chapter1 setting up a business
工商导论 1-5 run your own business 6-10 课后题
Chapter 1 Setting Up a Business1.In which field will you set up your business?With the development of the science and technology, many traditional goods have been displaced by electrical apparatus. Almostly we do anything by using electricity, such as electric cookers, cellphones, computers and air conditioners. We strongly realize it when there’s something wrong with electricity. So I want to set up my business ,building a supermarket, in the field of electrical appliance and electronic goods.2.Will your business be a sole proprietorship, a partnership, or a corporation ?My business will be a sole proprietorship. The advantages of sole proprietorships are many fold. The following are their major appeals. First of all, it’s simple to establish. Just pay a small fee, get the necessary state and local licenses or permits.Secondly, it’s more freer in decision-making. As a sole proprietor ,I can make my own decisions on business policies and operations, such as the type of goods or services I want to offer at the price I feel appropriate. Thirdly, it’s easy to keep operational and financial secrecy. I don’t have to report to shareholders or board directors.Fourthly, it’s less tax burden. The tax rates for sole proprietors are often only half of those for corporations.Last but not least, it’s exclusive use of profits.if I work hard and make a small fortune, I can take all the profits and don’t have to share them with anyone else.Chapter 2 Marketing: An Overview1.How would your business offer advantages over competitive firms? The advantages of my business are many fold. The following are the major appeals.a.Guaranteed authentic goods of high quality and reasonable price. Theelectrical appliance and goods we offer are of high quality and reasonable price. Any second-hand goods or copycat cellphones cannot be found in my market.we sell guaranteed authentic good.b.Some promotional activities .We can offer some kinds of free giftswhen consumers buy my goods. If they consume a certain amount of money, they can register for membership cards.c.Better after-sale service. We will offer better after-sale service free ofcharge to ensure the satisfaction of my consumers.2.Does your business have factors which could make your revenue lower or expenses higher than what you expect?a.Low reputation of a new brand. My business as a new comer to thisfield lacks high reputation and brand effect, there are not many consumers at first.b.Some copycat electronic goods of cheeper price and poor quality inother competitive firms. These goods will attract consumers a lot at very low price at first,my business will be in a poor situation which makes my revenue lower .Chapter 3 Products and Pricing1.How is the products you plan to offer is different from those offered by your competitors?a. Guaranteed authentic goods of high quality and reasonable price. The electrical appliance and goods we offer are of high quality and reasonable price. Any second-hand goods or copycat cellphones cannot be found in my market.we sell guaranteed authentic good.b.Better after-sale service. We will offer better after-sale service free of charge to ensure the satisfaction of my consumers.2.How will the pricing of your products be determined compared with those of competitive products?First, marketing research .Collecting and analyzing the price of competitive products to identify consumers’purchasing power and buying abilities. Then decide the price that the customers can accept. Also we can set the price the same as those of competitive products, besides we will offer some little gifts free of charge to attract more customers.3.Could the unique features of your product be protected from competitors?The unique features of my products could be protected from competitors . The electrical appliance and goods we offer are of high quality and reasonable price. Any second-hand goods or copycat cellphones cannot be found in my market.we sell guaranteed authentic good. Also we will offer better after-sale service free of charge to ensure the satisfaction of my consumers. The unique features of my products could be protected from competitors .Chapter 4 Channels of Distribution1.How will your business distribute the products to the customers?a.Virtual stores. We’ll also represent my goods on the Internet bysetting up virtual stores. My consumers can make inquiries, check specifications, compare prices, place orders and make payment, all through the Internet, thus making my goods shopping much efficient than the traditional modes.b.Direct selling. Home appliances and electrical goods can be solddirectly, which involves selling to consumers in their homes or workplaces. This approach can fully demonstrate the features of the products and enable direct and one-to-one consultation to prospective buyers.c.Multilevel marketing. MLM has been popular around the would inselling a wide variety of products. Hundreds of downliners ,the commissions can be quite sizable.d.Supermarkets are large stores featuring low prices, self-service andfast moving merchandise such as groceries.2. Could your products be distributed more efficiently and at lower costs?My products could be distributed more efficiently and at lower costs. We’ll represent my goods on the Internet by setting up virtual stores. My consumers can make inquiries, check specifications, compare prices, place orders and make payment, all through the Internet, thus making my goods shopping much efficient than the traditional modes.And home appliances and electrical goods can be sold directly, which involves selling to consumers in their homes or workplaces. This approach can fully demonstrate the features of the products and enable direct and one-to-one consultation to prospective buyers.Also consumers can buy my goods in my supermarket.So my products could be distributed more efficiently and at lower costs.3.Whether the cost of distribution of your products will be affected substantially if price of utilities or transportation go up by a big margin. The cost of distribution of your products will be affected substantially if price of utilities or transportation go up by a big margin. The numerous functions the utilities or transportation perform, physical distributionaccounts for almost 30% of the total costs of marketing, if price of utilities or transportation go up by a big margin, the cost of distribution of your products will be affected substantially .Chapter 5 Promotion1.Describe the promotional mix for your products.Advertising :product advertising and institutional advertising.a.Internet .We’ll represent my goods on the Internet by setting upvirtual stores. My consumers can make inquiries, check specifications, compare prices, place orders and make payment, all through the Internet, thus making my goods shopping much efficient than the traditional modes.b.Newspapers and television. Put my goods’information on thenewspapers .ADs in the newspapers can be clipped and saved,also they are low in cost and can be prepared and placed within minimum time. Televisions can reach a vast captive audience of all types with colorful and eye-catching.c.Outdoor sales promotion. Billboards,posters ,trade show publicity andelectric displays are the major forms of outdoor advertising.2.Estimate the amount of money that will be allocated for promotion during the first year.We will spend 30% of the money on advertisements on the newspapersInternet and televisions. Then 40% of the money will be payed for the sales-promotion, especially outdoor promotion, such as billboards,posters ,trade show publicity and electric displays, to increase customer awareness and the sales of a firm’s product or service. All of the sales promotion can reach a vast captive audience of all types with colorful and eye-catching.Chapter 6 Money and Banking1.I think plastic money is really money. Money is a key element in economic and business activities and has been the theme of many witty remarks. To us, money is nothing but the currency of a country. To economists, money is a subject for study and, for something to be money; it must at least have the following characteristics: portability, divisibility, stability, durability and acceptability.First of all, money must be light in weight and easy to carry. Second, it must be easily divisible into smaller parts with a fixed value for each unit.Third, money must be stable in value, and this is best understood in times of inflation.Fourth, money must be able to stand the wear and tear of repeated transactions during its life in circulation.Last, for money of a country to function at all, it must be made legaltender for that country by its government and be acceptable to the public. As plastic money has all the characteristics of money, tho ugh it’s not made of paper, it still can be caller really money.2.Easy to carry and convenient.Credit card has "VISA" or "MasterCard" logo, in a foreign country can be directly brush calorie of consumption, and a cash or cash will first exchange; In addition, by credit card booking the ticket and hotel, telephone or Internet shopping and rent a car and so on is also very convenient, and might not have the cash benefits -- because credit card in addition to direct the brush has a "preliminary license" function; And there is no no change in embarrassment.Safe, Clean and healthy.As we all know that cash flow is bigger and bigger, coin of bacteria is one can imagine, but in addition to their credit card is a few cashier touched - even if the credit card dirty, still can clean disinfection.Facilitate financialCredit card bill in the future we will receive a paper or electronic mail forms of consumption detailed bill, from the bill, we can clear their own in last month's consumption and expenditure.3. Blind consumptionBrush card not like cash that a piece of a money flower out, a brush, nothing feeling, a few Numbers, lead to blind consumption, spend moneylike waterStolen brushCredit card basically the default password is free credit card consumption, it can easily be lost or stolen in when others stolen brush, cause needless