英文翻译1

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三年级课本的英文句子翻译

三年级课本的英文句子翻译

三年级课本的英文句子翻译三年级课本的英文句子翻译英语的口语知识应从小培养,英语是一门很重要的课程,很多孩子因为不懂英语而放弃英语,这是不对的,Retaining a childish heart is a matter of pride.下面是店铺整理的三年级课本的.英文句子翻译。

Unit 1Welcome back to school1、Hi! /Hello! 你好!2、Good morning/afternoon/evening 早上/ 下午/ 晚上好。

3、I’m Amy. 我叫埃米。

4、I’m from America /Canada /China. 我来自美国/加拿大/中国。

5、We have a new friend. 我们有一位新朋友。

6、Watch out! 小心!7、Where are you from? 你来自哪里?I’m from China. 我来自中国。

8、Student: I’m sorry. 学生:对不起。

Teacher: It’s OK. Come in. 教师:没关系。

进来。

9、Wait a minute. 等一下。

10、Have some tea, Mom. 妈妈,请喝茶。

11、Happy women’s Day!妇女节快乐Thank you.谢谢你们Unit 2My family1、Who’s that woman? 那个女人是谁?She’s my mother. 她是我的妈妈。

2、Who’s that man? 那个男人是谁?He’s my father. 他是我的爸爸。

3、This is my family. 这是我的家庭。

4、Come on, BaiLing. 快来,白玲。

5、Let’s watch TV. 让我们一起看电视吧!6、How funny! 真有趣啊!How beautiful! 真漂亮啊!7、What a big fish! 好大的一条鱼啊!8、Is she your sister? 她是你的姐妹吗?Yes, she is. \ No , she isn’t. 是的,她是。

电大期末考英语1翻译

电大期末考英语1翻译

1.我是护士I am a nurse.2.先给玛丽打个电话怎么样?What/How about making a call to Mary/ calling Mary first?3.我这个星期要来修理I’ll repair it this week.4.你为什么不去市场部Why don’t you go to the Marketing Department?5.她眼下在培训一个中国同事。

She is currently training a Chinese colleague.6.玛丽在度假Mary is having a holiday now.7.今晚去跳舞怎么样?What/How about going dancing this evening.8.这本书多少钱?How much does the book cost?9.你的老师是美国人吗?Is your teacher from the USA?10.大卫此刻在睡觉David is sleeping now.11.我今晚要感到七点钟I’ll work until 7 o’clock.12.他不是建筑师,他是工程师He isn’t an architect. He is an engineer.13.你为什么不去找房地产经纪人Why don’t you go to an estate agent?14.波莉在读报纸Polly is reading a newspaper.15.去看电影怎么样?What about going to the cinema? seeing a film16.小燕在读书Xiaoyan is reading a book.17.我来给他们打电话I’ll call them.18.你为什么不去看医生Why don’t you go to see a doctor?19.我要来打扫I’ll clean it.20.萨丽是个警官吗?Is Sally a police officer?21.明天下午去踢足球怎么样What about playing football tomorrow afternoon?22.你为什么不去试一试Why don’t you have a try?23.我父亲是医生My father is a doctor.24.去看看这个公寓怎么样What about seeing the flat?25.房租一月五百磅The rent is 500 pounds a month.26.他正在方位纽约办事处He is visiting the New York office right now.27.在酒吧见面怎么样How about meeting at the bar?28.你为什么不搞个计划Why don’t you make a plan?29.大卫此刻在睡觉David is sleeping now.30.你为什么不去和他们面谈Why don’t you go and talk to them face to face?31.他们是工程师They are engineers.英译汉1.I am waiting for an important telephone call.我在等一个重要电话。

各种头衔最的英文翻译

各种头衔最的英文翻译

各种头衔最的英文翻译一、常见头衔的英文翻译1. 董事长:Chairman2. 总经理:General Manager3. 副总经理:Deputy General Manager4. 部门经理:Department Manager5. 项目经理:Project Manager6. 经理助理:Manager Assistant7. 人力资源经理:Human Resources Manager8. 财务经理:Finance Manager9. 市场经理:Marketing Manager10. 销售经理:Sales Manager二、其他常见头衔的英文翻译1. 教授:Professor2. 副教授:Associate Professor3. 讲师:Lecturer4. 助教:Teaching Assistant5. 医生:Doctor6. 护士:Nurse7. 律师:Lawyer8. 工程师:Engineer9. 程序员:Programmer10. 设计师:Designer三、特殊头衔的英文翻译1. 院士:Academician2. 博士:Doctor3. 硕士:Master4. 学士:Bachelor5. 诺贝尔奖得主:Nobel Prize Winner6. 奥斯卡奖得主:Oscar Winner7. 金球奖得主:Golden Globe Winner8. 著名演员:Famous Actor9. 著名导演:Famous Director10. 著名歌手:Famous Singer各种头衔最的英文翻译一、常见头衔的英文翻译1. 董事长:Chairman2. 总经理:General Manager3. 副总经理:Deputy General Manager4. 部门经理:Department Manager5. 项目经理:Project Manager6. 经理助理:Manager Assistant7. 人力资源经理:Human Resources Manager8. 财务经理:Finance Manager9. 市场经理:Marketing Manager10. 销售经理:Sales Manager二、其他常见头衔的英文翻译1. 教授:Professor2. 副教授:Associate Professor3. 讲师:Lecturer4. 助教:Teaching Assistant5. 医生:Doctor6. 护士:Nurse7. 律师:Lawyer8. 工程师:Engineer9. 程序员:Programmer10. 设计师:Designer三、特殊头衔的英文翻译1. 院士:Academician2. 博士:Doctor3. 硕士:Master4. 学士:Bachelor5. 诺贝尔奖得主:Nobel Prize Winner6. 奥斯卡奖得主:Oscar Winner7. 金球奖得主:Golden Globe Winner8. 著名演员:Famous Actor9. 著名导演:Famous Director10. 著名歌手:Famous Singer四、政治及军事头衔的英文翻译1. 总统:President2. 副总统:Vice President3. 首相:Prime Minister4. 副首相:Deputy Prime Minister5. 国防部长:Minister of Defense6. 外交部长:Minister of Foreign Affairs7. 内政部长:Minister of Interior8. 教育部长:Minister of Education9. 财政部长:Minister of Finance10. 军官:Officer五、企业及组织头衔的英文翻译1. 首席执行官:Chief Executive Officer (CEO)2. 首席运营官:Chief Operating Officer (COO)3. 首席财务官:Chief Financial Officer (CFO)4. 首席信息官:Chief Information Officer (CIO)5. 首席市场官:Chief Marketing Officer (CMO)6. 首席技术官:Chief Technology Officer (CTO)7. 首席人力资源官:Chief Human Resources Officer (CHRO)8. 会长:President9. 秘书长:SecretaryGeneral10. 主任:Director各种头衔最的英文翻译一、常见头衔的英文翻译1. 董事长:Chairman2. 总经理:General Manager3. 副总经理:Deputy General Manager4. 部门经理:Department Manager5. 项目经理:Project Manager6. 经理助理:Manager Assistant7. 人力资源经理:Human Resources Manager8. 财务经理:Finance Manager9. 市场经理:Marketing Manager10. 销售经理:Sales Manager二、其他常见头衔的英文翻译1. 教授:Professor2. 副教授:Associate Professor3. 讲师:Lecturer4. 助教:Teaching Assistant5. 医生:Doctor6. 护士:Nurse7. 律师:Lawyer8. 工程师:Engineer9. 程序员:Programmer10. 设计师:Designer三、特殊头衔的英文翻译1. 院士:Academician2. 博士:Doctor3. 硕士:Master4. 学士:Bachelor5. 诺贝尔奖得主:Nobel Prize Winner6. 奥斯卡奖得主:Oscar Winner7. 金球奖得主:Golden Globe Winner8. 著名演员:Famous Actor9. 著名导演:Famous Director10. 著名歌手:Famous Singer四、政治及军事头衔的英文翻译1. 总统:President2. 副总统:Vice President3. 首相:Prime Minister4. 副首相:Deputy Prime Minister5. 国防部长:Minister of Defense6. 外交部长:Minister of Foreign Affairs7. 内政部长:Minister of Interior8. 教育部长:Minister of Education9. 财政部长:Minister of Finance10. 军官:Officer五、企业及组织头衔的英文翻译1. 首席执行官:Chief Executive Officer (CEO)2. 首席运营官:Chief Operating Officer (COO)3. 首席财务官:Chief Financial Officer (CFO)4. 首席信息官:Chief Information Officer (CIO)5. 首席市场官:Chief Marketing Officer (CMO)6. 首席技术官:Chief Technology Officer (CTO)7. 首席人力资源官:Chief Human Resources Officer (CHRO)8. 会长:President9. 秘书长:SecretaryGeneral10. 主任:Director六、教育领域头衔的英文翻译1. 校长:Principal2. 副校长:Vice Principal3. 教授:Professor4. 副教授:Associate Professor5. 讲师:Lecturer6. 助教:Teaching Assistant7. 学生会主席:Student Council President8. 学生会副主席:Vice President of Student Council9. 班级代表:Class Representative10. 学习委员:Academic Committee Member七、艺术及文化领域头衔的英文翻译1. 艺术家:Artist2. 作家:Writer3. 画家:Painter4. 书法家:Calligrapher5. 音乐家:Musician6. 歌手:Singer7. 演员:Actor8. 导演:Director9. 编舞:Choreographer10. 主持人:Host。

