Types of Semantic Change(英语词义的变化方式) (课堂PPT)
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13
• The place proper nouns (It from the features of local naming)
E.g. “copper” from the "Cyprus“. Because the area is famous for its copper production.
Examples Villain
Originally A farm labor
Meaning after degeneration
Scoundrel
Baidu Nhomakorabea
Boor Knave
A farmer Boy
A rough ,illmannered person Dishonest person
10
The use of the abstract for the concrete or vice versa. • The specific meaning The abstract meaning
E.g. “Threat” means “army” at first. Later extended to "threat".
11
• The abstract meaning The specific meaning
E.g. “Proposition” means “suggested” or “offer”. But this word can also be used to refer to people. It means “Difficult to deal with”.
14
• The names of proper nouns
1. It usually comes from the name of the inventor.
Lexicology
1
Types of Semantic Change
(词义的变化方式)
2
1：Generalization(词义的扩展)
又称：extension
Meaning:
The word “generalization” is a term of Latin origin referring to the stretching of meaning .
Meaning:
“Specialization”is also a term of Latin origin referring of meaning.
“deer”
原义:animal
缩小后的意义 :deer
“artillery”
原义:munitions of war 缩小后的意义: mounted guns
(军需品)
(安装枪) 5
原义
1:hangar
棚
2: garage
安全地方
3:stink
任何一种气味
4: poison
饮料
5:hospital
供游者休息娱乐的场所
缩小后的意义
飞机棚、飞机库 汽车间 臭气 毒药 医院
6
Elevation of meaning
• Definition :Elevation refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginning to position of importance
• Change : • from negative to positive • from derogatory to appreciative • from neutral to appreciative • from unimportant to important
7
Elevation of meaning
3
原义
1:bribery
给乞丐的残羹剩饭
2:economy
家庭料理
3:influence
古代星占学家用来指一种从 强大物质星际降入人间
4:holidays
专指圣诞节、复活节等节日
5:sanctuary
圣所、圣殿
扩展后的意义
行贿；受贿 经济 影响
任何假日 避难所、庇护所
4
2:Specialization(词义的缩小)
12
Common words from proper names.
A lot of common nouns are evolved from proper nouns.
This process is also called “antonomasia”.
E.g. “Don Juan” is a Spanish aristocracy. Now we called the person “a Don Juan”, it means “a philanderer”.
Examples Marshall
Originally Horse servant
Meaning after elevation
Minister
Craftsman shrewd
a person good at cheating
wicked; malicious
a worker in a skilled trade
• Change : • from positive to negative • from appreciative to pejorative • from neutral to negative • from important to unimportant
9
Degeneration of meaning
keen-witted; Clever or sharp
8
Degeneration of meaning
• Definition :It is a process by which words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come be used in derogatory sense
“picture”
原义词:only a painted . 扩展后的意义 :a drawing ,a photograph and so on.
“thing”
原义词:a political or judicial assembly .
(治会议或审判大会)
扩展后的意义: as a ting an eventually this meaning of “matter”.
• The place proper nouns (It from the features of local naming)
E.g. “copper” from the "Cyprus“. Because the area is famous for its copper production.
Examples Villain
Originally A farm labor
Meaning after degeneration
Scoundrel
Baidu Nhomakorabea
Boor Knave
A farmer Boy
A rough ,illmannered person Dishonest person
10
The use of the abstract for the concrete or vice versa. • The specific meaning The abstract meaning
E.g. “Threat” means “army” at first. Later extended to "threat".
11
• The abstract meaning The specific meaning
E.g. “Proposition” means “suggested” or “offer”. But this word can also be used to refer to people. It means “Difficult to deal with”.
14
• The names of proper nouns
1. It usually comes from the name of the inventor.
Lexicology
1
Types of Semantic Change
(词义的变化方式)
2
1：Generalization(词义的扩展)
又称：extension
Meaning:
The word “generalization” is a term of Latin origin referring to the stretching of meaning .
Meaning:
“Specialization”is also a term of Latin origin referring of meaning.
“deer”
原义:animal
缩小后的意义 :deer
“artillery”
原义:munitions of war 缩小后的意义: mounted guns
(军需品)
(安装枪) 5
原义
1:hangar
棚
2: garage
安全地方
3:stink
任何一种气味
4: poison
饮料
5:hospital
供游者休息娱乐的场所
缩小后的意义
飞机棚、飞机库 汽车间 臭气 毒药 医院
6
Elevation of meaning
• Definition :Elevation refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginning to position of importance
• Change : • from negative to positive • from derogatory to appreciative • from neutral to appreciative • from unimportant to important
7
Elevation of meaning
3
原义
1:bribery
给乞丐的残羹剩饭
2:economy
家庭料理
3:influence
古代星占学家用来指一种从 强大物质星际降入人间
4:holidays
专指圣诞节、复活节等节日
5:sanctuary
圣所、圣殿
扩展后的意义
行贿；受贿 经济 影响
任何假日 避难所、庇护所
4
2:Specialization(词义的缩小)
12
Common words from proper names.
A lot of common nouns are evolved from proper nouns.
This process is also called “antonomasia”.
E.g. “Don Juan” is a Spanish aristocracy. Now we called the person “a Don Juan”, it means “a philanderer”.
Examples Marshall
Originally Horse servant
Meaning after elevation
Minister
Craftsman shrewd
a person good at cheating
wicked; malicious
a worker in a skilled trade
• Change : • from positive to negative • from appreciative to pejorative • from neutral to negative • from important to unimportant
9
Degeneration of meaning
keen-witted; Clever or sharp
8
Degeneration of meaning
• Definition :It is a process by which words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come be used in derogatory sense
“picture”
原义词:only a painted . 扩展后的意义 :a drawing ,a photograph and so on.
“thing”
原义词:a political or judicial assembly .
(治会议或审判大会)
扩展后的意义: as a ting an eventually this meaning of “matter”.