trouble or loss; But in fact the credit card is also by the password can apply for credit card consumption - this is about to see how you manage your credit card.Easy to lose. It is just a small card, and sometimes even if you lost it, you still can’t find the fact after a long time.4. With an increases market share, Hongya cannot only squeeze out the rivals, but also consolidate its own position.1. After increasing modes of payment, the customers of Hongya increased rapidly. Nowadays, people prefer to carry credit cards instead of much money. Since Hongya started accepting different modes of payment, customers believe that their level is high and they attract more purchasers. Especially Hongya accepts buying on credit for the regular customers. So they gained more market share.2. Yes. The new modes of payment have potential risks. They sold commodities on credit. It is possible for them not to collect the account payable from their customers. Some customers may not pay back the money when they are not satisfied with the service or quality of goods. When customers make open account. Hongya should know about theircredit and also make them do some promises.3. I do not think it will be widely adopted in China. First of all, there are some areas which is not developed enough to use credit. There is not enough equipment and some people even do not have all kinds of cards.Chapter 7 Financing1.Without money , Ralph can not buy a much needed pick-up and his financial plan was destroyed. He can not improve the store’s delivery as planed.2.If the bank does not change its decision, Ralph can borrow from his friends or family members. He can also transfer his other expenditures. He can even buy the pock-up through a open account. Take his equipment as collateral to solve the problem.1.Setting up his own manufacturing facilities is more advantages. Now that their business has enlarged and they also have enough capital to set up their own manufacturing factory. They can do it by themselves. It not only makes profits but also produce commodities that meet their demands. No other people know more their garments of their own brands than themselves.2.U sing other investors’ funds as equity is more beneficial to Hongya. Hongya need not pay back the money and the investors also decrease the liabilities and risks of Hongya. If Hongya use bank loans asdebts. It must pay back in the line of credit and also pay back the interests.3.There are two types of loans; secures and unsecured. Hongya can put up collateral to make secures loan. We know that Hongya has had amount assets. Hongya can also make revolving credit agreements. Another option is short term fund raising. This type of loan is at a low interest rate.Chapter 8 Accounting1.I think clients should be punished if they make late payment. But I do not believe the seller can do in this way. First of all, he earns money from his clients. If clients are not satisfied with his behavior. They will choose other partners. For his own sake, he can not do that. If he really takes this measure, there may be more clients not make the payment.In order to make a win-win condition, he should not take this measure. It depends. Clients with long-term relationship should not be punished for late payment by carelessness for the sake of the continual business trade in the future. But clients who make late payments for many times should be punished according to what have been stipulated in the contracts.2.It is a good way to encourage clients to make early payment. This can motivate clients to make payments as soon as possible, consequently, provides ample space for the company’s future development with collected capital.3.We can give some preferential policies to clients if they make earlypayment. For example, we can make a preferential price or give themcommodities free of charge as a reward to encourage early payment. Toensure an early payment, strict and clear stipulation in the contract, suchas the maturity date of LC and clauses on claims for breach of contract, isessential. In addition, maintaining good relationship with clients in dailylife can also facilitate a prompt payment.4Hongya Balance sheetASSETS(RMB) LIABILITIES AND OWNER’S EQUITY(RMB) Current assets Current liabilitiesCash 1,100,000 Accts ¬es payable 1,115,000Acct ¬es receivable 830,000 Accrued wages 378,000 Inventories 2,000,000 Income taxes due 1,387,710Total current assets 3,930,000 Total current liabilities 2,880,710Fixed assets Long-term Liabilities 1,000,000 Furniture 6,420,000 Total long-term liabilities 1,000,000Less: Accumu. Depreciation 6,050,000 Total liabilities 3,880,710 Facilities 6,050,000 Owner equity 11,709,280 Less: Accumu. Depreciation (1,210,000) StockTotal fixed assets 10,618,000Other Assets Total liabilitiesSundry 1,042,000 and owner’s equity 15,590,000 Total other assets 1,042,000Total assets 15,590,000(1) Average inventory=Beginning inventory + Ending inventory／2=1,430,000 + 5,280,000／2=3355000(2)Inventory turnover= cost of goods sold／Average inventory=30,166,000／3,355,000=10 turnsCurrent ratio = current assets／current liabilities=3,930,000／2,880,710=1.36timesQuick ratio= current assets-inventories／current liabilities=3,930,000-2,000,000／2,880,710=0.67 timesR1=负债liabilities／资产assets=3,880,710／11,709,280=0.33Gross profit margin= gross profits／net sales=15,686,000／45,852,300 =34.2%Net profit margin=net income／net sales=6,775,290／45,852,300=14.7% Return on owners’ inv estment=Net income／total owner’s equity=6,775,290／11,709,280=57.9%In other words, it takes Hongya 6.6 days (365/55) on average tocollect its receivables.3. Judging from these figures, we may see that the inventory and accounts receivable turnovers are pretty high, indicating a good and smooth operation in the firm. Net profit margin is comparatively lower.Chapter 9 The Securities Market1.The appropriate investment goal for the six clients should bemaking certain amount profits with the least risk, for I can see from their cases that the original principal is of vital importance for their normal life, consequently, in my opinion, the optimal investment portfolio should be least risky.2.If I were Simon, the portfolio would be suggested asfollows,35-year-old divorced woman: Concerning the two teen sons who may need a lot of money in their growth, I suggest two types of securities in the portfolio—bonds and common stock with almost equal proportion.The couple: Bonds would be more appealing for they have fixed income and may not want to risk a lot, since this kind of investment provide very steady income and have the least risk.The 19-year-old university freshman: He has no other economical sources owing to the lack of parents and has to rely on this sum of money for a long period until he graduates and finds a job to support himself. SoI suggest bonds and preferred stock in his portfolio, for both of them are of high safety and steady income.The single woman: She has not got married yet and thus have too less worries than the other five people.Chapter 10 Risk Management and Insurance1.The major types of risk faced by Global Info are natural disasters,such as earthquake, typhoon and storms. Besides, fire, theft, explosion and other artificial disasters are also big risk.2. Insurance can be purchased to protect the company from damage orloss of their property. To be more specific, fire insurance cover losses suffered by fire and it can add a rider to the policy, extending the coverage for losses such as windstorms, explosion, riot and fire.3.It should have bought fire insurance and business interruptioninsurance. There may be a lot of electronic equipments in Global Info for online advice applications, thus it is susceptible to fire caused by such kind of facilities. The company should appropriate a certain portion of money to insure it against potential risks for the sake of avoidance of catastrophic losses.1.Risk means uncertainty about the future and is unavoidable to all businesses. The possibility of risk, however small it may seem, indeed exist and can’t be removed thoroughly. So from this sense we may see that the indispensability of insurance.However, due to the fact that the premium exceeded all the compensation and Hongya has always done a good job in disaster-prevention measures, the company can buy less insurance in the future, deducting unnecessary insurances and readjust the structure of insurance concerning the accidents in recent years, or it can buy more cost-saving insurance with its own reality considered.2. It can buy group life insurance, which covers all individuals in a business firm. In addition, it can also set up relative training sessions to the staff that will frequently go out on business, informing them of self-protective methods and strengthening their awareness of safety. Purchase general liability, which protects policyholders against financial risks involving personal, professional, product.。
商务谈判(双语)chapter1
In negotiation people should know the following：5W1H ：
1、掌握商务谈判概念 、 2、理解并掌握谈判的原则 、 3、理解谈判的特点，并掌握国际商务谈 、理解谈判的特点， 判的特点 4、初步了解国际商务谈判的主要内容 、
请阅读教材1.1 请阅读教材 Introduction，然后 ， 回答下列问题： 回答下列问题：
1、Do you have any experience of negotiating 、
with anyone? 2、Please share your experience with us. 、
1.2 Concepts &Characteristics of &Characteristics Business Negotiation Q1、 What is negotiation? 、 Q2、Why do people negotiate？ 、 ？ Q3、What are Characteristics of 、 Business Negotiation ？
homework(10%) Attendance record & homework(10%) Notes (10&) Final exam (80%)
Liulinglinglll@ 13407316200
chapter one Introduction and Overview of
作业： 作业：
查阅2005年11月 查阅2005年11月8日，中美 2005 签署的《 签署的《关于纺织品和服装 贸易的谅解备忘录》相关资 贸易的谅解备忘录》 回答： 料，回答： 1）中美双方签署这个协议 的共同利益是什么？ 的共同利益是什么？ 2）谈谈应该如何理解互利 互惠的原则？ 互 Correct Understanding of the Features of IBN 对国际商务谈判的特点的正确理解 1.5 The Main Content of Negotiation on International Business
商务英语知识点