英语课文中英文对照翻译1-7

英语课文中英文对照翻译1-7

中英文对照翻译Unit 1A Y oung Boy‟s AmbitionOnce a day a cheap, gaudy packet arrived upward from St. Louis, and another downward from Keokuk. Before these events, the day was glorious with expectancy; after them, the day was a dead and empty thing. Not only the boys, but the whole village, felt this. After all these years I can picture that old time to myself now, just as it was then: the white town drowsing in the sunshine of a summer's morning; the streets empty, or prettynearly so; one or two clerks sitting in front of the Water Street stores, with their splint-bottomed chairs tilted back against the wall, chins on breasts, hats slouched over their faces, asleep - with shingle-shavings enough around to show what broke them down; a sow and a litter of pigs loafing along the sidewalk, doing a good business in watermelon rinds and seeds; two or three lonely little freight piles scattered about the "levee"; a pile of "skids" on the slope of the stone-paved wharf, and the fragrant town drunkard asleep in the shadow of them; two or three wood flats at the head of the wharf, but nobody to listen to the peaceful lapping of the wavelets against them; the great Mississippi, the majestic, the magnificent Mississippi, rolling its mile-wide tide along, shining in the sun; the dense forest away on the other side; the "point" above the town, and the "point" below, bounding theriver-glimpse and turning it into a sort of sea, and withal a very still and brilliant and lonely one. Presently a film of dark smoke appears above one of those remote "points"; instantly a negro drayman, famous for his quick eye and prodigious voice, lifts up the cry, "S-t-e-a-m-boat a-comin!" and the scene changes! The town drunkard stirs, the clerks wake up, a furious clatter of drays follows, every house and store pours out a human contribution, and all in a twinkling the dead town is alive and moving.一艘简陋而外表华丽的定班轮船从圣路易斯开上来,另一艘从奇阿库克往下游开,每天都要来到这里一次。

1的英文翻译

1的英文翻译

1的英文翻译1的英文翻译是“one”,它是一个基本数字,在各种语言中都可以找到。

这个数字也代表孤独、开始、原点和唯一。

在英语中,单词“one”作为形容词或代词出现,指的是个体、数量或者性质的唯一的一个。

例如:I have one apple.(我有一个苹果);He is the only one who can do it.(他是唯一能做这件事的人);The number one priority is safety.(安全是第一位的)。

在数学上,“one”也有特殊的意义,表示一个数,也就是1,可以用来指代正整数、负整数、有理数和无理数中的一个。

此外,还可以用来表示10进制数系统中的一个底数,或者表示比率中占绝对优势的一方。

在英语中,“one”也可以用作副词,表示“唯一地”、“单独地”、“独立地”或者“惟一地”。

例如:She lives all alone in one room.(她独自一人住在一间房里);He ate one piece of cake.(他吃了一块蛋糕);He arrived home one day early. (他提前一天回家了)。

此外,“one”还可以用作名词,表示一个人,后面常加上所属的集体。

例如:One of my friends is alawyer.(我的一个朋友是律师);One of the students failed the exam.(其中一名学生考试不及格)。

另外,“one”还可以作为连词使用,表示起到连接两个并列句子的作用。

例如:I like reading books and one playing computer games.(我喜欢看书和玩电脑游戏);She was tired but one she managed to finish the task.(她很累,但是她还是完成了任务)。

总之,“one”是一个重要的英语单词,它不仅可以作为形容词、代词、副词、名词、连词等多种形式出现,而且还有许多含义,如唯一、开始、原点、孤独等等。

数量词1-100,第1到第100单词翻译音标

数量词1-100,第1到第100单词翻译音标

[ˈfɔːtiˈeit] [ˈfɔːtiːnˈaɪn] [ˈfɪftɪ] [ˈfiftiwʌn] [ˈfɪftiːtˈuː] [ˈfɪftiːθ rˈiː] [ˈfɪftiːfˈɔːr] [fːftifaiv] [ˈfɪftiːsˈɪks] [ˈfɪftiːsˈevn] [ˈfɪftiːˈeɪt] [ˈfɪftiːnˈaɪn]
[sɪksˈtiːn; ˈsɪkstiːn]
[sev(ə)nˈtiːn; ˈsev(ə)ntiːn] [eɪˈtiːn; ˈeɪtiːn] [naɪnˈti ː n; ˈnaɪnti ː n[ˈ]twentɪ]
[ˈtwentɪˌwʌn]
[ˌtwentɪˈtuː]
[tˈwentiːθrˈiː] [tˈwentiːfˈɔːr]
seventy-second 第七十二
seventy-third 第七十三
seventy-fourth 第七十四
seventy-fifth 第七十五
seventy-sixth 第七十六
seventy-seventh 第七十七
seventy-eighth 第七十八
seventy-ninth 第七十九
eightieth
fortieth
第四十
forty-first
第四十一
[ˈnaɪntiːsˈɪks] [ˈnaɪntiːsˈevn] [ˈnaɪntiːˈeɪt] [ˈnaɪntiːnˈaɪn] [wʌn] [ˈhʌndrəd] [wʌn] ['θ aʊz(ə)nd]
[fɜːst] [ˈsek(ə)nd] [θ ɜːd] [fɔːθ ] [fɪfθ ] [sɪksθ ] [ˈsev(ə)nθ ] [eɪtθ ] [ˈnaɪnθ ] [tenθ ] [ɪˈlev(ə)nθ ] [twelfθ ] [ˈθ ɜːtiːnθ ] [ˌfɔːˈtiːnθ ] [fɪfˈtiːnθ ] [ˈsɪksˈtiːnθ ] [ˌsevənˈtiːnθ ] [ˈeɪˈtiːnθ ] [ˈnaɪnˈtiːnθ ] [ˈtwentiəθ ] [ˌtwentɪˈfˈɜːst] [ˌtwentɪˈsekənd] [ˌtwentɪˈθ ɜːd] [tˈwentiːfˈɔːθ ] [tˈwentiːfˈɪfθ ] [tˈwentiːsˈɪksθ ] [tˈwentiːsˈevnθ ] [tˈwentiːˈeɪtθ ] [tˈwentiːnˈaɪnθ ] [ˈθ ɜːtɪɪθ ] [ˈθ ɜːtiːfˈɜːst] [ˈθ ɜːtiːsˈekənd] [ˈθ ɜːtiːθ ˈɜːd] [ˈθ ɜːtiːfˈɔːθ ] [ˈθ ɜːtiːfˈɪfθ ] [ˈθ ɜːtiːsˈɪksθ ] [ˈθ ɜːtiːsˈevnθ ] [ˈθ ɜːtiːˈeɪtθ ] [ˈθ ɜːtiːnˈaɪnθ ] [ˈfɔːtiəθ ] [ˈfɔːtiːfˈɜːst]

英文翻译1

英文翻译1

Fruitful lterviewThe coming early summer is again the time when college students are busy with job interviews in the hope that four years high priced education was not in vain.A job hunter can have the best credentials in the world but still fail the job interview. If that happens ,his dreams of employment are shattered at least with one employer.Some people are naturally better at interviews than others, thanks to an outgoing personality. But it takes more than a smooth talk to get a job. Personnel experts say that preparation is the thing. Learn how to play the game of hard questions, which is what a job interview is all about. Interviewers may differ in technique, but there are some common questions most of them always ask.“The first 60 to 80 seconds are the most important part of an interview,” Ed. Morsier, a director of the Graduate School in Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh said.“This occurs during the small talk before the hard questions begin. If you can relate some unique experience that will make the interviewer remember you, you may clinch a job,” he said.But it must be done without.appearing to be contrived. I remember a girl who mentioned that she did macrame. So did the interviewer's wife. Some of the questions seem harmless enough.Actually, they are tricksdesigned to bring out your weaknesses and strengths.“Tell me about your life”is almost always asked. It is a trap for ramblers. The interviewer wants to see how quickly you organize your thoughts and how well you communicate.Someone who rambles a lot is on shaky ground.Your answer also provides a glimpse of your character and interest. Morsier recalled an episode about a lawyer being interviewed for trial work with a large firm. “She talked about a skiing medal she had won. It showed she liked to win.” So she was given the position.Another question that usually catches people off guard: What is your weakness?It’s a most difficult question. One should always try to present a weakness in a positive light. You might say: “One of my problems is that I’m a perfectionist. It interferes with my personal life because I’m always taking work home.”Perhaps the most dangerous booby trap is the inquiry: What do you think of your former boss or company?“Never bad-mouth anyone”,advises Morsier. If you were fired,try to owe it to personality conflicts rather than to some other people. But always stress that the conflicts didn’t prevent you from doing your job well.Be more careful about the presentation of your former boss. It might benoted that “he helped me learn specific skills” or “he was under a lot of pressures” . You might add, “But Iwould have handled differently and shown more compassion to the employees.”有收获的面试又是那个让所有的大学生都忙于找工作的夏季到来了,从而希望四年的高学费没有白交。

情景对话中英文翻译1

情景对话中英文翻译1

1.我们国家最重要的传统节日是春节,那时我们会走亲访友。

The spring festival is the most important traditional festival in our country. At that time, we will visit our relatives and friends.2.我家离学校大约五公里远,所以我们通常乘坐公共汽车上学。

It’s about five kilometers from my home to the school. So we usually go to school by bus.3.我姓布朗,我的电话号码是80047562.My family name is Brown. My telephone number is 80047562.4.我的奶奶八十岁了,她的身体依然健康。

My grandmother is eighty years old. She is still very healthy.5.城市的空气污染越来越严重,我们出行应该经常乘坐公交车。

Air pollution is more and more serious in our city. We should usually go out by bus.6.我更喜欢旅游,旅游能让我放松身心。

I prefer going on a trip. It can make me feel relaxed.7.我喜欢听流行音乐,周杰伦是我最喜欢的歌手。

I like popular music. Jay Chou is my favorite singer.8.我爸爸送我一台ipad,它很方便很有用。

My father gave me an ipad. It is very convenient and useful.9.我的圣诞节礼物是一张明信片,上面有一只可爱的熊猫。

eviews各模块英文翻译(1)

eviews各模块英文翻译(1)

