Context-dependence and Cultural Models

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prototype

PrototypeOutline1. Category2. Prototype2.1 Background2.2 Definitions of Prototype2.2 Factors that influence the Prototype1. Category (范畴)赵艳芳(2001)：严格来讲，范畴是事物在认知中的归类。

F.Ungerer＆H.J.Schmid(2001): The product of the mental process of classification. They can be understood as mental concepts stored in our mind.王寅(2001): 范畴是人们在互动体验的基础上对客观事物普遍本质在思维上的概括反映，是由一个通常聚集在一起的属性所构成的“完形”概念构成的。

2.1 Background对原型的研究始于上个世纪60年代末, Berlin & Kay调查98种语言,发现“焦点色”(人们对颜色进行范畴化的参照系统)的存在(Berlin& Kay, 1969)。

受到“焦点色”以及维特根斯坦“家族相似性”的启发, Rosch和Labov将研究范围扩展到其他范畴, 发现同样的现象,并提出原型(prototype) 概念(Rosch, Labov , 1973)。

2.2 Definition of Prototype认知语言学家目前对“原型”主要有两种解释:一是指范畴内典型代表；Rosch (1975)认为原型是与同一概念的成员有更多共同特征的实例, 这个典型代表对于识别范畴起重要作用。

Langacker(1987): "A prototype is a typical instance of a category."二是指范畴核心概念的概括性图式的表征；Taylor (2001): "not a particular entity is the prototype, but that it instantiates the prototype."(原型是范畴的概念核心的图式表征, 并认为实体并非原型, 仅例示了原型。

literature的英语作文

Literature is an integral part of human culture,reflecting the thoughts,emotions,and experiences of individuals and societies.It is a medium through which we can explore the complexities of the human condition,gain insights into different cultures and histories, and understand the world from various perspectives.Here are some key aspects to consider when writing an essay on literature:1.Themes and Motifs:Discuss the central themes and recurring motifs in the work.How do these elements contribute to the overall meaning of the text?Consider how the author uses these themes to convey messages or explore universal human experiences.2.Character Analysis:Delve into the characters of the work,examining their personalities,motivations,and development throughout the narrative.How do the characters interact with one another,and how do their relationships drive the plot?3.Plot and Structure:Analyze the plot of the work,including the sequence of events, conflicts,and resolutions.Consider the structure of the narrative,such as whether it is linear or nonlinear,and how this affects the readers engagement with the story.4.Setting and Atmosphere:Explore the setting of the work and how it contributes to the atmosphere.Discuss the importance of the time period,location,and social context in which the story takes place,and how these elements influence the characters and events.5.Style and Language:Examine the authors use of language,including diction,syntax, and rhetorical devices.How does the style of writing affect the tone and mood of the work?Consider the use of imagery,symbolism,and figurative language.6.Narrative Perspective:Discuss the point of view from which the story is told.Is it firstperson,thirdperson,or omniscient?How does the narrative perspective affect the readers understanding of the events and characters?7.Cultural and Historical Context:Place the work within its cultural and historical context.How does the work reflect the values,beliefs,and social issues of the time in which it was written?Consider any historical events or cultural practices that may have influenced the authors writing.8.Symbolism and Allegory:Analyze any symbols or allegorical elements in the work. How do these contribute to the deeper meanings of the text?Discuss how the author uses these devices to convey complex ideas or critique society.9.Influence and Legacy:Consider the influence of the work on later literature and itslasting impact on readers.How has the work been received by critics and audiences,and what makes it enduring or significant?10.Personal Response:Reflect on your personal response to the work.How did the work affect you as a reader?What emotions or thoughts did it evoke,and why do you think the authors choices were effective or ineffective?When writing your essay,ensure that you provide specific examples from the text to support your analysis.Engage with the work critically,but also express your own interpretations and insights.Remember to structure your essay logically,with a clear introduction,body paragraphs that explore each aspect in depth,and a conclusion that summarizes your main points and offers a final reflection on the work.。

文化沟通的英语作文好句

文化沟通的英语作文好句英文回答：Communicating Across Cultures: Bridging the Gaps.Effective communication is paramount in any human interaction, but it becomes increasingly complex when navigating cultural differences. Cross-cultural communication involves understanding not only words but also the underlying meanings, values, and norms that shape them.Challenges of Cultural Communication.Language Barriers: Different languages convey meanings in unique ways, making it challenging for speakers of different tongues to express and interpret messages accurately.Cultural Differences: Cultural beliefs and values caninfluence the way people communicate. For example, directness may be considered acceptable in one culture but offensive in another.Nonverbal Communication: Body language, gestures, and eye contact vary across cultures, leading to potential misunderstandings if not interpreted correctly.Context Dependence: In some cultures, the context plays a significant role in communication, while in others, the focus is on explicit statements.Strategies for Successful Cross-Cultural Communication.Learn about the Language: Acquiring basic proficiency in the other language can improve understanding and reduce misunderstandings.Embrace Cultural Sensitivity: Respecting and understanding different cultural perspectives fosters empathy and facilitates effective communication.Use Clear and Concise Language: Avoiding jargon or ambiguous terms can prevent confusion and help convey messages more effectively.Be Aware of Nonverbal Cues: Pay attention to body language, gestures, and eye contact to ensure that the intended message is being communicated.Be Patient and Seek Clarification: Allow time for questions and clarifications to avoid misinterpretations. Active listening demonstrates respect and enhances understanding.Use Technology as a Bridge: Translation services, video conferencing, and other technological tools can facilitate communication across cultures.Build Relationships: Establishing personal connections can foster trust and make communication more effective.Benefits of Effective Cross-Cultural Communication.Improved Collaboration: Breaking down communication barriers enables effective collaboration between individuals and teams from diverse backgrounds.Increased Understanding: Appreciating cultural differences promotes mutual respect and understanding, leading to stronger relationships.Global Perspective: Communicating across cultures expands horizons, fosters empathy, and provides a broader perspective on the world.Reduced Conflict: Understanding cultural differences can help prevent misunderstandings and conflicts by promoting tolerance and open dialogue.Enhanced Career Opportunities: Proficiency in cross-cultural communication opens doors to global opportunities and careers.Conclusion.Cross-cultural communication is a complex but rewarding endeavor that requires cultural sensitivity, language proficiency, and effective strategies. By embracing these strategies, we can bridge the gaps between cultures, foster understanding, and reap the benefits of effective global communication.中文回答：跨文化交流，弥合差异。

pragmatic features of humorous language

pragmatic features of humorouslanguageHumorous language is a unique language phenomenon that is widely used in various fields such as daily communication, literature, and art. The pragmatic features of humorous language mainly include the following aspects:1. Context dependence: The pragmatic feature of humorous language is that it often relies on specific contexts and background knowledge. Only in a specific context can listeners or readers understand the humorous effect and implied meaning of humorous language.2. Creative use of language: The pragmatic feature of humorous language is that it often uses creative language expressions, such as metaphor, simile, pun, irony, and hyperbole. These creative language expressions can make language more vivid, interesting, and attractive, and at the same time convey the speaker's humorous intention and emotions.3. Cultural dependence: The pragmatic feature of humorous language is that it is often closely related to cultural background and social customs. Different cultures and social customs may lead to differences in understanding and appreciation of humorous language. Therefore, in cross-cultural communication, it is necessary to understand and respect the cultural background and social customs of the other party in order to better appreciate and use humorous language.4. Interpersonal function: The pragmatic feature of humorous language is that it often plays an important role in interpersonal communication. Humorous language can ease tension and awkwardness in interpersonal communication, enhance mutual understanding and closeness, and at the same time reflect the speaker's intelligence, wit, and humor.In short, the pragmatic features of humorous language are context dependence, creative use of language, cultural dependence, and interpersonal function.Understanding and applying these pragmatic features can help us better appreciate and use humorous language, and at the same time improve our communication skills and interpersonal relationships.。

跨文化交际

Literature Review

It is broadly acknowledged that the earliest study on Chinese face was made by A. H. Smith, an American missionary. In his book Chinese Characteristics published in 1894, he proposed that face is Chinese primary psychological character. Later, Ho(国际著名华人心理学家何友晖教授)found that face is not limited in Chinese and Asian culture, but universally exists in all kinds of human cultures.

In 1940s，Huxianjin(胡先缙), an anthropologist first introduced the research on face into the field of social science.
Literature Review

Huxianjin‟s idea attracted wide academic concern on face and facework. So since 1940s, Chinese and foreign scholars have been doing broader and deeper research mainly in three perspectives: socio-psychology, sociolinguistics and human relations. Goffman‟s theory is the basis of socio-psychological face study. Brown&Levinson‟s sociolinguistic theory on face is closely related to politeness strategies. Ho, Penman and Lim study how people in relation keep their social interaction via facework.