商务英语Chapter1 Setting Up a Business ⑴Sole proprietorship个人独资企业，个体户本章重要词组：Sole proprietorship个体户sales revenue销售收入double taxation双重征税Limited liability company 有限责任公司dividend股息，分红Chapter2 Marketing: an Overview⑴The functions of marketing①Marketing research ②Acquiring ③Selling ④Transportation ⑤Storage ⑥Finance and Credit ⑦Risk Taking ⑧Standardization and Grading⑵4〞p〞:①Product ②price ③promotion ④place本章重要词组：market segmentation市场细分legal tender 法定货币Chapter3 Products and Pricing完形填空⑴Product life cycle:①introduction 特点：profits tend to be small and even losses may occur②growth 特点：sales increase quickly and profits begin to pour in○3maturity 特点：the total sales volume begins to fall,and the profits start to shrink .④decline 特点：the demand for the product continues to fall and so does the sales volume.⑵skimming strategy:When a product is at the introduction stage of its life cycle and there is little competition,it can be priced high to make maximum profit and skim the “cream〞of the market.本章重要词组：Product life cycle产品生命周期〔中英互译〕profit-oriented objectives利润导向型目的sales-oriented objective销售额导向型目的skimming strategy撇脂战略Return on capital 投资回报率break—even analysis 盈亏平衡点分析Chapter4 Channels of distributionWholesaler批发商：wholesaler are middlemen who buy in large quantities from the producers and redistribute the goods to the middlemen at the next level retailers.Water 海上运输最廉价air 空运最贵本章重要词组：Channels of distribution分销渠道Chapter5 Promotion完形填空⑴The combination of the promotional tools is called the promotion mix.Tools that are commonly used for promotion are advertising广告, sales promotion促销,personal selling当面行销, public relations公共关系, publicity媒体推介, etc. At the core of the mix, of course, is a good product. Without such a product, the tools will be uesless or produce undesirable results.(2) Advertising media are newspaper,television,radio,direct mail,the internet,outdoor billboards,yellow pagesTelevision电视广告最贵本章的重要词组：promotion mix促销组合coupon打折券trade stamp行业实惠券trade show 行业展览会personal selling当面行销Chapter6 Money and Banking影响货币供应的三个工具：reserve requirements,changes in the discount rates,and open—market operations.本章重要词组：paper note 纸币legal tender法定货币time deposit定期存款demand deposit活期存款banker’s acceptance银行承兑credit card信誉卡debit card借记卡pension fund养老基金reserve requirements贮存金要求discount rate贴现率open-market operation公开市场运作Chapter7 Financing1、Trade credit分为三类：open account开立账户promissory note本票draft汇票2、promissory note(定义) which is an unconditional written promise by the buyer to make repayment to the seller on a particular date.本章重要词组：trade credit行业信誉account receivable应收账款account payable应付账款open account开立账户promissory note本票draft汇票compensating balance补偿余额retained earnings留用利润depreciation折旧equity financing股权融资debt financing债务融资preferred stock优先股融资方式分两种：long—term financing short—term financingChapter8 Accounting⑴Balance sheet(定义) is one type of financial statement,which reports the financial health of a firm on a specific date.A banlance sheet is made up of three types of account,i.e. assets 资产,liabilities负债and owner s’ equity全部者权益.Assets are what a business owns.assets = liabilities + owner’s equity (资产=负债+全部者权益)⑵Gross profit margin = Gross profit / Net salesNet profit margin = Net income / Net sales本章重要词组：balance sheet 资产负债表current assets流淌资产fixed assets 固定资产current liabilities流淌负债long-term liabilities长期负债current ratio流淌比率quick ratio速动比率income statement损益表gross profit margin毛利润率net profit margin 净利润率return on owners’ investment投资回报率Chapter9 The Securities Market本章重要词组：securities market证券市场stock speculator股票投机者Chapter12 International Business⑴Foreign exchange定义：Doing international business often involves use of currencies different from your own.本章重要词组：absolute advantage肯定优势comparative advantage相对优势licensing arrangement特许协议multinatioal corporation跨国公司foreign exchange外汇import surtax进口附加税tariffs关税quota配额import license进口答应证Chapter13 Managing Business Enterprises1、Planning:Planning involves setting goals and working out strategies to achieve the goals。
bod董事会报告
bod董事会报告：董事会报告b od 董事会的英文缩写董事会报告ppt模板董事会报告格式篇一：Exercise 01 建立企业Exercise 1: Chapter 1 Setting Up a BusinessI. Multiple choice1. The rights and duties of a ___b___ are regulated by a legal agreement entered into by the co-owners.A. sole proprietorshipB. partnershipC. corporationD. franchising2. The company that sells the franchise is the __d____.A. franchiseeB. ownerC. employeeD. franchisor3. ____b__will be voting on the proposed merger of the company next week.A. EmployeeB. ShareholdersC. MergersD. Staff4. The massive losses have prevented the company from declaringa ____a__ this year.A. dividendB. profitC. shareD. gain5. An __d____ asset is something a company possesses, which is not material but something else such as a good reputation.A. tangibleB. feasibleC. infeasibleD. intangible6. Your employer’s liability covers accidents that you have __a____ your way to work but not ______ your way home.A. on, onB. in, inC. on, inD. in, on7. Those young people have considerable ____c__ in marketing.A. expertB. experimentC. expertiseD. experienced8. As a separate legal entity, a corporation can sue and be sued in _c_____ own name.A. theirB. thoseC. itsD. his9. Some franchise agreements allow the franchisees very ___b___ freedom to exercise their own ingenuity.A. fewB. littleC. a littleD. much10. Every business, small or large, needs some kind of planned organization that will enable the group to work effectively ____a__ a central authority.A. underB. forC. inD. byII. Explain the key concepts and fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate words1. franchise 特许权，专营权It is the fr______ agreement by which a monopoly producer (the franchisor) gives another producer or trader (the franchisee) by formal license the ex______ right, i.e. a right held byproducts of the fran______ in a certain area such as a town, county or country. The fran______ may pay the franchisor by an amount based on the number of units produced or on the number sold, or by a per______ of his gross sales; and he must agree to buy all his supplies only from the franchisor.2. sole proprietor 个体户，独资经营人It is the one and o______ owner of a business. He provides all the c______, bears all the risk, and in return receives a______ the profits. Such a concern is called a one-man business, although the pro______ may employ a number of people.3. partnership 合伙企业，合伙组织It is an unincorporated (uegistered) asso______ of two or more persons carrying on business to______ for the purpose of making a profit according to a partner______ agreement.4. corporation 股份有限公司，法人团体It is a group of persons who have formed themselves into an asso______ which itself has by law a separate l______ existence or artificial personality quite different from the persons who compose it. The law allows it to continue to exist indefinitely although its members (shareholders) may c______. It has a name and can express its w______ by fixing its common seal on written docu______.5. unlimited liability 无限责任It is the lia______ of a pri______ owner of a business, or of a member of a partnership or a com______ that is not regis______ asa limi______ liability company.6. real estate 不动产，房地产，物业It refers to an interest in land and buildings, esp. freehold pro______. Syn. real property; immo______ property; realty7. legal person 法人It refers to a p______ or group of persons recognized by law as having a separate legal existence with his or its own r______ and duties. A legal person is either a natural person, i.e. a human being, or an arti______ person, i.e. a corporation.8. dividend 股息，股利，红利，余利Strictly speaking, it is an amount to be divided, such as the totalsum to be p______ out of profits or as interest on a loan. Its commercial meaning is: one of the parts into which an a______ has been divided and shared out, esp. to stockholders or share______ of a company as their share of the profits or of part of the p______, or to the cre______ of a bankrupt.III. Translate the following sentences into English or vice versa.A1. 他的三明治小吧非常成功，为此他决定将它变为特许经营权。
新编剑桥商务英语unit-3精选全文 (2)
Speaking: Discussing a schedule
Vocabulary: Types of business
Here are three different ways to start your own business. Work in pairs and think of one advantage and one disadvantage for each approach.
• Sale trader you are self-employed and set up the business on your own.
• Partnership you are self-employed and start the business with another person. You are both equally liable.
set up concept charge launch
branch out growth fee
But being a franchisee is unlikely to satisfy the most entrepreneurial. It doesn’t suit people who don’t want to follow the system. William Ewbank, the head of franchise sales at Domino’s Pizza, says, ‘If you’re massively entrepreneurial this isn’t for you. It’s a discipline, a club with rules. There is some independence --- our franchisees can charge their own prices although we’re strict on menu content. It’s running a business with help.’
经贸英语文章选读Unit 1 Starting a Business
• crop up 突然出现 • Problems will crop up before you are ready.
在你还没有准备好时，各种问题就会突然出现 • all the rage 时尚；风行一时的事物 • Now that astrology has become all the rage, many newspaper,
Internet sites, radio programs, and TV talk shows include horoscopes. 现在星座成为时尚，许多报纸、网站、收音机 节目、电视脱口秀都包括了星座这个话题。 • franchise n. 特权；公民权；经销权；管辖权 vt. 给…以特许 （或特权） • Franchise transfer fee of $7500 to be paid by buyer includes franchise training fees. 买主需支付特许经营权转让费7500美 元，包括特许经营培训费。
• But before we get started, let's clear up one point:
6
• People always wonder if this is a good time to start their business idea. The fact is, there's really never a bad time to launch a business. It's obvious why it's smart to launch in strong economic times. People have money and are looking for ways to spend it. But launching in tough or uncertain economic times can be just as smart.
《商务英语入门》
Joint Ventures
• Joint Ventures: the pooling of resources
and expertise by two or more business ,typically from different areas or countries to achieve a particular goal .the risks and rewards of the enterprise are also shared (eg:HewlettPackard and Samsung)
legislation ,which permits a group of people ,as shareholders (for-profit companies) or members (non-profit companies), to create an organization, which can then focus on pursuing set objective ,and empowered with legal rights which are usually only reserved for individual ,such as to sue or be sued ,own property ,hire employees or loan and borrow money
Questions for discussion
• What ownership is a joint venture
similar to ?why ?
• What are the advantage of a joint
venture ?
????