1、主界面:File——文件Edit——编辑Object——对象View——查看Proc——过程(处理)Quick——快速Options——选项Window——窗口Help——帮助2、File——文件New——新建Open——打开Save——保存Save As——另存为、Close——关闭Import——输入Export——出口Print——打印Print Setup——打印设置Run——运行Exit——退出Undo——撤销Cut——剪切Copy——复制Paste——粘贴Paste Special——选择性粘贴Delete——删除Find——查找Replace——替换Next——下一个Insert Text File——插入文本文件4、Object——对象New Object——新对象Fetch From DB——从数据库中获取···Store to DB——储存在数据库中···Copy Object——复制对象Name——命名Delete——删除Freeze Output——冻结结果Print——打印View Options——查看选项Sample——样本Generate Series——生成序列Show——展示Graph——图表Empty Group(Edit Series)——空集Series Statistics——序列统计Group Statistics——集合统计Estimate Equation——估计方程Estimate VAR——估计VAR6、Options——选项General Options——常规选项Graphics defaults——默认图像Database Registry——数据库注册表后续的会陆续上传··。

数字一到十怎么用英文翻译

数字一到十怎么用英文翻译

数字一到十怎么用英文翻译数字一到十怎么用英文翻译大家都会从数字一数到十,但就不一定会知道怎么用英文来翻译它们了。

以下是店铺为大家整理了数字一到十的具体英文翻译形式,一起来看看吧!数字一到十的英文翻译1 one2 two3 three4 four5 five6 six7 seven8 eight9 nine10 ten数字10的英文翻译:ten英 [ten] 美 [tn]情景对话结婚纪念日A:Happy anniversary! It’s our tenth anniversary.结婚纪念日快乐。

这是我们结婚10周年。

B:Thanks for ten wonderful years.谢谢你给了我美好的`10年。

保险A:Here. Take these pills (three times/ twice/ ten times) every (day/ an hour/ thirty minutes).这个,这种药每(天/小时/半小时)服用(3次/两次/10次)。

B:Does my insurance cover them?是由保险金支付吗?找工作B:What kind of work-related experience do you have?你有何工作经验?A:Well, I worked for (two years/ six months/ ten years) as manager at my previous company.哦,我在以前的公司做了(两年/六个月/十年)的经理。

数字6的英文翻译:six英 [sks] 美 [sks]1. And premiums from the new business climbed 70 percent in the first six months, hitting 33 million by the end of June.2. There will be six language courses available, ranging from CEO business level to creative writing for English learners.3. Six are former officials at local sports lottery administrative centres, while the others were a private business man and his five partners.4. Although Six Sigma started off as a QA system, it has now grown into a complete business management programme.5. He was placed on inactive Guard duty six months before his commitment ended at his request because he was starting Harvard Business School.6. Statistics from the bureau show that a new business can provide an average of six jobs.7. " We plan to open three to six stores in China per year, " Chen tells China Business Weekly at a Tiffany promotion in Beijing.8. After an investigation lasting more than six months, police finally busted the gang on May 21 last year.9. Police and animal protection volunteers rescued six dogs from the clutches of an unlicensed butcher in Mentougou districtlast Friday.10. Butler's contract was terminated following his suspension for six months for claiming that two players brought female guests to their hotel rooms after a curfew.数字5的英文翻译:five英 [fav] 美 [fav]1. Britain wonfivegold medals.英国夺取了五块金牌。

人教版三年级英语上册课文翻译Unit1-Unit5

人教版三年级英语上册课文翻译Unit1-Unit5

【导语】英语课⽂的翻译应该怎么写?翻译是在准确、通顺的基础上,把⼀种语⾔信息转变成另⼀种语⾔信息的⾏为。

⽆忧考为⼤家提供《⼈教版三年级英语上册课⽂翻译Unit 1- Unit 5》,欢迎阅读。

1.⼈教版三年级英语上册课⽂翻译Unit 1 Unit 1 A-Let's talk.英语课⽂翻译 Hello, I’m Miss White. 你好,我是怀特⼩姐。

Hello, I’m Wu Yifan. 你好,我是吴⼀凡。

Hi, I’m Sarah. 你好,我是萨拉。

Unit 1 A-Let's chant.英语课⽂翻译 I have a ruler. Me too! 我有⼀把尺⼦。

我也有! I have a pencil. Me too! 我有⼀⽀铅笔。

我也有! I have a crayon. Me too! 我有⼀⽀蜡笔。

我也有! I have an eraser. Me too! 我有⼀块橡⽪。

我也有!2.⼈教版三年级英语上册课⽂翻译Unit 2 Mr Jones, this is Miss Green. 琼斯先⽣,这是格林⼩姐。

Good morning, Miss Green. 早上好,格林⼩姐。

Good morning. 早上好。

Unit 2 B-Let's talk.英语课⽂翻译 Hi, Mum. This is Wu Yifan. 嗨,妈妈。

这是吴⼀凡。

Good afternoon, Wu Yifan. 下午好,吴⼀凡。

Good afternoon. Nice to meet you. 下午好。

见到你很⾼兴。

Nice to meet you, too. 见到你也很⾼兴。

Unit 2 B-Let's check-Listen and tick(√) or cross(×).英语课⽂翻译 1. Girl: Colour it green! 1. ⼥孩:把它涂成绿⾊吧! Boy:OK. 男孩:好的。

自考英语20190301 翻译1 注释

自考英语20190301 翻译1 注释

20190301 翻译1一篇一篇文章理解,一句一句看懂,一个一个短语积累,一道一道题提高。

利用好配套Excel文档选自全国卷、北京卷、湖北卷• 不懂的题,多把句子读几遍,背诵。

语言无非是熟能生巧的过程。

• 专注于具体的题。

勿迷失在语法概念上。

与考试不相关的语法概念不必细究。

• 语法要重视知识点的积累,多在习题中体会。

翻译的语序在英汉翻译中,一般要尽量按照英文的语序翻译。

但在有些时候,中英文表达习惯不同,需要改变译文的顺序。

1. 地址His address is 3612 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA19104, USA.他的地址是美国宾夕法尼亚州市场街3612号,邮政编码PA19104。

2. 时间地点My uncle passes away in hospital at 2:30 am, on September 12, 1999.我的叔叔于1999年9月12日凌晨2点30分在医院去世。

3. 短语East China 华东back and forth 来回地4. 定语结构中文中定语结构往往在所修饰词的前面,而英文中定语结构则多在后面,尤其是当定语教长时。

当定语结构过长时,则需要对顺序做出一些调整。

The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada.昨天来我们学校参观的那个外国人来自加拿大。

5. 状语结构英文中句子成分往往是根据重要性来排列,因此状语从句常置于主句之后。

而中文中的状语从句则置于主句之前,遵循先条件从句后主句、先原因后结果、先目的后结果的顺序。

The government is determined to keep up the pressure whatever the cost it will pay in the end. 不论最终将付出什么代价,政府都决心继续施加压力。

6. 拆字They, not unexpectedly, did not respond.不出所料,他们没有回应。

电影常见英文翻译

电影常见英文翻译

1. ... Presents 出品2. ... Production, A Production of... 摄制3. A... Film 制片人4. Director, Directed by, A Film by 导演5. Screenplay by 编剧6. Based on a Story by 原著7. Produced by 制片8. Executive Producer 执行制片9. Production Manager 制片主任10. Director of Photography 摄影11. Music by 音乐12. Sound Effect 音响效果13. Sound Mixer 声音合成14. 1st Assistant Director 首席助理导演15. Casting by 选派演员16. Cast of Characters 演员表17. Starring 主演18. Costumer Designer 服装设计19. Art Director 美术20. Editor 剪辑21. Set Designer 布景设计22. Property Master 道具23. Gaffer 灯光24. Key Grip 首席场务25. Dolly Grip 轮架场务26. Best Boy 场务助理27. Make Up 化妆28. Hairdresser 发型29. Stunt Coordinator 特技协调30. Visual Effects 视觉效果31. Title 字幕32. Set Decorator 布景33. Script Supervisor 剧本指导1. Costume Design 服装设计2. Actor in a Supporting Role 男配角3. Make up 化妆4. Art Direction 艺术指导5. Live Action Short Film 纪实短片Animated Short Film 动画短片6. Sound Effects Editing 音响效果剪辑7. Sound 音响8. Actress in a Supporting Role 女配角9. Cinematography 摄影10. Film Editing 剪辑11. Visual Effects 视觉效果12. Documentary Short Subject 记录短片Documentary Feature 记录长片13. Foreign Language Film 外语片14. Lifetime Achievement 终身成就15. Original Musical or Comedy Score 音乐(喜剧)Original Dramatic Score 音乐(戏剧)16. Original Screenplay 原著剧本Screenplay Adaptation 剧本改编17. Original Song 歌曲18. Director 导演19. Actress in a leading Role 最佳女主角20. Actor in a leading Role 最佳男主角21. Picture 影片。

牛津高中英语模块1课文翻译

牛津高中英语模块1课文翻译

牛津高中英语模块1课文翻译M1 U1 Reading School life in the UK在英国的学校生活Going to a British high school for one year was a very enjoyable and excitingexperience for me.在英国上了一年的中学对我来说是一段非常令人愉快和兴奋的经历。

I was very happy with the school hours in Britain because school starts around 9a.m. and ends about 3.30 p.m.我很喜欢英国中学的作息时间,因为学校每天上午大约 9点上课,下午大约3点半放学。

This means I could get up an hour later than usual, as schools in China begin before 8 a.m. 这意味着我每天可以比以往晚一个小时起床,因为在中国学校每天上午8点之前就开始上课了。