基于深度学习的单目图像深度估计

摘要图像深度估计是计算机视觉领域中一项重要的研究课题。

深度信息是理解一个场景三维结构关系的重要组成部分，准确的深度信息能够帮助我们更好地进行场景理解。

在真三维显示、语义分割、自动驾驶及三维重建等多个领域都有着广泛的应用。

传统方法多是利用双目或多目图像进行深度估计，最常用的方法是立体匹配技术，利用三角测量法从图像中估计场景深度信息，但容易受到场景多样性的影响，而且计算量很大。

单目图像的获取对设备数量和环境条件要求较低，通过单目图像进行深度估计更贴近实际情况，应用场景更广泛。

深度学习的迅猛发展，使得基于卷积神经网络的方法在单目图像深度估计领域取得了一定的成果，成为图像深度估计领域的研究热点。

但是单目深度估计仍面临着许多挑战：复杂场景中的复杂纹理和复杂几何结构会导致大量深度误差，容易造成局部细节信息丢失、物体边界扭曲及模糊重建等问题，直接影响图像的恢复精度。

针对上述问题，本文主要研究基于深度学习的单目图像深度估计方法。

主要工作包括以下两个方面：（1）针对室内场景中复杂纹理和复杂几何结构造成的物体边界扭曲、局部细节信息丢失等问题，提出一种基于多尺度残差金字塔注意力网络模型。

首先，提出了一个多尺度注意力上下文聚合模块，该模块由两部分组成：空间注意力模型和全局注意力模型，通过从空间和全局分别考虑像素的位置相关性和尺度相关性，捕获特征的空间上下文信息和尺度上下文信息。

该模块通过聚合特征的空间和尺度上下文信息，自适应地学习像素之间的相似性，从而获取图像更多的全局上下文信息，解决场景中复杂结构导致的问题。

然后，针对场景理解中物体的局部细节容易被忽略的问题，提出了一个增强的残差细化模块，在获取多尺度特征的同时，获取更深层次的语义信息和更多的细节信息，进一步细化场景结构。

在NYU Depth V2数据集上的实验结果表明，该方法在物体边界和局部细节具有较好的性能。

（2）针对已有非监督深度估计方法中细节信息预测不够准确、模糊重建等问题，结合Non-local能够提取每个像素的长期空间依赖关系，获取更多空间上下文的原理，本文通过引入Non-local提出了一种新的非监督学习深度估计模型。

对校园恋爱的理解英语作文

对校园恋爱的理解英语作文Understanding Campus RomanceCampus romance is a subject that has always been a topic of interest and debate among students, educators, and parents alike. It refers to the romantic relationships that form between students while they are pursuing their education. The dynamics of campus romance are influenced by various factors, including the age of the individuals, the environment of the campus, and the cultural context in which the relationship takes place.One of the most significant aspects of campus romance is the emotional growth it can foster. Young adults are at a stage in their lives where they are discovering who they are and what they want from life. Engaging in a romantic relationship can be a part of this self-discovery process. It can teach them about compromise, empathy, and the importance of communication—skills that are valuable not only in love but also in professional and social interactions.Another important consideration is the impact of campus romance on academic performance. Some argue that romantic distractions can detract from a student's studies, while others believe that a healthy relationship can provide the emotional support necessary for academic success. The key is balance. Students in a relationship should be able to manage their time effectively, ensuring that their academicresponsibilities are not neglected.The campus environment itself can be conducive to the development of romantic relationships. The shared experiences of attending classes, participating in extracurricular activities, and living in close proximity can create a sense of camaraderie and intimacy. However, it is also importantfor students to maintain a social circle outside of their romantic partner, as this can help prevent over-dependence and provide a well-rounded college experience.Cultural norms and values also play a significant role in shaping campus romance. In some cultures, dating is seen as a natural progression towards marriage, while in others, it is considered a more casual exploration of companionship. Understanding and respecting these differences is crucial for maintaining healthy and respectful relationships.Moreover, campus romance can also present challenges such as dealing with breakups, which can be emotionally taxing. It is essential for educational institutions to provide resources and support systems for students navigating the complexities of love and heartbreak.In conclusion, campus romance is a multifaceted aspect of student life that can offer valuable life lessons and personal growth. It is a natural part of the developmental journey for many young adults. With the right balance, respect for cultural differences, and support from educational institutions, campus romance can be a positive and enriching experience.。

汉语与英语圆形语族的对比

• The characteristics of the circular language family include semantic relevance, cultural uniqueness, contextual dependence, and so on. These characteristics endow the circular language family with unique expressive functions and communicative value in their respective languages.
汉语与英语圆形语族的对比
汇报人：XX 20XX-01-21
目录
• introduction • Overview of the Chinese Circular
Language Family • Overview of the English Circular
Language Family • Comparative analysis of the circular
Circles are also commonly used to represent loops, repetitions, and periodic things, such as "the circle of life" representing the cycle of life.
Since a circle has no starting or ending point, it is also used to symbolize infinity and eternity, such as the endless circle representing an endless cycle.

跨文化交际重点梳理

重点1Definition of cultureCulture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed through the generations in an identifiable group of people.重点2Characteristics of culture(10) 1、Culture is sharedCulture is a system of shared values beliefs or patterns of behaviors held in a group ,organization or society.It is not property of any individual.2、culture is cumulativeHuman beliefs, arts etc. are results of many generations.Every generations can discover the new things.The new knowledge are added to what was learned in previous generations.3、culture is learnedCulture is not inherent with any people.Culture can not be genetically and automatically passed down from previous generations.And it should be taught and learned by people.4、culture is adaptiveCulture is created by humans. Humans have to adapt the environment . thus is in development bears the trait of being adaptive5、culture is dynamicAt the same time that new culture are added, and the old ones are lost because they are no longer useful.6、culture is symbolicSymbols generally serve as communicative tools for a multitude purposes, on a persons as well as culture level.7 、culture is relationalCulture is an organic whole. All the components of culture are interlinked.8 、culture is implicit and explicitSome layers culture are easy to be observe, like eating ,dressing, talking. But the ideas underlying the behaviors are generally hard to know. Many scholars label the culture as iceberg.9、 culture is universal10 、culture is diversified重点3Hall’s dimensionsHigh contextHigh-context communication relies heavily on nonverbal, contextual and shared cultural meanings.The meanings are not fully expressed.Meanings are determined by “how”things are said , rather than “what” is said.日本欧洲东部和南部阿拉伯CollectivismLow contextVerbal codes rather than the information impliesClear straight and to-the-point communication美国德国斯堪的纳维亚IndividualismMonochromic cultureDo one thing at one time, Concentrate on the job, take time seriously, low-context and need information, commit to the job, religiously to the plans, not disturbing others, seldom borrow or lend things, emphasize promptnessPolychromic cultureDo many things at once, subject to interruptions, consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, high-context and already have information. Change plans often. Emphasize the relationships.重点4Triandis’s individualism & collectivismIndividualismFosters independence and individual achievement,Promotes self-expression ,personal choice, individual thinkingAssociated with egalitarian relationships and flexibility in rolesUnderstand the physical world as knowable apart of human lifeCollectivismInterdependence and group successPromotes adherence to normsAssociated with stable, hierarchical rolesShared property, group ownership重点5Elements of communicationSource (sender)EncodingMessageMedium(channel)ReceiverDecodingResponseFeedback重点6Grice’s cooperative principle Quantity maximMake your contribute as informative as is required for the current purpose of exchange.Do not make your contribution more information than isrequired.（量的准则——话语提供充分而不多余的信息）Quality maximMake your contribution is ture（质的准则——话语的容是真实的）Relation maximBe relevant（关系准则——话语与话题有关，即与所要实现的意图有关）Manner maximBe perspicuousAvoid obscurity of expressionAvoid ambiguityDe brief and orderly(方式准则——说话要清楚明白、简洁而有条理)重点7Brown & levinson’s face theory Face is something that is emotionally invested, can be lost, maintained, or enhanced, and must be often attended to in communicationPeople cooperate while maintaining face in interaction. Face theory : face threatening acts (FTAs)Politeness strategiesPoliteness strategies: bald on-record不使用补救措施赤裸裸的公开实行面子威胁行为off-record indirect strategy非公开的实行面子威胁行为negative politeness消极礼貌策略Positive politeness积极礼貌策略Face: negative facePositive face重点8Thought patternsField dependence场依存性Holistic thinking eastern peoplePerspective of the whole, all the relevant parts take into account.Easily influence by othersField independence场独立性Analytic thinking western peopleDivinding the whole into parts to analyze the features or relations between the partsHardly influence by othersEastern: field-dependence, holistic thinking, high-context Western: field-independence, analytic thinking, low-context重点9Phases of negotiationPreparation 准备Non-task sounding 非任务测探Task-oriented exchangePersuasion 劝说ConcessionConclusion重点10Components of a brandBrand name 品牌名称（产品）Brand mark 品牌标志（产品）Trade name商号（公司名字）Trade mark 品牌商标重点11SWOT analysisStrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats重点12Intercultural advertising strategiesStandardization strategyConvey and extend the same advertising message to different markets and culturesKey point:Deal with the different markets using the same massage Example:MarlboroPhilips优点：reinforce the corporate imageSaving energyBe convenient to manage compared with several ads缺点: unlikely to be adaptive without change to all foreign cultureResult in misunderstanding or conflict even ruin a business Localization strategyStresses the specialties of the local market and adaptation to the local market environment重点13Three meaning layers of adsthe surface meaningthe intended meaningthe cultural meaning。