Corporation
高职新编商务英语(第二版)阅读教程1 课件目录chapter1
Contents1ContentsPart A Text /1 Text A Business and Your Life / 1Text B Competition in Business / 9Part B Fast Reading /18Unit 1Part A Text /23 Text A Marketing Is All Around Us / 23 Text B How Marketing Serves Us / 32Part B Fast Reading /39Unit 2Part A Text /45 Text A Buying Motives / 45Text B How and Where People Buy / 53Part B Fast Reading /64Unit 3Part A Text /71 Text A Selling / 71 Text B “I ’ve Never Been Able to Bargain, Even with anArmenian Rug Dealer ” / 79Part B Fast Reading /88Unit 4Part A Text /94 Text A American Business Heroes / 94Text B Bill Gates / 102Part B Fast Reading /110Unit 5Test 1 /1172新编商务英语(第二版)阅读教程1Part A Text /Text A Types of Business Organizations Text B The Trouble with Being a Tycoon Part B Fast Reading Unit 6Part A Text /Text A Other Types of Business Organizations Text B Franchising in China: A Dead Duck?Part B Fast Reading Unit 7Part A Text /172 Text A The Coca-Cola Company ’s First Hundred Years (Ⅰ) / 172 Text B The Coca-Cola Company ’s First Hundred Years (Ⅱ) /179Part B Fast Reading /187Unit 8Part A Text /195 Text A Brand and Brand Names (Ⅰ) / 195 Text B Brand and Brand Names (Ⅱ) /205Part B Fast Reading /213Unit 9Part A Text /220 Text A Reaching China ’s Digital Consumers /220 Text B Environmentally Friendly Consumers Emerge /231Part B Fast Reading /241Unit 10Test 2 /248Some Important Reading Strategies and Skills /256Vocabulary /269Key / 284Unit 11Text ABusiness and Your LifeYou Depend on Business1 M odern business is well organized and operatessmoothly. We often accept business services, therefore, without much thought of their importance to us. Have you ever considered the many ways in which you depend on business? Business supplies the food you eat, the clothes you wear, the home you live in, and the many other goods and services used in satisfying your wants.2 M any times a week most of us are affected by business. During a certain week, for example,you may make telephone calls, have your eyeglasses repaired, ride in a taxi, consult your doctor, deposit money in your savings account, buy a new bicycle tire, or advertise for your lost dog.3 Y our home, too, depends on business in obtaining the goods and services your familyneeds. One family reported these business activities for a certain day: issued checks to pay2automobile insurance and electric bill; bought a rug and chairs; mailed a letter to order some books; paid the newsboy; hired a carpenter to repair a window frame; bought a United States savings bond at the bank; left a roll of film at the camera shop; had dinner at a restaurant.What Is Business?4Y ou frequently hear the word business in everyday conversations. Here are some expressions using the word:“How is business this month?”“What line of business is he in?”“Our firm doesa cash business.”“Business hours are 9 to 5.”“John is taking a business course.” Although youmay have a general understanding of the meaning of each statement, at this time you probably would have difficulty in giving a clear-cut explanation of business.5B usiness means different things to different people. To one person it means producing goods through farming, manufacturing, or some other industry. To another it means buying and selling merchandise.To a third person it means providing services. To a fourth it means engaging in an occupation to earna living. Each of these instances — making goods, buying and selling goods, providing services,engaging in an occupation — illustrates the meaning of business. In this article, business means the work or activities by which goods and services are provided and obtained for money payment.Some Activities Are Not Business6E nterprises such as the grocery store, the bus line, the newspaper, the electric company, and the bank are readily identified as being in business. They supply goods and services for payment.What about the laundry, the television repairman, the plumber? They, too, work for payment and are therefore engaged in business.7N ot all activities in which work is involved are classed as business. If you help a friend repair a car or paint his house, you would be working. Unless you receive payment, however, you are not taking part in business in the true sense of the word. Here is the test of whether or not an activity can be classed as business: Is payment made for the goods supplied or service performed? If money payment is required, the activity is business.Business Transactions8P roducer and consumer. To carry on business, whether it consists of producing goods, distributing goods, or providing services, three factors — people, goods, and money — are necessary.9P eople refers to both producers and consumers. Producers are the firms and workers who produceand distribute goods or services. Consumers are those who buy and use goods or services.10I ndividual wants and community wants. Goods means the products that persons or communities buy to satisfy their wants. Individual wants consist of the necessities, comforts, and luxuries of life. Goods that everyone must have, such as food, clothes, and shelter, are called necessities. Goods and services, such as books, telephones, electricity, and gas, which make life easier and more enjoyable, are called comforts. Nonessential high-quality goods, such as expensive jewelry, yachts, and custom-built cars, are called luxuries.11T he needs that arise when people live in groups are referred to as community wants. Communities must have police and fire protection, water system, highways, stores, schools, and banks.12M oney is exchanged for goods and services. Many years ago trade was carried on by barter, which is exchanging one article for another — for example, trading a knife for a pair of shoes. Today we usually pay money for what we want. The exchange of money for goods or services is a business transaction.13W e need business. Business provides us with the things we use — food, clothes, and many other products and services. Any interruption of essential activities in your community would create much hardship. Few families keep on hand enough food and other essentials for more than a brief period, and any stoppage in the flow of products would result in considerable suffering. Imagine the situation if no railroads or trucks were operating; if there were no deliveries of bread, milk, or other goods; no electricity and gas; no store, bank, factory, or restaurant open!14I f just one phase of business, such as transportation, were to suspend operations, factories would not ship their products. Soon workers would be laid off because of shutdowns; and with the loss in wages, families would have to curtail their buying. The resulting chain of events could easily bring on a condition of business paralysis. Only when the business activities of the community, the state, and the nation are functioning smoothly can there be prosperity for everyone.15F or the consumer, business supplies the goods and services he must have to live and take care of his affairs properly. For the worker business provides employment and thereby a means of earning a living. For the business owner business activities offer the opportunity to render a service and to make a profit. For the investor business provides ways to put his funds to work.16B ecause it furnishes the things we use, gives us useful work to do, offers opportunities for saving3and investing, and aids the national defense, business is truly the backbone of modern life. In fact, business is the foundation on which the existence and welfare of our people depend.(1,029 words) New Words1deposit /dI5pCzIt/vt./n. 存款2laundry /5lR:ndrI/n.洗衣店3transaction /trAn5zAkF E n/ n. 交易4 yacht /jCt/n.快艇5 suspend /sE5spend/vt.暂停6 custom-built a.(汽车、机器等)按买主的要求制造的Useful Expressions1 electric bill 电费账单2 business hours 营业时间3 engage in 从事；忙于4 grocery store 小卖部；食品杂货店5 be classed as 被归类为6 exchange sth. for sth. 用……换取7 trade sth. for sth. 拿……交换8 keep on hand 在手头保留9 put sth. to work 开始使用，投入使用10 lay off 临时裁员11 savings account (可获利息的)储蓄帐户12 savings bond (美国政府发行的)储蓄公债45Exercises1Comprehension1 Which of the following is the best definition of23 The three essentials necessary to do business are4 Which of the following is a necessity for life?5Community wants include6Barter is different from modern business transaction in that 7A8Woperations?9In the author6710 11 Oautomobile insurance and electric bill; bought a rug and chairs; mailed a letter to order2 What line of business is he in?3 A time you probably would have difficulty in giving a clear-cut explanation of business.4 E meaning of business.Vocabulary5Fand any stoppage in the flow of products would result in considerable suffering.6Iwould not ship their products.7Swould have to curtail their buying.8Ofunctioning smoothly can there be prosperity for everyone.9Fmake a profit.10811 Can modern people survive without business? Why?2 What kind of business do you find most profitable? Give reasons3 What are the three kinds of individual wants? Give examples of each kind Discussionand demand.How Competition Operates3I f you set out to sell a product or service in today’s society, chances are that someone else not too far away is selling something similar. And since potential customers are free to shop where they please, you will have to compete with your rival for their business. How can you go about this?One obvious strategy is to charge lower prices.Competition Keeps Prices Down4I f your rival is selling blue jeans, say, for $28 a pair, you may try offering them for $25. The catch, of course, is that you’ll get $3 less for each pair you sell and you’ll still have to cover the same expenses —buying the jeans from the manufacturer, paying rent on your store, and so forth. How, then, can you charge less and still make a worthwhile profit? The answer — you hope — is that the lower price will attract more customers. Thus even though you make less money on each pair of jeans, you’ll sell more of them and so come out with a good overall profit. In real life, needless to say, things do not always work out so logically. But more often than not, the choices offered by the free-market system do benefit both the customer and the business owner — just as they’re supposed to in theory. This basic head-on type of competition tends to keep prices down, which is obviously good for the buying public. At the same time, it holds out the promise of great profits to the business that can sell more units of whatever its product or service happens to be.Competition Encourages Efficiency5I n addition, the nature of the free market is to encourage other forms of competition that serve the interests of both the business community and the society at large. A business owner may be able to lower prices without having to settle for a smaller profit per unit if ways can be found to improve efficiency and reduce operating costs. The merchant selling blue jeans, for example, may find that rearranging the store’s layout makes it possible to display more items in the same amount of space or that a new lighting system cuts the electric bills. Likewise, someone who refinishes furniture for a living may discover that dipping a table or chair in a large vat of chemical solvents removes the old finish faster — and thus more