On the first day, all of the newstudents attended an assembly in the school hall.开学第一天,所有的新生都去学校礼堂参加晨会。

I sat next to a girl whose name was Diana. We soon became bestfriends.我当时坐在一个名叫黛安娜的女孩身边。

我们很快就成了最好的朋友。

During the assembly, the headmaster told us about the rules of the school.在晨会上,校长向我们宣布了校规。

He also told us that the best way to earn respect was todevote ourselves to study and achieve high grades. This sounded like my school inChina. 他还告诉我们,赢得尊重的最佳途径就是专心学习并取得好成绩。

英文原文翻译1 加 脚注

英文原文翻译1  加 脚注

Sasha Obama: Holy Shit, I Just Realized People Want To Kill My Dad来源: 作者:kira86I've always known myfather was an important man.He is, after all, the presidentof the United States. But theother day, as I was runningaround on the playground, athought suddenly occurredto me, a horrible realization that stopped me dead in my tracks: There are people out there who want to kill my dad. My dad. The man who is raising me, who asks me how school is every day, who takes me to soccer games and reads me stories when I can't fall asleep at night. People want to murder him. They want to murder my father.Doesn't really get more fucked up than that, now, does it?When we first moved into the White House I was only 7 years old, too young to know that people wanted my dad dead. And I'll tell you what, I was a lot happier then. Now that I'm a little older, though, it's all becoming pretty clear. There aren't just four or five people who want my dad dead. Tons1of people want to murder him. Tons. People in this country, people in other countries. The bottom line—and this is the cold, hard reality that I now fully understand—is that every second of every day, people are thinking of ways to kill the person I love and admire more than anyone in the world.1 [tʌnz] n.吨;很多,大量Meanwhile, no one is plotting2the murder of, say, my friend Amanda's dad. He's a computer technician. No one is trying to assassinate3a computer technician. At no point in Amanda's day will she experience a rush of crippling4panic due to the fact that, at any moment, a psycho 5wielding a semiautomatic6weapon could step out of the shadows and unload an entire clip into her father's chest, killing him right on the spot7.That's just true. You can try to comfort me all you want, but you know damn well that's just a fact.Here's another awful thing I've finally started to understand: The chances of somebody killing my father are so high that there is an entire force of men and women whose singular8responsibility is to prevent that from happening. These people are specially trained. They create intricate plans specifically designed to protect my father, because no matter where he goes, somebody in the area probably wants to kill him. And look, I'm not some naïve little girl anymore. I can get on the Internet. I can research American presidents. I know damn well the Secret Service doesn't always succeed. Ronald Reagan9almost died, and he had a daughter just like me.Also, I know exactly who John F. Kennedy10is now. And I know exactly what happened to him.2 ['plɔtiŋ] v.密谋3 [əˈsæsɪˈneɪt] v.暗杀,行刺4 [ˈkrɪplɪŋ] adj. 造成严重后果的5 [ˈsaɪkoʊ] n. 心理分析,精神分析;精神病患者6 [ˈsemaɪɔtəˈmætɪk] adj. [自] 半自动的7 [spɑt] n.现场8 [ˈsɪŋɡjələr] adj. 奇异的,异常的9 罗纳德·里根美国第40位总统10 约翰·菲茨杰拉德·肯尼迪美国第35任总统So, as this was all starting to sink11in—and I was pretty shocked, as you can probably imagine—it occurred to me that I have my own Secret Service detail, which means there are also people who want me dead. They want me, an 11-year-old little girl, dead. Same goes for my mom and big sister. I mean, shit, they want to kill my whole family.And you want to know what the worst part is? I have no idea where my dad is right now. I haven’t seen him all day. For all I know, he could be waving to a crowd of supporters at this very moment while some guy on a rooftop122,000 feet away has his head in the scope13of a high-powered rifle14, just waiting for the perfect moment to splatter15his brains all over the stage.Put yourself in my shoes for a second. Imagine you’re standing next to your dad, holding his hand and smiling, when all of a sudden a bullet pierces16through his skull17and drenches18your sundress in blood.Seriously, do you have any idea how messed up that is?And I’m not operating under the misconception19that all these people are going to get caught someday or just eventually give up. The most depressing thing is this will be going on for the rest of my life. Twenty years from now, when I’m living far away and have kids of my own, I could get a call from my mom with the news that Dad11 [sɪŋk] vi.渗透;下沉12 [ˈruːfˈtɒp] n. 屋顶13 [skoʊp] n. 范围;余地;视野;眼界;导弹射程14 [ˈraɪf(ə)l] n. 步枪;来复枪15 [ˈsplætər] vt. 使水等飞溅16 [pɪrz] vt. 刺穿17 [skʌl] n. 头盖骨,脑壳18 [drentʃ] vt. 使湿透19 [ˈmɪskənˈsepʃ(ə)n] n. 误解;错觉;错误想法is dead. That he was blown20to bits by a bomb in his car, and that they just barely found enough charred21remains22to identify the body.Well, great. I'm glad I finally figured all that out. Here's to a wonderful life, Sasha. I guess I'll just go outside now and play without a goddamn23care in the whole fucked-up24world.20 [bloʊn] v. 吹胀,爆炸21 [tʃɑrd] adj. 烧黑了的,烧焦的22 [rɪˈmeɪnz] n. 残余;遗骸23 [ˈɡɑdˈdæm] adj. 该死的;讨厌的;受诅咒的24 混乱的,乱糟糟的萨莎•奥巴马:天啊,我就意识到有人想杀我爸爸来源: 作者:kira86我一直知道我的爸爸是一个重要的人。