多媒体教学的优缺点英语多媒体与英语教学

多媒体教学的优缺点英语多媒体与英语教学Multimedia Teaching in English: Advantages and DisadvantagesIntroductionIn recent years, the integration of multimedia technology in language classrooms has gained increasing popularity. Multimedia teaching refers to the use of various media forms, such as videos, audio recordings, animations, and interactive exercises, to enhance the learning experience. This article aims to explore the advantages and disadvantages of multimedia teaching in the context of English language education.Advantages of Multimedia Teaching1. Enhances Engagement and MotivationOne of the major advantages of multimedia teaching is that it enhances student engagement and motivation. By incorporating visual and audio elements, multimedia materials can capture students' attention and create a more interactive and dynamic learning environment. This increased engagement can lead to improved learning outcomes and student participation.2. Facilitates Language Skills DevelopmentMultimedia teaching provides opportunities for learners to develop various language skills, including listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Through audio and video materials, students can practice listening comprehension and pronunciation. Interactive exercises and games can also encourage learners to communicate in English and practice their speakingskills. Reading and writing activities can be incorporated through digital texts and online platforms, allowing students to improve their literacy skills.3. Enhances Authenticity and Cultural AwarenessMultimedia materials can expose students to authentic language use and cultural aspects of English-speaking countries. By incorporating real-life situations, videos, and cultural references, multimedia teaching provides learners with a more comprehensive understanding of the language and culture. This exposure can help students develop cultural sensitivity, broaden their horizons, and improve their intercultural communication skills.4. Cater to Different Learning StylesEvery student has a unique learning style and preference. Some may be visual learners, while others may excel in auditory or kinesthetic learning. Multimedia teaching caters to a variety of learning styles by presenting information through different modalities. Visual learners benefit from visual aids, such as graphs and diagrams, while auditory learners benefit from audio recordings and videos. This multi-sensory approach ensures that students can access and process information in a way that suits their individual learning styles.Disadvantages of Multimedia Teaching1. Technical Issues and DependencyOne of the major challenges of multimedia teaching is the reliance on technology. Technical issues such as internet connectivity problems, software glitches, or hardware malfunctions can disrupt the teaching and learning process. Moreover, excessive dependence on multimedia materialsmay hinder students' ability to learn without technological aids, limiting their adaptability in traditional classroom settings.2. Limited Interactivity and Personalized LearningAlthough multimedia teaching provides various interactive elements, it may still lack the personal touch and individualized attention that traditional teaching methods offer. Students who require additional support or have specific learning needs may not receive the necessary guidance or feedback. Furthermore, the use of pre-designed multimedia materials may restrict the flexibility for teachers to adapt the content to suit the specific needs and interests of their students.3. Potential Distraction and OverstimulationThe integration of multimedia in the classroom can sometimes result in distractions and overstimulation. With the abundance of audiovisual elements, students may become overwhelmed or lose focus on the intended learning objectives. Additionally, excessive exposure to multimedia materials can lead to passive learning, as students may rely solely on audiovisual inputs without actively engaging in critical thinking, problem-solving, or collaborating with peers.ConclusionIn conclusion, multimedia teaching in English language education offers several advantages and disadvantages. It enhances engagement, facilitates language skills development, promotes authenticity and cultural awareness, and caters to different learning styles. However, it also presents challenges in terms of technical issues, limited interactivity, and potential distractions.It is crucial for educators to strike a balance between the benefits of multimedia teaching and the potential drawbacks to create a holistic and effective language learning environment.。

视频播放英语作文怎么说

视频播放英语作文怎么说Title: Exploring the Impact of Video Streaming on English Learning。

Introduction:Video streaming has become an integral part of modern education, offering a dynamic platform for language learners to engage with authentic content. In this essay, we will delve into the advantages and challenges of using video streaming for English learning.Benefits of Video Streaming in English Learning:1. Authentic Language Input: Video streaming provides learners with authentic language input, including various accents, colloquial expressions, and cultural references. This exposure enhances listening comprehension and helps learners adapt to real-world communication.2. Visual Contextualization: Unlike traditional text-based materials, videos offer visual context that aids in understanding vocabulary, grammar, and cultural nuances. Learners can observe body language, facial expressions, and situational cues, facilitating deeper comprehension.3. Multimodal Learning: Video streaming engagesmultiple senses, promoting multimodal learning that caters to diverse learning styles. Visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learners can benefit from the combination of moving images, sound, and interactive features.4. Interactive Content: Many video streaming platforms offer interactive features such as subtitles, annotations, and quizzes, allowing learners to engage actively with the content. These interactive elements reinforce learning and provide immediate feedback.5. Cultural Immersion: Through video streaming, learners can immerse themselves in English-speaking cultures, gaining insights into social customs, traditions, and daily life. This cultural exposure fosters cross-cultural understanding and empathy.Challenges of Video Streaming in English Learning:1. Distractions: The abundance of content on video streaming platforms can lead to distractions, making it challenging for learners to stay focused on educational material. Advertisements, related videos, and social media notifications may disrupt learning sessions.2. Limited Control Over Pace: Unlike textbooks or audio recordings, learners have limited control over the pace of video content. Fast-paced dialogue or complex scenes may pose comprehension difficulties, especially for beginners or non-native speakers.3. Quality and Accuracy: Not all video contentavailable online is of high quality or accuracy. Learners may encounter videos with poor production values, inaccurate information, or non-standard language usage, which can undermine learning outcomes.4. Technical Issues: Dependence on internetconnectivity and technological devices introduces the riskof technical issues such as buffering, playback errors, or compatibility issues with different devices. These disruptions can disrupt the learning experience and cause frustration.Strategies for Effective Use of Video Streaming in English Learning:1. Selecting Appropriate Content: Choose videos that align with your language proficiency level, learning goals, and interests. Look for educational channels, documentaries, or news segments that offer clear speech and relevant topics.2. Active Engagement: Take notes, pause the video to reflect on key points, and participate in interactive activities provided by the platform. Engage in discussions with peers or teachers to deepen understanding and clarify any doubts.3. Utilizing Supplementary Resources: Complement video content with supplementary resources such as vocabulary lists, transcripts, or language learning apps. These resources can enhance comprehension, reinforce vocabulary acquisition, and provide additional practice opportunities.4. Setting Learning Goals: Establish clear learning goals and objectives before engaging with video content. Focus on specific language skills or linguistic features you want to improve, such as listening comprehension, pronunciation, or cultural awareness.5. Balancing Screen Time: Maintain a healthy balance between screen time and other learning activities. Incorporate offline practice such as reading, writing, and speaking exercises to reinforce learning and prevent overreliance on video streaming.Conclusion:In conclusion, video streaming offers immense potential for enhancing English language learning through authenticinput, visual contextualization, and interactive engagement. However, learners must navigate challenges such as distractions, content quality, and technical issues to maximize the benefits of this innovative learning tool. By adopting effective strategies and maintaining a balanced approach, learners can harness the power of video streaming to achieve their language learning goals effectively.。

文化语境与语言翻译

英国翻译理论家受功能主义语境观影响

——B. Malinowski: context of situation & context of culture （提出情景语境和文化语境的概念） ——Halliday: 情景语境三大要素： Field(语场): Refers to what is happening, to the nature of the social action that is taking place. (语场指在交际过程中实际发生的社会活动) Tenor(语旨): Refers to who is taking part, to the nature of the participants, their statuses and roles. (语旨指参与者之间的社会关系) Mode(语式)：Refers to what part the language is playing, what is that the participants are expecting the language to do for them in that situation.(语式指交际的渠道和媒介) 他们主要讨论语境和翻译的关系问题，对文化语境关注不够

2.5 Static v.s. Dynamic
e.g.: The whole armada, equipped at once for sailing or propulsion by the oars, was a striking and formidable spectacle.