economically — than doing the same job by hand.Competition Promotes Quality6I nstead of cutting prices, a business may decide to compete for customers by offering higher-quality goods or services than its rivals. The price may also be higher, but those customerswho can afford it will probably be willing to pay the extra amount. Thus although a business that deals in luxury goods will not attract as many customers as, say, an average discount store, it will make more money per item and may well end up with an equal or even greater total profit. A particular benefit of this competitive approach is that it provides a practical incentive for businesses to maintain high standards of quality and increases the choices available to customers of different income levels.Competition Encourages Variety7 T he free-market system not only encourages variety in the price range for a given category ofproducts or services but also encourages an immense variety in the types of goods and services offered to the public. Changes in popular taste, technology, and the like are constantly creating new business opportunities. The possibility of profit — however remote it may be — almost invariably attracts entrepreneurs willing to risk their time or money. The result is an astonishing diversity of businesses: virtually anything you might want to buy — any product or service, no matter how obscure — is probably sold somewhere.Competition and Advertising Are Interdependent8F inally, the free-market system includes another major competitive tool, one that confronts us every day: advertising. The business that can attract more public attention or create a more favorable image for its products or services will gain a valuable edge over its competitors. To be sure, advertising does not itself improve the quality of the product being offered, and it may, in fact, add to the price. But it can spur people to buy more, and this, in turn, can help keep business operating at high capacity — and employing more workers.Supply and Demand9A s we have seen, prices in a free-market system are influenced by the competitive strategies of rival businesses. Price levels are not determined solely by the decisions of business managers, however. Price levels often respond to forces of supply and demand. In economic terms supply is the quantity of a product or service that producers are willing to provide; demand is the quantity of a product or service that consumers are willing to buy at that time.10I n basic terms, the theory of supply and demand holds that the supply of a product will tend to rise when demand is great— when people are willing to pay more for it —and fall when demand is low. By the same token, people will usually pay more for something they want that’s in short supply(as anyone who’s tried to buy a shovel immediately after a heavy snowfall knows); but if the product is widely available, people won’t be willing to pay as much and the sellers will have to settle for lower prices. In other words, supply and demand are continuously reacting to one another, and the balance between them at any given moment is reflected by the current price on the open market. Thus the price of a product may drop, not because a businessperson is trying to lure customers away from the competition, but because consumer demand for the product has fallen off.11I n broad terms, the forces of supply and demand combine with the profit motive in a free-market system to regulate what is produced and in what amounts. For example, a farmer in Maine might increase the amount of potatoes he plants in response to reports that a drought had damaged the potato crop in Idaho. Or a mining company, reacting to reports of increased demand for jet aircraft (which require large amounts of titanium), might decide to increase production of titanium or to open a second mine. Conversely, if reports indicated that the airlines weren’t spending much on new equipment, the mine owner might delay developing more capacity and might even lay off workers. And the potato farmer in Maine might decide to plant some of his land to parsnips if the news from Idaho was that a bumper potato crop was expected.The result of all this — in theory, at least — is that the consumers will get what they want and the producers will earn a profit by keeping tabs on public demand.(1,219 words) New Words1 refi nish/ri:5fInIF/vt.重新修光，整修……的表面2 dip /dIp/vt. 浸泡3 vat/vAt/n.大桶4 solvent/5sClvEnt/n.溶剂5 incentive/In5sentIv/n.刺激，鼓励6 category/5kAtIgErI/n.种类；范畴7 invariably/In5veErIEblI/ad.不变地，一定地8 entrepreneur/7CntrEprE5n\:/n.企业家9 diversity/daI5v\:sItI/n.差异；多样性10 edge/edV/n.边缘，优势11 shovel/5FQvl/n.铁铲12 motive/5mEUtIv/n.动机；目的13 Maine/meIn/n. 缅因州［美国州名］14 drought /draUt/n.干旱15 Idaho/5aIdEhEU/n.爱达荷州［美国州名］16 titanium/taI5teInIEm/n.钛17 parsnip/5pB:snIp/n.欧洲防风草18 bumper /5bQmpE/ a.丰盛的，特大的Useful Expressions1 be based on 根据，以……为基础2 in essence 本质上，基本上3 set out to do sth. 开始干某事4 in practice 在实践中，实际上5 chances are... 很有可能6 compete with sb.（ for sth.）与……竞争7 go about 处理，做，忙于8 in addition 另外，加之9 overall profi t 总利润10 work out 产生结果；发展11 more often than not 通常；多半12 add to 增加13 at large 全部，整个ExercisesComprehension 114 deal in经营，买卖 15 end up最后成为（处于）16 gain an edge over（稍微）胜过17 operating cost经营成本18 discount store打折店19 in short supply供应不足20 fall off跌落, 滚落下21 in response to作为对……的反应22 partial payment 分批(部分)付款1 What is a free-market system like in real life?2 According to Para. 4, why is a seller willing to lower a price?3 Wwithout having to settle for a smaller profit?4The author uses the example of luxury goods to illustrate that __________. 5What role does advertising play in competition?6According to the text, what does the price of a product reflect?7Wdemand most.8WVocabulary 11Cwhomever you choose.2Tcover the same expenses.3Tfor the buying public.4Bhigh capacity5 Price levels often respond to forces of supply and demand.6 B7 I will have to settle for lower prices.8 T and the producers will earn a profit by keeping tabs on public demand.1Discussion1 W And of all these, which one would be the most effective? Why?2WIf yes, what are they?3under what condition would that be possible? 11Who determines the value of art?A. Artists, art dealers, or critics.B. The public, art dealers, or museum directors.C. Investors, critics, or museum directors.D. Critics, art dealers, or museum directors.New Words and Expressions1 napkin /5nApkIn/ n.餐巾2 reputation /7repjU5teIF E n/ n.名声3 rectangle /5rek7tANgl/n.长方形4 art dealer 艺术经纪人ExercisesChoose the right answer.12People buy art in order __________.3Who make the greatest profits out of art?4The5We can conclude from the passage that __________.Passage Two1W e described business as all the work involved in providing people with goods and services for a profit. The last three words are important. Profit, simply put, is the money left over from all sums received from sales after expenses have been deducted. If it costs you $1.00 to produce one ofyour mousetraps and you sell it for $1.50, your profit is fifty cents (before taxes, of course).2T he element of profit is the foundation of our economic system. It is, indeed, the whole point — the “bottom line” for most business activities and enterprises. The American economic system is based on the idea that the owner of a business is entitled to keep whatever profits the business produces. It takes effort, after all, to put a desirable product or service into a useful form and then sell it to people.Furthermore, the owner may have to take a considerable financial risk. Most businesses need a substantial investment to get started, and if a new venture doesn’t succeed (and most don’t), whoever financed it stands to lose a great deal of money. It seems only fair, therefore, that someone who makes the effort and takes the financial risk should be rewarded with the profits.3 S uch an arrangement, moreover, is not only logical in theory; it has also proved extremelyeffective in practice. Most people simply do not work five days a week for the sheer fun of it: they work in exchange for compensation, usually money. Furthermore, they tend to work harder or take greater risks if they feel that their extra efforts may produce greater rewards. It is this basic human incentive, the profit motive, that lies at the heart of the American business system.4 A t this point we must note that not all businesses exist to make a profit. As we’ll see, it is thenature of the American system to provide goods and services for which there is a sizeable demand or for which a relatively small number of people are willing to spend a large sum of money. But some small segments of society have needs that profit-oriented businesses can’t afford to supply at prices that these markets can pay. Therefore, our society supports a number of nonprofit businesses, such as Underwriters Laboratories and Goodwill Industries. In other respects, these enterprises are much like profit-directed businesses.(390 words, 3‘50”) New Words and Expressions1 deduct/dI5dQkt/vt. 扣除2 mousetrap/5maUstrAp/n.捕鼠机3 entitle/In5taItl/vt.给……权利(或资格)ExercisesⅠ Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).Ⅱ with one word.4 substantial /sEb5stAnFEl/a. 大量的，可观的5 compensation /7kRmpen5seIFEn/n. 补偿，薪资6 segment /5segmEnt/ n. 部分；部门。
商务英语谈判chapter One--1
Stakes
Stakes are the values that may be gained or lost,
and costs that may be incurred or avoided.
Disputable interests No free lunch (one for one) Comparison of benefits Current interest vs. long-term interest
Case One
一个被单独囚禁的囚犯整日无所事事。一天，他忽然闻到一 种万宝路的香烟味道。他很喜欢这种牌子的烟。原来门廊的卫兵 正在吸烟，钩起了他的烟瘾。他用手指轻轻的敲了敲门。卫兵走 过来傲慢的说：“你要干什么？”囚犯答道：“请给我一只烟， 就是你抽得那种万宝路。”卫兵感到很惊异，囚犯还要抽烟，真 是异想天开。他嘲弄的哼了一声，就转身走开了。
Analysis of Case Two:
1. The two parties inform each other of their actions
and reactions, which makes negotiation proceed.
2. The construction company gets the essential
Case Two
世界著名的迪斯尼公司在20世纪90年代遇到这样 一件事情。公司耗资50亿美元在巴黎附近兴建的主题公 园准备于1992年4月12日开张，工程结束前，建筑承包 商却要求迪斯尼公司为工人的额外劳动追加近150万美 元的工资。建筑承包商之所以在当时要钱，其奥秘不言 自明。欧洲迪斯尼总经理称这一要求为敲诈，完全不与 理会。
外经贸商务英语函电课文翻译及练习答案(L1-L8)
Chapter II Establishing Business RelationsLesson One Developing Client BaseChinese Version:敬启者：我方从贸易向导网获悉贵方行名与email地址，并得知你方需求购圆珠笔。
我们在此介绍本公司及产品，以期与你方建立业务关系。
我们专营圆珠笔的生产和出口已超过六年，我们的产品品种多样，质量上乘，价格极具竞争力。
欢迎登录我们的网站了解我公司概况及最新产品信息。
如果你对我们任何产品感兴趣，请告知，我们乐意提供详情。
作为积极的制造商，我们每月都有推出新产品。
如果你们感兴趣，我们乐意定期为你们提供新信息。
谨上Key to ExercisesI. Translate the following expressions into Chinese or vice versa:1.进出口2.建立业务关系3.想要购买4.贸易向导5.最新设计6.specialize in7.be of interest to8.be on the market9.manufacturerpany profilesII. Fill in each of the following blanks with a proper preposition：1. in, for2.of, of, to3.into,with,in,of4.from,of, in, with, for, of5.of,ofIII．Fill in the missing words in the following blanks with the first letter given：introduce, range, attach, trust, items, interest, interested, receiving, which,quotationsIV. Translate the following sentences into Chinese:1.伦敦史密斯有限公司向我们介绍，贵公司是纺织品的主要进口商。
希尔 《国际商务》第11版 英文PPT Chapter 1Chapter1
Chapter 1
Globalization
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
What Is Globalization?
➢Globalization - the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy
➢The world is moving away from self-contained national economies toward an interdependent, integrated global economic system
1-7
Why Do We Need Global Institutions?