(整理)地质专业英文翻译精选1

(整理)地质专业英文翻译精选1

a horizon a 层位a lineation a 线理a twin a 双晶aa lava 块熔岩aalenian stage 阿林阶abandon 废弃abandoned mine 废弃的矿山abandoned well 废孔abatis 通风隔墙abdomen 腹部abdominal appendage 腹肢abdominal cavity 腹腔abdominal fin 腹abductor 外展肌abductor muscle 外展肌abernathyite 水砷钾铀矿aberration 象差abichite 光线矿abiogenesis 自然发生abiogeny 自然发生abiotic factor 非生物因素ablation 剥蚀ablation breccia 剥蚀角砾岩ablation moraine 消融碛ablation skin 熔蚀皮ablation till 消融碛ablykite 阿布石abnormal 异常的abnormal interference color异常干涉色abnormal metamorphism 异常变质作用abolition 废除abrade 剥蚀abrasion 海蚀abrasion platform 磨蚀台地abrasion surface 浪蚀面abrasion terrace 磨蚀阶地abrasionn test 磨耗试验abrasive 磨料;海蚀的abrazite 多水高岭土absarokite 正边玄武岩absite 钍钛铀矿absolute age 绝对年龄absolute black body 绝对黑体absolute chronology 绝对年代学absolute dating 绝对年代测定absolute geopotential 绝对重力势absolute porosity 绝对孔隙率absolute pressure 绝对压力absolute structure 绝对构造absorbed water 吸附水absorbent 吸收剂absorber 吸收器absorbing well 吸水井absorption 吸收absorption axis 吸收轴absorption border 融蚀缘absorption curve 吸收曲线absorption edge 吸收端absorption factor 吸收率absorption spectrum 吸收光谱absorptive capacity 吸收率absorptivity 吸收性abukumalite 铋磷灰石abundance 丰度abundance of elements 元素丰度abundance of isotopes 同位素丰度abundance ratio of isotopes 同位素相对丰度abysmal deposits 深海沉积物abyss 深海abyssal 深海的abyssal benthic zone 深渊底栖带abyssal deposits 深海沉积物abyssal facies 深海相abyssal hills province 深海丘陵区abyssal injection 深成贯入abyssal rock 深成岩abyssal sediments 深海沉积物acadialite 红菱沸石acadian stage 阿卡德阶acalycine 无花萼的acalycinous 无花萼的acanthite 螺状硫银矿acanthoid 刺状的acaulescent 无茎的acaulous 无茎的acaustobiolite 非燃性生物岩accelerated development 上升发育acceleration 促进accelerometer 加速度计accessory 副的accessory ejecta 早成同源抛出物accessory minerals 副矿物accidental ejecta 异源抛出物accidental inclusion 外源包体accidental species 偶见种accidental xenolith 外源包体acclivity 上坡accompanying mineral 伴生矿物accordance of summit levels 山峰高度一致accordant junction 交合汇流accordion fold 棱角褶皱accretion 附加体accretion gley 结核潜育层accretion theory 吸积理论accretionary lapilli 团积火山砾accumulate 堆积accumulated temperature 积温accumulation 堆积accumulation horizon 聚积层accumulation moraine 堆积冰碛accumulation terrace 堆积阶地accumulation theory of volcano 火山堆积说accumulation till 堆积冰碛accumulative phase 堆积相accuracy 准确度acephalous 无头的acephalous larva 无头幼虫acerous 针状的acetate 醋酸盐acetic acid 醋酸acf diagram acf 图解achavalite 硒铁矿achiardite 坏晶石achirite 透视石achlamydeous 无花被的achlusite 钠滑石achondrite 无球粒陨石achroite 无色电气石achromaite 浅闪石achromatic body 消色物体achromatic lens 消色差透镜achromatism 消色差achromatize 消色acicular 针状的aciculiform 针状的acid base equilibrium 酸碱平衡acid earth 酸性白土acid humus 酸性腐殖质acid mine drainage 酸性矿水排水acid plagioclase 酸性斜长石acid rock 酸性岩acid soil 酸性土acid solution 酸性溶液acid spring 酸性泉acid treatment of oil payzone 油层酸处理acid treatment of well 井的酸处理acidic lava 酸性熔岩acidification 酸化acidimetry 酸量滴定法acidite 酸性岩acidity 酸度acidizing of well 井的酸处理acidophilous plants 适酸植物acidotrophic lake 酸性营养湖acidulation 酸化acline twin 翻底双晶acmite 锥辉石acotyledon 无子叶植物acotyledonous 无子叶的acoustic basement 声波基底acoustic foundation 声波基底acoustic logging 声波测井acquired character 获得形质acre foot 英亩英尺acrobatholithic 露岩基的acrochordite 球砷锰矿acrospore 顶生孢子actinides 锕系元素actinium 锕actinolite 阳起石actinolite asbestos 阳起石石棉actinolite schist 阳起片岩actinolitic greenschist facies 阳起绿色片岩相actinometer 日射表actinometry 光化测定actinomorphic 辐射对称的actinomorphous 辐射对称的actinomyces 放线菌类actinostele 星状中柱actinouranium 锕铀actinula 辐射幼虫activated adsorption 活化吸附activated carbon 活性炭activated clay 活化粘土activated complex 活化络合物activated water 活化水activation 活化activation analysis 活化分析activation cross section 活化截面activation energy 活化能activation logging 活化测井activation method 活化法activation of platform 地台活化activator 活化剂active fault 活断层active folding 活褶曲作用active glacier 活动冰川active humus 活性腐殖质active hydrogen 活性氢active plate 移动板块active remote sensing 织式遥感active tectonic pattern 活动构造型式active volcano 活火山active water 侵蚀性水activity 活度activity coefficient 活度系数activization 活化作用activization platform block 活化台块actual reserves 实在储藏量actual volume 实际容积actualily 真实actualism 现实论actuopalaeontology 现实古生物学acute 急尖的acute bisectrix 锐角等分线acutifoliate 尖叶的adamant 硬石adamantine 坚硬的adamantine lustre 金刚光泽adamantine spar 刚玉adamellite 石英二长岩adamine 水砷锌矿adamite 水砷锌矿adamsite 暗绿云母adaptability 适应性adaptation 适应adaptive radiation 适应辐射adcumulate 累积岩addition 添加additional phase 加成相adductor 收肌adductor muscle scar 收肌筋痕adelite 砷钙镁石adelogenic 显衡隐晶质的adelpholite 铌铁锰矿adenoid 腺样的adergneiss 脉状片麻岩adhering 粘附性的;附着adhesion 粘附adhesive disk 吸盘adhesiveness 胶糟性adiabat 绝热线adiabatic cooling 绝热冷却adiabatic curve 绝热线adiabatic equilibrium 绝热平衡adiabatic heating 绝热增温adiabatic lapse rate 绝热温度梯度adiabatic process 绝热过程adiabatic state 绝热状态adiabatic temperature gradient 绝热温度梯度adiagnostic 隐微晶质的adigeite 镁蛇纹石adinole 钠长英板岩adipocerite 伟晶腊石adipocire 伟晶腊石adipose cell 脂细胞adit 平峒adjacent rock 围岩adjacent sea 边缘海adjoining rock 围岩adjustment 蝶admimistration 管理admission 收气adobe 灰质粘土adoral 口侧的adsorbent 吸附剂adsorbing material 吸附剂adsorption 吸附adsorption indicator 吸附指示剂adsorptive capacity 吸附能力adular 冰长石adularia 冰长石adult 成体advance 前进adventitious plants 外来植物adventive crater 寄生火口adventive volcano 寄生火山aecidiospore 锈孢子aeciospore 锈孢子aegirine 霓石aegirine augite 霓辉石aegirite 霓石aenigmatite 三斜闪石aeolian clastics 风成碎屑岩aeolian deposit 风积aeolian landform 风成地形aeolian soil 风积土aeration 充气aeration tissue 通气组织aeration zone 饱气带aerenchyma 通气组织aerial method of geology 航空地质甸方法aerial photography 航空摄影学aerial ropeway 架空死aerial survey 航空测量aerial triangulation 航空三角测量aerify 使呈气态aerobe 需气生物aerocartograph 航空测图仪aerogenous rock 风成岩aerogeography 航空地理学aerogeology 航空地质学aerolite 石陨石aerolith 石陨石aeromagnetic survey 航空磁测aerophotogeological map 航空摄影地质图aerophotogrammetry 航空摄影测量学aerophotography 航空摄影学aerophotography of geology 地质专业航空摄影aeroplankton 大气浮游生物aeroradioactive survey 航空放射性测量aerosiderite 铁陨石aerosiderolite 铁石陨石aerosite 深红银矿aerugite 块砷镍矿aeschynite 易解石affiliation 亲缘关系affine deformation 均匀变形affinity 亲和力afflux 汇入after deep 后渊aftereffect 后效aftershock 余震afwillite 桂硅钙石agalite 纤滑石agalmatolite 寿山石agamogony 无配子生殖agate 玛瑙age 龄期age determination 时代鉴定age of cycads 苏铁植物时代age spectra 年龄谱ageing of colloids 胶体熟化agent of erosion 侵蚀力agents of metamorphism 变质营力ageostrophic wind 非地转风agglomerate 集块岩agglomerate lava 集块熔岩agglomeratic 集块岩状的agglomeration 烧结agglutinate 粘合集块岩agglutination 胶着agglutinin 凝集素aggradation 加积aggradation terrace 堆积阶地aggradational plain 堆积平原aggregate 集合体aggregation 聚集aggressive water 侵进水agitation 搅拌agmatite 角砾混合岩agnatha 无颌类agnolite 红硅钙锰矿agnotozoic era 元古代agpaite 钠质火成岩agreement 协议agricolite 闪铋矿agricultural geology 农业地质学agricultural geomorphology 农业地貌学agroforestrial geology 