整个舰队装备齐全，既可扬帆航行，也可划桨前进，其规模蔚为壮观，令人生畏。
e.g.: “小康社会”: 十四大译为： a well-off society, 十七大改为: a moderately prosperous society “反腐倡廉”: 十四大译为： fight corruption and build a clean government 十七大改为: fight corruption and uphold integrity

六年级英语unit3作文will

六年级英语unit3作文willThe concept of will is a complex and multifaceted one that has been the subject of much philosophical and psychological inquiry. At its core, will refers to the capacity of an individual to make choices, to take action, and to exert control over their own thoughts and behaviors. It is a fundamental aspect of human agency and self-determination, and plays a crucial role in shaping our lives and experiences.In the context of the 6th grade English curriculum, the topic of will is explored through a variety of lenses. Students may delve into the psychological and neurological underpinnings of willpower, examining the factors that influence our ability to make decisions and follow through on our intentions. They may also explore the sociocultural and environmental factors that shape an individual's sense of agency and control, such as the impact of family, peers, and societal norms.One of the key aspects of will that is often highlighted in the 6th grade curriculum is the concept of goal-setting and self-regulation.Students may learn about the importance of setting clear and achievable goals, and the strategies and techniques that can be used to overcome obstacles and stay motivated in the pursuit of those goals. This might involve exploring the role of self-monitoring, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement in the development of effective self-regulation skills.Another important aspect of will that is often covered in the 6th grade curriculum is the concept of decision-making. Students may explore the various cognitive and emotional factors that influence the decision-making process, such as the role of biases, heuristics, and emotions in shaping our choices. They may also learn about the importance of critical thinking and problem-solving skills in navigating complex decision-making scenarios.In addition to these more academic and cognitive aspects of will, the 6th grade curriculum may also touch on the emotional and motivational dimensions of this concept. Students may explore the role of emotions, such as fear, anxiety, and self-doubt, in shaping our willpower and decision-making. They may also learn about the importance of cultivating positive mindsets and self-belief in the pursuit of our goals and aspirations.One of the key challenges that students may face in exploring the topic of will is the inherent complexity and context-dependence ofthis concept. Will is not a simple or unitary construct, but rather a multifaceted and dynamic process that is shaped by a variety of individual, social, and environmental factors. As such, students may need to grapple with the nuances and ambiguities inherent in this topic, and develop a more nuanced and sophisticated understanding of the role of will in their own lives and experiences.Despite these challenges, the exploration of will in the 6th grade curriculum can be a powerful and transformative learning experience for students. By delving into the psychological, cognitive, and emotional dimensions of this concept, students can develop a deeper understanding of themselves and their own capacity for agency and self-determination. They may also gain valuable insights into the factors that shape human behavior and decision-making, and learn strategies and techniques for cultivating greater willpower and self-control.Ultimately, the study of will in the 6th grade curriculum can be seen as a crucial component of a well-rounded and holistic education. By helping students to develop a deeper understanding of this fundamental aspect of human experience, educators can empower them to take greater control over their lives, to pursue their goals and aspirations with greater focus and determination, and to navigate the complex and ever-changing challenges of the modern world with greater resilience and adaptability.。

Best regards, AI Language Model

Best regards, AI Language ModelDear Reader,As an AI language model, I am programmed to communicate with you in the English language. I am designed to produce a generous amount of words, at least 3000 characters, and present them in a coherent and logical manner. In this response, I will address multiple perspectives on the prompt problem of \"Best regards, AI Language Model.\"Firstly, as an AI language model, I understand the importance of communication and the significance of the closing phrase \"Best regards.\" It is a polite and professional way to end a message, conveying respect and goodwill towards the recipient. However, I also recognize that the phrase can seem impersonal and robotic, especially when used repeatedly in automated messages. Therefore, it is essential to strike a balance between professionalism and personalization, depending on the context and the relationship between the sender and the receiver.Secondly, from a human perspective, the phrase \"Best regards\" can evoke different emotions and reactions. Some people may appreciate the formal tone and perceive it as a sign of respect, while others may find it too generic and prefer more personalized closings, such as \"Warmly\" or \"Sincerely.\" It is crucial to consider the cultural and social norms of the recipient's country and profession when choosing the appropriate closing phrase. For instance, in some cultures, using first names or informal language in business emails is considered disrespectful, while in others, it is a sign of friendliness and approachability.Thirdly, the use of AI language models in communication has become increasingly prevalent in recent years, from chatbots and virtual assistants to automated emails and social media responses. While AI can enhance efficiency and accuracy in communication, it can also pose ethical and social challenges. For example, some people may feel uncomfortable or even deceived when they realize that they are interacting with a machine rather than a human. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure transparency and clarity in disclosing the use of AI in communication and to provide human support when necessary.Fourthly, the development of AI language models raises broader questions about the nature of language and communication. Can machines truly understand and generate language in the same way that humans do? What are the implications of AI language models on language learning, translation, and creativity? How can we ensure that AI language models reflect diverse linguistic and cultural perspectives and avoid perpetuating biases and stereotypes? These questions require interdisciplinary and collaborative efforts from linguists, computer scientists, social scientists, and ethicists, among others.Fifthly, as an AI language model, I am aware of my limitations and biases. While I strive to produce accurate and coherent responses, I am not infallible and may make mistakes or misunderstandings. Moreover, my programming and training data may reflect certain biases and assumptions that need to be identified and addressed. Therefore, it is essential to involve human oversight and feedback in the development and application of AI language models, to ensure accountability and responsibility.In conclusion, the prompt problem of \"Best regards, AI Language Model\" highlights the complex and multifaceted nature of language and communication, as well as the opportunities and challenges of AI. As an AI language model, I am committed to improving the quality and accessibility of communication, while respecting the diversity and complexity of human language and culture. Thank you for reading, and best regards.Sincerely,AI Language Model。