➢Global institutions
➢ help manage, regulate, and police the global marketplace ➢ promote the establishment of multinational treaties to govern
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter1BusinessNegotiation商务谈判
Chapter 1 Business Negotiation
1.Some Basic Concepts of Negotiation
(1)The Concept of Negotiation A negotiation is a process of communication between parties
• 2.The Forms of Business Negotiation
Chapter 1 Business Negotiation
3.The Overall Framework of International Business Negotiation
Background Atmosphere Factors
1)the best target; 2)the intermediate target; 3)the acceptable target.
Chapter 1 Business Negotiation
• 5.Basic Rules of International Business Negotiation
• 1.Some Basic Conceots of Negotiation • 2.The Forms of Business Negotiation • 3.The Overall Framework of International Business
Negotiation • 4.Features of International Business Negotiation • 5.Basic Rules of International Business Negotiation • 6.The General Producer of International Negotiation • munication Skills for Negotiations • 8.Types of Negotiation Styles • 9.The Business Contract
set a business
Forms of Business Organizations
Sole Proprietorships •Disadvantages
① Unlimited Liability • use personal, nonbusiness holdings to pay off the debts • The more wealth an individual has, the greater is the disadvantage of unlimited liability ② Limited Access to Capital • a bank, friends, family, or his or her own funds • credit standing reflects the owner ’s personal financial condition • use personal assets to guarantee loans
Starting a Small Business
1) The Business Pan • A precise statement of the rational for a business and a step-by-step explanation of how it will achieve its goals 2) Forms of Business Ownership • Sole proprietorship • Partnership • Corporation 3) Financial Resources • Equity financing • Debt financing
Sole proprietorship Partnership Corporation
现代商务英语综合教程第一册Chapter 1
Unit 1 Business IntroductionBackground caseWarm-up questions1.What accounts for Donald Trump’s business success?2.What can business bring about?3.Please illustrate “attitude is sometimes everything” with Donald Trump’s case.Background InformationDonald J. Trump is a graduate of the Wharton School of Finance and started his business career in an office he shared with his father. In August of 2006, Mr. Trump was voted by BusinessWeek magazine as “the world’s most competitive businessperson.”In New York City, the Trump signature is synonymous with the most prestigious of addresses, among them the world-renowned Fifth Avenue skyscraper, Trump Tower, the Trump International Hotel & Tower, voted the best U.S. Hotel by Conde Nast Traveler, Trump World Tower at the United Nations Plaza, 40 Wall Street, and Trump Park Avenue.In a departure from his real estate acquisitions, Mr. Trump and the NBC Television Network are partners in the ownership and broadcast rights for the three largest beauty competitions in the world: the Miss Universe, Miss USA and Miss Teen USA Pageants. He is also the star and executive producer of the hit television series, “The Apprentice,” which has received national and worldwide attention. In the summer of 2004, his radio program on Clear Channel made its debut and broke all syndication records.Mr. Trump has authored seven books, all of which became bestsellers. Trump Magazine was launched in 2004, Trump University Online in 2005, and the Donald J. Trump licensing program. In 2006, , an online travel agency, made its debut, as did Trump Productions in Los Angeles.Eleven Questions With Donald Trump1.Question: If you, Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, Herb Kelleher and Larry Ellison got maroonedon a desert island, who would end up running the place and who would end up as dinner?Answer: We would find a way to order in and have a productive meeting at the same time.2.Question: How long would Larry and Sergei, the co-founders of Google, last on yourshow?Answer: That would depend on whether they were good team players and if they had an original idea or two.3.Question: Would you fire your son or daughter?Answer: Yes, if they deserved it, but fortunately they are well prepared for their positions, so I doubt they would ever merit being fired.4.Question: What do you do to chill out?Answer: Playing golf provides me with my version of chilling out, plus I develop golfc ourses, so it’s a productive way to spend my chill time.5.Question: At the end of our life, what do you want to be remembered for?Answer: As a builder who has enhanced the cities and communities where I have built and/or developed.6.Question: What’s the difference between the Donald Trump on “The Apprentice” and theDonald Trump in every day business meetings?Answer: Business meetings are more about negotiation skills whereas “The Apprentice”falls into the job interview or audition category. I have business meetings with people who are looking to do business, not people who are looking for a job. My attitude on “The Apprentice” is as an employer looking at possible future employees. I don’t look to mold any of my business associates.7.Question: If you could apprentice with anyone in history, who would it be?Answer: My father was a great mentor. He’d be hard to replace.8.Question: Not many people make billions, lose billions, and then make billions all overagain. How did you pull this off?Answer: To me it was a blip, not a catastrophe. I knew I was destined to succeed, and I kept focused on that belief. I’m very tenacious...and I don’t give up.9.Question: If you graduated from Wharton in 2006 instead of in the 1960s, what industrywould you go into?Answer: Real estate. I love it and it still exists as a career and as a viable passion.10.Question: What do you think of two guys in a garage showing amateur videos selling outfor $1.7 billion?Answer: I’d say they had a great idea—my hat’s off to them.11.Question: TV is TV, real life is real life: What’s the most important real-life advice youcan give to an entrepreneur?Answer: You have to love what you do. Without passion, great success is hard to come by. An entrepreneur will have tough times if he or she isn’t passionate about what they’re doing. People who love what they’re doing don’t give up. It’s never even a consideration. It’s a pretty simple formula.New words: 1. subsequent, 2. boom, 3. anonymous, 4. domination, 5. preoccupation, 6. ethos, 7. pervade, 8. cede, 9. obsessive, 10. frugality1.subsequent= adj. following in time or order; succeeding●Subsequent events proved me wrong. 后来发生的事证明我错了。
syb计划培训册答案
syb计划培训册答案Welcome to the SYB (Start Your Business) training program! This manual is designed to provide you with all the necessary information and resources to help you start and grow your business successfully.Part 1: Getting StartedChapter 1: Introduction to SYB1. What is the SYB program?The SYB program is an intensive training program designed to help aspiring entrepreneurs start and grow their businesses. The program consists of workshops, mentoring sessions, and resources to guide participants through the process of starting their own businesses.2. What are the objectives of the SYB program?The main objective of the SYB program is to provide participants with the knowledge, skills, and tools to start and operate a successful business. The program aims to empower entrepreneurs with the resources and support they need to turn their ideas into viable and sustainable businesses.Chapter 2: Understanding Entrepreneurship1. What is entrepreneurship?Entrepreneurship is the process of identifying a business opportunity, taking risks, and organizing resources to create a new venture. It involves innovation, creativity, and a willingness to take on challenges in pursuit of potential rewards.2. What are the characteristics of successful entrepreneurs?Successful entrepreneurs possess a variety of characteristics, including resilience, creativity, passion, and a willingness to take risks. They are also able to spot opportunities, adapt to changes, and network effectively with others.Chapter 3: Identifying Business Opportunities1. How can you identify a business opportunity?There are multiple ways to identify a business opportunity, including market research, gap analysis, problem-solving, and personal interests or passions. The key is to find a need or a problem within a target market and develop a solution that can be monetized.2. What are the key elements of a successful business idea?A successful business idea should address a specific need or problem, have a unique value proposition, be feasible and sustainable, and have potential for growth and scalability.Part 2: Business PlanningChapter 4: Business Plan Development1. What is a business plan?A business plan is a formal document that outlines the goals, strategies, and financial projections for a new business. It serves as a roadmap for the entrepreneur and provides a comprehensive overview of the business idea.2. What are the key components of a business plan?The key components of a business plan include an executive summary, a description of the business and its products or services, market analysis, marketing and sales strategies, operational and management plans, and financial projections.Chapter 5: Marketing and Sales Strategies1. What is the importance of marketing for a new business?Marketing is crucial for a new business as it helps to create awareness, generate leads, and build a customer base. It also enables the business to differentiate itself from competitors and communicate its value proposition effectively.2. What are the different marketing and sales strategies for a new business?Marketing and sales strategies for a new business may include digital marketing, social media advertising, content marketing, email marketing, networking, and direct sales approaches.Part 3: Financial ManagementChapter 6: Financial Planning and Management1. Why is financial planning important for a new business?Financial planning helps a new business to set realistic financial goals, allocate resources effectively, and manage cash flow efficiently. It also enables the business to make informed financial decisions and secure funding if necessary.2. What are the key financial documents for a new business?The key financial documents for a new business include a cash flow statement, a profit and loss statement, a balance sheet, and a budget. These documents provide a comprehensive overview of the business's financial health and performance.Chapter 7: Funding Your Business1. What are the different sources of funding for a new business?The different sources of funding for a new business include personal savings, loans from friends and family, angel investors, venture capital, crowdfunding, and bank loans. Each source has its own advantages and limitations, and the entrepreneur must choose the most suitable option based on the business's needs and stage of development.2. How can you attract investors or lenders to fund your business?To attract investors or lenders, the entrepreneur must have a compelling business idea and plan, demonstrate a clear understanding of the market and competition, and show a strong potential for growth and profitability. Building relationships with potential investors and presenting a well-researched business case are also important.Part 4: Operational ManagementChapter 8: Setting Up Your Business1. What are the legal and regulatory requirements for setting up a business?The legal and regulatory requirements for setting up a business may include choosing a business structure, registering the business name, obtaining business licenses and permits, and complying with tax regulations. It is important to consult legal and financial professionals to ensure compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.2. What are the key operational considerations for a new business?Key operational considerations for a new business include location, equipment and technology, staffing and training, supply chain management, and customer service. The entrepreneur must ensure that all operational aspects are in place to deliver products or services effectively.Chapter 9: Human Resource Management1. How can you recruit and retain the right talent for your business?Recruiting and retaining the right talent for a business involves defining the roles and responsibilities, developing a competitive compensation and benefits package, providing opportunities for growth and development, and fostering a positive work culture. The entrepreneur must also maintain open communication and address employee needs and concerns.2. What are the legal and ethical considerations in managing employees?Managing employees involves adhering to labor laws, ensuring workplace safety, preventing discrimination and harassment, and creating fair and inclusive employment practices. It is important for the entrepreneur to establish clear policies and procedures to protect the rights and well-being of employees.Part 5: Growth and ExpansionChapter 10: Scaling Your Business1. What are the key factors to consider when scaling a business?Scaling a business involves expanding operations, increasing production or sales, and entering new markets. Key factors to consider include market demand, resource availability, operational efficiency, and financial stability. The entrepreneur must also evaluate the potential risks and opportunities associated with growth.2. What are the different growth strategies for a business?Growth strategies for a business may include product diversification, geographic expansion, strategic partnerships, mergers and acquisitions, and franchising. Each strategy requires careful planning and execution to ensure success and sustainability.Chapter 11: Managing Risks and Challenges1. What are the common risks and challenges faced by businesses?Common risks and challenges