农林地质学agrogeology 农业地质学agrohydrologg 农业水文学aguilarite 辉硒银矿aidyrlite 杂硅铝镍矿aikinite 针硫铋铅矿air borne radioactivity 大气放射性air chamber 气室air compressor 空气压缩机air damping 空气制动air drilling 空气钻进air drying 风干air elutriation 空气淘析air flush drilling 空气冲洗钻井air gun 空气枪air hammer 气锤air lift 气动提升机air permeability 透气性air pressure 空气压力air release valve 放气阀air sac 气囊air separating tank 空气分离罐air separator 气力分离器air shrinkage 空气收缩air vent 排气孔air volcano 气火山airborne electromagnetic method 航空电磁法airborne electromagnetics 航空电磁法airborne magnetic prospecting 航空磁法勘探airborne magnetometer 航空地磁仪airborne remote sensing 航空遥感airborne survey 航空甸airial camera 航空摄影机airview 空瞰图airy phase 艾氏相airy's spiral 艾氏螺旋akaustobiolite 非燃性生物岩akaustobiolith 非燃性生物岩akerite 英辉正长岩akermanite 镁黄长石akf diagram akf图解akinete 厚壁孢子akrochordite 球砷锰矿aksaite 阿氏硼镁石ala twin 轴双晶alabandine 硫锰矿alabandite 硫锰矿alabaster 雪花石膏alabastrite 雪花石膏alamosite 铅灰石alar 翼状的alary 翼状的alaskaite 铅泡铋矿alaskite 白岗岩alate 有翼的albedo 反照率albers' equal area projection 亚尔勃斯等积投影albertite 黑沥青albian 阿尔布阶albian stage 阿尔布阶albite 钠长石albite twin 钠长石双晶albitite 钠长石玢岩albitization 钠长石化albitophyre 钠长斑岩alboranite 紫苏变玄岩aleurolite 粉砂岩aleuropelitic 粉砂泥的aleutite 易辉安山岩alexandrite 翠绿宝石algae 藻类algae control 藻类控制algal ball 海藻饼algal biscuit 海藻饼algal coal 藻煤algal fungi 藻菌类algal limestone 藻灰岩algal reef 藻礁algal structure 藻结构alginite 藻类体algodonite 微晶砷铜矿algology 藻类学algonkian 阿尔冈纪algonkian system 阿尔冈系algovite 辉斜岩aliphatic compound 脂族化合物alizarin 二羟蒽醌alkali 碱alkali alumina metasomatism 碱氧化铝交代alkali basaet 碱性玄武岩alkali earth metal 碱土金属alkali feldspar 碱性长石alkali flat 碱覆盖坪alkali gabbro 碱性辉长岩alkali granti 碱性花岗岩alkali lime index 碱灰质指数alkali metal 碱金属alkali olivine basalt 碱性橄榄玄武岩alkali pyroxene 碱性辉石alkali rock series 碱性岩系alkali salt 碱盐alkali soil 碱土alkali syenit 碱性正长岩alkalic rock 硷性岩alkalic ultrabasic rock 碱超基性岩alkalify 碱化alkalimetry 碱量滴定法alkaline amphibolization 碱性角闪石化alkaline earth 碱土族alkaline earth metal 碱土金属alkaline metasomatism 碱性交代作用alkaline pyroxenization 碱性辉石化alkaline rock 硷性岩alkaline rocks 碱性岩类alkaline soil 碱性土alkaline solution 碱性溶液alkaline spring 碱泉alkalinity 碱度alkalipicrite 碱性苦橄岩alkalitrophic lake 碱液营养湖alkalization 碱化作用alkalize 碱化alkaloid 生物碱alkanes 链烷烃allactite 砷水锰矿allagite 绿蔷薇辉石allalinite 浊变辉长岩allanite 褐帘石alleghanyite 粒硅锰矿allemontite 砷锑矿allite 铝铁土allivalite 橄榄钙长岩allobar 变压区allocation 分配allochemical metamorphism 异化变质allochetite 霞辉二长斑岩allochroite 粒榴石allochromatic colour 假色allochromatism 假色allochthone 移置岩体allochthonous 外来的allochthonous coal 异地生成煤allochthonous deposit 移积allochthonous fold 移置性褶曲allochthonous limestone 移置灰岩alloclastic breccia 火山碎屑角砾岩allogenic 他生的allogenic element 他生元素allogenic mineral 他生矿物allogenic succession 他生演替allomerism 异质同晶现象allometamorphism 他变作用allometry 异速生长allomigmatite 他混合岩allomorph 同质异形的allomorphism 同质异晶allomorphous 同质异形的allopalladium 硒钯矿allopatric polymorphism 同质多形allophane 水铝英石allophase metamorphism 他相变质alloskarn 外成夕卡岩allothigenic 他生的allothigenous 他生的allotriomorphic 他形的allotriomorphic granular texture 他形晶粒状结构allotriomorphic structure 他形构造allotriomorphic texture 他形结构allotrope 同素异形体allotropic modification 同素异形体allotropic transformation 同素异晶变化allotropism 同素异形allotropy 同素异形allotype 异模式标本alloy 合金alluvial 冲积的alluvial apron 山麓冲积扇alluvial channel 冲积河道alluvial cone 冲积锥alluvial deposit 冲积层alluvial fan 冲积扇alluvial fan deposit 冲积扇层alluvial ore deposit 冲积矿床alluvial placer 冲积砂矿床alluvial plain 冲积平原alluvial sand ripples 河成砂纹alluvial sand wave 河成沙波alluvial soil 冲积土alluvial terrace 冲积阶地alluvial veneer 冲积表层alluviation 冲积alluvion 冲积层alluvium 冲积层almandine 铁铝榴石almandite 铁铝榴石alnico 铝镍钴合金alnoite 黄长煌斑岩alp 高山alpha quartz 石英alpha ray spectrometer 能谱仪alphitite 岩粉土alpides 阿尔卑斯造山带alpine animals 高山动物alpine belt 高山带alpine orogeny 阿尔卑斯造山运动alpine type peridotite 阿尔卑斯式橄榄岩alpine type vein 阿尔卑斯型矿脉alpinotype orogeny 阿尔卑斯型造山作用alpinotype tectonics 阿尔卑斯型构造alsbachite 榴云细斑岩alstonite 碳碱钙钡矿altaite 碲铅矿altar 腋生的altazimuth 经纬仪alteration 蚀变alteration halo 蚀变晕alteration zone 蚀变晕altered aureole 蚀变晕altered mineral 蚀变矿物alternant 交替的alternate phyllotaxis 互生叶序alternately pinnate 互生羽状的alternating 交替alternating layers 互层alternation 互层alternation of beds 互层alternation of generations 世代交替alternative 可选择的altimeter 高度计altitude 高度altitudinal zonality 垂直分布带alum 茂alum shale 茂页岩alum slate 茂板岩alumian 无水矾石alumina 矾土aluminate 铝酸盐aluminite 矾石aluminum 铝alumochromite 铝铬铁矿alunite 茂石alunitization 茂石化alunogen 毛矾石alurgite 锰云母alveolar 蜂窝状alvite 铪锆石amagmatic 非岩浆活动的amalgam 汞齐amalgamation 混汞作用amarantite 红铁矾amazonite 天河石amazonitization 天河石化ambatoarinite 碳酸锶铈矿amber 钙铝榴石amberite 灰黄琥珀ambient 外界的ambiguity 多义性amblygonite 磷铝石ambrite 灰黄琥珀ambulacral foot 管足ambulacral system 步带系ambularcral zone 步带ameba 变形虫amendment 修正;校正americium 镅amesite 镁绿泥石ametaboly 无变态amethyst 紫水晶amherstite 反条正长闪长岩amianthus 石棉amino acid metabolism 氨基酸代谢aminobenzoic acid 氨基苯酸ammonioborite 水铵硼石ammonites 菊石类amorphous 非晶质的amorphous graphite 无定型石墨amorphous silica 无定形硅氧amosite 铁石棉amount 总计amount of evaporation 蒸发量amount of precipitation 降水量amount of throw 纵距ampangabeit 铌链铁铀矿ampelite 黄铁炭质页岩amphibia 两栖类amphibious plants 两栖植物amphibole 闪石amphibolite 闪岩amphibolite facies 角闪岩相amphibolization 闪石化作用amphigene 白榴石amphigenite 白榴熔岩amphiprotic 两性的ampholyte 两性电解质amphoteric 两性的amphoteric electrolyte 两性电解质amphoteric element 两性元素amphoteric ion 两性离子amphoteric oxide 两性氧化物amphoterite 无粒古橄陨石amplexicaul 抱茎的amplifier for photocurrents 光电僚大器amplitude 振幅amplitude correction 振幅校正amplitude spectrum 振幅谱amygdale 杏仁孔amygdaloid 杏仁岩amygdaloidal 杏仁状的amygdaloidal structure 杏仁状构造amygdule 杏仁孔anabatic wind 谷风anabolism 合成代谢anaboly 后加演化anaclinal 逆向的anadiagenesis 前进成岩作用anaerobe 厌气微生物anaerobic bacteria 嫌气细菌anaerobiosis 嫌气生活anagenesis 前进演化anal fin 臀鳍anal gland 肛腺analbite 单斜钠长石analcime 方沸石analcimite 方沸岩analcimolith 方沸岩analcite 方沸石analog 相似体analogous organ 同功瀑analogue 相似体analogy 类似analysis by sedimentation 沉积分析analytic standard 分析标准analytical balance 分析天平anamesite 中粒玄武岩anamigmatism 深溶混合岩化anamorphic zone 合成变质带anamorphism 合成变质anapaite 三斜磷钙铁矿anaseism 背震中anastomose 网结anastrophen 倒装法anatase 锐钛矿anatectic magma 深熔岩浆anatectite 深熔混合岩anatexis 深熔作用anauxite 富硅高岭石anchieutectic 近底共融的anchimetamorphism 近变质作用anchimonomineralic 近单矿物的anchor ice 底冰ancient channel 古河道ancient elephant 古大象ancient landform 古地形ancylite 菱锶铬矿andalusite 红柱石andersonite 水碳钠钙铀矿andesine 中长石andesite 安山岩andesite line 安山岩线andorite 锑铅银矿andradite 钙铁榴石anemoclastics 风成碎屑岩anemophilous plant 风媒植物anemophily 风媒anemousite 三斜霞石angara flora 安加拉植物群angara shield 安加拉古陆angaraland 安加拉古陆angarides 安加拉古陆angiospermous 被子的angiosperms 被子植物angle of contact 接触角angle of draw 陷落角angle of incidence 入射角angle of inclination 