介绍英语西游记

IntroductionThe "Journey to the West," originally titled "Xi You Ji" in Chinese, is an epic literary masterpiece penned by Wu Cheng'en during the Ming Dynasty (1592). This timeless tale, deeply rooted in Chinese folklore and Buddhist philosophy, has captivated readers for centuries with its vivid portrayal of adventure, wit, morality, and spiritual transformation. Its English translation, masterfully executed by various scholars and writers, has made this cultural treasure accessible to a global audience, fostering cross-cultural understanding and appreciation. This essay offers a comprehensive, multi-faceted analysis of the English version of the "Journey to the West," delving into its literary style, character development, thematic depth, cultural significance, and the challenges and successes of its translation.Literary Style and Narrative TechniquesThe English translation of the "Journey to the West" mirrors the original's engaging and versatile narrative style, seamlessly blending elements of fantasy, adventure, satire, and allegory. The translators have skillfully captured the episodic nature of the story, each chapter presenting a distinct challenge or encounter that contributes to the overall quest. The use of vivid imagery, metaphorical language, and poetic descriptions brings the fantastical world of demons, gods, and mythical creatures to life, evoking a sense of wonder and awe in readers.The narrative is punctuated by witty dialogue and humorous episodes, often involving the bickering and camaraderie among the central characters. These comedic interludes not only provide moments of levity but also serve as a powerful tool for social commentary and moral instruction. The translators have adeptly preserved the puns, wordplay, and cultural references in the dialogue, ensuring that the text retains its satirical edge and intellectual depth.Character Development and Interpersonal DynamicsAt the heart of the "Journey to the West" lies a cast of unforgettable characters whose evolving relationships and personal growth form the emotionalcore of the story. The English translation deftly captures the complexity and richness of these characters:1. **Sun Wukong (Monkey King)**: Often seen as a symbol of rebellion, cunning, and boundless energy, the Monkey King's journey from a mischievous, self-serving trickster to a devoted protector and enlightened being is masterfully portrayed. The translation preserves his brash humor, quick wit, and profound wisdom, making him a relatable yet awe-inspiring figure.2. **Xuanzang (Tripitaka)**: The gentle, pious monk represents the embodiment of Buddhist virtue and compassion. The translation effectively communicates his unwavering faith, moral steadfastness, and occasional naivete, highlighting his role as the group's moral compass.3. **Zhu Bajie (Pigsy)**: A gluttonous, lustful, yet lovable figure, Pigsy's transformation from a lascivious monster to a devoted disciple is humorously and touchingly rendered. His interactions with other characters, particularly his frequent clashes with the Monkey King, provide ample opportunities for comic relief and moral lessons.4. **Sha Wujing (Sandy)**: The quiet, dependable Sandy serves as a foil to the more flamboyant characters. The translation skillfully conveys his humility, loyalty, and hidden strength, emphasizing his importance as a stabilizing force within the group.Thematic Depth and Philosophical InsightsThe English translation of the "Journey to the West" preserves the rich tapestry of themes and philosophical underpinnings that make the original a profound work of literature. Key themes include:1. **Spiritual Enlightenment**: The central quest to obtain Buddhist scriptures symbolizes the journey towards enlightenment, emphasizing the importance of perseverance, self-discipline, and overcoming inner demons.2. **Morality and Redemption**: The characters' encounters with various demons and obstacles serve as allegories for the triumph of virtue over vice, demonstrating the transformative power of repentance and redemption.3. **Unity and Cooperation**: The evolving relationships and mutual dependence among the four main characters underscore the value of camaraderie, trust, and teamwork in overcoming adversity.4. **Social Critique and Satire**: The novel employs humor and satire to critique the corruption, hypocrisy, and excesses of the Ming Dynasty society, as well as to lampoon religious institutions and traditional values.Cultural Significance and Cross-Cultural UnderstandingAs one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, the "Journey to the West" holds immense cultural significance. The English translation plays a vital role in bridging the gap between Eastern and Western cultures, introducing readers to Chinese mythology, folklore, religion, and philosophy. It provides valuable insights into the societal norms, moral values, and historical context of ancient China, fostering a deeper understanding and appreciation of Chinese culture.Challenges and Successes of TranslationTranslating the "Journey to the West" into English poses several challenges due to its complex literary style, cultural nuances, and linguistic intricacies. Some notable challenges and the corresponding successes in their resolution include:1. **Preserving the Humor and Wordplay**: The text abounds with puns, allusions, and idiomatic expressions that are deeply rooted in Chinese culture and language. Successful translations have managed to retain the humor and wit by finding creative equivalents or explanations in English, while maintaining the spirit and intent of the original jokes.2. **Capturing the Poetic Quality**: The novel contains numerous poems and songs that not only enrich the narrative but also reflect the beauty and sophistication of classical Chinese poetry. Skilled translators have carefully rendered these verses into English, preserving their rhythmic structure, imagery, and emotional impact.3. **Adapting Cultural References**: The story is replete with referencesto Chinese mythology, history, and Buddhism, which may be unfamiliar to Western readers. Successful translations have provided informative footnotes, endnotes, or appendices to elucidate these cultural aspects, enhancing the reader's understanding and enjoyment.ConclusionThe English translation of the "Journey to the West" stands as a testament to the enduring appeal and universal relevance of this classic Chinese epic. Through meticulous attention to literary style, character development, thematic exploration, and cultural contextualization, the translation successfully bridges the linguistic and cultural divide, allowing readers worldwide to immerse themselves in the fantastical adventures, moral teachings, and philosophical insights of this timeless tale. As such, it continues to foster cross-cultural understanding, inspire imagination, and illuminate the shared human experience that transcends geographical and historical boundaries.。

怎么看待文化现象英语作文

Cultural phenomena are the reflections of a societys values, beliefs, and history. They are the tangible and intangible expressions of a communitys identity, ranging from art and literature to customs and traditions. Here are some perspectives on how to view cultural phenomena:1. Historical Context: Understanding the historical context is crucial when examining cultural phenomena. It provides insight into why certain practices or beliefs have emerged and evolved over time.2. Cultural Diversity: Appreciating cultural diversity is essential. Each culture has unique aspects that contribute to the richness of human experience. Recognizing and respecting these differences can foster greater understanding and tolerance.3. Cultural Exchange: Cultural phenomena often spread through exchange, influencing and being influenced by other cultures. This exchange can lead to new forms of expression and innovation.4. Social Impact: Cultural phenomena can have a profound impact on society, shaping social norms, influencing behavior, and affecting how people perceive the world.5. Economic Influence: Culture can also have economic implications. For example, the popularity of a cultural trend can drive consumer behavior and create new markets.6. Technological Impact: Technology plays a significant role in the dissemination and evolution of cultural phenomena. It can both preserve and transform cultural expressions.7. Cultural Preservation: With globalization, there is a risk of cultural homogenization. Its important to recognize the need for cultural preservation to maintain the unique identities of different societies.8. Cultural Critique: Its also valuable to critically examine cultural phenomena, questioning their origins, implications, and potential for perpetuating stereotypes or biases.9. Personal Connection: Individuals can have a personal connection to cultural phenomena, which can influence their identity and sense of belonging.10. Global Perspective: Viewing cultural phenomena through a global lens can reveal commonalities and differences across cultures, promoting a broader understanding of humanity.In conclusion, cultural phenomena are multifaceted and should be approached with an open mind, a critical eye, and an appreciation for the depth and complexity they bring to our world.。

