定语从句、被动语态

专题十八：定语从句
一、定语从句：
1.定语从句的概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

2.先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。

3.关系词：引导定语从句的连词叫关系词。

如that、which、who、whom、whose、where、when等。

4.由that、which、who、whom、whose引导的定语从句。

关系词指代在定语从句中的作用that既指人也指物作主语、宾语
which指物作主语、宾语
who指人作主语
whom指人作宾语
whose既指人也指物作定语
二、定语从句：1.先行词是物时，一般情况既可用that，which均可.但下列情况，只用that不用which。

1).当先行词为指物的不定代词，如all、everything、something、
anything、nothing、none、the one等时，只能用that。

There is nothing ______ I can do for you .
2).先行词被the only, the very, the last, all, no, little等词修饰,只用that。

This is the very book ___ I’m looking for .
3).先行词被序数词修饰时，只用that . This is the first nextbook ______ I studied in the middle school .
4).先行词为最高级或被最高级修饰时，只能用that。

This is the most beautiful mountain ______ I have ever seen .=I have _____ seen _____ a beautiful mountian .
5).先行词既有人也有物时，只能that 。

He told us many interesting things and persons _______ we had .
2.先行词是物时，一般情况既可用that也可用which.但下列情况，只能用which不用that。

1).关系代词前有介词时，关系词只能用which 。

This is the building in ______ he lives .
2).引导非限定性的定语从句（先行词是物且先行词与关系词用逗号隔开），关系词用which。

His book , ______ was lost last week , has been found now.
3.先行词是人时，一般情况下既可用who 也可用that 。

但以下情况下，只能用who。

1).当先行词为those、one、ones、anyone且作主语时,一般用who .Those ____ are singing are all my classmates .
2).在there be 句型中，先行词指人时，只能用who。

指物时用that。

There is a girl ______ expects to see you .
3).当先行词是I、you、he、they等时，只能用who 。

He ______ plays with fire gets burned .
三、定语从句由关系副词when、where、why引导的定语从句。

where = in / at +which when = in / on / at +which why = for + which
1.由where引导的定语从句。

1).先行词是表示地点的名词 2).在定语从句中作地点状语
Is this the house ____ you lived ?= Is this the house ____ ___ you lived ?= Is this the house ___ you lived in ?
2.由when引导的定语从句。

1).先行词是表示时间的名词 2).在定语从句中作时间状语
I will never forget the days ______ I met him .= I will never forget the days ____ ____ I met him.
注：先行词是the last time 时，when 可省略。

When was the last time you saw the parrot ?
3.由why引导的定语从句。

先行词为reason 时，一般用why 。

why在句
中作原因状语。

We don’t know the reason ______ they didn’t come .四、注意事项：1.关系词在定语从句中作宾语时，常可省略。

The story _____ he told was very popular .A.who B.whom C.whose D. / 2.that 、who 、which 在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词应与先行词保持一致。

I loves singers who _______(write) their own songs ./She is one of the girls who ______(study) hard .3.定语从句中whose 的确定：无论先行词是人或物，在定语从句中做定语用whose 。

判断：看定语从句的主语前有无限定词（my 、your 、Jim’s 等），若没有，则用whose 。

The girl _____ parents work in Beijing is Kate .A. who B. whose C. which D. that
专题十二：被动语态的构成及用法
一、被动语态被动语态的基本结构为：be+动词的过去分词各种时态的主动、被动语态的结构如下表（以动词do 为例）：时态主动语态被动语态例句主动语态被动语态一般现在时
do/does am/is/are+done We clean the classroom.．The classroom is cleaned by us ．一般过去时
did was/were+done He made the kite ．The kite was made by him ．现在进行时
am/is/are+doing am/is/are+being done She is watering flowers ．Flower are being watered by her ．现在完成时
have/has+done have/has+been done Jim has finished the work ．The work has been finished by Jim ．一般将来时
will/shall/be going to+do will/shall/be going to+be done They will plant trees tomorrow ．Trees will be planted by them tomorrow ．过去进行was/were+doing was/were+being done She was writing a letter this time A letter was being written by her this time
时yesterday．yesterday．过
去完成时had+done had+been done
Jim had
finished the
work．
The work
had been
finished．
过
去将来时would/should/be
going to+do
would/should/be
going to+be done
He said he
would make
a kite．
He said a kite
would be
made by
him．
含有
情态动词can/may/must+do can/may/must+be
done
I can find
him．
He can be
found by
me．
一．被动语态的用法：在被动语态中，主语是动作的承受者，主要用于下列几种情况：
（1）不知道动作的执行者是谁。

如：This watch is made in China．更多资料QQ378459309制作：
（2）没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。

如：More trees must be planted every year．。

（3）需要强调或突出动作的承受者时。

如：Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world．
（4）句子的主语是动作的承受者。

如：Many houses were washed away by the food．
二、主动语态和被动语态的转换
1．主动语态变为被动语态
（1）要将主动句里的宾语变为被动句中的主语，若主动句中的宾语是人称代词，要将宾语变成主格。

（2）把主动句中的主语变为被动句中的宾语，主格变成宾格，并用by 引导。

（3）谓语动词变成相应的被动形式。

主动语态：动作执行者+谓语动词主动形式+动作承受者
被动语态：动作承受者+谓语动词被动形式+动作执行者
如：We asked him to sing an English song．(变为被动语态) →He was asked to sing an English song by us．
2．带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态
谓语动词带双宾语时，既可以将间接宾语转化成主语，也可以将直接宾语转化为主语。

若将间接宾语转化为主语，则保留直接宾语；若将直接宾语转化为主语则保留间接宾语，且在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词to 或for。

如：She gave me a book．(变为被动语态) →I was given a book by her．(间接宾语me改为了主语)
A book was given to me by her．(直接宾语a book 改为了主语)
3．动词短语变为被动语态
许多由动词和介词、副词构成的动词短语相当于及物动词，可以有宾语，也可以有被动语态。

在变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成动词短语的介词或副词。

如：We should speak to old men politely．(变为被动语态)
Old men should be spoken to politely．(to不可省略)
4．带复合宾语的动词变为被动语态
宾语加上宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。

变被动语态时，只把宾语变为被动句的主语，宾语补足语保留在原处，成为主语补足语。

如：I heard Jane playing the piano in her room．(变为被动语态) →Jane was heard playing the piano in her room．
5．变被动语态后动词形式的选择
主动句中在感官动词see，hear，watch，feel，notice等，及使役动词let，make，have等后跟省略to的不定式，变为被动句时，应加上不定式符号to。

如：He makes the girl stay at home．（变为被动语态）→The girl is made to stay at home by him．。