倾斜角angle of internal friction 内摩擦角angle of reflection 反射角angle of refraction 折射角angle of repose 休止角angle of strike 走向角度angle of subsidence 陷落角anglesite 硫酸铅矿angrite 钛辉无球粒陨石angular 有角的angular discordance 斜交不整合angular unconformity 钭文不整合angularity 有角angustifoliate 狭叶的anhedral 他形的anhydration 脱水anhydride 无水物anhydrite 硬石膏anhydrite formation 硬石膏层anhysteretic remanent magnetiazation 非滞后剩余磁化animal charcoal 动物煤animal debris 动物残余animal theory 动物成因论animikie system 安尼迷基系animikite 铅银砷镍矿anisian 安尼阶anisodesmic structure 蛤稳变异构造anisometric 非等轴的anisophyllous 不等叶的anisotrophism 蛤异性anisotropic 非均质的anisotropic fabric 蛤异性组构anisotropy 蛤异性anisotropy of crystals 晶体蛤异性ankaramite 钭长辉石岩ankaratrite 橄霞玄武岩ankerite 铁白云石anna aannabergite 镍华annealing recrystallization 退火重结晶作用annelids 环节动物annerodite 铌钇铀矿annite 羟铁云母annivite 铋铜矿annual 年刊annual amount of precipitation 年降水量annual plant 一年生植物annual ring 年轮annular 环状的annulation 环annulus 体环anomalous electric field 异常电场anomalous extinction 异常消光anomalous interference color 异常干涉色anomalous lead 异常铅anomalous upheaval 异常隆起anomaly 异常anomite 褐云母anonymous 不具名的anorogenic period 非造山期anorogenic time 非造山期anorthite 钙长石anorthitite 钙长岩anorthoclase 歪长石anorthosite 斜长岩antagonism 对抗作用antarctic 南极antarctica 南极大陆antecedent 先行的antecedent precipitation index 前期降雨指标antecedent river 先成河antecedent valley 先成谷anteclise 台背斜antegenetic river 原生河antenna 触角antennule 第一触角anther 药antheridium 精子囊antholite 直闪石anthophyllite 直闪石anthozoa 珊烘类anthracite 无烟煤anthracite coal 无烟煤anthraconite 沥青灰岩anthraxolite 碳沥青anthraxylon 纯木煤anthropogenic factor 人为因素anthropogeography 人类地理学anthropoid 类人猿anthropoid apes ape 类人猿anthropology 人类学anthropophyte 人为植物anthropostratigraphy 人类地层学antibonding electron 反键电子anticathode 对阴极anticlinal 背钭的anticlinal axis 背斜轴anticlinal bend 背斜弯曲anticlinal dome 背斜隆起anticlinal fault 背斜断层anticlinal fold 背斜anticlinal limb 背斜翼anticlinal mountain 背斜脊anticlinal ridge 背斜脊anticlinal theory 背斜理论anticlinal trap 背斜圈闭anticlinal valley 背斜谷anticlinal zone 背斜带anticline 背斜anticlinorium 复背斜anticlise 台背斜anticlockwise 反时针方向的anticoincidence 反符合antidune 反沙丘antiferromagnetism 反铁磁性antifluorite structure 反萤石结构antiform 背斜型构造antiformal syncline 背斜型向斜antigorite 叶蛇纹石antimonite 辉锑矿antimony 锑antimony bloom 锑华antipathy 不相容antipertite 反纹长石antiseismic 抗震的antiseptic 防腐剂antistress mineral 反应力矿物antisymmetrization 反对称化antithetic fault 反向断层antlerite 块铜矾antofagastite 水氯铜矿anulus 体环apachite 闪辉响岩apatite 磷灰石aperiodicity 非周期性aperture 孔apex 背斜顶apex of shell 壳顶aphanic 显衡隐晶质的aphaniphyric 隐晶斑状aphanite 隐晶岩aphanitic texture 隐晶结构aphanitic variolitic texture 隐晶球颗结构aphotic zone 无光带aphrosiderite 铁华绿泥石aphthalose 钾芒硝aphthitalite 钾芒硝aphthonite 银铜矿aphyric 无斑隐晶质的apical disk 顶系apical system 顶系apjohnite 锰茂aplite 细晶岩aplitic 细晶状的aplitic facies 细晶岩相aplitic texture 细晶岩构造aplogranite 淡色花岗岩apoandesite 脱玻安山岩apobasalt 脱玻玄武岩apogee 远地点apogranite 变花岗岩apolar adsorption 非极性吸附apomagmatic 外岩浆的apomagmatic deposit 外岩浆矿床apophyllite 鱼眼石apophyse 岩枝apophysis 岩枝apospory 无孢生殖apparent 外观上的apparent density 视密度apparent dip 视倾斜apparent heave 视横断距apparent resistivity 视电阻率apparent resistivity curve 视电阻率曲线apparent resistivity map 视电阻率图apparent specific gravity 表观比重apparent velocity 视速度apperance of crystal 结晶外貌apple coal 软煤applied geochemistry 应用地球化学applied geology 应用地质学applied geomorphology 应用地形学applied geothermics 应用地热学applied geothermy 应用地热学applied palaeontology 应用古生物学applied seismology 应用地震学appraisement 评价apron reef 石中住裙礁aptian 阿普第阶aptian stage 阿普第阶aqua regia 王水aquamarine 海蓝宝石aquatic 水生的aquatic animals 水栖动物aqueduct 沟渠aqueous deposit 水成沉积aqueous rock 水成岩aqueous soil 水成土aqueous solution 水溶液aquiclude 隔水层aquifer 含水层aquifer loss 含水层损失aquifer storage 合水层储水aquifer test 含水层试验aquiferous 含水的aquifuge 不透水层aquitanian stage 阿启坦阶aquitard 弱含水层arachnidea 蛛形类araeoxene 钒铅锌矿aragonite 文石arakawaite 磷锌铜矿aramayoite 硫铋锑银矿arandisite 硅锡矿arborescent 被状arc of compression 褶皱弧arc of folding 压缩弧arch 背斜archaean era 太古代archaeocyte 原始细胞archaeogeology 考古地质学archaeopteris flora 古蔽属植物群archaeopteryx 始祖鸟属archaeozoic 太古代的archaian 太古代的archbend 褶皱头部archean 太古代archean greenstone belt 太古代绿岩带arched structure 隆起构造archegone 颈卵器archegonium 颈卵器archeomagnetism 太古磁性archeophytic era 太古植物代archeozoic era 太古代archetype 原始型archipelagic apron 群岛沿边漫坡海底archipelago 群岛arcogenesis 地穹运动arcogeny 地穹运动arctic 北极圈arctic air mass 北极气团arctic front 北极锋arctic plants 北极植物arctic subregion 北极亚区arctoalpine 北极高山的arcuate 弓形的arcuate delta 弓形三角洲ardealite 磷石膏ardennite 锰硅铝矿area 分布区area of artesian flow 自廉区area of influence 影响区域areal eruption 区域喷溢arenaceous 砂屑的arenaceous rock 砂质岩arenaceous texture 砂质结构arenes 粗砂arenopelitic 砂泥质的arenose 粗砂质的arfvedsonite 钠钙闪石argentiferous 含银的argentite 辉银矿argentobismutite 硫银铋矿argentojarosite 辉银黄钾铁矾argentopyrite 含银黄铁矿argil 白粘土argillaceous 泥质的argillaceous limestone 泥质灰岩argillite 泥岩argillization 泥化argon 氩argyrodite 硫银锗矿arid basin 干燥盆地arid landform 干旱地形arid peneplain 干旱准平原arid zone 干旱带aridity coefficient 干燥系数aridity index 干燥指数ariegite 尖榴辉岩arithmetical averaging grade 算术平均品位arithmetical averaging thickness 算术平均厚度arizonite 红钛铁矿arkite 白榴霞斑岩arkose 长石石英岩arkosic sandstone 长石石英岩armangite 砷锰矿armored cone 熔壳火山锥armored fishes 甲胄鱼纲aromatic base crude oil 芳香基原油arrangement 配置arroyo 干谷arsenate 砷酸盐arsenic 砷arseniopleite 红砷铁矿arseniosiderite 钙砷铁矿arsenite 砷华arsenoclasite 水砷锰石arsenolite 砷华arsenomiargyrite 砷辉锑银矿arsenopyrite 毒砂arterite 层混合岩artesian aquifer 自廉层artesian basin 自廉盆地artesian ground water 自霖下水artesian pressure head 承压水位artesian spring 自联artesian water 自廉artesian well 自廉arthropoda 节肢动物artic front 北极峰articulation 关节artificial 人为的artificial classification 人为分类artificial crystal 人造晶体artificial diamond 人造金刚石artificial discharge 人工排泄artificial earth's satellite 人造地球卫星artificial earthquake 人为地震artificial ground water 人工地下水artificial hypocenter 人工震源artificial mineral 人造矿物artificial radio element 人工放射元素artificial radioactivity 人工放射性artificial recharge 人工补给artificial satellite 人造卫星artificial seismic source 人工震源artificial selection 人工淘汰artinite 纡维菱镁矿artinsk stage 阿丁斯克阶artinskian 阿丁斯克阶asbestos 石棉asbestus 石棉asbolane 钴土矿asbolite 钴土矿ascending development 上升发育ascension theory 上升说ascent curve 上升曲线aschaffite 云英钭煌岩ascharite 硼镁石aschistic 岩浆同质的aschistic dike 未分异岩脉aschistic dyke 未分异岩脉aschistite 未分异岩ascon type 单沟型ascospore 子囊孢子ascus 子囊aseismic 无震的asexual generation 无性世代asexual reproduction 无性生殖ash bed 火山灰层ash cloud 灰云ash cone 火山灰丘ash content of coal 煤灰分ash fall 降落灰ash flow 火山灰流ash free 无灰分的ash shower 降落灰ash structure 火山灰构造ashgillian stage 阿石极阶ashing 灰化asmanite 陨鳞石英asparagolite 黄绿磷灰石asparagus stone 黄绿磷灰石asperite 玻质英安岩asphalt 地沥青asphalt sealing trap 沥青塞圈闭asphaltenes 沥青质。