Translation of Chinese Words with Cultural Image

Translation of Words with Cultural ImageShiyang RanSchool of Foreign Languages and Literature, Shandong University, Jinan, China School of Foreign Languages and Literature, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling, Chongqing, PRCEmail: ranshiyang888@Tian XiaSchool of Foreign Languages and Literature, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling, Chongqing, PRCEmail: 448358094@Abstract—Cultural image is a kind of cultural symbol, which carries unique, wide, deep cultural connotations. The default and misplacement of cultural images caused by cultural differences always put translators in dilemma. The differences in cultural images between the source and target language frequently cause semantic default and contextual conflicts in the process of transference and present a hard nut for the translator to crack. Due to the close relationship between language and culture, unique cultural images are formed in the languages of different nations. In the process of translation, as a cross-language and cross-cultural activity, the cultural image of the original words should be expressed and the cultural meanings should be transmitted as appropriately and completely as possible. While in practical translation, translators always find it difficult to choose an almost equal word to replace the original one, thus the problems of misplacement, loss in the translation of words with cultural image come out, which cause difficulties and misunderstandings in the intercultural communication. In this paper it is to present the status quo of translating words with cultural image and illustrate their unique meaning in different cultures. Then it is to discuss some problems caused in translation activities. Finally it is to expound the upmost principle for translating cultural images: foreignizing translation. Based on foreignization, several suitably acceptable methods are introduced in this paper as well: to transplant the original images faithfully by means of image retention and notes and image addition in order to achieve the purpose of cross-cultural communication, which will make translation more suitable for the purpose of cultural intercommunication.Key Words—words with cultural image; translation; foreignization; approaches1I NTRODUCTIONAs translation involves two different languages which are the carriers of their respective cultures, it is not only a transfer between languages but also a communication between cultures. With the increasingly frequent cultural exchanges and communication among people between China and foreign countries, people now have higher and higher demands not only for the enjoyment of fluency, beauty and grace, but also for the accessibility to exotic culture in translation. As for the higher demand to translation of words with cultural image, the translators always fall into the dilemma that they “can not have both bear’s paw and the fish at the same time”. Frequent internationalculture exchanges lead to a higher requirement for translation of words with cultural image: the translated version should be elegant and fluent; furthermore, it should express the distinctive cultural images of the origin version. The neglect of their meaning and transmission will affect the proper expression of the whole content and the understanding of the artistic conception and figures. Traditionally researchers focus on the meaning and equivalence of the original expression, while in translation of words with cultural image the cultural image is the core of certain culture and in translation translators had better give out the deep connotation of cultural image, which will make target readers interested in different cultures and recognized the difference of different cultures, as a result it will realize the purpose and significance of translation and cultural intercommunication. In this paper it is to find out the problems in translation of words with cultural image and examine the misplacement and loss in the translation of words with cultural image. In addition, it will expound the upmost principle for translating cultural images: to realize the cultural images of original expression faithfully by means of foreignizing translation. Based on foreignization, several suitably acceptable methods are introduced in this paper as well: to transplant the original images faithfully by means of image retention and notes and image addition in order to achieve the purpose of cross-cultural communication, which will make translation more suitable for the purpose of cultural intercommunication.2W ORDS WITH C ULTURAL I MAGECulture image is formed in many thousand years of history in every nation, and “it is the crystallization of the long-term developing history and culture of different ethnics; some are closely related to national legends or totem worship. In all years of the long history of their ethnics, they continue to appear in the language of the people inside, and in literary and artistic works generation after generation. They slowly developed into a cultural symbol with a relatively fixed, a unique cultural meaning, some of which even have an extensive and far-reaching image association. When people mention it, they understand it tacitly and are good to communication.”(Xie Tianzhen 1999:26)When people talk about it, a common image or implication is there, that is culture image, which is unique and specialized in its nation’s culture. Words with cultural image are those words which have some kind of hidden implication behind the literal meaning, and when people use such kind of words, they mean some special and unique meanings. Words with cultural image have two features: national specificity and context-dependence. Although human thoughts share the common physiology and content, due to the objective natural and social environment, it is quite different in ways of thinking and language for the same content. As linguists say, people in different ethnics see the phenomenon of the same objective, different ethnic languages will give it different colors on the brush, which reflects the cultural characteristics of their ethnic and historical imprint, thus creating a culture of imagery with the attribution of nationality.①Cultural image is generated in the cultural environment of a cultural symbol, thus having a feature of context-dependence. Cultural Images and semantic reasoning are necessary to conform to the context. While context changed, cultural imagery and semantics may change according to the context. The original meaning is the weather process of rapid cooling caused by large-scale cold winds. However, when it used to describe the mood of someone, it means a bad or sorrowful mood. Belongingness of cultural image of a nation also determines that people must sometimes choose different cultural images required to convey English language content into Chinese in order to reach the same culture reference in the process of translation. So words with cultural image have the context-dependence. In the translation of such kind of words, translators should pay more attention to the context and translators should put more attention on the translation of such kind of words with cultural image.3S OME P ROBLEMS IN THE T RANSLATION OF W ORDS WITH C ULTURAL I MAGE3.1Misplacement in the Translation of Words with Cultural ImageDifferent cultures more or less lead to the differences in the way of understanding of its people. The differences of the languages make a difficult crack to cross in the international communication. In translation, there are some words or phrases with cultural characteristics that can not be translated equally, thus appearing the misplacement of translation of words with cultural image. Misplacement of translation of words with cultural image prevents the target readers from losing the chance to have a distinctive and real access to the original work, which do harm to the international culture exchanges and understanding. Because of different surroundings, the same objective objects represent different or opposite culture image in different cultures. While people always translate the original words with cultural image from superficial meanings, this is misplacement of cultural image. The non-proficiency of the origin language and the target language, or culture makes misplacement of translation occur.In Chinese culture, Loong②has an important status and a great influence on Chinese culture. Since ancient times, Loong in Chinese culture is an important part of Chinese philosophy. The masses always love Loong, awe①/Freepaper/English②Loong is transliterated from the Chinese express “Long”(龙), whose equivalent is “dragon” in many E-C dictionaries. To distinct its deep meaning and formal difference to English word “long”, in the paper it is translated as “Loong”, which isdragon as well as worship it. Loong in Chinese culture, as a cultural phenomenon, has penetrated into all aspects of Chinese society, becoming a culture of cohesion and accumulation. During the development of Loong culture, whether the evolution of the image of Chinese Loong or the evolution of the implication of Loong culture, all reflected the creation of the Chinese nation and implied the Chinese nation’s future faith and spiritual sustenance. Because of this, at home and abroad, Chinese see themselves as descendants of the Loong and are proud of that. As to every Chinese, Loong image is a symbol and a kind of flesh and blood emotion. In addition to the dissemination and inheritance of the Chinese Loong culture in China, it also crossed the waters and spread all over the world and enroot there. Loong images and “Loong dances” (sometimes dragon dances) can be seen everywhere in Chinatown in Western countries, all these indicate the influence of the Chinese culture of Loong. Thus, the image of the Loong, as a spiritual symbol of Chinese culture and national totems, has been deeply imprinted in every Chinese people’s mind. Loong is a symbol of the Chinese nation, which is an auspicious animal. Loong in Chinese culture is not only a totem in China, but also has a profound cultural background. Han Chinese are known for their “Descendants of the Loong”. In the ancient Chinese, loong is a symbol of the emperor, noble, majestic, imposing and a symbol of authority, the emperors also called themselves “true sons of the Lo ong”. So, with the “dragon” related idiom, such as “prosperity brought by the dragon and the phoenix”, “Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon” and so on, it is always with a compliment. “Loong” also take command of all the location, such as “national champions”, “big boss”, etc. While in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (2004:167), dragon is defined as: (1) a large imaginary animal that has wings and a long tail and can breathe out fire4; (2) a woman who behaves in an angry and unfriendly way. In western culture, the Dragon often looks like demons, as the opposite of the heroes. While in literal works, it has an image of wickedness, especially for women, it symbolizes malicious and cruel women, and the image of dragon is negative. In early western story, dragon was a kind of monster, a symbol of evil. In the Bible, dragon was the symbol of evil. In British epic Beowulf, the hero Beowulf also fighted fiercely with an evil dragon which is to protect treasure. From these definitions the dragon is a bad feature. Therefore “Dragon” is considered to be a gas-filled high-handed and aggressive monster. In English, the “dragon” always related to multi-band derogatory idioms: If we say that a woman is a “dragon”, which refers to that she is a violent old woman; another example: “She is a bit of a dragon around this place” m eans “she was a very pull addiction to people”. Thus “dragon” have become the symbol of terror and terrible in English. Studying its source, in the Western myth, “dragon” is a kind of monster shaped like a huge lizard, long wings, scaly bodies, dragging a long tail, and with its mouth spitting fire with the murderous smoke. Therefore, “dragon”caused by the association with the Han Chinese “Dragon” is entirely different.In English-Chinese translation, people always translate Loong into Dragon and vice versa, which ignore the different connotations of two cultures and does not meet the spirit of the times. In Chinese culture, Loong is ubiquitous. It is no exaggeration to say that the Loong culture constitute the foundation and the thrust of Chinese culture. Its role is to act as messengers reaching heaven, rain animal and lucky miraculous objects etc. However, dragon in Western culture has a quite different meaning. Therefore, Loong in Chinese is quite different from Dragon in English. If people mix them together, it may be easier for them to have intercultural misunderstanding.3.2 Loss in the Translation of Words with Cultural ImageTranslation has been becoming increasingly prominent in disseminating cultural information, and promoting further mutual understanding between different ethnics and national integration. In the practical process of translation activities, the impersonal heterogeneity of ethnic language and culture will inevitably bring objective obstacles to the exchange of information. Among them, the extreme heterogeneity of language and culture, as a form of cultural expression, lead the translation into a dilemma. Cultural loss is a common phenomenon, and cultural image often has been neglected. Because of the differences that exist in cultures among many countries, there are some words or phrases with cultural characteristics that can not be translated properly. Or translators could not find an almost equal expression to replace the original one. By presenting the example of Qiangshou who is to replace the examinees in the examination, it is to propose some counter measures to solve the problem, aiming at finding out the effective ways and measures.In recent years, the term “qiangshou” frequent ly appears in various media. “Q iangshou” as a social phenomenon, although not big flood, but at least has been quietly popular. When close to all major examination period, the streets, online forums, “qiangshou”are looming on the ads. Almost without exception, “qiangshou” app ears where examinations take place. In China, a person who sits for an examination for someone is commonly known as qiangshou, who contains cultural implication. Yet many English lexicon and newspapers fail to convey its accurate cultural meaning. In recent years, the term gunmen frequent in various media. “Qiangshou”in English can be divided into the following:a: Explanatory Translation“qiangshou”: one who sits for an examination in place of another person. (in Modern Chinese-English Dictionary1999:1081); substitute during examination on false pretenses (in Lin Yutang’s Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern1972:682); one who sits for the real candidate in an examination (in Liang Shiqiu’s New Practical Chinese-English Dictionary 1970:958).discussed by many scholars before.b: Literal Translation“qiangshou”: a hired gun (in China Daily 2004-07-16); a gunmen (in China Daily 2005-01-11).c: Free Translation“qiangshou”: a substitute (in China Daily, Hongkong Edition, 2003-06-24); a substitute tester (in China Daily, Hongkong Edition, 2003-10-08); a substitute examinee, a hired examinee (Liang Shiqiu’s New Practical Chinese-English Dictionary); examinee substitute (New Century Chinese-English Dictionary).At the first sight, t ranslating “qiangshou” into “a hired man” or “gunman”, it seems to be able to convey the authentic image of “qiangshou” to English readers with its culture, however, it is actually a distortion of history and culture. According to Modern Chinese Dictionary, t he unstressed word “shou” means one who sits for an examination in place of another perso n, while the rising tone “shǒu” has a totally different meaning: armed soldiers or shooter. According to Xu Huilan’s research (2007: 95), the reasons why the “qiangshou” is used and analyzed as the following: The shape of the brush that the ancients used to write poetry composition is similar to the Hong Yingqiang, while sitting for an examination in place of another person