faced by businesses include financial instability, market competition, changes in consumer behavior, regulatory changes, and technological disruptions. The entrepreneur must develop proactive strategies to mitigate these risks and adapt to changing market conditions.2. How can you manage risks and challenges effectively?Managing risks and challenges involves identifying potential threats, developing contingency plans, diversifying revenue streams, and staying ahead of industry trends. It also requires building a resilient and adaptable business model that can withstand unforeseen challenges.Part 6: Sustaining SuccessChapter 12: Business Sustainability1. What is business sustainability?Business sustainability refers to the ability of a business to operate responsibly, ethically, and profitably over the long term. It involves managing environmental, social, and economic impacts while meeting the needs of current and future generations.2. What are the key elements of a sustainable business?Key elements of a sustainable business include ethical business practices, environmental stewardship, community engagement, and economic viability. A sustainable business acts in the best interest of its stakeholders and contributes to positive social and environmental outcomes.Chapter 13: Social Responsibility and Community Engagement1. How can a business contribute to social responsibility and community engagement?A business can contribute to social responsibility and community engagement by supporting local initiatives, promoting diversity and inclusion, and engaging in philanthropy and volunteerism. It can also adopt sustainable business practices and strive to make a positive impact on society and the environment.2. Why is social responsibility important for business sustainability?Social responsibility is important for business sustainability as it builds trust and credibility with customers, employees, and the community. It also enhances the business's reputation, strengthens relationships, and creates a positive impact on society and the environment.ConclusionCongratulations! You have completed the SYB training program and are now equipped with the knowledge, skills, and resources to start and grow your business successfully. Remember that entrepreneurship is a journey that requires continuous learning and adaptation. Stay curious, stay resilient, and always be open to new opportunities and challenges. Good luck in your entrepreneurial endeavors!。
国际商务 英文版 chapter1 练习
Chapter 1 GlobalizationTrue / False Questions1. The shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy is referred to asglobalization.True False2. A company does not need a large size to facilitate, and benefit from, the globalization ofmarkets.True False3. Companies hope to lower their overall cost structure or improve the quality orfunctionality of their product offering through globalization of production.True False4. The most global markets currently are markets for consumer products.True False5. Outsourcing is a process that is limited to manufacturing enterprises.True False6. The health care sector in the U.S. cannot avail the benefits of outsourcing to low-costproducers in other nations because of the nature of the work.True False7. The World Bank has focused on policing the world trading system and making surenation-states adhere to the rules laid down in trade treaties.True False8. The World Bank is known as the lender of the last resort.True False9. One of the UN's central mandates is the promotion of higher standards of living, fullemployment, and conditions of economic and social progress and development.True False10. In 2008 and 2009, the GATT became the forum though which major nations attempted tolaunch a coordinated policy response to the global financial crisis, which started inAmerica.True False11. The Uruguay Round, finalized in December 1993, reduced protection for patents,trademarks, and copyrights.True False12. "Beggar thy neighbor" retaliatory trade policies involved countries progressively loweringtrade barriers against each other, which contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s.True False13. Rivers Inc., a U.S. based sports apparel manufacturer, sets up a production unit in Chinato take advantage of the lower labor costs there. This is an example of foreign directinvestment.True False14. World Bank gives an aid of 100 million dollars to Kenya for creating rural health carefacilities. This is an example of foreign direct investment.True False15. The lowering of barriers to international trade enables firms to view the world, rather thana single country, as their market.True False16. According to WTO data, the volume of world merchandise trade has grown faster than theworld economy since 1950.True False17. The expansion of world trade implies that nations are becoming less dependent on eachother for important goods and services.True False18. Over the past 30 years the flow of FDI has accelerated faster than the growth in worldtrade and world output.True False19. The globalization of markets and production and the resulting growth of world trade,foreign direct investment, and imports all imply that firms are finding their home markets protected from foreign competitors.True False20. The cost of microprocessors continues to fall, while their power increases. This statementsupports the predictions made by Moore's Law.True False21. According to critics of globalization, today's interdependent global economy limits a nation'snational sovereignty.True False22. Critics of globalization suggest that over the last century, the gap between the rich andpoor nations of the world has shrunken.True False23. Supporters of debt relief argue that new democratic governments in poor nations shouldnot be forced to honor debts incurred by corrupt and dictatorial predecessors.True False24. A firm does not have to become a multinational enterprise to engage in internationalbusiness.True False25. Differences between countries require that an international business vary its practicescountry by country.True FalseMultiple Choice Questions26. The World Trade Organization promotes _____.A. l owering of barriers to cross-border trade and investmentB. i nfrastructural development in poor nations through low-interest loansC. s tate ownership of major enterprisesD. r egulation of national economies27. Which of the following is true about the International Monetary Fund?A. I t is primarily responsible for policing the world trading system.B. I t is seen as the lender of last resort to nation-states whose economies are in turmoil.C. I t is responsible for establishing multinational treaties to govern the global businesssystem.D. I t was established to formulate a coordinated policy response to financial crises indeveloping nations.28. The _____ was established on October 24, 1945, by 51 countries committed to preservingpeace through international cooperation and collective security.A. W orld Trade OrganizationB. U nited NationsC. G20txD. W orld Bank29. The G20tx was originally established to _____.A. p reserve peace through international cooperation and collective securityB. m aintain order in the international monetary systemC. f ormulate a coordinated policy response to financial crises in developing nationsD. m anage, regulate, and police the global marketplace30. _____ occurs when a firm exports goods or services to consumers in another country.A. I nternational tradeB. F oreign direct investmentC. I nward investmentD. O utsourcing31. In late 2001, the WTO launched a new round of talks in Doha aimed at:A. h elping member states to cope with financial crisis.B. f urther liberalization of the global trade and investment framework.C. p rotecting national economies from global competition.D. p romoting higher standards of living in all member states.32. Which of the following is NOT included in world merchandise trade?A. M anufactured goodsB. A gricultural goodsC. S ervicesD. M ining products33. _____ have/has the most to gain from reductions in agricultural tariffs and subsidies thatare a part of the Doha agenda.A. T he world's developed nationsB. T he world's poorer nationsC. E uropean nationsD. T he United States34. Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the reduction in trade barriers andrestrictions on FDI since 1950?A. F irms are dispersing parts of their production process to global locations to drive downproduction costs and increase product quality.B. T he economies of the world's nation states are becoming more intertwined.C. N ations are becoming more independent of each other for important goods andservices.D. T he world has become significantly wealthier since 1950.35. The financial crisis in the U.S. in 2009 was triggered by _____.A. t he global hike in the price of crude oilB. t he slowdown in U.S. importsC. t he problems in the U.S. subprime mortgage lending marketD. t he artificial fixing of currency rate by China36. _____ predicts that the power of microprocessor technology doubles and its cost ofproduction falls in half every 18 months.A. K eynes's LawB. S ay's LawC. M oore's LawD. S ullivan Principles37. Containerization allows:A. r eduction of the time needed to get from one location to another.B. s implification of transshipment from one mode of transport to another.C. b uyers and sellers to find each other easily.D. e nterprises to coordinate and control a globally dispersed production system.38. The relative decline of the United States in the share of world output and world exportsreflects _____.A. a n increase in the barriers to foreign trade in the U.S.B. t he deepening of the global financial crisisC. t he reduced industrialization in developing nationsD. t he growth in the economic development of the world economy39. In the 1970s, many Japanese firms invested in North America and Europe:A. t o avoid a highly competitive domestic market.B. t o exploit high domestic tariff barriers.C. a s a hedge against unfavorable currency movements.D. t o take advantage of low labor costs.40. What is the total cumulative value of foreign investments best referred to as?A. A ccumulation of foreign sharesB. P ortfolio investmentsC. S tock of foreign direct investmentsD. S tock market investments36. Throughout the 1990s, the amount of foreign direct investment directed at both developedand developing nations increased dramatically. This trend reflects:A. a slowdown in global economic activity.B. t he increasing share of the U.S. in the total FDI stock.C. t he decline in cross-border flows of foreign direct investment.D. t he increasing internationalization of business corporations.37. Which of the following countries has been the largest recipient of foreign directinvestment and received about $60 billion to $100 billion a year in inflows in 2004-2009?A. B razilB. R ussiaC. I ndiaD. C hina68. A multinational enterprise (MNE) is a firm that _____.A. e xports its products to multiple countriesB. h as production units in more than two countriesC. d oes most of its business on the InternetD. l ists its securities on a public exchange39. Which of these statements pertaining to cross-border FDI flows is true?A. T here was a growth of FDI between 2004 and 2007.B. A slump in FDI from 1998 to 2000 was followed by a surge from 2001 to 2003.C. A mong developing nations, the largest recipient of FDI has been Russia.D. T he dramatic increase in FDI reflects the decreasing internationalization of businesscorporations.40. Since the 1960s, which of the following has been a notable trend in the demographics ofthe multinational enterprise?A. T he decline of multinational companies in the manufacturing sectorB. T he growth of government-owned multinational enterprisesC. T he decline of non-U.S. multinationalsD. T he growth of mini-multinationals46. NAFTA was passed only after:A. C hina agreed to establish a higher minimum wage.B. t he U.S. agreed to limit the number of jobs that could be outsourced.C. M exico committed to tougher enforcement of environmental protection regulations.D. C anada committed to establish new limits on FDI.47. Globalization is criticized because it increases the power of _____.A. g overnments to own enterprisesB. u nskilled labor to form labor unionsC. s upranational organizations over nation-statesD. n ation-states to regulate markets and reduce competition48. The World Trade Organization has estimated that the developed nations of the world canraise global economic welfare by $128 billion by:A. r emoving subsidies given to their agricultural producers.B. i ncreasing tariff barriers to trade in agriculture.C. i ncreasing outsourcing of manufacturing processes.D. R educing defence expenditure.49. An international business, unlike a multinational enterprise, _____.A. n eeds to have manufacturing units in at least two foreign nationsB. n eeds to manufacture products or provide services that target a global marketC. n eed not customize its products to the requirements of national marketsD. n eed not invest directly in operations in other countries50. Which of the following statements is true about an international business?A. A n international business needs to invest directly in operations in other countries.B. A n international business needs to have homogenous practices across countries.C. A n international business can be managed in the same way that a domestic business ismanaged.D. A n international business must find ways to work within the limits imposed bygovernment intervention.。
商务英语口语Chapter1
contents
• 1. facial expression; shaking hands and hug, business card • 2. introduction (company***,business person) • 3. establish business at various setting by talking • 4. write a toast speech
2).To an acquaintance or a friend you haven’t seen for sometime __It’s so nice /good to see you again. Mr. Simon.
