译方法，就成“死译”了。

如：①、In some automated plants electronic computers control the entire production line. 在某些自动化工厂，电子计算机控制整个生产线。

（直译）②、The earth acts like a big magnet．地球作用着像一块大磁铁。

（死译）③、Manganese has the same effect on the strength of steel as silicon. 锰有同样影响在强度上像硅。

（死译）例②、例③既不忠实原意，又不符合汉语表达方式。

因此，必须运用“词类转换”广成分转换”、“词（语）序调整”等手段使译文通顺。

例②、例③应分别译为：“地球作用像一块大磁铁。

”…“锰像硅一样会影响钢强度。

”2、意译和乱译只有在正确理解原文基础上，运用相应翻译方法以调整原文结构，用规范汉语加以表达，这才真正做到“意译”。

翻译实践证明，大量英语句子汉译都要采取“意译法”。

如果把“意译”理解为凭主观臆想来理解原文，可以不分析原文结构，只看词面意义，自己编造句子，势必造成“乱译”。

如：It is easy to compress a gas，it is just a matter of reducing the space between the molecules. Like a liquid a gas has no shape，but unlike a liquid it will expand and fill any container it is put in.气体是很容易压缩，这正是压缩分子之间距离根据。

PPT 翻译概论第四章

杨绛《失败的经验---试探翻译》
三原则
去字梏：单词重组句：句子建空间：篇章
英语口译梁丽娅
莫里斯对意义的分类：
1.指称意义：指语言符号和它所描绘或叙述的主观世界获客观世界的实体和事件之间的关系。（= 概念意义，认知意义) 语言符号的基本内容和它所传递的主要信息。 ( VS 字面意义) 2.言内意义:语言符号之间的关系，体现在语言符号的音韵，语法，词汇，句子和话语等各个层面。 3.语用意义：语言符号与符号使用者——包括收讯人和发讯人——之间的关系（主观性）
法国释意派对意义的分类：
最大的贡献是：区分了潜在意义和现实化意义；释意派的弟子安帕罗· 于塔多· 阿尔比在《富裕的“忠实”概念》中发展了释义派理论对意义的认识。
分类：
1. 涵意，现实化涵义与意义
现实化涵义是意义的一部分
2. 信息与意义 3. 效果与意义
被理解的意义是效果引发的因素
4. 意图与意义
4.3 意义的分类 4.4 在交流中让意义再生
英语口译梁丽娅
什么是意义？
意义不是一种客观的，唯一的确定的存在，意义的这一特质就给翻译活动造成了很大的障碍。所以，译者在遇到难以克服的的障碍并无法完全赋原文本的意义以再生时，译者须分清轻重，主次，尽可能减少语义损失。
奈达对意义的分类
早期分类：
所指意义
（字面意义）
联想意义
(言外之意）
Nida said, " Translating consists in reproducing inthe receptor language the clesest equivalent of the soure-language messege, first in terms og meaning and secondly in terms of style.

矿大研究生英语翻译理论与实践课外作业(4)

Assignment 4I.Translate the following sentences into Chinese and pay attention tothe translation of the blackened parts.1.The economic environment is characterized by buyers, sellers and competitors.译文：经济环境的特点是买，卖和竞争。

ser is one of the most sensational developments in recent years, because of its applicability to many fieldsof science and its adaptability to practical uses.译文：近年来，由于激光的在许多科学领域和实际应用的适用性，使其成为最轰动的发展之一。

3.Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.译文：火箭已经应用于对宇宙的探索。

4.If major problems exist and goals are not being achieved, then changes need to be made in the company’sorganizational or managerial structure.译文：如果公司的主要问题还存在，目标还没有完成，那么公司的组织与管理结构就需要做调整。

5.They are quite content with the data obtained from the experiment.译文：他们对从实验中所获得的数据非常满意。

6.We are especially grateful to you for arranging the meeting for us with the Machinery Trading Delegation atsuch short notice.译文：我们非常感谢你们能在如此短的时间里为我们安排与机械交易代表团的成员见面。

全新版大学英语综合教程4翻译04in search of davos man

2．亚历克斯?曼德尔也是全球化的狂热信奉者，但他对于自己的看法与布劳德截然不同。61岁的曼德尔曾任美国电话电报公司总裁。他出生于奥地利，现在经营着一家法国技术公司，该公司在中国的业务正迅速增加。他估计自己90%左右的时间花在了出差上。尽管曼德尔全球到处跑，已经做了45年美国公民的他仍然认为自己是个美国人。“我毫不犹豫地把自己当做美国人。虽然我在其他地方度过很多时间，但是并不能改变我是美国人的事实，”他说。
9.在不远的将来，资本流动也完全有可能脱离达沃斯人式的全球化运行的轨迹。与达沃斯人相对应的是马尼拉女人。这些来自亚洲和其他地方的低薪流动工人正在全世界提供日益增多的关键服务。英国一家医疗保健公司------保柏集团的首席执行官瓦莱丽·戈丁说，要是没有来自菲律宾、印度、尼日利亚和其他地方的移民护士，英美两国的医疗保健体系就会崩溃。她说，与达沃斯人不同，她们毫不掩饰自己强烈的爱国情绪。
7.但是，故去的二十年见证了另外一些重大参与者的出现。发达国家正在开辟一条通向中国和印度的大门的道路-------中国和印度的公司却将眼光投向海外以谋求未来的发展。北京甚至提出了“走出去”的政策，鼓励中国企业购买海外资产。亚洲各国正在形成“一个卓越的创新性环境”，思科系统公司的首席执行官约翰·钱伯斯如是说，“目前中国和印度的工科大学毕业生是我们美国的五倍还多。”那就意味着美国和欧洲的公司正面临着来自外海的高质量且低成本的竞争。难怪那么多西方工人担心失业。“如果问题涉及的是整个蛋糕的大小，那全球化已经被证明是件好事。”贝恩管理咨询公司的董事长奥里特·加迪西说，“如果问题是在于蛋糕怎么分，而你又是西方人，那你就会质疑全球化。”
10.并不是所有的达沃斯人都在追逐全球市场。帕特里克·塞尔在法国经营一家名为尤拉吉奥投资集团的私募股权公司。他抱怨说，欧洲跨国经营中尚有太多的障碍，更别提全球化经营了。因此他的尤拉吉奥投资集团专注于国内市场。“我是法国人，在法国做生意对我而言要方便得多，”塞尔说，“别处也一样。如果你不是意大利人，却要在意大利做生意，你是无法取得成功的。”