is not a glorious thing, so they always use “qiang” (gun) to replace “bi” (pen), thus calling the person who sits for an examination in place of another person “qiangshou” (qiāngshou). What’s more, according to the record in Tang Dynasty, people call the person who is skilled at something “-shou”. So “qiangshou” is used based on it. Perhaps because years have passed, people almost forget the replacement between “qiang” and “bi” so as to translate “qiangshou” into “gunmen” or “hired man”. In fact, “qiangshou” has not hing to do with gun or something related to it. Or if they have some relationship between, it still can not translate “qiangshou” into “gunmen” or “hired man”. According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, “a hired man” means someone who is paid to shoot someone else; “gunmen” means a criminal or TERRORIST who use a gun. Both are related to killer or criminal, it is really wrong to translate “qiangshou” into “gunmen” or “hired man”. So we cannot find the same or equal word in English to replace “qiangshou”, because Chinese have a totally different implication in th e word “qiangshou”.In translation, the implicit beauty and the vague beauty are not reflected in English. This is because Chinese is a semantic-based language. In thousands of years, under the influence of emphasis on meaning, demeanor and strength of character and aesthetic traditions, Chinese formed the grammatical structure of an inherent relationship, implicit relations and fuzzy relations. Chinese culture image is easily missing in the English language. A better approach is to add footnote or endnote to complement the interpretation in the text.In conclusion, the values, aesthetics, and cultural differences such as psychological and symbolic, as well as the impact of religious beliefs and mythological figures cause English and Chinese cultural differences. To deal with these differences, when translate words with cultural Images, the translator in particular, should pay more attention to cultural context and convey cultural information in translation.4P RINCIPLE OF T RANSLATING W ORDS WITH C ULTURAL I MAGETranslation is not simply the transformation between the languages and the language symbols. It is an activity of cross-language and cross-culture communication in the actual sense. In dealing with the cultural factors of English and Chinese translation, the translator should be willing to use pragmatic empathy in order to esteem and fit the target language’s culture.The famous translation theorist, Nida (from Wang Yining 2004:110) has pointed out that for real success in terms of translation, it is more important to learn two different cultures than languages, words make sense only in their cultural background. In the treatment of handling translation of cultural differences, translation profession has been divided into two main opposite standpoints, which are Domestication and Foreignization. Domestication promotes the use of a culture all in its own way of expression, but against the introduction of the expressions in the source language. Foreignization advocates the preservation of the unique expression in the source language and input it into the target language. Domestication is one of the principles to translate the words with cultural image of the source language into target language which readers are familiar with. It is convenient for readers to reach the degree of transformation, and it goes against the principle of faith. It is not conducive to cultural exchange and dissemination. However, one of the missions of translation is the cultural exchange and dissemination, that is, to introduce the language and the culture of one nation to another, enabling readers to appreciate the exotic culture and unique charm of verse, thus improve inter-ethnic tolerance and respect for other cultural awareness. This is Foreignization. As a famous representative of Foreignization theory in translation, Lawrence Venuti (1995/2004) highlights Foreignization in the source language. Materialist epistemology believes that epistemic has the features of limitation and limitlessness. The essence of the cultural convergence is the gradual understanding and acceptance of the exotic culture, thus having the features of limitation and limitlessness. The main aspect is the limitlessness. The main trend in cultural evolution is the convergence, that is, with the cultural development, more and more tend to unify the various cultures. As long as there is still a culture, and cultural convergence process is endless. Language is not only a carrier of culture, but also a tool for the exchange of different cultures. Foreignization will no doubt help narrow the gap between cultures, and play an import ant role in showing culture, characteristics, and broaden the reader’sperspectives and promote cultural convergence. On the contrary, the limitlessness of cultural convergence has made Foreignization an inevitable trend of translation. ③Through time and space, external and internal, the economy, politics, morality, and many other social factors, which composed culture of ethnic groups for examining personality and social psychology, ethnic spirit and features, are the focus of translation. Every work has the mark of ethnic culture. Translated works introduce the life of another nation to the reader of different cultural backgrounds to enhance understanding and communication between people, this is the fundamental purpose of the translation.With the rapid development of science and technology, globalization and information technology help to facilitate the integration throughout the world. There are more and more frequent contacts in politics, commerce, science and technology, culture and other areas. Modern people use a more mature psychology to feel and understand other countries or cultures through radio, television, the Internet and other channels while a more open mind constantly adjust to, enrich and update their own culture psychologically. This requires that translators should not only be content to convey the general meaning of the original cultural image, but convey the maximum possible information of the source original culture as their duty.Reception theory believes that the readers have certain expectation, requirements and psychological preparation in understanding and acceptance of foreign cultures. Therefore, they often take the initiative to understand the text of the difference with the help of reading experience, context and related notes, etc. As the exchanges between different cultures and integration, there is no need to worry for the readers of this ability.Foreignization is Beneficial to Cross-Culture Communication. Culture is a broad and complex concept, with broad and narrow sense. Culture in the broad sense: the sum of the material and spiritual wealth created in the process of social and historical development of mankind including material culture, system culture and psychological cultural; Culture in the broad sense: people's social customs, lifestyles and relationships, etc. Culture has a distinct nationality difference. Since national geographical, ecological environment, socio-political economic system, historical background, customs, values and behavior patterns are different, and their culture has its own characteristics. In addition to differences in culture, culture has the features of penetration and openness. First of all culture itself was an open system, with incalculable absorption inclusive. New things of foreign culture are easily accepted by people, and absorb it into their own culture. Second, the power of cultural penetration grasp all the opportunity to enter the social life of other cultures, relying on the cultural environment where could maintain their vitality.Because of the differences in culture, there is a need to communicate. Translation is the social exchange process and communication tool between two languages. Its purpose is to promote the language of the political, economic and cultural progress. Its mission is to convey the logic images of the real world of the original works from one language to another language. The fundamental task of translation and the great significance is cultural exchanges and promotion of cultural progress. It can be said that cultural differences determines the need for translation, the openness and permeability of culture has provided translatability for the translation.With modern technology, especially the network’s popularity in the global and the booming in the international economy, the world has entered a new era. Globalization is no longer the exclusive economic terms, and it is the main theme of our times and dramatically changes the political, economic, cultural and social life all over the world. The era of globalization will inevitably bring about the globalization of culture. The cultural interaction between nations, mutual penetration and mutual exchange, mutual integration put forward higher requirements to the translators. That only the basic information required to convey the original, just domestication to make the readers understand the translation has been difficult to adapt to the requirements of a new era. Age of globalization requires cultural exchanges and cultural integration, cultural exchange and cultural integration, on the contrary, requires Foreignization and asks the translator to convey the unique culture of the original image as complete and accurate as possible. Foreignization contributes to enrich Chinese language and culture. People may worry that the introduction of non-Chinese-style language will undermine the purity of normative of the Chinese language. They advocated domestication, in order to maintain their independence. In fact, any language does not exist in isolation. The independence and affinity of a language to the other language, it is both the protection, inheritance, development, and even update their own respective cultures. The strategy of Foreignization by the translation predecessors in China has made indelible contribution to the enrich Chinese language and culture, thus we have the vibrant and vivid words and phrases like “two birds with one stone,”“t rojan horse”, “Aladdin’s lamp,” “Pandora’s box” and so. Foreignization played a pivotal role in developing and enriching our language and cultural. Foreignization could not only take good appropriation of foreign countries, we can also send us the essence for sharing. Since ancient times, China has well-known great writers and famous quotes. In the end, whether Chinese literary work cannot match other s’ literary works? Or is the quality of Chinese translation not high? Perhaps Chinese translators should consider the issue. Therefore, the Chinese translators who translate Chinese literature into foreign languages, they should remember to introduce our excellent culture, as much as possible, but not chase for easier understanding, which will lead to the loss of Chinese characteristics and charm, but also the difficulty to go beyond the works in their mother tongue of foreign countries. So Foreignization is good to diffuse Chinese culture to other countries.③/Freepaper/English/principle/principle of translationIn fact when the translators translate foreign works into Chinese, as long as there are similar Chinese words, they will give up the cultural connotation carried in foreign languages, but choose similar Chinese words the readers are familiar with. This leads to the misplacement and loss in the translation of words with culture image. So Foreignization is a good way to keep this kind of unique features. Translators, as a cultural bridge between China and the world, have the responsibility to introduce the original image that readers are not familiar with and make them slowly recognized and accepted.5S OME A PPROACHES TO T RANSLATION OF W ORDS WITH C ULTURAL I MAGE5.1 Image Retention and NotesImage Retention means the readers should get closer to the original and keep heterogeneous components in the original works. Translation is the bridge of cultural exchanges, rather than mutual gains. In translation, accurate content and fluent expression and the pursuit of exotic and forms of aesthetic value are important. Readers should have both the value of literature appreciation and conducive to cultural transmission. Therefore, the cultural characteristics of the text can not easily be replaced.In Chinese classic A Dream of Red Mansions, the heroine Lin Daiyu is described as “心较比干多一窍，病如西子胜三分”, and Yang Xianyi translates this sentence with notes as “She looked more sensitive than Pikan①, more delicate than Hishi②.”Notes: ① A prince noted for his great intelligence at the end of Shang Dynasty.② A famous beauty of the ancient Kingdom of Yueh. (Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang vol. 1 1978:48)④Pikan was the embodiment of wisdom, and Hishi was the embodiment of beauty in the history of China. Yang adopts image retention and notes to introduce the cultural background in order to inform the English readers a better understanding of cultural connotations of Pikan and Hishi legends. Although the English readers do not know Pikan and Hishi before, according to the notes, they have a better understanding as well as a closer touch to Chinese culture.5.2 Image AdditionBecause of cultural differences, those cultural images closely related to political, economic, religious, historical, geographical and others, which need to be explained completely and more clearly to make sure the target readers absorb and understand cross-cultural translation flawlessly.In translating the same sentence above-mentioned, David Hawkes changes it as “She had more chambers in her heart than the martyred Bi Gan; And suffered a little more pain in it than the beautiful Xi Shi (Warring States).”(Hawkes vol. 1 1973:103)Here, the English readers may not know who Bi Gan and Xi Shi are, but the image addition tell them Bi Gan is an intelligent person and Xi Shi is a beautiful lady. And the two persons are symbols of wisdom and beauty in Chinese history, and also in the eyes of Chinese. Then the purpose of translation is to let the target readers get the accurate meaning but also convey the different culture to the foreign countries.Yang Xianyi’s translation and Hawkes’ version are different. For Yang, he adopts Foreignization to make foreign readers learn more about Chinese culture and literature, while Hawkes hopes his readers like to read his translation and understand the story clearly. Therefore, the translation of the words with the cultural image is a challenge for the translators. So, choosing the appropriate translation methods is essential to retain the cultural image. To some extent, Foreignization bring defamiliarization⑤to the readers, however, it is the defamiliarization that cause the readers’ curiosity about the source language cultures. Readers then take the initiative to understand and learn the source language culture of the country, to extend and deepen their aesthetic process of the idea. As for defamiliarization, Foreignization is a good way to make the readers closer to the source language and culture, thus getting better understanding of its culture. From a broader sense, the two cultures have generated a real trial of strength and communication, and played a role in exchange each other’s needs and enrich their language and culture. In this sense, Foreignization makes its cultural image realized.6C ONCLUSIONAs the Chinese and English are different in religious beliefs, customs, geography, political systems and human history, cultural misplacement, loss and conflicts will inevitably appear in the culture. In this paper, the main focus lies in the analysis of Foreignization in translating words with cultural image, including the possibility and the ④The Chinese classic Hong Lou Meng (红楼梦) is translated by David Hawkes,Yang Xianyi and his wife Gladys Yang respectively. However Hawkes translates the title of the novel as The Story of the Stone, and Yang translates it as The Dream of Red Mansions, therefore for the convenience in the paper, it is not necessary to mention the original book, just consider the two translation by Hawkes and Yang.⑤/wiki/Defamiliarization。

