汉英语言对比Pesentation

汉英语言对比Pesentation————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：A presentation for Contrastive Studies of Chinese and EnglishTeaching term: September 2009 to January 2010Submission Date: Dec. 9Student Name:University ID:E-mail:Mobile:Reader 9Contrastive Discourse in Chinese and EnglishbyRon ScollonSuzannne Wong ScollonAndy KirkpatrickChapter Four：Information sequence and rhetoric in letters of request Chapter Five：Information sequence and rhetoric in Chinese argumentChapter Four: Information sequence and rhetoric in letters of requestIf we would communicate across cultural barriers, we must learn what to say and how to say it in terms of the expectations of those we want to listen. (Oliver, 1962:154)在一次中国香港与北美商家开会时，其中一位中方商人这么说：Because most of our production is done in China now，and uh· it，s not really certain how the government will react in the run-up to 1997( REASON 1)，and since I think a certain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of the expense( REASON 2)，So，I suggest that we delay making our decision until after Legco makes its decision( SUGGESTION)．(1)客观原因：目前我们大部分商品都是在中国大陆完成的，还不确定中国政府会在1997之前将采取什么样的政策;(2)主观见解：个人认为考虑到成本的因素，应当谨慎决定电视广告事宜。

提出建议：等利哥考决定之后，我们再做决定。

But in western way:I suggest that we delay making our decision until after Legco makes its decision．That’s because I think a certain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of the expense．In addition to that, most of our production is done in China now，an d it’s not really certain how the government will react in the run-up to 1997．汉英语篇模式：汉语的语篇模式：BECAUSEY (topic, background or reasons) 英语的语篇模式：X (comment, main point or action suggested) BECAUSE1. 基于前两章对汉语口头语信息顺序和修辞结构研究的结论，提出假设：先因后果的顺序( ‘BECAUSE-THEREFORE’ or ‘frame-main sequence’)同样体现在汉语书面语篇中。

2. 论证以40封中国观众至澳大利亚广播电台中国栏目组的信件为语料进行分析.2.1 Information background：Types of request (12) and items requested (18-1) in the 40 letters; number of requests per letter.The letter writers [origin(mainland China, 5 from Guangxi); age (majority young); sex (1:1)]Relative imposition of the requests: light, with only one relatively heavy.Social distance: less than might be expected. (1. 私人函件关系；2. 听众-主持人关系；3. 同胞关系；4.写信者在预期中可以如愿)* Personal relationships: 上下有义、贵贱有分、长幼有序、男女有别( hierarchy)The way a person speaks will always reflect underlying assumptions about the relation of distance and power between himself and his listener. ( Scollon & Scollon, 1983:170)e.g. (李叔叔，) 帮我把包递过来一下吧。

(叔叔，) 帮我把包递过来。

(小李，) 给我把包递过来。

2.2 General summary of findings (the answers to 5 questions):①请求出现的位置？37/40 末尾；3/40 开头②请求在最末出现的信件中，请求的前文是什么？Preamble ( introduction to self; introduction to history of self and Radio Australia; praise for RA; praise for specific people and/or programmes; explanation of how RA has been of benefit to self.)≈hints for the conclusion ≈ a kind of extended facework = an integral part of the requests③请求原因是在请求前还是后？前④请求的陈述方式，直截了当还是使用加强词或缓和词？（*直接与间接）相对直接，但采取“我想能得到…希望能得到…”这样的方式(“please”与“请”的区别：亲疏；上下)⑤请求的轻重是否影响到请求放置的顺序？无影响（本语料中）2.3 Native speaker reactions按信件的礼貌程度从高到低排序：NO.32 → NO.19 → …NO.XX → NO. YY →NO.21 （The last three are all request-front ones ） ▇12：0 ▅12：0 ▄8：4 ▃6：6 ▁3：9 NO.32Schema: Salutation → Facework → Reason For Request → Request1911 Salutation: Respected Radio Australia Producers (尊敬的澳大利亚广播电台出品者)“BECAUSE-THEREFORE ” sequence sentences are found in the body of the letter. （Twice ）NO. 19Schema: Salutation → Facework/ Reasons for Request → Requests → Sign OffSalutation ：Miss XXX + How are you! ( XXX 女士，您好！)“BECAUSE ” sentence (Once)*将自己置于一个相对弱势的地位更容易博得他人的同情，以获得帮助。

NO. 21 (a request – front letter)Schema: Salutation → Reason for Request → Request 1 → Request 2 → Sign Off写作口吻正式(“得悉您贵处…”)，但出现了错别字(“陈便”)Guess ：the lack of facework that makes the letter impolite.NO. 30Schema ： Salutation → Facework → Reason for request → Request → Reason for request → Request → Reason for request → Requests →Sign Off （170/365）Salutation: Radio Australia Personnel + 你们好！“BECAUSE-THEREFORE ” request sequence“请”的出现 (请满足我的要求)Relative imposition: heavy (要求满足写信者个人的特殊请求被视作“过分”)The heavy relative imposition made the native speakers feel it impolite.3. 结论The most important criterion by which the letters were judged was their overall schema.BECAUSE-THEREFORE request sequencePolite schema: Salutation → Facework → Reasons For Request → Request → Sign OffIt is an integral part of the request and must be presented in this order for the request to be identified as normal and polite.191 112130 95Chapter Five: Information sequence and rhetoric in Chinese argument中国的传统思维是一种从整体出发或以整体为参照的、以经验为基础的直观思维(李宗桂，1988：300)，也就是说中国传统思维方式主要有两点：整体思维与直觉思维。