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膜科学杂志处理水力压裂页岩的压裂液返排液的抗污染膜。

试验性研究(参与研究人员)文章发表在2012年9月14日2013年2月2日被再次提及2013年3月5日受到认可2013年3月21日正式在网络上发表关键字:聚多巴胺表面改性膜污染水的净化水力压裂摘要:聚丙烯腈中空纤维超滤膜(UF)和聚酰胺卷式反渗透(RO)膜组件因为与含有多巴胺的水溶液接触而改性,在膜表面和其他过流部件模块内沉聚多巴胺。

模块的进一步改性接枝聚(乙二醇)(PEG)刷聚多巴胺涂层。

多巴胺和乙二醇涂层能增加膜表面的亲水性,通过先前对实验室研究的乳液提高结垢阻力的实验可以证明。

中试试验中处理了来自德克萨斯巴内特岩地区的水力压裂返排液,相对于未改性的类似物对改性超滤膜和反渗透膜组件的结垢性能进行了研究。

聚丙烯腈中空纤维超滤组件是用于去除大部分的高度具有污染性的有机物,该有机物是反渗透原件还未淡化的有机物。

多巴胺修饰的聚丙烯腈中空纤维超滤膜单元含有更高的流量,更低的跨膜压差,对于未修改的单元,能够提高清洗效率。

但是,聚多巴胺涂层不会提高聚酰胺卷式反渗透膜的去污能力,也许是因为大多数的有机污染物已经被超滤膜对给水的预处理处理了。

然而,改性后的反渗透膜与未改性的反渗透膜相比有更高效,更稳定的盐抑制能力。

1,介绍水力压裂自1949年在斯坦达德油田得以应用以来就被广泛应用于提高油气田的产率。

它的应用,尤其是在从北美的页岩田回收天然气,和刚出现的水平钻井技术一样在过去的数十年里发生强烈的增长。

一个主要美国页岩气盆地地图已经在fig.1中展现出来。

一旦一个井筒在岩床上被制造出,持续不断的石油或天然气就会在充足的压力下向上冲出,被充分提取的石油或天然气甚至可以使地层岩石发生断裂。

由于大量报告指出如今60%的岩石钻孔都是通过水力压裂而使得水力压裂在过去的几十年里得到了广泛地普及。

相对于石油来说,天然气中的物质减少。

在过去的几年里已经做了很多关于水平钻井和水力压裂的耦合的测试,这些测试大大增加了美国天然气的供应。

到目前为止,水是最常见的水力压裂液因为96%的威尔斯都采用了含水流体。

在马塞勒斯盆地页岩气产出的压裂工作中,垂直威尔斯大概需要亿百万加仑水,水平威尔斯大概需要3-6百万加仑水。

水力压裂对水的大量需求也造成了两个问题,淡水的需求量很大,而使用过的水再利用处理费用又很昂贵。

威尔斯在偏远地区的位置往往意味着水必须用卡车运到工地,威尔斯在干旱地区比如北达科他州,德克萨斯,科罗拉多的运输成本高到足以处理现场水。

随着石油或天然气一同开采出来的还有大概10-30%的返回地面的压裂液返排液。

处理水重新注入注水井大概要花费1.5-2.0美元每方,运输至处置场的费用大概要增加到4.0美元每方。

威尔斯对淡水和处理水的大量需求也许都可以通过返排水的重复利用得到满足。

虽然压裂水质没有存在标准,返排液由于高含盐如:钡、铁、锶和高硫酸盐等的存在会降低油井的产量通常不适合直接使用。

此外,某些注水添加剂是和高盐或其他泛水中常见的杂质不兼容的。

淡化减少那些干扰添加剂的盐,因此返排水能否重复利用是关键所在。

来自巴尼特和马塞勒斯的页岩中的典型的返排液的组成及其含量范围在表格1中体现。

Table 1.巴内特和马塞勒斯回流的水成分范围占地面积小的膜单元让现场的返排液更加容易受到净化系统的吸引。

比如,由于返排水生产的暂时性,很多返排液处理要求在相对较短的期限内(如几周)允许使用水的净化。

移动的小体积的水净化系统将会是有利的,因为水净化系统可以从一个地方移动到另一个地方知道新的威尔斯完成。

反渗透、纳米过滤、超过滤还有微孔过滤都越来越多地被应用于含油污水处理。

微孔过滤膜和超过滤膜典型地被用于去除油脂和其他有机物,纳米过滤膜和反渗透膜可以用于去除溶解固体如盐。

随着水力压裂返排物的复杂程度的增加,膜污染成为膜法处理阳离子系统实施的一个重要障碍。

盐、油、微粒和其他污染物经常引起渗透通量重要且不可逆的破坏,为此不得不进行积极地化学清洗,这样又使膜的使用寿命减短。

水净化膜通常是由疏水性化合物组成。

因此,由于疏水化合物的在膜表面和污垢之间的相互作用,油和油脂往往是高度污染物。

膜表面改性是一种减轻膜污染的流行手段。

膜表面改性增加膜的亲水性,可以减少由疏水性污染物引起的膜污染。

亲水性表面吸引一层紧密结合的水分子,可以防止存储器之间相互作用而引起的膜污染。

近来,我们的实验室已经研究了聚多巴胺作为膜表面改性剂。

Me和同事已经报告了聚多巴胺由于缓冲自发地非具体地沉积在几乎所有的底层。

含多巴胺的碱性水溶液,聚多巴胺经常沉积在膜上当它们变得更薄(例如:几十纳米)。

亲水层允许申请从少量水通量的水溶液成为防污涂料。

聚多巴胺对于具有许多结构和组成的膜有性能上的改进。

当其与油|水乳液对比时在去污垢性能上有很大提高。

聚多巴胺也可以与其他表面共轭的分子共同使用。

Me证明伯胺可以通过席夫碱或米迦勒接枝到聚多巴胺涂层基板添加化学品。

聚乙二醇在很早前就被发现生物医学和膜上作为耐污材料的应用,对比单纯的聚多巴胺涂层,PEG-NH2被移植到聚多巴胺涂层膜表面后抗污染的能力有了很大的提高。

该实验的目的是为了增强实验室关于聚多巴胺涂层膜涉及的返水净化领域的研究。

聚多巴胺的非特定沉积物允许原膜位组件的改性,沉积的聚多巴胺在膜表面、进料间隔、还有所有的沾湿部位,超滤作用和反渗透膜组件定义为多巴胺。

超滤模块聚乙二醇接枝的聚多巴胺涂层而更加模型化。

以前的工作展示了改进的超滤膜聚乙二醇接枝钯涂层是阻力的变化。

关于反渗透膜,接枝聚乙二醇层的传质阻力显着增加。

所以在这项研究中反渗透膜单元只涂上聚多巴胺。

膜单元被用于净化从德克萨斯北部的巴内特页岩水力压裂返排盐水,超滤膜单元用于去除预处理的原料中残留的悬浮固体和有机物(特别是乳化油),反渗透膜单元主要用于淡化渗透,改性后的超滤和反渗透模块的结垢行为分别与没有改性的膜块进行了比较。

2、材料与方法2.1膜组件两个超滤模块是由曼胡默尔þ超流有限公司和含有亲水性聚丙烯腈纤维共同组成的,六种反渗透模块是来自海德公司。

这些反渗透模块是由平板膜基于界面复合材料尼龙螺旋缠绕而形成的。

表格2为制造商制造这两种材料的规格的记录。

Table 2 在这项试验中使用的超滤膜和反渗透模块的规范。

2.2改性盐酸多巴胺(多巴胺盐酸盐)和盐酸都是从西格玛奥德里奇购买的,氢氧化钠是从渔阳获得的,聚(乙二醇)单胺(5000大)是来自键凯科技,所有的化学药品都是从别处购买的。

一个超过滤膜单元和三个反渗透膜单元被聚多巴胺按以下的步骤而进行表面改性。

一个膜单元是用超纯水隔夜充分湿润表面而被改性的。

Tris缓冲液(15毫米)被溶解在Trizma HCl(5.875克)里首先制备超纯水(2.5 L),使用氢氧化钠颗粒。

调整所得溶液的pH为8.8。

多巴胺(5克)溶解在Tris 缓冲液(2.5升)中。

然后将所得的2克/升溶液倒入进料侧的模块。

这些模块在60分钟内缓慢来回滚动,以确保多巴胺液接触所有的润湿表面的膜料侧,每10分钟进料口打开吸收新鲜氧气,因为多巴胺的聚合需要溶解氧的存在,剩余的多巴胺是用超纯水冲洗的模块。

超过滤膜的改性是通过聚乙二醇接枝的聚多巴胺涂层。

Tris缓冲液(2.5L如上所诉)加热到52°,PEG-NH2(1.25g)被溶解在缓冲液中,配制的溶液灌入超滤膜的进料端。

这些模块在45分钟内缓慢来回翻滚确保溶液接触所有的聚多巴胺以实现改性。

在PEG完全接枝后,模块用超纯水去除残留的peg-nh 2溶液。

未被PEG接枝的聚多巴胺可以用于反渗透模单元,因为正如之前所述,接枝聚乙二醇在反渗透膜的表面上产生了大量的传质阻力,从而导致了一种流量损失,超过抵消了涂层的任何污垢减少产生的好处。

改性后的模块可以在填充去离子水储存到使用的每一个环节发生作用。

2.3试点研究试验研究是受麦琪西班牙水回收设施在Barnett页岩地区附近沃斯堡戴文能源支持的,压裂天然气井的Barnett页岩的返排液,被带到卡车的处理设施和储存在成荫的池塘前处理,未处理的水在未受膜系统处理之前要进行混合和沉淀。

水的PH值调整为5。

分别对改进的和未改进的超滤膜和反渗透模块进行平行对比操作。

反渗透膜的用于场外处理,透过反渗透膜的液体用卡车送回领域内使用。

试验系统的流程如图2所示。

双超滤膜在平行的一个表面改性的表面改性,并进行了未改性的控制,超过滤膜的持续运行时间约为60个小时。

通过超滤膜的液体被收集在一个缓冲罐中,然后通过反渗透膜块。

六个反渗透膜分为2个平行组成的三个模块,每一个平行组成中有聚多巴胺改性模块和一个未改性的模块。

在每一列平行中,三个反渗透模块通过渗透核心管串联连接,依次通过每一个模块。

两个反渗透列交替运行大概12小时,而所有单元总共运行约100。

因此,每一列单元要运行4次,改性的列运行第一个12小时块,随后运行第二个12小时的块,然后12h第三膜块,修改后的列在四个12小时膜块,等等,直到总100小时的反渗透性膜运行时间已经过去。

超滤模块运行在最后模式的初始进料流量为21.9升/分钟,在整个实验中超滤模块运行在最后模式的初始进料流量均为一个稳定的速度。

渗透通量和跨膜压力是允许出现的膜污染。

由于对超滤膜的高度污染,渗透反冲洗进行的频率为15分钟内进行30次冲洗。

每天要进行两次密集的热化学强化清洗和传统的清洗,按照超滤膜通量的需求进行相应的改造。

以反渗透为溶剂,制备了所有的清洗溶液。

加强版的热化学清洗(HWC)是传统清洗的一个小的部分。

在化学强化HWC清洗的过程中,加热和酸解进入膜纤维中循环这些过程都在很短的时间内完成,特别的是加热52°的腐蚀性清洗溶液,该溶液时用氢氧化钠调节PH至11的渗透水,该溶液首先需要通过超滤膜模块15分钟,然后,用柠檬酸调节溶液的PH至2再循环15分钟,最后,模块刷新新鲜反渗透膜渗透去除化合物和脱落的污垢。

在传统的CPI过程中,52°的质量比为1%的氢氧化钠溶液在模块中需要循环两个小时后再进行冲洗与渗透,然后质量比为2%的用柠檬酸调节酸性的酸液(同样需要加热至52°)也需要循环2小时,最后,该溶液与反渗透膜渗透。

在超滤膜的清洗过程中,使用储存在缓冲罐中的水来保持对反渗透的进料过程在图二中表示。

反渗透模块的操作中的横流与进料流量为56.7升/分钟,反渗透膜块的运行用水泵使进液量保持稳定,如此导致了一些渗透通量和跨膜压力的变化。

由于渗流通量没有保持恒定,在整个试验中,回收率各为不同。

回收率最初设定为50%,但由于高进水TDS浓度的影响,恢复的时期回收率下降低至10%。

反渗透模块上没有进行化学清洗。

进料水浊度,温度,渗透和渗透电导率测定以20分钟为一个时间间隔。

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