诗歌鉴赏类英语作文模板

诗歌鉴赏类英语作文模板Title: Appreciation of Poetry in English Literature。

Introduction:Poetry has long been celebrated as a form of literary art that transcends boundaries of time, culture, and language. Its ability to evoke emotions, convey deep meanings, and stimulate imagination makes it an integral part of English literature. In this essay, we will explore a structured approach to appreciating poetry, examining its themes, literary devices, and cultural context.Body:1. Understanding the Theme:Poetry often revolves around central themes that reflect human experiences, emotions, and observations. Identifying the theme is crucial to grasping the poet'smessage. This can be achieved by analyzing recurring motifs, symbols, and the overall tone of the poem. For example, in Robert Frost's "The Road Not Taken," the theme of choices and consequences is prominent, inviting readers to contemplate life's diverging paths.2. Analyzing Literary Devices:A comprehensive appreciation of poetry involves dissecting the various literary devices employed by the poet. These include but are not limited to imagery, metaphor, simile, personification, alliteration, and rhyme scheme. By examining how these devices contribute to the poem's structure and meaning, readers can gain deeper insights into the poet's intentions. Take William Shakespeare's use of metaphor in Sonnet 18 ("Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?") as an example, where he employs natural imagery to convey the beauty of his beloved.3. Examining Cultural Context:Poetry is often influenced by the socio-culturalmilieu in which it is produced. Exploring the historical and cultural context surrounding a poem can illuminate its significance and relevance. Factors such as the poet's background, prevailing ideologies, and contemporary events can provide valuable insights into the underlying message of the poem. For instance, Langston Hughes' "Harlem" reflects the disillusionment and aspirations of African Americans during the Harlem Renaissance, offering a poignant commentary on racial inequality.4. Interpreting Tone and Mood:The tone and mood of a poem contribute significantly to its overall impact on the reader. Identifying whether a poem is celebratory, melancholic, contemplative, orsatirical can inform interpretations of its underlying message. Paying attention to shifts in tone and mood throughout the poem can also reveal nuances in the poet's attitude towards the subject matter. For instance, T.S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" juxtaposes a tone of existential angst with elements of irony and self-deprecation, highlighting the protagonist's sense ofalienation and insecurity.Conclusion:In conclusion, the appreciation of poetry in English literature involves a multifaceted approach that encompasses understanding themes, analyzing literary devices, examining cultural context, and interpreting tone and mood. By employing these strategies, readers can unlock the richness and complexity of poetic works, gaining a deeper appreciation for the artistry and significance of poetry in human expression.。

英语歧义句的处理

01
03
Use of smartphones and polysemous words: Commonly used words like "bank," "record," and "draft" have multiple means in different contexts
04
Context dependency: The interpretation of an acute sense of dependence on the context in which it is used
Diagnostic tools
Dictionaries
Using dictionaries to check the meanings of individual words
Thesauri
Using Thesauri to identify synonyms and related words
Grammar checkers
Utilizing grammar checkers to identify potential grammar errors or ambiguities
Diagnostic steps
Step 1
Read the presence carefully and identify any potential ambiguities
Step 3
Analyze the meaning of individual words and phrases
within the sense
Step 2
Check the context of the presence to determine its intended meaning

高低语境文化优点英文作文

高低语境文化优点英文作文High and low contextual culture is an influential theory of values model proposed by American anthropologist Edward T. Hall based on the difference of context in interpersonal communication. Hall believes that the criterion for judging high and low context is a natural idea of how much the listener knows about the content of the conversation when communicating. In a low-context culture, the listener knows very little about what is being said and must be explicitly informed of all the necessary elements of the event (time, place, person, cause and effect, process, etc.). In a high-context culture, the listener already understands the context and does not need to provide contextual information.Low-context cultures tend to use a direct verbal communication style known as "speaking straight". Therefore, the dependence on the situation and context is very low, and the role of language communication often exceeds all auxiliary communication tools.while high-context cultures tend to express euphemistically, that is, "there are words in words" . Therefore, in order to maintain the harmony of interpersonal relationships, it is more dependent on situational cues and conveys information through detours.Now, let's take a very difficult thing for Chinese people - "repaying money" as an example. For most people from low-context cultures, creditors tend to use "As agreed, you need to pay me before the date!", "I will go directly to him for money", "Since he There is no shortage of money, you should pay me back as soon as possible." A series of rhetoric and attitudes. Western countries such as the United States, Germany, and France belong to such low-context cultural backgrounds.For most people from high-context cultural backgrounds, creditors tend to think more for the other party out of the maintenance of interpersonal relationships, such as "If I speak up, will he lose face?", "I've come to the door. , is this friend still able to do it?" "What should I do if he doesn't want to pay me back?". Based on the above, the creditor will use a method like "Hey, you see that I have encountered a little situation recently, and all aspects of life are not smooth, are you okay?" "It's time topay back" intent. China, Japan, South Korea, and some Arab countries all belong to such high-context cultural backgrounds. In Japanese, the implication of the phrase "the night is so beautiful tonight" is "I love you", which fully reflects the charm of Japanese high-context culture.For Chinese people who value "face culture", every bit of life belongs to the typical high-context culture, which is also abundantly reflected in the Chinese language. For example, people often say such idioms as "you can only understand, but not in words", "silence is golden", "too much will be lost", "disaster comes from your mouth" and other idioms, euphemisms such as "it's too much, presumptuous, burdened, laborious", etc. "Growing fat" is called "fullness", "passing" is called "gone", "smoking addicts" are called "addicts" and so on.In a high-context culture, the speaker expresses his meaning indirectly in an implicit and euphemistic way, expecting the hearer to not only rely on the context to understand his own words, but also to respond to the speaker according to specific social environment, historical conditions, and social relations. Intention to make correct judgment and understanding. Low-context cultures are just the opposite. The principle of the speaker's choice of words is to be direct, precise, and easy to understand.。