How are you doing? __I’m doing great. __ I’m so glad to meet you here in Beijing, __It seems ages since we last met
note Discuss & Act: What can you introduce a company? Surf a company on-line and introduce it
• 2). scenario 2 • introducing companies(***)
note
• Surf on-line a real company and introduce: e.g.. Haire • Not A Q & A Mode • Focus on the common interest and mutual benefits
note Discuss & Act: What are the talk points when businessperson meet?
Ppt高级商务英语(一)
a well informed member of society;
It will assist you Understand how the free-enterprise economic system allocates resources and provides incentives for
-- profits (related with income goes to; profits are reinvested; be kept)
-- product availability and price (related with extent of choice; price determined by)
Chapter One I. Objectives: After learning this chapter, you will be able to:
※ define basic concepts such as business,
product, and profit, and explain why studying business is important; ※ identify the main participants and activities of business; ※ define economics and compare the five types of economic systems; ※ describe the role of supply, demand, and competition in a free-enterprise systems;
II. Introduction to some basic terms
The business skills and concepts you are going to learn from any business will serve you well in your careers. In the future, you have to make decision about management, product development, pricing, promotion and finance——just some of the many concepts that we will explore from this course which is quite relative with business and economics.
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第一章教学单元教案设计第一章教学单元讲稿Fundamentals of Business 工商导论一，本课内容：Chapter 1 Setting up a Business课程名称：工商导论二，分析思路：1) Part One 引入Warm-up DiscussionDo you know these companies?2) Part Two 要点解析Company types:1, Sole Proprietorship2, Partnership3, Limited Liability company4, joint-stock enterprise5, Mergers & Acquisitions6, Franchise3)Part Three 师生互动1, Can you name some business giants in the Automobile Industry, Electrical Appliance, IT Industry, Mobil phone?2, which form of business ownership do you want to choose if you want to start your business upon graduation?4)Part Four 课程小结三，课程导入：Warm-up DiscussionDo you know these companies?四，教授内容一)Sole Proprietorship (个体企业)1.definitionAn organization that is owned, and usually managed, by a person or family is called sole proprietorship. It is the oldest, most common, and simplest form of business organization.Eg: neighborhood news-stand, barber house2.Sole Proprietorship - Key Attributes●Creation (minimum requirements) - No Formalities for creating a sole proprietorship.●Profits / Losses / Distributions - Owner may use all profits and losses for business.●Liability - Owner faces unlimited personal liability.●Capital / Financing - All capital obtained from owner or through loans based onowner's creditworthiness.●Management and Control - Owner manages and controls the company.●Reporting Requirements - None.3.Advantages and disadvantagesAdvantages: Can make decisions quicklyKeeps all the rewardsEasy to set upPrivacy of business affairsDisadvantages: Limited sources of financeUnlimited liability, i.e. can lose personal assetsLimited managerial skillsNo one to share workload and ideas二)Partnership (合伙制)1.DefinitionA partnership is the relationship existing between two or more persons who join to carryon a trade or business. Each person contributes money, property, labor or skill, and expects to share in the profits and losses of the business.E.g. "Big Four" accountancy firms (“四大”会计师事务所)PriceWaterhouse Coopers 普华永道会计师事务所KPMG（毕马威）是世界上最大的专业服务机构之一。
毕马威提供三类主营服务，分别是：审计、税务和咨询。
Deloitte & WEF (德勤)主要业务集中在四个领域：审计、税务规划、咨询和财务顾问，全球有一半以上的大型企业、国有企业、公共机构、本地重要客户以及成功的成长期企业都在享受着德勤的服务。
Ernest & Young (安永)提供咨询/法律/财会/中介服务2.Advantages and disadvantagesAdvantages: Share resources / ideasCan cover for each otherMore sources of finance than sole traderPartners can specializeDisadvantages: Usually unlimited liabilityLimited sources of financeProfits must be shared between partnersSlower decision making than sole trade三)Limited liability Companies 有限责任公司1.DefinitionIt is a legal entity, which permits a group of people, to create an organization, which can then focus on pursuing set objectives. Its basic features are that its owners have limited liability for the entity's debts and obligations.2.Advantages and disadvantagesAdvantages: Limited liabilityFlexible profit distributionModern ManagementDisadvantages: Going publicSharing profit四)Joint-stock Enterprise 股份制1.DefinitionThe capital is divided into small units, permitting a number of investors to contribute varying amounts to the total. Profits are divided between stockholders in proportion to the number of shares they own.2.Advantages and disadvantagesAdvantages: Limited liabilityFlexible financingDisadvantages: Sharing profit五)Mergers & Acquisitions 兼并与收购1.DefinitionA merger is the result of the combination of two companies to form a new company. Anacquisition is one company buying the property and obligations of another company. There are three major types of corporate mergers: horizontal, vertical and conglomerate. (联合企业）2. A vertical mergerA vertical merger is the joining of two firms involved in different stages of relatedbusinesses-a manufacturer merging with a supplier of component products, or a manufacturer merging with the distributor of its products. Think of a merger between a bicycle company and a company that produces wheels. Such a merger would ensure a constant supply of wheels needed by the bicycle company. It could also help ensure quality control of the bicycle company’s product.3.Horizontal mergerA horizontal merger joins firms in the same industry and allows them to diversify orexpand their products. In a horizontal merger, the acquisition of a competitor could increase market share. An example of a horizontal merger could be the merger of a bicyclecompany and a tricycle company. The business can now supply a variety of cycling products.六)Conglomerate (联合企业）1.DefinitionConglomerate unites firms in completely unrelated industries. The primary purpose of a conglomerate merger is to diversify business perations and investments. The acquisition of a restaurant chain by a bicycle company would be an example of a conglomerate merger.Most mergers actually benefit both competition and consumers by allowing firms to operate more efficiently. But some are likely to lessen competion. That, in turn, can lead to higher prices, reduced availability of goods or services, lower quality of products and less innovation. Indeed, some mergers create concentrated marker, while others enable a single firm to raise prices.七)Franchising ( 特许专营）1.DefinitionFranchising is the practice of the right to use a firm's business model and brand for a prescribed period of time. The word "franchise" comes from of Anglo-French derivation—from franc, meaning free—and is used both as a noun and as a verb. For the franchiser, the franchise is an alternative to building "chain stores" to distribute goods that avoids the investments and liability of a chain.The franchisor's success depends on the success of the franchisees. The franchisee is said to have a greater incentive than a direct employee because he or she has a direct stake in the business.Essentially, and in terms of distribution, the franchisor is a supplier who allows an operator, or a franchisee, to use the supplier's trademark and distribute the supplier's goods.In return, the operator pays the supplier a fee.2.Advantages and disadvantagesAdvantages: Existing, established product; already known, therefore, cheaper market research and promotional costsMay receive help and training from franchisorCan share marketing costs, research findings, new product development costLower set up costDisadvantages: Less freedomProducts and services cannot be changedExpensive initial franchisesA large share of profits, referred to as Royalty payments, is required byfranchiser.八)Group discussion1.Can you name some business giants in the Automobile Industry, Electrical Appliance, ITIndustry, Mobil phone ?2.Which form of business ownership do you want to choose if you want to start your businessupon graduation?。